A W=8xH=Rel Eel] x ReLHelet] Using the identity Re[Aei*] = 3[ Eels Breit] The instont Poywting vector Con be written as ={4lgeietseteloty } xf{trueiety wteiet lt ai (ACExHt + etx] + ST extel§ etuteit] } = 2 {Sd CexH*+ CE xnt)*] + SlExnele (Ex eit) ] } Using the above identity again, but this time in reverse order We Can write that ; a) tl ReCExnt)] + dlRe CE xH eo) ] 22. (6) Wrag =2lEXH"] = 5 ae = Se 0.03315 dy Watts/m = «b) Prod =§. WraadS = ee c Co. 03315)(r> Sine de da) = CC 03315) Cloo)* sing dedg” = 2M (0.03315) (100) ("sinode = 21(0-033/5)(100) = 2 =A4l65-95 watts 23.) DL = At Um . Am C200 £159) = 22.22 = 13.478 rod, 0? (128.66x103) Go = €xD, = 69 (22.22)=20 =13.0/dB (b) Dy = At Umax _ am(2o0 x63) DRL (125.66 x163) 7° =!8-01dB Go = €4: Do = 0.7 G@o)=16 =12.55dR274 u= Be wsto = arcT/a Ya ne Pea= s \, Ussing de dg = a Cost sing 6 dg Wa = ane, 5 cos es Ped = 27 B, (- ests See). oot ee U= 6.3662 in B= 22 = 6.3662 6.3662 6 Clo8)™ - @839 = 6-3662 XIT°OS% = 6.366210 £ costa] = 6.3662 X106 watts Amt w= Us $3582 goiy = Wha mar (bh) D,= At Umar . am (63662) 2g = D. Prog 10 8 {4B © G= et De = 8 = 74B ' 0°<6 < 20° 6,)= if = UG6.#)= + 542 csc) 20°<8< 60" O° 8 J < 360 oO 60°S 6 < 180° 0.342 CSCO)X art Pract =( i, Uc, g) Sing 464g = 20 [ : coneaerfih Jo Jo 20° aT 13 sing de | ey -esa| + 0342-0 I ° vy =an{ [-esc4)tt] + 0.342 (F-F)} 2m { [op.aagere] + 08427 (af Tv { 0.0603] + 0.23876 f= 1.OTVZ Diabet = 6.6813 = 9.25255 48.26 (@) p, ~ 44253 . 44253 . 39 29 15.94 dB Bia bea = 30.035) 2 Aem = = Dy Dy & TBI = 72.815 = 34.27 15.35 4B Oia + G24 (oy 635)? 4 Aem= 22, 27D, = At Umm Prod (@) U=Sind sing for os6<0, OSBET Ulwoae=| and it occurs When 6=8= 2. mcr a s Pra 5 i Ussinededg= {/ Sing des (° Sinrede = 2(H)=T. Thus De= 4T£) = 4 =6. 0208 The half power beamwidths are equal to HPBW Caz.)=20 7~ sin'€ 2] = 2 ¢ Fo°-30°) = [20° HPBW Cel. )=2[ fo" sin'C Ya) ] = 2 (P0"-30") = (20° Ina similar manner, it canbe Shown that for (b) UsSine sinty > De = 5.07% =7.0TdE HPBW Cel.) = (20% HPBWCaz.)= fo° () Ussing Sin8y > Do= 6 = 7-T2dB HPBWCef.) = 120°, HPBWCOZ)= T4.93° Cd) U=SmO Sine 3 DO. = 12T/g = 41 = 61348 HPBWCel.) = 70°, HPBWCaz.)= 120° (e) U=Sin*¢ sinty > D.=6=TTBdB, HPBWCaz.) = HPBWCeL)= fo° @ us Sie sive > D, = 74 = 70T= 8.498 HPBWCeL.) = 70°, HPBWCaz.) = 74.93"28. Using the half power beamuidths found inthe previous problem 29: 2-10. (problem 2-7), the directivity for each intensity using eran? and Tai and Pereira’s formulas is given by U=sin6-sing } (a) Dp = 41253. _ 41253 = = 2.86=4.5° ia B24 120 (20) Eee ) = H28IE 12,818 2253-40300 @iat @.35 — Ci20)% 120) CO) De X 3.82= 5.6248 cb) = 3824=5.10d8 U =Siné Give 5 Ca) D, x 4.59 = 6.6248 U =Sine-Singo 3 ch) D, = 3.64 = 5-61 dB Us Sin’s-sing; Ca) DX 3.82 = 5.82 4B Cb) D, £3.24 = 5.10 4B U= Sin’g Sing; co) Dx 5.0f = 1.07 AB Cb) Dex 449 = 6.53 dB Us Sin*é singe; Co) D, = 6.12 = 78TAB cb) Oo = 5-3] =%254B © D=*T =-40 = 55317 = 7.433 dB Or@sx ¢1-5064)* ® o- Se) ee OF + @h 1-506 4)*4.1.5064)* = 6.8906 dB = 4.88725 (8) Dp= AT Umar = Umar Pret Us Hi scancx HSS) Tass J . Froa mA c Using de dg = anf usinedé = 2n{ (“sede ‘: (e550 de + (ésin de j =20 {€osey|** fe ges oreo} 10" CG@ntinuedl)2-10 Conta) = ay {Gosssr + ( =28te866) + (= 20408 yf Prag = 24 {0.866 +1 ~ 0.254 0.433 +0.05 } = 21 (0367) = 0.13841 = 2.3057 D = 44 = 6.4496 = 73636 6B 23059 cb) De Gdipole) = 1.5 = 1.761 dB D. Cabove dipele) = (73636 1-761) dB = 5.6026 dB De Cabove dipole) = — = 3.633 = 5.60348 w : 211. @ Pay = 00" ue Sine dade =[Sineay Gs“esing do ate =O)C5) =F Uno = U(G=0?, w= 2) =4. Do = 4 Umr. AT = 29 =13.0 4B *\weiPeadz Cl78) (® Elevation Plane: @ varies » B Fixed > cheese = "/z UG,g="2)=a@st9 , Of E¢ V2 47 HB! z oe cos*[-HPBwiet) ] = HPBW Cel.) = 2. @S'{VO5} = 65.5%, segs lS. =(° “flucasrsnesede = an. { (node + (ose = af ‘ce Sai +( a abe se sinedé = an{ cose | oe (- oss )| _ fren bekeert + 0.4337 = 3.5626 <2 AT Umax _ 47 1). _ De pay sens 3.5273 = 5.474503 2) y= 25) =0.5 9 C6 = 0-5(0.866)=0.433, 6= @5 (0.433) = 64.24" " ars 2064.34) = 128.68" = 2.246 rod = Bay Ds aati = = ge 2.4712 = 3.76414B we Gar (2.246)*2-13 a. 35d8 b. 20 Le4.| ane! = 35, beogiel Booed = $B 1.75 Emax | = jo!52 56 234 EE i Tr fas Qe14 &. Ussine, Umax=L, Prod ~ "Cusine dedg = (-"("sints dedg’= Dy= Smee = AF = = 1.2782 b. HPBW= 120% 21/3 2 The directivity based on (2-334) is equal £0, Daze While that based on (2-33b) is equal 0, D,=-/g2 aenfaaee a Cx Computer Progam Do= 1.2932 4 me 7 on 2 2-15. a. U=sin8e, Umox=4, Proa = {7 [i.sinte dodgy = aD, = b. HRBW= 74.93° ‘Fret €2=98<) Dy so EE = eae c (1433) 0.0029(74.73°)* From (2-336), p= 772.4 +19 fo BB+ ppg = | ORF S Computer preqtarm De= 1.67766 5 The value of Do 61.6776) is similar to that of (4-Pior 1.643 = 16897/ 2-16. a. usJi?ckasing) , a= Mio, kasing=Zsing. HPBW=73.10° From (2-330) D, = Iol/E (72.10)- 0.002°7¢ $8.10)*] = |.4K9/20 From (2-33) Do 24+ 1911 0818+ 931g, = 1.47729] Q=A/20, Rasing=Zsing, HPBW=9)10° From (2-330) Do= 17033, Ftom (2-336), D,= 1.502 bask” “Fred = ("("a%ckasing) sinedodg = 0.638045 . . io AD 10 _ = AN (098 73) — |. Umex = 0.0873, .. De amaaoee: 1 A6P/P3 amet Ms a Frod = fe lf S7CVe ‘sin 6) sinededg =o 22664 Umax = 0.024074, Dia AnCo.02terit) 1.49257 wh 202604 3 If the radius of feop is smaller than Nios, the directivity approach to 1.5.217 Using the numerical techniques, the directivity foreach Intensity of (Prob. 2-7) with 10° uniform divisions is equal to Us Sine-sing ; Cay Midpoint ; Do = 40 Umax Unmaw = 4 Prad a Bo ! Prod = te (is) sing; & sin’; OS g ete 44nd, "16 BeHZtG-VE, Ge 438,58 Praa = (HE)? Cil.38656) (8.7924) = S.UIF D = AUG) _ 2 ss 3.114 4.03 = 6.05dB &) Trailing edge of each division = ACVB), 451,23, -77 018 Trailing eek 6 BS CB), JH 23, °- 118 Prad = (GE) *Cil.25640) (8.76785) = 3-076 D. = AM = 4.09=6.11dB Th a Similar mawner U=Sing Sine 5 @) Prad =2.463 = Do= S10 = 7 oTdB Ussing Sin’e ; Cb) Pad =2-45| DO, = 513=7l0dB (9) Rad = 2-072 PDO = 6.01 = 7.T7AB Cb) Pad = 2.086 Dy = 6.02 = TB0dB U=Sine Sing 5 Ca) Prd 32.467 > = 474 = 6-648 Cb) Prad = 2.618 9 De = 4.80 = 68148 U=Sin’e. Sinte 5 @) Prad = 2072 2D.=6.0l = T'T7AB Cb) Prad = 2.086 90,= 6.025 7.8048 Us sin*s.Sin’y 5 ca) Prad = TTT DQ = TOT = 84908 0b) Prag = LTTE SD= 7.08 = 6.50AB |2-18. Using the computer Program Directivity at the end of chapter 2, the directivities for each radiation intensity Of Problem 2.7 are equal to @. U=sine sing ; Prag = 3.1316 Umax = 4. Do = AT-Umex 5 Mox . € Bisle 4.6125 > 6.034dB b. U=sine-si3y 5 Prag = 2.4590 Uanog 21 ccenisiieDete Ae, « Zasyo ~ Sll035e > 7.0845 4B c. U=Sine-sins ; Pra = 20870 = FAT AS AML. Umax = 1 1 Do Fear ~ 602124 > 780d d. U=sinresing ; Pog =2.6579 b AMA Umax = 4 1 D> Sopp = 472773 9 6.74608 €. U=sino sine ; Prod = 20870 = ATL D= Soe7 = 6.02126 > 7.7768 JB f Ussin’a-sinte ; ie 1.7714 = 7.07K03 2 &.5087dB R=+ aot249. los Els CoSEE C258 ~) gy diet nattO=0°% 0107 Emax = °-707-C1) = Cos [ZH (cose, ~19I coS'(2) = oles not exist Ficose-1) = AF sei = a @S'(0) = 4% = & rad Or =@= 2CE)=0 D, = 4T = 44 2 H2).293 2). bd, TIPE ee Cb). Using the computer program at the end of chapter 2 Do= 2.00787 = 3.027 AB Sine the pattern is not very arrow, the answer obtainedt using Kraus’? approximate formula is not as accurate. 220. 6. Elma = 5 (050+) [yg = 1 of B27 097 = Os (Fles6, +1) my q {eee hg SPSS (-2) > does not exist FG) : Da > 9° 27rd 6ir= bar = 2(Z)=7. De® 45 = $ <0.273 = 1otrds be Computer Program Dp = 2-00787 = 3.02748 Pra = (7° wssinensing sneds dg = 2 Uy: Edi (8) = WoT Sidr) 2 te \ Fer = 448 al 6%. Do= ATUmy _ AM Ue _ Prac Uo tJ) & Bw) = 0.447072735 61622 b Computer Presa Prag = (2° (7 us sincesing) sing dadg = 27-(044.7672735616/8) Do= 4.47352:22: (a), Using the Computer program at the end of Chapter2. De= 14.0707 = 1.4808 © Ulnar = SERS], 1 when 60° 3 eer sincmgine,)]* U> 2 Uma = 2 C1) = [ T sine, | Iteratively we obtain 64 = 26.3", Therefore @ig = Ora = 2E63)= 52.6". and Dp, = 41253 (52.6)* = 14.91 =U-13 dB using the Kraus’ formula (€) for Tai and Pereira’s formula R= 285 _ 72.815 ~ 4 = 1B6 SHA dB 2-03 2 (52.6) 223 U ap IEI* = ag Smo cos => Umar = @). rat = 2 ha ah Sine os'p ded = 4G) eh Do= 4tCUmax — A taney ceca Prac = 7 cb). Umar = 3 x at ema 0 In the elevation plane through the maximum <0 and us aysine, The 3-dB point occurs when U= 0-5 Umar = 0.5L) = sb sing, 9 G2 Sin (5) =30° Therefore @ia = 270-0) = 120° Tn the azimuth plane through the maximum 6=%/2 and U=mosiZ. The 3-dB point occurs eshen UX 0.5 Umax = 0-5 (37) = Hes" > B, = CS"(0.707)= 45°, @,y =2CPO"~45°) = Fo" Therefore using Kraus formila Do= 425 =3.02+5-82d8 2) Using Tai and Pereira’s formula Dox T28IS = 12,85 924-5008 Oat Gra Cr0y"*CFo)* CA) Using the computer program at the end of Chapter 2. De = 5.16425 = 7-13 4B 10224. = [ScKasino]*. ceoy* [SE ae Us [cenanongs sine fea sing kasine (0) Umax = Ue(t)"= Ye and it occurs when kasing <0 36 =0° The 2-48 point ts obtained usin Us £Umox = Ys =u, [ SiLeesine)] “=p TiCkosind) - 9 2535 kasing AReasing With the aid of the JiG)/x tables of Appendix V. X=RGING, = 1.61 => Os= Sin'( Soy) = 14.847°D Oar = 27-674" (Since Oi = Oar = 27.674", the directivity is equal to Dox A253 =~ 46.79 = (6.10 dB (29. 694) 225 (e) Linear because AS =0. @ Linear beause As~O. ) Circular because 4. Bx =Ey 2. 4g= é CCW because Ey teads Ex , AR=1 ,. T= % cd) Circular because 4. Ex =Ey 2. Ag=-"2 CW beause Ey tags Ex. ARe4ty cbse ©) Elliptial because 48 is not multiples of Va. CCW becuse Ey feads Ex, AR= O4/os Letting Ex =Ey =Eo = ELosciti+ve)] *= 130656 & 1.30686 OA = Fel. ie Years ~ = 2414 0B = E.Co5Citi-va)] "= 0.541196 Eo oB4IT6 “T= To" ton’ [242 cosas) ] = Fo" graw'( LS) ial = fo° S(70") = 45° C$) Elliptical because. Ap is vot Multiples of Tz Cw because Ey fogs. Ex From abe OA= 1-30686 Fo paar = 130886 = 2.414 0B = 0.54176 et OBA T6 From above T= %°- X(90°)=45° C Continued) 11225GitG). Eliptiol because 1. Ee # Ey 2. 4B is not zero or multiples of 7. CCW because Ey leads Ex. : pes M3 OA= Eft (pas 0.082 6 By pow OB = Ey{d[0.5+1-0.75]}=058, T= YO zton'(S) = Jo"~ 3 (180%) = 0° Ch) Elliptial beause 1. Ex #Ey 2. 4€ is not zero or muttiples of 7. CW because Ey fags E . From above 0A =Ey } Sars OB =05 Ey T=%°- ECi80") = 0° 226. E,Cz,t) = Re LEx @HEt RE+M%)) = Ey CSC wtt kE+ Be) 6, (zt) = Re [Eyelet E+ Ry) ) = Ey @sCot+ kz+ey) where Ex and Ey are real pasttive constants. Choosing Z=0 and fetting AG = By-Bx= By-0-8 Exe) = Ex @SCwt) “) Ed) = Ey Cos(wt +2) anol Ect) = JEM EF = (Etostwt) +E fCs ott) 2) ‘The moximum and minimum values of C2) are the majer and minor axes of the polarizction ellipse. Bpuaring and using the hal f-angle identity, €quation c2) can be written as a= Sf bes Ey*+ Er@sawt) + Bf @s*lzwt+e) 1} (3) Since Ex and Ey ave @nstants, the maximum and wninimum values of (3) occur when fo= Ee @SQwt) +5*@s [2coxtes] (4) is maximum er minimum. These are found by diftere mbating @) ond setting it equal 40 zero. Thus Shag - Fé sin @ut) - Ef sin [acor+e)] =0 ( Gntinued > 122-26 Conta) or ESin@ws) = -6,*sin Ruwt+ 91 = -E/{Sinawr csag + cos awt Sinag ¢ «BD Dividing (5) by @s@wt) yields Ed tan Qu) = - Ey tan[2wt] @SQg) +Sin@g)] or fant) = ~Efsin (29) EP + Ey cost. from which we obtain thet © 7 “SO? Qs(awk) = Eb+ B*0Sap) (sy et - Ej+ Et Cos@g) Span CSE CoSQwt+ 2g) = (1) 8) where @ = VEX + Ef +2 ErEy @S(ax) Substituting (6)~(6) into () yields E's ZL ECtE pt FCC] whose. mavimum value is . 4 72 on = {AL EA 5+ (Ett Bft 2E76 cesae Yt Ems Emin = 08 ={3CE2+E- (6,44 Bf +282 Bt cosag)”] }* The silt angle T canbe obtained by expanding (4) and writing tthe two os Ee 26tyass + & = sins oD ER Ex By Cu hich is the equation of a tiltedl Ellipse - aoey Ghese principal axes coincide with the major tiltecl ellipse, We can write that Ex = Exsin(z) “& coscz) €y = Ex coscz) + 6 sincz) ae where E,’ ond Ej are. the new Fielol Values along the new principal ONES x5 ye Substituting Ce) inte C7) yields REG Coscasinez) _ 2EZ Ey @SLz)Sin(z) _ 2EL EF cose (Sin?z -@s*z) =0 Be 5 Ex Ey @ Gerdinate System minor aves of the (Continued ) 132-26, (cont) which when Selyed forthe tilt angle t veduces to fan[2CE-z)) = 2EEy Os# Ee EF See $-4 tal (2B 5288 ) for more details on the tilt anyle derivation: See J.D. kraus, Antennas , McGraw-Hill, 1750, pp. 464-476. 227) pu = bx 59, + By sing, fa = drasg.+ dysings PLE= [fu Ga [72 | Cex O59, +4 sing, )- (Geog +dysingss|* =| cose Cosd, + Sings Singa]* = [SCH “AL |* oy Gu = 8x Sine cosy, + By Simei sings +8 @S8, 6a = dxSinds @sgut aysingg Sing, + de O86 PLE = | Gu f[*= [ Sm6i St, SmO.@spy + SimrSin fi Sm durSinB + S56 @S6,|* PLE = [Sin6,Smn6, (cos gi, -@SB. + Sing Sing) + @S0, GSO3(* PLF = | Sing Sin6s GS (P,-~,) + @S6, @SO2 228. Assuming electric Field is x+ -palarized, ©) Ey= GEO > fy = de Ea = (do ~jds) Ef ene.g) »=(45*) PLF = Iw fal?= 2[ Garg ~} o% By |* Since y= & @S8 ase + dy @sé6 sing - dzsin Op = ~& sing + 4 @s PLF = 3CGs*0 Gs*p + Sint) () when Ea> 6 d6+j}dy )E.f(r.6,9), PLE is also PLE = 2 C cos Gs*p + Sin7e) A more general, but also more oe expression Gnbe derived when the incident electric field is of the form By= Cade +bdy)@**® where a,b are real constants It canbe shown CUsing the Same. prececure ) that PLE = Gans l Lo, cos6 asp + bsinosing)? + casing —bCosg)* ala [> 14LID Sonica) Ev BG tjG IIs = ACas;a) Ew Ea = Ex (do ~ joy) $cr.8,9)9 Ca= & Cds ~ jap) 3 (70 yen aes. PLE= 2| Cot ja})-(0 jG) | *s 4 1¢d ds dds) Eee ae ela 39) Converting the spherical unit vectors #0 rectal ps ee tee | as it was done in Problem 2.27, Leads to PLF= 2(CoS@ +1)> cb) when Ew= Bo (de £3 dy) Eq + Es (ob +jdp) 050.9) the PLE is equal to PLE = 2 ( Coso F1)* eae 230. — Ew= (dsesg ~ de sing eso) Fer, 0,9) or Ss Ey= [ dy cose — de Singase Eee flea) VOs*¥ + sinty ws6 ly Thus by = dacs — dasinposs 10s '¥ + Sine @sO and pues ig ils | ( ase =dasingcse ), Veos'a + siniocoss Trassforving the rectangular unit vector 40 spheriak using Gx = GrSingasy + de ase cosy ~ dy Sing’ cos*6 2 the PLF veduces to PLF= Osf+singos® The Same. answer is obtained by transforming the spherical unit vectors 4 Tectanglar, as was dene in Prob 2-27, 231, eax Gh a) G)F08,8)= (ZEA) 1 fovea) Fo nasenas a es z © = (SBA) => weve is Right Hand (RH) ae és fads 254) se (Antenna. is LH in receivin T= -0-4576 dB using the +Si9 ede, and RH in transmitting) (Antenna is RH in receivin PLES lé- Al= { HOtEIO AE USN He sgh se andl tH In transmiting YD C Continued ) 152-31 cond coy by = (HAIG) > Wave is Left Hand CLHD v2 fs (2& ich) ‘S. ih Pe (Awtenna is LH in receivin: PLE = [dw @|= { 15 = "1648 Using the + Sign wade ond fin tranmitingh eae ; sign (Antenna, is RH in recivi ae ae) sa mode amd LH ite) 2:32,% © fear eaereas. 2 eo 2 fa Ge tay. ppa| &tY | ack +jd, 4 PLE= 4 =00B Continued > 16234 Cont'd) cb) ES eae a4 oe rF=[6y-Al'=| (SM) ( S34) PLE= 0 = -codB 235, B= GES | Gack E*= (Gr }G) Ee: (S95) ane = é= (24) (2) ew = 2 @ Dole ful *= Be Gol Bgl” © &D.= &) At 10GHz > A= F = Bxi08 i Ss Eg = S210" = 3x15" (OX I 10x lo? ~ G. Aem = 254. (és: Owl *= exe Clay | de (24, (diet 3d De = tx6* ascs)= ta? (2)= lonean(2) =10 = 10 boy,.Goldim) > Ge cdim) =lo*=10 Aem = 0-3581x10> m2 (Pr = Aem Wi = (6.3581 108 )C1oxid%) =8.581x108 watts Pr = S581 x10 watts 2. & Eqs (2d 8) ay Ee G= adk 4} 4 we A 4 @) Ev = GeEw> Ovo de PLE = (fw: al?= [G-l= #5 0.8 =-0.7691 dB Ey = dyEw > Ow = dy Pur Iba Alte Lyglte a o.ze- 6698237, Ey= Bj +B/ = 3@sat +2 @swk = Seswk Fr= Eft Ef = 7@s(wt+ F)+3coswt-£) = -TSinwt +3Sin@t = -48inot AR = 251-25 dlr (b) At wtao, B= 5 ay At wt="2 9E=-46% > Rotation in CCW 238. @) pLE= & independent of > must have CP SeRR= 1 (D). Polarization will be elliptical with mojer axies aligned With X-axis. Guess tL AR=2 verify: @y = (26x +}ay)/VE PLr =I fy alt= | 2@SbrJsin¥/ “— deste sin'y Ver RLE= 6.6 W=fO: PLF=0.2 (C) PLF= 1 ak Y=45°and 225° PLF=0 at W = 135° and 315° Polarization muct be finear with thal angle of 45° ~ AR = 00 18a9 a = I, ht A ee (5041+ 73) +j (254425) ~ 12445675 3 (12.442 -j 6.7724) x 103s 14.166 X109L28-56° Rr=73 8 xX =42.5 (0. R= 3 Re (Vp Io) = Re Ci2.442 +} 6.1124) X19 12-442x15" W Cb). Pes Z/Igl*Re = 7325x105 W G), PL= ZITA Ri = 6. 1003x108 w The remaining Supplied power is dissipated as heat In *he internal resistor of the generar, or Pa = ZIDR, = 5.016 PX 1OSW Thus =3: PrtPa t+ Py = C7325 + 0.1003 + 5.0169)XI07 = 12.4422 x16 2=R ZUO. The impedance transfer equation of “ 3 2 Zn = [ z +32 tanckL) Ze +) 2. tanckh) Yeduces for 4= 7/2 to Zin = 2 Therefore the equivalent Load impedanae at *he terminals of the rr is the same as that for Problem 2.39 Thus the Supplied, radiated, amd dissipatesl powers are the same as these cf Problem 2:37 loy Aswon |_| m=50+j}50.0 ita: Zyy= L100)* = (0000 66 So+jo 5000 2 Fevaitable =z) = = 5 Vog = A (Ed** + Te e5**) vee Re & ue laws 4 ce _ TeopeJ#*) = Fig 4. VO)= ACI + Teo)) LO=£- re) From Fig 4; —y, + 1co)% + Woo) =0 =e +2 (1-Te)) zo +A Cit Tex=0 =Ve +A ATO) +A + ATO? =O 2Azk&e > Aare Paccepted =Re[ vor I) ] Vio) = ¥ (1+T0@)) Le) = $6.1 - Te) = Zin~Zo os Zn + Ze CGntinued ) 20= Zin — Ze 242 Cont'd) 2 vod= BC+ B=) = EC) + RintjXin 7 Zo = eee = ( Rint }Xint 2 + Rin ti Xin ~#:) = Rin + Xin + Zo Vio) = Vs (Rint) Xin) Rin tj Xin +Zo = Neo pot Sine Bac an vous Zin theo Sin tS HOS as Se) Bes zh nee ) 16) SNSs oe Ys ZmtZo Rint }Xin tt Zo Re [ Vo) Toy] = Re[ ME Rin tj VeXin yy Vs ] Rint ZtjXin Rint Zo-jXin Paccopted = Re (2. Weil Binns Reals ): MERI (Rim Ze) *+ hon Rint B+ xe z vst —Sin__ = 4B = (Rint &)*+ Xin Realised Guy Rin AER (Rint Zo)? + Xion i 243. (2) RL Reg C2-gob ) = TMP = Me 2TXIO* CAT AIO : Saran eee ee pe 2700) (ears 0.4415X 1075 0.004415 (hms) (by Re CA[g) 28002 (A)*= bowr(ze)* = 0.21932 > Rin= Ry = 0.21932 Ohms C because of assumed Constant current) Re Ae 202 sg 0.98047 RitRr 6.21732 + 6.004415 Ce) ca (2-70 ) = Cg = 78.027 % GG) ZL=CR+Rin) +) Xin = (0-UP2+ 0.004.415) +) Xin = 0.2237 +5 Xin Ze Meo _ Xin XB 120 Sn lla) 4 jag Un Ge ) J an (RL) tan (32 A 1.2040 — A [A0+ [een | 252. BOE rf 0.1051 C Continued ) 24243, (Contd) _ #i- ze = = 0.9996 Bit Ze (0.2237- j 232.8806 )+ 50 1+IFl vane SSR CHSIC a ~xoo iMrana oem ee 244, i Radiation Efficiency of a dipole Iz@) =I, @s[ Laren Hg (r= = a els eas ara OS (ZEI heise ds =adgdz = differential patch of area dw > power loss into this patch dw= Z[Hp|*Rs adgdz (time avs) z cs" [ Zz ]adgde Ww (total lass) = abe BERS cost Ez] adgde €ERs = Skin Resistance ) 28 dw = -(%) 2 a : 27 - Rs cos* [Fz] dz = = 28 | Sar ewe ERE Ri = 2 210 245. E={¢ 0<6<¢ 45° 2 45°69 < Fo" a 7O°< 6 < 180° Getaee Se ssie* re ay 7 1 Umea eons © continued? 222A5 Cont'd) fae 45° 5 [es a ae [ [ Sine de hy $ singe ] = = [av] [-os6]7+4-cos0)|% J sae [~@S45°+ coso* ~ HOS tae" + Za po] Proa = 0.54287 250° D = AT Umar postage “ot = 3684 Prod 0.54287 2Mr+/y RS (») When the fist is equal to (o%/m, for @=0° /( } 6 _ ¢ 10 Wm 0¢6¢ 45° a Fee j ° AB%6 $90" Ax10M%/m 70°<6 < (Bo? Poa = EP (ae Occ TU! ff [El oma E[Asinade } de ] Rod = 2 (84281) (47) |tol* = 36,1973 Prod = J | TIARr = [Trms|* Re PR = 86193 = 36193 = | gare (Zmms |* ce 246 f=i5eMHe, A=2m a imdipole ts 2 in electrial length 9 Rea 73.0. ,Zin> 734j425 2 Oe eevee ae ag Tost DATES HAAS Ons LBP A 5. Puissip = Pass = ElTant]*Russ = (67 mW @\xloav C. Prod = 5 lTant|7Rr =2L36W d. @g= Rr _ 8 t100_ gg, SS ae ens 7340.62 11% 232-47. Using equation (2-94), the effective qperture of an antenna Can be Written as fare WER here Wz = IEI*/2y ie we Wilzal » where li Defining the effective Jength fe as V7 =Ele reduces Ae & Aa eer 9g. = fAalzel 1 Ze[* Rr For moximum power transfer and fossless antenna CR.s0) Xa = -Xr, Re =Rr > (Zel = 2Re =2Rr this fee [Atom Re 2 > [Aem Rr co. [hem Rr aq Rr a % 2B. Aen = 2147 = (PE): ecg = “11D “1 Be fa]? Dy = a Ga! B50 whe 5 AS BAe eae 7S +50 1oox 10® ety ice 2 1E = 3,125 FE [1-2] 249. Wi = 10% W/nt Aem = Xo. , D.= 20dB = (oReg XD X=lee < 8 ~ See SAO" = 0.03 m = 3xId2m Tox 10> = maya xin =. Aem (ie Dee ie ~ (100) = 0.97/6X15%= ZU6X 163 4 re : Pre = 16% (22107) = 2A 0. 916K15F = 7.16 X 15% Watts Prec = 7216 x16% watts.I oe > a 250 Aem = z &D, = XG. 4. Ge = 14.8 4B 9 G, Cpower ratio) = (0! = 30.2 $ = B2GHe 7 A=3.6585 om Aen = G85)" (39,2) = 32167 On* The physical apertuye is equal to Ap= 5:5(24) =A0.7.om* b. Ge =16-54B 9 Ge Cpowey ratie) = 10" = 44.666 F = 10.3 GHe > AF2zH2 Om Aem = 232)" ta4 668) = 304.2 Gm C. Go = 18.048 % G Cpower ratio) = to! = 63.096 f =12.4 GHz DAH=2ZAIP Cm Aem = 2A) ces 096) = 29-387 Com> 251 Gain= 3008, F=2GHe , Prd =5W Receiving antenna VSWR=2 , efficiency = 95% Ee = (2dk+jG)Fe(@8), Use Friis transmission formula (2-118) Pr = Pe Ceat Gear CL URAC ITFL2) (AAR) Dele fe) Dobe fr)» PLE Pr=l0*W, Ccae= 4 (we assume that), Ccdr =0.95, I-IRI?=4 . as =IVSWR-I]- 2-1 _ = oe ie 29 (rl =|WSWRY 251 = 3 (Init) = &% RE a = 0.15m > R= 4006 Xie? m, mole Os ae -18 hene (2g)*= (aoa) = 89X10 ‘ Dé = 3048 = 103, PLE? Pe = Bed jh) > 1B Bl "= 0.1 erm We Cady +jdy) > oH = 5 (4) (0.95)C4) (4) (8-910") (108) Dr (0-1) Dr = 2-661 2 Hence Aem = oa 2.66| = 0.00476 m>252. uce.a) = (e320), 0°£6 <90° } one $360" O 5 WS6< Ibo" Aen = 2D, D = 4 Umax Prod seen Prat = =e ie Uce, p) sine dedg = arf Bedi SAS ar[- z Prad = 2m (- ee De= Biter. Anes Pra a5 per Bea 3x108 - 3x (0? = 0.03m Aem = 10 (0.03)*_ 19X10) *_ Ig. (9x 1074) _ igre Tmt ar ar cecal, Aem = 7/6/97 x10* 753. etatus mile = 1609.3 meter, 22,300 (stabs miles)=3.58873/eI0m eo aR Ot Samar = Sa 4.943410" Watts/m2, ( De= 6046, =10°) (EA= 015m ) Rem = (5)*08= 1790,493, m* pak aT Ft Aem:Pa = (790.493) (4.943x10"") 8.85. 10'> watts. » b, Aes= XD, Preceived = 254 Aem = 0.7162 Aem = (B)* ea (t= irl9) 1ew De = Aem = 75-50 _ = 3x108 _ Baas?) p07 OZ A Siecaies ~ S D= 2.262 a (I-103P) D, = |-04t7 26255. Pe = Ws Aen = Wea clin) (24) D.| fa Ql? Wi= SWim2, cq =4 Chossles: - Zin-2e _ 73-50 _ : Reed Zitz 730 — %-187 N= 3x10 = 20m, Do=2156dB = 1.642 , PLF=4 lox to Pe= (5)C1)(1~ (0.187)*) (38°) (1.643)¢1) = 567.78 Watts = Pp Pe = 567.78 Watts 256 Pr: eens Re (re) Gor Got , Gor =Got = 16-3 > G Cpower ratio) =42.66 $= 10 GHz = A =0.03 meters. Py = 200 muotts = 0.2 Watts @. R=5m : Pe= [$43]* (4266)*0.2) = 82.7 uhatts b R=S0m : R= 0.829 wwatts C. R=500m : Pe=G27 n watts The VSWR was not needed becayse the jen was ger Ros Sea! pe cite: EL” (ate) Gee Gor Got = 20dB 9 Gor (power ratio) = |o*= loo Gor =|5dB > Gor (Power ratio) = $= 1GHz > A=0.3 meters R= 1x (03 meters a. Fon tee: @[* 4 Pr = (72:35 )* (100)(81.628)([50xl0) = 270.344 M Watts b When transmitting antennas is civcwlarly polarized and receiving antenna iS Lineurly polarized, the PLF is equal to 16 Onl *= | (si8) de] *= 2 Thus p= £ (270.344 x16%) = [B5.172K10% = 135, 172 Mats ak258. 253) 260 261, lossless : Cea = 4. polarization matched «Iw fal“= 4, Line matched : C1 -1e}2) =4 D. = 20d =0* = (00=D,, = Dot Pe = Pe (Big)* Dee Der = 10 ( 5," Cloe)c100) = 0.253 watts Pe = 0253 watts Lossless: Ccd=4, PLF=4, ine matched : ((-IFI+)=4. Dy = 30dB = 163 = (000 = Dor = Dot Pr = Pe (ae faa) Cle00) *= 20: (aR) * 100 = 12.665 warts 3x108 axon cl Gor = 20dB =100, Got = 25dB = 316.23. A= P= Pel&e-bel® (ZE)> Gor: Got = l00:(t)-Ceresto) “Cieo) 316-23) = 6x10 watts = Pr f = loGHe, > As Suet =0.03m Got = Gor = 15dB = lo! = 31.62 R= lokm = lo4m Pr > lonw =i w Wee-fl? = -3d8 = Frils Transmission Equation : Pp, 2a 82 De = Got Gor a)" |G Fl = ((0'*)* G28 z)* (2) = 285x o" Pos 2esxio" Pe % 10° W > (P)min = 351262. fos P exer Dee Dor (Ag)” = (P)( Ore Ccat) (Cre Gear) (ae )* Doe: Dor £ = (4) (@re (19) Cere (4) (Ag)? Doe Dor NE § 23aut =3m, R= loxto*= [0*. Fin) *= (gga) (Sext0*)'= (0.23072154) = 9.697 A10% 08 (Bg) 7 = 5.699165 Gre Gr = (1-1) =(1~|B2282]*) = (1- |222 |) 3450 i233 = (1~ (0.18897 )*) = (1 - 0.0357) = 0.9643 Cette = Rear = 4 Det = Dor = 1-643 BE = (09643)*C.643)*( 5.6992 1B") (ORIEN om) ¢5.09010") =25]-(5.679x5") = (4.30510 ° Pe = gee 6TH 10” Cx (5) = 6.99 x 07= 679. Pe = 699 watts 5 3x08 _ 3xtoe _ B-(B) Gee Gor, N= FyU09 Joxo8 30 ie spiotiece ee 3x15 toxto® 156 c= = lane] Ger = to Gor = (68 (4x3 xt08) > Go = (63 (an x3-x10%) = [27x (0* = [2007 Ge = (200 1 = 3,759.7) = 10 Hoppa (80 767-910 dB Go = 3,767.91 = 35.76 dB264, 9 ¢=mat= 25127 Got = Gor = 16-3 dB > Got ( power ratio) =10 $= 0GHe FAS003m fe Got & = oe ee Cee) Of 5 =R. = 200A = 6 meters; = 254? (42.66)* P_A P= 2507 Ee) [ caraeony+]* @.2) = 200 nwatts 8 A266 b. R=R, = 5000 = [5 meters ; P, = 0.23 nwatts 265 ot * Gor P. = Pps: See Gor [% 2 [jo PSOE ewe ATR Ra. 5X0? Pr = (0% (3). 150% p_oos eo yt ar AT C(0®) Pr = b22x10® Watts E06. Be Saree eK ]3e Peat [sree F Sere et a 40 AT RR, Pe Gor-Got a As 3x08 Ly 3x0! off = 0.1425 x103 (AT) [Seeceoceeey] “s al4zmiat (000 (75675) t 267, g= Pram [ Re Pe Gor’ Got eS = 3x08 A> -Txe = 38 O= 201+ (4m) | am (700)c700)\* itoo fc 3 | SBC ER 6 = 94,14.5 me268 = 18-617 (Be) Gee Gor Got = 20dB + Gor =(07 =100 Gor =15dB > Gor = lo'S=31.623 f =! GHz > A =0-3 meters R = (03 meters G) For PLF=4. Pr = (gers) C100) (31.623)C150) = 270. 34k u Watts Sad 5 Pp = 270344 uwatts = 135.172ANatts by PLE =| (tid). & iP “or any other linearly polarized unit vector 269. o=0.85A* PPro Ostet Gor,/ 7 ya A ea hae bare) 1ew er | 0 = 0.85 A, Got = Gor = ISdB =) Got = Gor = 31-6 228 dimensionless) Ri = Ra = (00 meter => Ri =Ra = |, 000% eae F= Sate 3 A= Be = 0.4 meters lev: @r|*= 148 > | fw &|*= orang P. ao 2 Pe o.gs a2 (316228)? (0.79 Pe Lr, ( AMX (oe x) #3) = 0.85 (31.6228)* (0.7943) _ pbieex te (aT)3 ((o2) Pr = 0.3402 x10 (lo) = 0.3402X10'° = 34.02 xio' watts P= 34.02 pWatts SL270. Tassie Tec =) Ta =5°K Te = 72°F = 3 (92-32) +273 = 275.2°K —4dB = 20 fogoe = ~4 Goyhogo® = ~& (20) (0.434) A= gag = 0. 460 Nepers/iooft = 0.0046 Nie, G, L=2 feet i Ta = 5 6260-00462 4 295.2 [1 - 67400046)2] = 4.9) 45.38 =10.29°K b, Le 100 feet , Ta, = 520 00467100, a96 2[ jE 2U0-0046)100] = 172.72°K d d . = 2 ~ (once yde?, 271 Tete eh 2a(a)di a (ea) Tala) € f,24@ ahs 0 If a2) = obo = Custant d tele To= Th 4s (Meee) Tata) @2%°9-20 Ta= Ta S24, greed (, decay Tm cepe’2 Fae If Twl2)=Te= Constant and €02)= Ge = Constant Tela ented +67 ered fertetya Ta = Tos + & q ered Ceneed_ 1) For €,= 20 The Ta ered, i grted(a3%4 4) anew spe)oh If He = jweVx Te a) Moxwell's curl equation VX Ee=~jauHe cn be uritten as VX Ee= JouHe = ~Jwmcjwe Vx Tle )= ad VxTe YX (Ge-WHe Tre) = Vx(Ee-#Me) =0 where kis abe Letting A s Ee -RTe=-VG_ => Ee=-VAt k*Me Taking the curk of CL) and Using the vector identity of Equation (3-8) Leads to Vx He = joe VXVXTe = joe VCV-Te)— V2 Te J tats Maxweil’s equation (2) (3) VxHe= J +jweEe Tedwes @) to J + joe Be = jwelVCV Te) - V*Te 7 (a) Substituting (2) into (4) teduces to Vile + Re ~jH+[V(Ve) + VI] Letting Po=-T-Te Simplifies (5) to cs) Ve + ke aja and (2) to (6) Ee = YCV Te) + RTe Gmparing 6) with (3-14) leads te the relation oe Te =5 ee A (a) 32. If Ems Joe VK Tim es Maxweil’s curk equation Vx Hw = jwe Em Can be written as VX Hye = Jwecjye VX Tm) = OME VK Tim or VK CHm— WE Ty) = VXC Hm) = 0 Where kis ajue Letti "8 Hw 4m = - TP Hm = ~ Vfl t RET, @) (G@ntinued ) 333-2 COnt'd) Taking the curh of (4) and Using the vector identity of Equation (3-8) Leads to TX Em = SYR IK TX Tin = JH LV CV Tw) — V7 Tie J @ Using Moxwetl?s equation VXEm= —M-j!Hm — reduces) to —M = JK Hon = uO VT) =? TT 4) Substituting (2) into g reduces to Vim + 8m = oe + [V7 Tn) + VGm J cs) Letting Gq = —T-Tm nts 5) te Y*Tn + RD = J 3h and (a) to Hm = VC% Tm) + Em Gmparing (6) Pes (3-25) Leads to the relation Tm = Jape E ae (6) om) fe a eer ag A= dz Az, = O2Ca rs the above into (3~. - Leads to the following ‘terms ; Ax er eo dees #4 (or dee) aikr = 6 [eS kjk Sa adie 2q cir gh. oo Ag = #0, So ert The sum of the oe three terms is equal t2 zero ,and Ut Satisfies (3-34) The Same conclusion is perives usin: As G:An= dec, 5" as a Solution 3434. The solution of V*Ae= Jz can be inferred from the Solution of Poisson’s equation Vo=-f for the potential @ (O45 29 represents the charge density a) We begin with Green’s theerem S (yee ae-p)dv'=§ Cpap-sv p> fda @) where t and gy are well behavecl Functions C nonsingular, Continuous, and twice differentiable). For tp we Select a Solution of the form t sor @ here (Xx A+ Cy“) *4 CBB) (30) By considering the charge at the origin of the coordinate system, it can be shown that Cprovidel r#o) [eo (ala na = veep =a (eR) + pape wOinedg +72 Gms Spe = V'G)=0 Thus (2) reduces to 2 U EYED ye 6 Be d= ~£() CREO ay a To exclude the r=0 Singularity of ~, the observation point *,45%/ is surrounded by a sphere of radius rand Surface =“, therefore the volume V is bounded by the surfaces Z and 4 ard (2) is broken into two integrals ; one over = and the other of £% Using (4) reduces (2) to tf bev =§ cpap pry) ida +8 cyrg-gry rh dacs) nd ih = aera eo Tfda as v9, SF da i $ da (5a) (Continued )S44 (Cont'd) Since r” is atbitrary, ican be chosen Small enough So that ¢ and 2% are essentially Gnstant at every point on ee Tf we make r’ Progressively Smaller, Zand its normal derivate approach their limiting values at the center Cby hypothesis, both exist and are continuous functions of position). Therefore in the Limit as r“>0, both con be taken outside the intesral and we an write that Ee & CPy¥e-B Vy)-Ada = -4T Pesy,z) © Ot ——— 8 igs dim 3 L Saito do = fim 3 L (32) a" r)=0 Substituting (6) into (5) reduces it to $oyn = gel fav + a§ [heat] Ada (7) The first term on the right side of C7) accounts for the Contributions from the charges within = chile the second term for these outside =. Expansion of = to include all charges makes the send term to vanish and +o veduce (7) to einen, Bouy,e= mes r @) By comparing yz = Tz with 1) we can write that AnGay 2s ge ( Seley 2 gy a9) v i For more details see 0.7. Paris and F. K. Hard, Basic Electromaysetic Theory, McGraw-Hill » (%6P, pp. (28-131. For the details of the Solution of C3-3)) see R.E. Olin, Field Theory of Guided Waves , McGraw-Hill. 1960, pp. 35-37. It can be shown that sjke Ae= Al Teeayie) Sav Because. of the Length of the derivation, Lt will not be repeated here . 3635. A x [dANC0.p) + de Aol6,9) + gAQC0,)] e— JOA ~jaue VTA) ‘ f A VA = 72 Syl Ar) - fan ae eee Bee reales al ee var eke im 3 nN y peva=- VOVA) = Vad BP a det hs dp ane = OL eL-wme AL] 4 ele tdo{toytel: 144 +] +at beast +ds{rco+al: Therefore E= ~jwA~j abe vCv-A) zikr Bs -jol Gv Ar + dots +dy Ag] sjape {Lope Mme eG: Se 4 (FOt AG dt fei e srt y+ 6 sh +4e[ tort AC- Bet {joe (det dan + ds Ay 1} dis: z “]+HE-a-} Ina similiar manner, it can be shown that =f VKA= $15 FEL Ae + ds Ay — deAG] f+ hl + HC Let us assume that within a Linear and isotropic medium, but not 36. pecan homogeneous, there exist two sets of Sources Ja, Ms and Js, Mz which are allowed to radiate Simultaneously or individually tnside the Same meclium at the Some ‘frequen cy ane produce Er, Hi and Ea, Ua, respectively. For the fields tobe valid, they must Satisfy Moxwell’s equations (Continued ) 373-6. CCont?d) a) @) @) (A) VxHa = ¥EatTa where = jocudjpl) cs) d= br jace—je*) (6) If we dot mattiply (1) by Ha and (4) by Ea, we aan write Ha: VXB, = — 2 H2*Ha ~ Har Ma Be Vxt= #88. t+ GrT2 Subtracting (7) from (@) reduces # Ea VX Ha~ He 9XE, =f See + BAH + By T+ Hae Ms (8D cr) @) which by using *he vector Hdentity VCAXB)= B (VX A)-A+CUXB) Clo) Gon be written as V-CHaX Ba) =-V-C Bax.) = PERCE. + 2H -Hg + Be Ti+ Ha Ma A) Ina similar manner, if #e det muitiply (2) by E, and ¢3) by Ha , We con write E.: VXH = FE Retin Hy 0X8, = -2 He HM Ma Substracting £13) From C12) Leads to Ex VXHi~ He VXE, = GE Ee tS Heh, + Est del, C14) which by using. Clo) can be written as VW: (yx B.)=- VCE. XH4) = FE Ee te He Hat Substracting C15) from Cll) feods to —9-CBaxkHe = E2XH,) = Ee Tt Ha My ~ Ee Ty He Ma tb) which ’s Rnown as the Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem in differential form. Taking the volume integral of both sides of C16) and using. the divergence. theorem on the deft side, We Can write Cié) as ~§$CEixHa~ EaXHa) ds SSIS CBr Tat Heme ~ETi-HeMa dv Cir) hich is known as the Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem tn integral form, az) aa EeUtdem. cs) 384t.a sinp= {es = f1- (8 -dr* = J 1=Ginecesg)> In for - zone fields mane ; Ep = jp EAE siny =) MGLEN Yi eneasay: f Hy, = j bse “sin = b= Us (I-sirn’eos*a) ‘Prog = Uo "["c- sivte-cos)-simodede = Us & d= ar B=15 4-2. a. sinp= {1-Cos*p = {1 14y de> sf —siresing: In far-yone fields jkr Ey = RRL cing = jp Bate site stg Hy = ss j AL sine any b. U= Us (i~sinte sin’ ) Prad = ul” "Co sin’g-sin'g) Sinddedg = =f C{ sin - Silo: sin'pde]dg = uel (zag - 3" ‘cued dg ] = Uel 4T- $r]= $ru poe Abbe 2 2 x15 Ue BEtps. Q. g=02 (x-z plane) jkr Ey ai SE fi-sinte ss cite =i BES cose At geo" Ey hag only Go direction, @) Ey Eo polarization (Eaca)| b B=9o® (y-z plane) kTLeike 40r Ep =it At B= 90°, cq-2 plane), Ep has only ay divedion : Ey + Ee. polarization chy B=997 ' \Escol c. = fo C2-y plane) = jy Rubel” peo ajy webeier, Ep a" an !-as'g 1 Se At 0290. Cary) , Ey has only Ay direction. Ey ~~ Eg polarization Ly 90° ce lEp Co)Uh. a. B=0? 6 x-# plane) _ hrelee cio At B=0% Ey direction has only Gy component Ep ~ Eg polarization b, Bet” Cye plane) oe it jkr Ey =)1 SHES Jisire =j1 Ae Toh ev#Y Amr gy, 136088 AL Hz Tot Ey divection has only Ge component 42 ale B= For Ey ~ Eg polarization ce. @= Fo? (x, yp Plane, Ek bile eo] Saar Oe AtO=@o, Ey direction has only Sy Componeut + iS a ae LTS PS “gel KV 6=%0° Ey ~ Eg polariestion 41Le5, Co) Using (4-26.09 - CA-262) and the duality ef Tablea.2, the fields of an infinitesimal magnetic dipole of fength £ and magnetic current In are given by E,= Eg =Hg =0 ports 5 ag Eg =-) tint Sing Li+ spe] *r Hr= Ime cose 5 sjkr anne Ci+ yard é oe sing [it te Gee] ete Cb) Since the pattern of the magnetic dipele is the same as that of the electric, the directivities are also identical and equal to De = & (dimensionless) =(-761 dB 46. (a When the element is placed along the x-axis Simp =]! — Gos*~ = yl — lx: dr] * im6 Sing + Az Cosb )|* and the fields can be writen as _ WIghed ae on ee eI Bees V1 —siwe cos*B =-) tS sing Hy sEx eat (b) Ino similar manner, when the element iS placed along the y~ axis Simp = [i costy = [I= 14): drl* ={1- SiPesiniy and the Fields canbe written as -j: eit eo simap =-}: aiLeihry I= Siv* SiteEy = jteet i" siny ay REL itr Me) ae en” Sin Convert Y to spherical coordinates siny = 1- cos*P = 1 ~ (Ga Ge) i i ee , ae FS < ae od : = (8+ 4 “(dr Sina cosp + dy Sing sing + de @S6) z A Regs SSM 2B sing Coospt sing) Thus ybtel jkr Eee ee" | aaa 6 (cosp-+sing )*] Hy =j ee te Jt = dbsree Ceosp-tsing)*) He = hImk pr p= j aryr OM sin Ey =-j tet eas eit simp 2 Cowert y #0 ce Coordinates Siny= ge sine (sing + csp) Thus Hy = j Aad ik Vargr 1 - EEsi%6 (esp +sing)*] J dint hr [) — Tse (cosp tsing)2 Ex4-9 # ce Shae where Hr=Hg=0 = kTLsing sik H raHen 0, Hy = j ARISING [45 Yi aa z Vx is not 0 function of g E= ¢. ine) — de E= joe XH = saz f ds sing & (Hsing) — dy FE (rH) +400 F hich reduces using the Hy from above to Sees ToL @so [i+ jel eit amr = REL Sine oy E,= pip C+ se aoe Eg =0 AAO. Weve = ZRELEXH*1 = 3Rel dy Ey x Gots] Wave = We = Re Lda x dy EF] 8 a5 Re (lbs) = 6 Sel” Wr= [3] eet] sate sin’é = w, sie | here We = 2 #leL]* Pad = ( eta Gr rssingdle dg = ana ( “sists de = 20 We (3) Paa= 8 w= 7(5)/ 5el 4 A= dsAe= & Adel gikr 5 4. oak, ak | (4-60) - ioe Te Ar = Azose= 4 Ante cose =A oo ae os Ag = ~AzSme - _ut,pei* jk ABLE Sine = Ags) SY 4, = ABA sing Ag =0 > Ag =0 Substituting these into (3-51) and (3-598) reduces to Fr=0 Eo =-jo2 rae = jee, Sing =j 7 kL Ot bk elke Sing Eps =o as =0 Which are Wentical to (4~26a)-(4-26 ¢) 44412 pe [r+ Caress +22) ]* = 101+ (-arecosg+ 2/2) ]"* Using #he binomial Expansion of b3 fu (a+by"= Le eno" y onpen) 4 ! TF b* cnycn-pen-ay 2 3 it can be Shown by deeting ase bs (are‘coset 2’) ae #hak 3 a of R= r- 2504 t(F sin’s) +H (F'eos0-sin’®) + BLS Cit6os%s -5as%)]+- Therefore the fifth termof (4-41) is 1 14 Te [47 1+ 6cos*® -5as%8) ] Fer-maximum phase error of "/e radians 062 IDA < 1 < 2DVA (a) For a maximum phase error of T/16 radians {2(385) {DVR For far-field > {2a rea a de/= aaa gt SHIRE here 0 Se | = eye CAB x’ay/eo Making a change. of wriable of the aren Z-2/=-p , dz=dp reduces the potential to te (? aylPrPe he = Aba (* Sr “P where @t= xt ye o> ep Usin sie VF oS J fs Spee # = STAR cha) We can write the potential as Ac = 5 4B Hop = j BHO amp) (b) He ag ¥xa and E= joe VXH Since ee =Ag=0, im cylindrial Coordinates Hap vad =a dy Be) = dy) Be SHO che) Using Equation CV-19), ty can write the H-field as H= ds He =-de j 42 HP cee) a there HI%CKE) is the Hankel function of the secand ‘ind of order one and. argument ke. The electric field can be obtained Using E= jog VxH = & a suelo Hts) ] = =e jae (Si ) = = fh jue Cj 4 2 HP -j ae 241k) ] Since 35 HM = pat ise p Hike) by using v-18 = de [- BE Hd ] =a 1 BE HP cue 4T447. = it {el cri where Line oon Cas(klase) - es (HL) 14, See Which can also be written as WW: Ine = 2 [“Less(tfase) + os) “20s Mos 05 (40) 4g S ane Letting { ese=U oe ~sinede = dy > 48 = — Sine Teduces Int to Sc Coos*(Htu) tas*()-208 (Lu as($)) yy Dearne ea | eee ae = (| Lastly + csttht)-200 Cy) osc¥t).] ata a Cl+ay = df Liececttas teesiay - (aster) + aclerolay as Cit uy oe Making another change of variable of the form cawkls v > du= 9% We can write that Tt = 2 Mat aochl)t Schl?) dp ane ly, Ast 2: = (Mes oseas) scr) avt 2 Mess 4+ osC?-M) 1, le uv a ~ (Lees tebe] avr 0 a provided Y= we If z=elv, =| eee re “costlel) + CoS Cv) cosclel) + Sintv)sin Hel) -(' escuslase) + Sinckd)sin), “Jo a (Continued ) 48A-!7 Contd) Md uJ : = [t+ cosckty] (l= Gesu yy Sincy) Sinckl) Tint = [1+ co iN SY dy 2 Sino) Sh) doy : hl Sin Cet) (7 sinv aah t YE Aa dy — esc) OS? Jy which reduces to Tae = {C+ Ancee) - Ccat) +d sinckty CS; (240) - 28,040) ] + 2 eck) [C+ inh) +0; Qkt) 26, cet f where C 20.5772 Gi Rais 7iEPr. is Wential t (4-68) From (4-88) = 7 IDl* (" @s*(Fase) Frnt = Tie f Siva de letting a= ase ai ind Be } 2 site =1-as'e= toa. We can write ID|*(° @S*CFU) 1 _ pte (4 cos Fu) Red aan lap teat eG atte ge which can also be written as =p 'Bl*T C! ess 1 x Proa “SL OSE) das cos*(Z4) tu] 0 a ° 1+ Making anotier change of variable of the ‘form YS olatt inst integral Valtat th inte oh } for the first integre bide le } pr the Second integral Wecan write Prod as eee =» 'BIS (1 sin*(Bv) 2 siX(EV) ten Bl *sinX(Ey Pad =" amr {f eo + [sh ay} Var - Pov Using the half-angle identity < sin*(Zy) = -CSTy > reduces Prag £0 Pua = pelt * Ci-coserv)] dy ° v By letting ae, dy = ty We can write Prag as Res = Be fs C868) Jay = ay els Cin 21) 49Ha { 121 nt, 4 = i 2 ihe Coss ae Ma gr a2) J Cos [ke cose Jde/= at N) « A@y= 4 Ay = 0-4 = Aw = dy: Inthe for- zone er Bla a (1-2 ~ hla Cae sin(t ose) sy spe% Wrz pah ° eee Bike eet b Ad giky = 0 sin( ase) ie cos (Mase)-1 1 cose (tf ag6 )* J (~@s(tase) ChE cose) > e u Er2o Te Eo ajo ee sing { Fe +0 Hr 0 He =o Hg * “% ¢ Continued) 50ANB. Contd (bh) From te PR ah = ae sing beet rey atte J] us cme: rt cos (BE) ei 058 9, th fet qzjkcose and b= TE use following ienteg real formula, ue ( cosbe eMde = 2% (acosbz + bsinbe) a? 453 eik 2B cos8 Eo =J7 eit sng u{ , age __ jhease cos 384 Tin ee (£)*-#eas%s jou onthe Ferd) he ake ston [este gs (E)= #as*s pl oe eikr Ey = jee sing-T. 208 (#Hese) x oS os (3 Cosb) 4mr @~ Koes =) tar a 3& Ye cose git 4 ose ai 4 wa sjkr ; Hg =j eke ging =: 2as(Hose) _ Leit” as(Eese) (Bye wtase J 3K sind ket h ©) Eo=j1 aur sing ae ‘te cos*(E#/) elh2/@se yar fet a=jkose and b= %, use the following integral formula. az az az Pe ede = S + sou (2 esabe+bsinab=) 4d eiteese aihecose + Sib og tes Zn Fe’) Ey =) bo cine Te ug a i aie cose @ Sass aig te ” sind Te {snctiess) peose SNH sé) Ly, ROSS 2. eos8 4200876 foKenlS sinc#! ose) n SUNG hy + Sin (E58 Hp = J nd To a kose ee A oS 51419, vswR= 14 = pL Rin- Zo Zo =50 @) L29%%y, ela, ko w/2, 2kl=T Rr = 604 + dna) -C.(%) + $ Sin(Z)[ G:C) -25:(2)] f Rr= 604 0.5772 + 0.45158 ~ 0.470 + S[).85-2 43698) J f =6.0388 ae Since Sin*¢ ely = 6.8388 = 13,6796 sint) [= 13.6776-50 _ Se COURSE RY) bs 13.6776 +50 Oa eS 1~ 0.5704 epee 0) b=A/2: R= M2, REAM, 2kb=27 Rr = 60 {C+$n(m)-ciCm + dscm) [o+ IE) +Ci@m -2.a} = 60 {0.5772 + L14413 -0.057- 4 [0.57724 0.45158 - 0.0227 ~2@ost]} Ry = 7313 9 Ry = Re 7818 SED” Simca [Ps BB-50 = oiaqes > VSWR= 1tO8%OS _ | 4 g26 13.13 +50 1 0.18785 Cc) f= 8AM 5 Rh/2= 8/4, kh = an/2, ape=3T Rr = 600.9072 + tw(3T) ~Ci( SE) +2sin 3) [8;(ex)-25:(82)] f = 604 6.5772 + t-5502— 60.17637) —F[LE6TATZ~ 26.697 ¢ Rr = 185.765 > Rin= 185.965 _ = 29, 93 Sinz (314) T= 3773-50 5 0.9630 = vswe = 17STBE - 7.4286 371.93 + 50 3 (Continued ) 52449. Cont'd) MAYEN Hf t ideloom] Qbear Rr = 60 {0.5772 + Ln(am) ~C; (am) + dc08 2m) [0.5772 + Lac) +C; (41) -2€: (an) ] $ = 60{ obT72 + 18378 —€00227) + £41) [0.5772 + 444 73 ~0.006 -2 (-0.0229)] 5 Rr = 199.099 9 Rin = 12094 - co Sinton) [= 2282 = I= B0/~ +50 1 450/em =1 9 VSWRS % 4-20. ee a=l0*A, f= toMHz, b= 5.7X10"S/m R=R -4 L Far xiol(amxio") 1 = Rng = = = As eo ama Samoa \ 2. seaniree = Rne= s(t = a Rng = 1.324 oe 5 Meera: @) L= 50; R= gou2 (gx) = O36 ohms RL = Rag = 13245 (Gp) = 0.02647 = 316X100 Cg = BE woo = 236X100 od ag y, R+Re 002647+0.316 () b= 9%; From Probayy Re = 68388 Re Ry = Laas = 033i! 6. a Xoo _ 6.8888 +0.331) Cod = = 75.38% (Continued) 534-20, Ccont’d) ce) £= Aj From Poh M19, Rr = 93.13, Ris Rip = ESRAS 9.66225 = 73,13 xl00 ategees Sct = 737g 40.66235 97-10% @. L= A; From Prob 4-19, R= 197. off Rie Rug = 13245 Sete SIONS sy poe 199.099 + 13245 SYF34% eros 421. He=i ad = sno Incos (Ze) ob de’ ] ae = Ha- Sanh. £ ake (i eecipielt COSB 2 Ma Usin the same formula in Problem 4-!6 cb). j Ink sF ng. = eo Ink eit 208 (Fees) “) Warr SE éensto dja ko Sine = ; tn itr coslE cose) pane Sino jkr r Ex =-He = -] eit. oscéese) E te ir ne ‘sing 54422. (> vswe= Lt!C Ws» jp) = vswe-! = (2245/4 I= IF I VSWR¥I + |rl=|sl = aon |[=& L|- | int Bel aie a sf tee ; lagest . tle dees FitZ F Fins Wz = 100 O) R= [Lig GT Ne Re=Rinsir?(AL) = (00 sin?(96.79") sint( Ht) Rin = (00 (0.9926) = 100 (0.7852) = 78.52 Shms Ce) Rin= Rin = 78.52 ohms Was = 39 ( [Eel * | Eel?) =4[ Eee IAM 4 AD] 423. Pony heresy Pas a ieee (ee i Hela] é (osm dodg = &) 2» Rrea = 2Prd 24 2 HAI + 4Az) = Elliptical polarization since oy Bey = yaks 1, aysin lotr) da + GAbSIO T.9, ascwe-kr) by ane amr Pag = Bt A+ AAS) Rwy .4-24 Dipele with L= Ao sjer x Et a j7 Be { ssches)t ea sing Ie a =k ce + @) tN ears f- cos (Zoos) k sine =k jy eto -A @s(Zese) anne | hat saeae Eady Beer (ga A sch oss)} 4mr ‘sind = gd @sE ass) (@) he) = - de SSE — a 8= fo" cb) Nhe) Inge = [- baste ce) =2 = 0.3183 Sine hs © LheCylny . 28 d= 2 AR whichis 63.66 % of £ = Z= 0.6366 (We Uh E egy = [dy $ SCHOEN). 162 o 6=fo° 9 OE) = Bezier ws il. a a el Ro beget, p= Ho" At f= 300MHe | A=$=1m 20422. 6S) 0: 2 B= 2S = bm r=200m>>0.50 (os er (ene he Pe = Catz) Got Gor = Cape) Det Der ; *— for Lossless antenna Now since Dot =Dor = 643 for B dipole. = Cats) (1643901648) W = 0.2m426. The time averoge Power density (Way= 3f") Way= ylZel* [ cos Ease c 2r™ ook mo tos (SEES) | Page g BE" OEE gg i Pra = Z Rmallol® | Ria = Ze L¥+lncax)-cpeany) = so [0.572 + 1836+00] Rrad = 73.0523, bo =4:(73.0F23)) Zs Prat 10.5: (00) =Sowatts . - (T.)* 1.26eee. At r=500m, 6=60°, B~o° - 1.366688 Cos?( F Og 60°) = jor. : z War = 0% era Sap) e [ Sin =go° 138868 —. (0 6667) = 15 Tr 25 xi0* L743 x10° watts/m>, Im = To sm[k(£+121)] 427. (a) d= A/4 . z= 8 = resinCk( P43) ] = Rsintk Z]= Tsim [FF] = I, sin(Z) Tin = 0.707 Te R= (BE) *Re= (2, JRe <2 R= 2°70)" 146 Xin = ($5) Km = (Gag) Xn 2 hm 2 2CA BPI BF Zin= Rint jXin = 146 +85 a6 =}85 2 146-585 2 egy 32.978) x10" () Yin = [g64}85 146 -j85 168. P41 z tb = -j 335.776 (Capacitive ) Ynet 2.998 KI6> = Xm= Y= 6) Yun = SAGX? > Zn= Gasciss = 175-503 ohms [Fr] = [188-98 2800 | < 104.4966 6 2) We 175.503 +300 1 495. 503 vowrs (IF 6-2") /CI- 0.2) = 15346 ST4-28, 452, Ze=50 chms a Si ee eee Zin = 734j42.5, Yin= Zin = 73+} 425 73-j42.5 Yin = 0.01023 -]0.005%563 = (0.23 -}5.9563) X10°= Gini Br, foie £ Bins 7s = Biy = Meus 21f Cin 9 Cn STE = 2 t65o =0.94999 102 ~ Cin = 0.94797 pF Gin = 10.23x163 Rin~ Ze _ 97.75 - 50 t Rin= Gin 97.75 , Tin= Brae = gape eo = 08282 1+ [finl 140.3232 VSWR = = oS = 1-95: WR '-ITinl 1 -0.8a32 ve 429. ea Gg) Mubtecitr, sim Pose)| 4, erbtel¥r cy amr gz a = Ce Lb sje te = ~ Gj MRE = zier Elese yj ee b = j ARE hots) hee) = dy: i i m pioherer opal agekiuele en =H est teh ou peallen ane = [beti-BM | Ty heed) Iheto)l? |E™*F be rep =f 4rr Pde) = lofeao( 4) =0dB 430, wesc ctg1 EHR) ., Ws4ePOs jogs 9c =j4izei 5 c= az jer Vea Grz Loads + Aye") T (NA )aayge” [2S = 406" [2 +) (@s30°s singe") ] =49 8" [1.5 450866] = 4067 C1. e"] V2 = Jo o'40's 536 -j45° 58431 Ls3em, AsSom, T= 10@5&" Po AR = 243" = IE = 3.6 om 3 10cm is in the farfield . £= 2-06 > length of dipole is finite, onLoo6n Ee*j = cos (Boose) - nos4t)) pee een xf eT + Sin Tarr ‘sing Hes SP (e scamacesyt620F| «gangs ) ‘Sinage = 0.7703 ie Fe ars dr = Er = 2E. i= dm = 19. 5ce 50H 60, gi4t > E, = jor Reif? AT (9.99703) | 4629 e882 20 (0.1m) [Eel = 4620 W/m ,|Hgl = 4822 = 12.25 Ampere 432. Using equation (4-79) in Soe. Pee Seti ~ “sso r) [32.668 ohms 433, #- ST) gl sSt, akl=3r a) Using (8-600) , (8-60b) Rr = 185-808, Xr =/90-7767 by, Using (8-6la), C8-61b) 185-808 _ ap = 110-7767. = 395.5936 R By ee Sin'(34.7) ©) pr = 376/7- 300 « 6 igge3, 37/.61'7 + 390 vswR=L+ 010663 = | 2397 | - 010663 59434 L=0.625A, OF Using. (8-600), C8-6ob) Rr= 31-7415, Xv = 146131638 b. Using ¢8-6la), (8-616 ) Rin = 154.5797 , X= !7/-203 C. Pra 15d 599 ~300 6 3197, vowR=! 403171] _ eno 154.577 +300 1 =]-0. 3199] 435. a. t=200m, aim, f=i50 kHe > A= 2000 meters cedar ss ERA) =Tnwreenpya pon Unt A) Zin 2072 (£) 4] 120 Tee = 2011? (je) —jl20- RACY Zinpst = 2+ Zin = 241.9939 + j 1377.07 input = 3.7739 + j 137707 Re = 99. 19937 _ yo gay b. Rediation efficiency = 100- R+Rr 3.7737 Rr Cc. RPF= = 17739 53 RPE = aldepa)l T37me = 14335 X6 d. X= —Im(Zinpat) = 7 18707 = [Gam - { S373 = n= (ez = sg7st = 0.282 @ The answer to this part was found by manually entering. values of X until’ [|= 06333 was obtained. The values obtained are X4 = 0.77803 X2 = 1.00198 The corresponding percent “Ss bandusidth is cpest O. a 1 BW= (XX) x100% = 0.3757, i ie f | ome | 60436. Ey =j preeeeed®y Sing-CosCRHOS8) } OOK T/2, OK PK 2m arr Weve = $ Re CEXH*J= Srlesl*- Ge RH! Sere. os*Ceh oso) am ce Fra = i. a Gr r3sinodedg = ie BI Tsetcrtonsie 39 @s*Ckheose)dg = Z| HL *('s vig | Lt Co8l2khcosa) }do 1 wae iS ) Ete ELE si fieetskicse) - : Sib de +f ‘Sivte as (2kh @se)do } Prod = 2 | Hol.|*{ 7,47, } zs ai where I, = {, Te 3g dQ = case (sin sbea)[ Th 3 2 : L= { sin’ cos cAhcese)d8= ( Sin’ -CosCkhaos6) Sind dé 3 lo let A= Sino du= 2 cesthose) |) = # #hos(3o)= 2h (0867) = O80) =E>h= joey = 0.288% b. DS z ———____ (ak): - 3 ~ GSCakb) + Sina) ] 1 2th = 2.0L) -ca.aten) = 3632 kh (2kh)s De ras zi 2 ~ [¥- @S@632) sing.Gp)~ is $- ae Steaeaghs) eld g9sse]-aenesl Aya y 2 © Res an(h) TS - EEGs SLO?) ax orca) stl 437m 438. Ey =Cysinecoschhcose), ahere Cz=i7 bebe ey = =5.12=7.1dB Ea), 7 CeSingn @StkhGasts)| =O Singn =O, aschhesin)|, 50 Singn = 0 3 6n=0° GSCKh GsBn)| = CoS( 4T@SHn)= 09 AT Sb = CoS'(0) = + (FAEY MN= 0,1 3,- n= @s! fe Ge /e] 1 N=0,1,2,3,4,7°7° N=O: 6) = GSH) = 82.62" ned; = cose d)= 67.98" | Tor O'sa< yor n22; 6:=@S'(tF)=5132" | Cfor %0°L0< 80°, he field is zero) n=3; 03 = @S"(4 Z)=26.96° Ned ; 04 = CS'(f) =Deesnotexist. The Same hdds for n>5- Therefore uhere the field vanishes for 0°<6$70% are G0", 26.96%, 51.32%, 67.98% and 82.62° 4:39, Ey =Cy-sind-coscehcose) . where Cr= ip tea Eolgcgoo =Cr Sino"): (os khy @S (60")) =0 > CoS thn CoS(6ot)) = 0 hy CoSGo= khn(E) = Khn= GS'0)=+(AMAL)T, n=0,1,2,3,--- Choosing the positive values hn (4HE4)A, NO, 1,2, 3) °° - hn = 0.5A, IBA, 252,352, 4.52% 62440. & 4-72) = ys > AF= 2[escthase)] = +2 CoS(h CoS Om) = Q. ‘kh CS Om = Ds ae eet = hp AS Gl” m= Gos'(4%S) 5 m= 0,1,2,3,- = eo eae ee 20; bo= Gs (to) = 70 (oS"(/3) = 70-5288° m=4; 64= @s'(t4)= | e CoS'(-/a) = 10984T12° @ Below Grourd Plane) M=2 5 Ba= OS'(43%)= {eee 48.1697" ‘ale = 1318o3°C* Beloca Ground Plane ) m=3: 635 @s(44)s { st) = ae le (9 Below Ground Plane) mM=4 2 O4= Cos(44/3) > does not exist b. Eom= C- sing [2-@s¢hhcoso) Iyy= #26 » Shere 6= 90 C. Ee _ sing: cost ehcoss) ‘6m alot: Ee x Ee. = -0odB 6=0°: Emo? Ee 20 Lego (0) 2 = 481897°: E68 _cing. cos(theesé} = iat of 8 =20le4, fo.rask) mF = -2.554B 0 = 70,5268": E6/Eom =Sin6-cosceheost)|, = if =0. 269 58 = 8 = 20 Lea o(0- 3428) B= ~O5II5dB 6=90° : Ee /E—m = Sine cos ckhcos6)|, be 13 £e = 2obegig(1) =OdB 4a, 4 Zin Le) a O. Zin( = Ya}= 2 Zin L=A)| 2m) idl above ground plane ‘fice space Feed’ | 5 From Problem 4.19 > Rim =Rr =199.099 Referred to feed at Cenler of A/z From Figure 4.19 >Ximdl=2)| 62.5 ees above ground plane d Therefore. Zim L=Ma)| = POP +65 = 99.5095 above ground plane Grtinued)4-41 (Cont'd) b Zs =i, Zim_ _ 99-5495 +)625 -@ sins) ~~ sin3¢r) C. [a Zin=Ze _ @-b0_ _ 1-50/0 _ Zin*+ Ze Wt50 |+50/o & GIES ters VSWR = ee + Xim Can also be obtained using (8-606). For =A Pel= 27, 2kL= 4m, Thus Xim(t=%)| = 4 Xin (4=9)| =x {2c Cel) + cosceg) [2 SiCke) — Sie] } Gove ground plane free space = COT {2 Sin) + cosvon)[2sicen) -S:C4an)] } =! f2ct. 4) + [2c1aie)-L4ralt 7 9 4 442. : ' ‘es “it f Ef: 443. Feit sitel® sing: [2Gs¢kh@s0)] [AFlnar = 1S CkhGs6 )]ygy= 1 when RhG@Sbmox= HhCoSOpax = 7, RhOS(60°)=T, Ah(d)=t, har No matter what the height is when O=90°, it is o maximum. So you always have a maximum ot O=70° If you want a maximum at = 605 then khcos6=nt, (n=12,3,--) Leads toamaximum at 8= 60°. Ned: KhOSBlqgy=T, h=A Leads to — moxima at 8=90", 60" Tf you check chsely, it also Jeads to a maximum at 6=0°. So you can not only have one maximum at 8= 60° 64Ahh. Ey ~ Cy Sind Cos th «s6)| ee 6, gies h= =e sat a wa8b le=er 4.C01736) = oat! AgaT h=14397A, A= SXIO® = Zox107_ Soxio® —exgr = Smeters h= 1.43972 = 1.4397.(6) = 8.6382 h= 6.6382 meters 445. Using the coordinate system of Figure 4.21 the total field is given by (4 Ne) or Eps sate Vi-sin’s sintg [2jsin Ckhoose)] , oc6e0, oCkh Sind sings dg } }do = (sin Cau]de Ghere I, = aes * pe (Toseth ane sg} a cr G-ae x +e )dgy, where y=2khsinosing -2{n-4(" ade misn( ye coe Her sseaif Fhosi|, FF we v4 -2 mee (e Cap = 42a" Go" a si g ee fai Le Zor ou? hs sistyde] = Foner ( “sintpag (33 khsing ) From Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables }=2xsing Schoum’s Outline Series, pq 96 Equation (5-30, "9 a Sihde = LSS + @n-@nd) ro (" oo geeraanacanc 2 ee (Continued ) is be 65LA5.Ceont'S) n+! Lothsine = = 3-5. -> (an-3)Q@2n-}) Tus Tee 200 Zhan where a ean and 1- [Tews Mio SH) han site = kh) TW oat “ae ‘an! fs ede si Series equation of the previous reference, or I Stns das WAGs ChB On Gnt nan, Henge e 163-5... Can-1) anti) (ant3) We can (orite that Te rey (244, (Aangs) » Aanes = (nyt However = 1/3 : = Q@ne3)an~1)_ 2-4-6 Aan Aants = GGL ISaSE eae Therefore T = Tz ey (24h? (ant) Caw! (ant 1Xant3) ( an | Gkhi4 _ (2kh)* 6 eho 8 fe (2kh) (2042) a 2r-35 4! im not 617. Loy, Qn)? ee) which when expanded can be written as T= {3 -[B+(obh)* dp +gp-ah) Heh) Pe 2(@kh) Tes swat Recombining appropriate terms, we have thot =T + fae" ehh) cyt cou Ee Lo mf ppl) Se" ST) eal Sees eG i = $ att aR + pips [th hid? s Zc GRIT? 9 } +++: €an-2)@an) (ante) is ee SCM) AnH Cant3) @n~) Gantz) n=) Gt Gn 3) Which reduces when expanded to = 1 [ E~ Sinfakh) _ Gog Caeeh) 4 Sin (2kh) r-0[3 “@kh)Cakh)* * (akh)* ] Therefore the Yodiated power can be written as | B£AP 2 _sin@kh)_ cs (kh) , sin@akh) red = lA T= ELSE [a7 Say See te * | 66LB. Ey = CoV Sir 0Sin [Sin chhcose)] | Cz =-7 Rloteler SIr 4. Ey (P=90')| = Cz so -Sinckhcos8)| = C coscase) sin CHE) = 0 ona5° b-45° #h= Sivito) =m, 1=0,1,2,3,-- Choosing the positive values and excluding the n=o value, we have the Smallest height of (n=\) HJ EEL “ar na = 001A b. h=-B 92 nee =aEyR= = 2021 =88857% 41 Ree lao? (yp) 2 ~ Sin@en) _ @saz TM) 4 Sin @2T) Z swear) ven) * ~ Gems J Rr = L202 (Se)* a cocoon wet 0.294 2 kha = Dy= AOS __. 40090 - ses [$= 057765 +0.0108694 +00007316] 06208 Dy = 5-983 = 2.774 4B LAT, Ey (p=90')= Cast sin kh @sd) , Q=-7 tebeiir kL Lehr arr Ep (p= 90 ol ae CoSBy-Sin (0.707 AK CSBn) =O Cos Gn =O J Fens te Ss0" Sin (0.707 AR @S Gn) = SiN CL4ld CoS En) =0D1-414TCoSEn = Sin'Co) L4ld4tr Cos bn = Sivi"(o) = ENT, N= 015903, br= @S'(+73q) )N=0,1253, °° neo: On= @s'(0) = 90° netd: On= O87 qq) = 45° nega: n= OS! (t73q) = Does not exist: The sane holds for n>3, } for 0°£6< 90°His = j kite” t ame sini ss a, He=-j trmteitle Gaeee San Diese - Fis Panes? \ phase, P= Vi=Ta,for amplitude I Far Feil R=rthess ana ce He =4 ae “sing [ ajsin cheese) | G49. cls jy destent nese t ‘ =-j7 kiten! o Ee It syle’ Sings ‘im By Far-field: N= 1-heose } phase Ta =T+h Cos (rere , 6=6:= 62) amplitude. ain kDL EI jkncosa jkhose Eo=j1 Sa [e e ] E=jq Hele ging [.2j sin Ceh cose )] seat galt eres * y h He fe "sin ororerBer get, : t He = ja&tn elt, sinbe 14m Tapbar-fields. DSCGIEN | hee. Qrener 3 dapitude Yeert+hose 6 =e ob. pdotel ite sing [2¢0s (kh @s6) ] B t 451. a. & sjy Ht Hong mesntdttisey’ 4 t same i ©. bs v ee OS 60°= nT, n=1,2,3, RO n* Resa = Seat v & image Smallest h n=l sh=n (GQuntinued )—s ae es IE peels Nin ety” -gin2a [4 Sin*Ckhoose )] U6, p) = Sim Phi pate a t c 9) sine dods = r7&) )2 | o[® (, ‘Sin®s-Sin*Ckheos 6 do wf) ap: {3 oa “om | me (A tal? {3 tap FY (F117 {0.3397} anus 459.2) _ 2Sin°45*) Sin* (amos 45° 0.3397 re 2 (L)* [rol sin?0 Sin" khcose ) et 1 DprA a 22.74 = Ps Ry= 2 Prad = 207 (4° {03397} (a 4 Res anxiety 0.3397 = 23X10 2s 452. since d< dy = as 6 + 1,000 ) = 2.87669" ae | UX BXITYV36m)) © Bx PE ZEXIT TAL Therefore the earth is a good dielectric 99,=.1H i= waa a hy Bh io9 ( gy) = tan ( = to? 97368 x10%m) The divergence factor is equal to (a= 5280 miles = 8.4) whe 7p, , 2059¢1,000) re Ds (i+ 2 aay = [1+ 8.497366 xI0°X 2x10 CO om | (14 0.000463)" 0.99977 and the reflection coefficient equal to Ry = Te Cosbi — 2 CoSbe. =F y= = (E To @S6i +N Cosbe where. Yo E, Ue eae, - VE Ye Sings =V.sindt > @osind: = sings 9 Sinds = SS sin6i= VE sings Cos be = J isin’, = f1- £2 sins, =/(— See siti Therefore Cosbi- Hi cose _ 086i — Te sirbyer = £1 00881 = fer -sin“@ © €@s6i + [er-Si bi Gutinued) soz + HE cose © 080: + BE im sits /e 691-52 Cont'd) 61 =90-p = 90-2.87669°= 87.(233|° => Sinb: = 0-997, Qshj =0.0502 S= 00.9987)* _ -1.949649 __ 9 ggg Thus Bla ie Ste + =(09987)* 2.251649 ier ‘oo jkhi@ose “Stare ae eos). [ee $e. Rr el diaper (2331* 1 [d+ Chi-hi)® = _[(20,000)*+ C1, 000-79.5)* = 20,020.26 m =66, 734.207 hi=5m =16.667A , he = Looom = 3,333.3333 A Toe)¥E(66,734.207A) Cos (Eeos(e712")) jeikhi Cosa: OR, eithicsts] 27 C 20,020.26) Sin (87./2°) i720). 3 Cos c70.52°)-j Sin(7#-52") + 2669-] 0.9637 = 12-94.52° cos[Z@S(67.12)] = 0.996887 , Sin(@7.12°) = 0.99874 bi C088: @) 3E(16-667A)(6.0502) = @ 52% 16-667)(0.0502) - 9 iS-257 12801.2° = 0.518|-j0-8553 Ey =jr20m- e 3506 6,734.207A) = Cos(3ol.2*) +] sin (301-2°) = e@dhhicesti_ | 7-301.2° = 0581+) 0.8553 DRrETAK SE - 9 o9977¢-0.777) CoSiB|+j0.8553] = ~(0.4025+) 0.6644.) Thus e@edRn O98 + DIRM COND: _ (4 sigi—jo.0553)~ (0-4025+}0.6644) = O56 —j 15197 = |.524)265.65° Therefore Ep = (129°) (i207) To(1£ 14.52°0.996887) (4. 5241-65-65") 2M (0.99874) (20,020.26) Re 4592x1621, £7017 cs [Ee] = 4-592 x107 [Tel Volts/m 704-53. From Calibration ; Biri cs Pr tox Pe RE PCH py R™= —Z—xK10xt08)? = 200m+ On asteroid Pr = Pe = | t+ Reith oso | Approximate geometry ; vee. 6 .. v y sim eae ee = at 1s ~ a ° B ton Cin) <1.5xX10%= 0.086 6'= E-p | @soi=sinp * 15x 10> singé= sini a. Fo 2vz Sid 9 cos 6) 3 = pooee i 2 Ry = ease! se _ 3015x1602) — SF 5 ~ 0.9905 = cospitcsot BOLE xIe3) + ENEs S’=S=looom 5 a=loom D=[1+ 2_S8/ J = [av 2 seoercione) Te 0.7746 ad tan p 1082000) 1-5* tO ee A= = 3x08 _ s 300x(0* a oa tk [14 Dpvel2th@59)*= | 1- corpus toavosyei"* | = |4~ (0.7746) (0.9905) e347 | * = O054ir72 Ree iia (0.0541772) (5) = 1.3544 x10°W = 135 UW 4-54. Prad = l0Watt, r= 3.7x107m, Do=50dB + 1o® = 40 2 Aw IE 4 oe 0. DF ates = cae , (Since Umax = oo jy=lzow) FErS lOPx2xl20Tx 10 LA gxio® Am (3.97%107)= E =2xl0* V/m ( Gotinued ) 1454 Cont'd) b. Use Friis Transmission BES (BE)? Ge Gus = Ba) ® Dok Dar (Since we ascu ‘cl NO (oGie PR ERGS in ince We ascume. 00% efficiency ) Pr [0:08 2 To ar capac) | * (1000) Cl. 643) R= 6-84x10% Precewed = Since Rr273=Rin for %e dipole. then BRin ¥ ié V= V8CPecciyes)(Rin) = 24V GOS Por uasaeda | £- dae for gone S= 35 18|* Wave front EL. /dAe Ceifonal Surface’) IE] y¥ dA For spherical wave : (El Si Se for plane wave : |e) /e,) = 1 Tn general, it can be shown that for a wave front eikonal surface we have Jel. (age @ and e, are radiief curvature [El ¥ (A+ 8)CQ¥ Ss) "of wavefront . og) Lae wave : @=@e= So E So* So We ey ee set | ge ull, ete) Fe plane wave: C=eaz LEL TE 1. When “the wave front is reflected from a surface we have IEL fer pe i ae [El ¥ @resiieies) “Yt )(a+ Be) (Grtinued ) "2455 (Ort'd) Eis field at observation point. &, is field at reflection point. flot surface bservati Urfole Source ales “on Radius of curvature of > wavefront not changed by — reflection. \ I+ S/gr Th physics, we always used fi=f2=%. This is not Valid here because that was valid for near normal inddence ; we have hear grazing Incidence fi= acose’ ¢ perpendicular to the plane of incidence = elevation plore) z fi = sate = Cparallel to the plane of incidence = Geimuthal plane ) Thus if Zz is, ZOSO* a plate ain Srt stacs, | Or” lel. [Ed Vile S(H+ acess, tts Ce + Ss s e Av S+ 255 [44 Fx Oh gel ice eda ep a = = Ose) {ie ee ts S48" S+ 87 (Continued ) 3455 anh sea Poste PRESIY HE | Fee gr eure ion ie te biel s ae IEol (1+ S) Vi+ Simp fit 25S “(4 ae 4 ie acsesysiny | “(1+ S/s-) hear grazing. neglect divergence in azimuthal plane. m45-1. From (5-!1) > A= 4s Apive) = 4, ig j AAS ese Ty ei (a) Using (3-20) and = ¢ VIL-24) H= jt XA = sil & ras [3 Can sine) 34] a + asthe Blens)] +b MI) Which reduces to =ie{ & Gr Fain Sy (Ap sine) — de F RCAg) F a o Ag ae above [si ie r{&rs rane Sl j aot Sing Ste is jer] a] hs $3 jd 80 14 he =) ei ]} Which can be written as Ve Fal oetiad (it jet H, = -_Cea)?I.sine eles ayer eee [ 1+ Tee am] é Hg = 0 by Using Equation (3-10) with J=0 along with the H-field Fanbeanis from above Es jug 9xH = se {de () + dao) + dy pL Sere) 3")} which reduces to E-=0 c =0 mel The same expressions can be obtained using (3-15) with the Aw from pork a | a dst Lit sale Os5-2. According to the duality theorem and the dual quantities 4S outline ih Table 3.2 Electric Dipole Magnetic Di pele E 2 a Hy © -E de e im é€ = ZX # 2 : k S k u So ‘a Ym S L Thus applying the above to the fields of an electric dipele , as gwen by (4-Ba)- C4-loc), we obtain the fields ofa Magnetic dipole given by E,=6 Eg=- j Binh Sin8 (14 =) aikr aqtr He RES Coe sare He = jap Beak Sine fy 4 Hee > ~ Gee esr He = Which ave identical te C5-20a) ~ (5-20) 765-3. Rr C4 turn) = 20n2(£)*= 2002 (-$)*= 0.31589. ohms Rr (4 turn) = N2R-Cturn) =4°(0,31583 ")= 50532 ohms = eo SO a hae ir 7) Ri C4turn) = Rog CA tom) = -B{ 94? = res — RLS Rag = poets ee = Romic = NS Rs CRE Pht ) =y S42 2 x107x (4 xi") Rs 2 Tallin srieiecaras = 9.3223x|04 = MBs 2 4: (6.3223 x154) STOR, araR Copan oats Besos from Fig 5-26 Ro y4 Thus RL= Remie = AGB3223 18°) (544) = 015724 and — Cc (4 turn) = Re/ (RRL) eS = 72.06 - =fashy, ca CAturn) =100- Re RRL) = _5:0552 100) an 5.05324 015724 — 76.98 % 54. Hy = - ESEE™ ging ae =jkr * z L 4 Eg =-y He =% ae sing where G= 1a Woe eee Wave = Gr & Re (7IHol*) = de-3 [He |* = drt [TS za) site i Rad =f Wave: 4S = ("Pe Wr: Or rising dedg = an (" Wr t2sing dé z, . Jo = TST | Crertadg = 4TH | Cr* Te | * my [282] (steeds = Be oe = 1% (roy IL) 755 = dy j MORES C4 Hee eI x by j Cae sing a equation (5-1) and 1 large Using C3-58a) Er = Ee SO Ep = “jag = qjacj eee ‘sng) = ee sin where § =1a* 7% alse using (3-58 b) Hr Be He = jPAw = je uateee” Lit sing) = -TSLEM™ ging -| 4 4 56. a R= 20n8(S)*= ome (28a)* aa Ba = 3om 0.73 = 20n%( ana)* = A= 0.03724 A S177 meters b o93N*=300 3 N=20.2972~20 Rr (20 turns) = 0.73 (20)* = 272 C. P= AemWirer = APD. € 0S) = 2 (a) (1-1m4)-166 = @o)* (2 [282-300 a 3 a (2 3) ~ lesz J 16> 0.07% x10% watts 5-7. = %o b= 7300, 2C=A/oo oC = "oo, N=6, f= 5x10 Qa. Since a= Boca Do= 1S = 1761 dB b Rez 207°C S)*= 2072 GE)t = 20 * C1 724X107) =O. 3778 ohms C = anas20 (8) =A Ry (Single turn) = 0.3778 ohms Rr CE tums) = 13.673 ohms R= SOR, (Be+1) Ojo = Maee 2 is SS o* Kise” 2 ieee (Continued ) 785-7. Cont’) R= (ae = fre CAKE?) _ (EEE as =z "2 CST X107) Bi JAE ceontct) x16? = 2m] x16% = (8.609 10% = 6 (X80). 54 Co. R 6 ) (8.607 x64 (0.6541) = 6 Cio) (18.607) (1-65) xlO* = 1,842.a1xlo* RL (6 turns) = 0.18423] (Single ) R= ASO [aE am) «1g [APE x10? 300 V2. 65.9% 107) ST = ee ot = 2m(lo) dy 33, XlO* = [86.0917 XLO (6 turns) R, = 186.0719-(6) C165 ) x104= 1,842.21 oF Re _ _ 13.693 RetR. 13.6934 0.184231 c Ine | CRrt+Ri) = 50 |= 13.857- 50 CRe+ Ru) + 50 13857756 cad = X00 = 98.67% 73614277] = 6.566 63.857 er = (L-IPI4) xloo =C1~ 10.566|7) xloo = Ci= 0.32) X10 = 68% d. G = Cad, =0167)D. = (0 9867)(05) Ts Go = 1.48005 & Total Maximun gain does not include the refledial) 58, F=a0mks + Astom , ka= 2yo.15)= 0.03m = 0.07425 Crad) Rr= N* Ul (ka)* = 64 x Te x (003T)* = 0.9968 2 1 —— yx m «Kb B= Faegind = Trego nich xatxio? BBR Sel Suelo: on py Os OS a ee dtu: RLS 2b5 = Saygen ooo xaaxtes = 021622 8- turn: R= 8x RuCHurn) x (Re41) , AHrw=s B05 RL= 8x (0.2162) KL5 = 2.574 R 6.2968 Oey = aE = EOS sn ag = 208% RetRe O.PP6B +2574. 195-9. A small boop is equivalent to an infinitesimal magnetic dipole tohose axis is vertical to the plane of the Loop provided that Tnl=jSqut. where Im is the current of the magnetic dipole, 2 is its Jenjth, S=1ta*= area of the Loop, and Io = Current of the hoop. ‘Thus the fields of the losp canbe obtained from these cf an equi valent magnetic dipole . Q. When the Loop fies on the y a-plane, te Fields Gan be written, using (5-208)-C5~20d) for > large , as ej kinte!™ .. ae Ey= "ir sim, Hy* = where sinp= fimcos*p = (i—( A: Orl * = Ji-sinte os'y Tl = jS eds aj ra* gate F sit = aE Tus p= awake i —amease , y= sf 4r b. Since the Field pattern of the antenna is Sint where y is measured from its axis, dts directivity is the same of a Small electric dipole or small Loop, Thus D, = 2. Using the results of Problem 5-7 510 : ] x GapkIen” ae Oey Lo 8)"l on cin a Eye SyknOM Tg gp. Sekt Norma a Ey Hy © Ey em b, Directivity =Do= 3 80Si. Using the computer Program at athe end of Chapter 5. a. 4=A/50 =0.020 Do = (-4988 = -7575dB , Rr = 0-047 ohms b a=W =O.1A Do = | 4697 =1-6731dB , Rr= 28.41 chms Cc. a= 74 =6. 25a R= 12967 =L129idB , Rr= 723.738 ohms d. aQ=AQ=oO5A D, = 7968 = 25447d8 » Rr = 2.202.528 ohin S 512 According to (5-54) a Eg = GALEENT chasind) ~ Ji (hasind) Therefore. the nulls of the pattern Occur when Ti Ckasing,) <0 => kasing,= 0, 3-84, 7.0l, 101%, - “s, Excluding 6=6 ss Si 1 384 1 = sin! 29.27" § oe 24) = sin' Acaey | sin' €o.488%) n= k sin" (421) = sin! 2245) = Sin (0.8725) = 63.17 513. Since Es ~ Sickasing) a Eo ly .= Jickasing) |, = Silo) =o Ea lecms =TiCkasine) |, _¢,.= Jutka)=0 => ka= 3.84 Thus G= 34 = S842 = 0.615 A b. Since aco6liis A> OBA, Use forge feop approximation According to (5-630) R= 600*CSa) = GoM* 2K) = Got*(2m C.6tus)) = 2,273.94 cc. The directivity is given by ¢b-63b), or D.= 0,682 (E) = 0.692 (733) = 0.682 (2T)(6.6I5) = 2.61% atS14. Ey~ Tickasina) 7: ae = Sites Pci) -0 as From the Table for Tix) in Appendix V . Thus a= 263.84) = 203-84), =).222r% k am b. Eplmar = Elna (ake Ji 61.84) <0. 58152 = - 4.70708 Ee ly ges = Sicha) = J, [38 C1.222a)] = Ji (7.678) = 0.175 This = - 1513748 AE = Ea lyre Ee [pag ~I5I3? —C4.707) = - [0.4348 515. Ee ~dickasine) a. According to the Table for Jicx) in Appendix V Td)=0 when x=o, 384, 701, 10-1?) --- > Since we want a null in the plane of the leop (@=0°) and two additional ones for 0°S6 ¢ 90°, then Kasine |y.,= kASIN® |p... = ka= 7-01 Thus 7.0) as 201. QoL, _ i= Bla = usa b. The nulls will occur at 6=0° and (80° 8= 70" and ‘asiné | = 3.84 GQ LUBTA _ nip 3.84 a 7 > o=-siW ern 33.21 and 6= (80°- 33.21" = (46.77? 82516. E= eC, J,ckasing) whereC, is a constant => By = Oe ard PLE =| fy A|*=1de° fl? By inspection, the PLF is moximized if ‘the probe antenna is also Linearly polarizecl in the p divection. This canbe accomplished by Using GSA probe antenna another leop antenna So that =, and PLF=|dy-dy|7=4 Tt can also be accemplished by using Linear dipole asa prebe antenna with its length Parallel! to the plane of the loop and tangent to its curvature. Some specific examples would be Tusing the transformation of VII-7b J a= Belgas ge > PLF=1 de: Bx lager =| Oe *(G cosp -Gysina)d \2 e =e? fe = [de CG)*= 4 = 4) [pace PE iad Apsara leat siee a aienne a : = |dp &)? = 4. ond many others. 517, A very Small Loop of constant Current is equivalent to a magnetic dipole. Since the loop is placed for both parks Ca and b) Perpendicular to the xy-plane ¢ the plane of the leop is perpend- icular to the xy-Plane), the axis of the Linear magnetic. dipole will also be Parallel to the xy-plane. Thereforce according to Figure 4.(20, the image. of the horizon tal magnetic dipole will be as shown inthis figure... Tn tum the array facter for both parts Ca and b) of this problem will be the Same as that of the vertical electric dipole of Figure. 4.13 or AF = 2s (hhosé) ( Continued ) 83= ‘ant’ ea ca Actual Source Since the actual Source and the image h aye oriented in the Same olirection . Therefore According ko (5-2a)~(5-29¢) xy plane G. Plane of the rs 1s parallel to the tp Tnge xz-plane Ex = qe ae ny (AF), sinp={POsy = (1 1G a ike = fl —sin?e sin ae en [2 cos ckh cose] ha Ex = ito cosckh ase) {1— sin'@ Sine ar Hy = -£x henley b, Plane of the feop is parallel te the ye plane. The fields ‘or this problem are the same as those in part a, above except that sinp = Vi cost =1 1 -1dx- del? = I-si'e cose 5-18. aT, ike erp ad G. Eg= Hore” sing 4 gach : IAF| = 12} sin (khase| Sie cb h Ese pssnet sing, S=ra* vie (Ese = Ep (FD = pes E Sint {ajsinctrcese)] , ¢abeve ground plane total Flela. b. oh=a, he 20 Sing. [2}Sin(am@sé)]=0 , sin@mcosg)=0, 2n@s¢ = nm. : 120, 1,2 620°, oSA= 2, n=0,1,2.9 bn=%0% Ge = CSO) = 90° 61 = Cos'() = 60° Ga =0s(3) = 0° CContinued )518. CGont’d) fee C. (Ea) = CSiNOSin Chhe86))4. ge = 0 = ¢(G):sin@.nz) =¢ E sin (BH) sin (Bt)=0 9 Wasi’) = nm, n=0,1, 2,3, -- Han > Physical Neagero height 2 h=nA, n=1,2,3,--- 519, a. Array Factor = 2 Gsckheose) rn r i> h b. AF = 2e08¢hheos6n) =0 > => khoosOn = Cos'(o) = "Wz, N= t1,43,25,---° ee Ura reelee as cod MEY gz O82) Bi= CoS'(4E)=60', G5= cos'(+3) = does not exist 5-20. From Problem 5.17 (a) Cy Cos C kh CoS6), li — sins sin's e=45° B= 70° = Cy Cos Chose) & 4 0S8) 0) ae = OTT CrCos (HR) =o => HE = Cos'Co)= EN, N=13,5,-- For the smallest height =a aye Ae Se hoz sha BG = A= 0.3535% a y = & fae ay: VTS. wh&; 521. 9. R= BY SE = aocwt) Ves7re? — “20 Bx = 2.27915 ohms Pi a - : be Re = 120. (34)-(BS)* = lao-4( 30) BE)” = 8 (gooy t= | P227E chs (S=m¢35)*) C. inductive reactance Xa=OLla a = La = poo [in (82) -2] = amis? (Zs): Lin (350) -2] = 2.6 48x16 (©a= Ry, bewtas) « Acim, f-3x108 Yaz amf-la = 2 (3xl0®)-(2. 648X167) = 479.158 2 Xa 27 (Re or Rr)5-22, From equation (5-24) Rr = 2(E) (he) *= 7 (48)*= 1207. a(S)? = Ss = 120: 2-4-0 ( $a)" = 31170707 S — K aa a b> b Ssob, Re = 31170.707., S5- le a my b, Area ay ou) S=Tab, praia In Far - Field (Rr >>1) Yegion 523: = Re ee = jk Ex= Eg dp = ae geal cacy ete fength) Ey HO OM cing = TSE SIM APs aps oe Tiere eae a Ak = Wj bdo (ikssind) oj (hs aw) 0 amr ee Le= jkS sind bye2i\* C=2ma 314A Daz LAX ~ 9.2228 2 = 2in(aw$)= 26 0.2228) = B) = 2 dn(an A nay, 2.0 G. From Figure 5. Zin = Rint }Xin = 220-j40 b Bf Bin Ze) won| 22044058002]. Ir Zin + Ze! 220 -j40 +300 aS vswe = 14ITl = Le Onis 2 ayy Iirt ba.im5 CBA ee oe : ~3_) < Ye 2s 220-340 {4 #08) x= G+jBe To resonate ‘the circuit, the unknown element must have an inductive admittance of =-) ewes oie seat Yunawsin = )0-0008 =~) QE FL 0.8 xie3enf ) As i © O.@xIoS(2m x10) I alos Let There fore the unknown clement across the terminal S of the Leop must be an inductor of L= 1.789 x15 hewies 1 8PK Ooh 525, anprrew Figure 5. Corby Zin = To-jllo b. Inductor; Xv= tO sQL=2TfL L= 1l9 = Wo uo 5? auf ~ dn-Cot) 2m *l0 Cc. Zin= TO Zin-2<]_ §o- 78 i2 lS lees |= = —= = 0074 iz +Zcl 90+78 16a 1% = IHITL (+0014 10714 _ VSWR = iep™ i=o0m4 oqags — 11938 87526. a. From Figure 5. \1¢b) Zin = Rin +) Xin = Rn = Xn=0 When 12 > 21 (a/b) = = 403.427 38 = 64.21 1) > 2m (4/)=e® © 244.672 DE = 38.94 10 > 2m(a/b) =e" =/48.413 3S 4 = 23.62 FT > 2m(a/b)= CPs 70.017 > B= 14.33 a 2 = 2W(ane)> b, These occur when the smallest Circumference of the bop is < From Figure 5. cb) > “A. =12 9 CH 2a X 108A 2 A=OITIPA Pb= OIG ALEA.21 =268 A100 LQ 51) SC=2TG X (LOA DA= 0.195 A Db =0.1TSA/38. 74 =4.476KiFRA QLZODCH 2a X [AAS O=AIBI4AD b= O18 42/23.62 = 768 X1EA AL = F FC=2TO. + 1.2BAD A= 0.2037AFbh = 0.2037 4,23 =14.216"15°A 527. Im=1.csg a. A@)= Alot” “G cose’ S— Biya ea | sy ih ty “Aas |-d Gf cap'sing” eikasine Cos OB) 4557 +a cos*e* eine ames as sas 0 = Ae (a('s Sin log’) SRASIN OSB) 45, ét x + by ( (cos cap) + 1) elbaSins COS elyr } u eS 2 es chasing)sin 2g ~ dy J, (kasind) cosag + 4, To (kasing) $ HW = = = Aee - {dy T.chasine) cosp+ dy dy $ La. chasine) + J, kasing) ] }. = eer a TCkasine) ee dip J, Chasing) @sy + dy SeaScae C Continued )5:27 (contd) Ag = wee ae { seceasing) - Tika sind ) } asp Ra Sine = jer, ABS oe Ti Chasing) cose Ag > Aa oe Si chasing) Si >i “fase ose Sing’ Ep x Utke 7 EMT /cpasing) cosg Eg Jka Ts eikr Ti (Rasing) Zz Pe epaeae oe sing b. 650, f2% Eg =o ; E, = Sha 7, 4 WayinelEde. = hoy* sie ee ZL Utero, p=E) = 3 I, thay? 5-28. a. From Figure 5.14¢o) ‘the smallest changes in reackance for the smallest A (hh= TSE = 2-85 a, = 0.2268 Ae ‘oh =e Sai 0.2268 b. For 0, 2kh=285 => —Anyg,~0.4 This AR & -0.4Ro and Rr =Re tAR=R.—0.4Ry =0.6Re Acording to (6-24) R= 2012 (£)*= 2002 (3 \eS 2077? (2 Je 0.78757 Therefore Rr = 0-6 Ro = 0.6 C 0.98757) = 0.4725 Chms 895°29. 0. Rin= Re= 207? (£ £)* = 200? (20a)*= 2002 (# 2)* =0.3158, ~A= EX108 comin iae ee aie coo? Xin gus [inlB) ins ] = ze ce%) amas? C23) Cant BR J-) = 8m (3) [ gn (400)— 1.95] = 317.798 Rin = 3158 , Xin = 319-798 Bb. 2keh = 37 (2)(0.06 A) = 0.95398 © tae, a. ee Ni te > oy +joe, = (Aajamxick (aq X15") = 104 oie ie =e =o, N= VERE f38, = \E =Ven = 14 =2 9 Noa ane AR =Ro= 0.3158 § 14 Cd) AR a), Axxo. Using Figure 5.14¢d) > SR 21.9 > Ak xo ee C. Rin = Rn t4R = 0.3158-C2) = 0.6316 Xi, =Xin tAX = 3IP.778 +0.03158 = 31%. 82958 doors Zin~Ze _ 06316 +3319.82958-300 _ 438.078 Z 133.107 Bin Ze OGRE SIPBAPSET 300 438 7422 46.112 = 0.97802 86.335° I+ Wl 2 1+ 01980 = 997. €. VSWR= 1-thal 1 = 0.9 98064.0. &=6 +E, +E, = 26, Oe Ss gh where the center element is place ak the origin. For fur-fiekl observations Gmputer rege PIMOR Yirrhae wan [Sot G=G=r for amplitude variationg | 4°74 and Ey=e) are, + eitdese 4 eikdess } on “sass wp, BL afi rg (elton, eidtosey} bee EES athe a C14 cos (kdcos oJ} F4)=408°CE O58) Thus the array factor is equal to AF (8) = 201+ eostkdase)] = 405*(Mcose ) Which IM normalized form can also be written as AF(6)n = I+ @S (kacos6) = 268°(£4 G58) b. The nulls of the pattern Can be found using Cither of the above forms for the Grray factor. For example One form “the, other Ferm AFG) = 14 @SCkd@s6n) = 0 2008°( kd @sdn) =0 CoS Ghd Cos 6n) = -| kd Osn = @S'C0) = M, n=4i, £2. kd G$6n = CoS (-1) = nT, N=S1,43,- Gn= GS '(nAfad ), N=£1,23, £5,- which are of identical form. Therefore beth forms yield the same yesults, Thus for d=%/4 =o@s7( th = @8'(an) n=+1,t3, -- > Neo nulls exist, n = @S CB hay Ns a On=cogl(nACad)) , n=#1,23,-- C. Similarly the maxima of the pattern Can be found using either of the two forms for the array factor, Fer example. (Continued ) OL& UCortd) One Form Other Form AEG)= Ht aschdcosda)e2 AR)= 268" eos6m)=2 Cos CRd Cos m) = | cst Os Om) = £1 ted cos Om = COS'C1)=2mmT, m=o,#1;-, BAcosGm=GS'CeI)= mT, M=, EL, Gm = CS" MA), m=0t122,-- , Om= Cosi MA), m= 0,41, t2 which are ef identical form. Therefore both yield thesame results . Thus for d=A/4. m=0: b= GS'0) = 90" m= @SAm) , m=o,21,42, 9 {evs 01=coS (4) > Doss not exist 0 The Same is true hr ether Values o| m mata, 2377). Therefore the only pee Teak UR IAPE OR dam 4 sith = Baste sing one dipole Eg= jy Factor: — 1 Aa 22 25 Coy oS (AP= E.[ el? e! cosy i eRCSY) = pele giteesp-4), Qi FCsy-O)] = BelF.2. cosfCosy - 9) = £,e!4 2 ws (Ksinasing - 4)) As = , 2 = sin8 (Gy dr = Sine sing = CoSP ) y.2 lane, geqye a.) [Eg ¢@)| ¢| sing- cos () | (xe plane) B=0% cast -rcact © |E_(@)| & [sing cos (Hsin) |, Cy-2 plane) B=Io (3) |Eecp)| | cos(Ksing-d] Cy plane = Jo" (4) [Ep Cele. os oO () IE) | p= 90° “Oo (5) \EPO\ gras aw 0 (Continued ) 92,63. Method I Q, Derive the array factor} AF = -eikease = teikdeose _ ~2}Sin (Rd cose) ~] AF = 2sinckd cos) +{ AF = 2Sin(1cos@) +41 b, 2sin(t cose) = -| kdcosg =Sin'(-4) = -EZ ~5T ~ 130, 2 = Cl7 > eee er, 6n = CoS'(%) “E> 6= 77.597" “SI 6.=14644° Method IL Uniform array with @= -We a. gpa Sint _ sin el rese-F] sm sin £[ nase ~E b Or= OS Aycet%tn] — per2 =os'[4($+%0)] N#3,6,9 nal; cos'[-t] = P7.57° n=2; @s'[=Z]= 146.44° 64. G. Apa |e eikdose+ a), sickdese+ 4) = [+2 @S8Ckdcos6 + T/2) . AF = |-2Sin Cad cos) (Continue ) 94 at ) A 36-4 Cont'd) b. to find the nulls, AF= [-2Sin (kd (058) =O 2sinckdcose)=1, Teese=sn(S)=F, 8 BE... =¢ 3 cose es = 2 ae Sui = 80.4", 33.6° a — eit | eikt eke sky bps 9 Sse Te ae oor ge = SM aiktose eikdose_eitdaue_ gjkdore ] =r-¢ n=r-dose > Trar- Pose, Ratt dase, art dase AF = 2} [sin (3&4 cose) + sin(Loose)] 0) het X= kdese , y= #4 cosg > AF= 4} [sin ced ese) Gos( 4150) ] AF (d= M4) =4} [sin ( W@s6) @s(Ecose) ] On= 0% 90°, 180° 66. E seta = ST. cikderH , cikdasy ] eit (24 acoschd cosy) ] Gsp = dy. de = sing sing So, AF= 24+ 2S (kd Sing sing) OF Ags 201+ csCkdsinosing) 16-7. Placing One clement at the origin and the other at d distance above it, the array factor is equal 40 Hig 1+ elOttH0r) eftChdcsorsy] athens np) « et kctdern] AF@)= 2e)384656°8) est Lchd@sor 6) ] Ubich in normalized form can be written as (AF yn = CoS (gC kdeose +8) ] a. @= b= 38(4)-- b. For d= ™%, AF), = STE cose -4)] Cc (AF Yala =4= os [ECCS Om- 4) ] > On=0° “4 (AF) n= 0.707 = @S[ECSOy 19 FCCSEnA) = @S (0707) = ‘2 for +14 > Cosbh-L = 19 CosOh=2 7 Bh=@S (2) > Dees not exist for -%4 3 @sbh -1= “1925 6h =O= Gh= GSO) = Fo°= F radians cherie s Oir = Oan= 2(E-8) = * au = and Dp & me See A a 1.273 =1.047dB Computer Program (U=«s* [4c@se-4)]) Do= 1.42451 = 1.5367 dB 68. O. @arkda+e b. (AF y= GSE (ose 4)] (AP nme = 1 = @S [$ (oS6m*+4) | 9 Om= (80° Tt radians (AF)n = 0.707 = @S(Z (056, +4) ) > B= 90°= E radians Ow = Oar = 2(7~X)=7 and Dox 4B = 4 =1.273 =1.04948 Computer Program result. Uscos* [$(os6+4) ] = 1-42451 = 1. 5367dBG9 a. ga-kd =~ 30 (A) =-T= ~ 160° b. One @S'C1~ BA] = aS U- BA = OS 1-F) , Woh, nF4.8-- n=4: 64= @5! mine = 60° 1 ba = Gs!Co) = Po? 1 63 = @S'CA)= [20° C. m= CoS'(L~mMAd) = @S'(1— mA ry/a)= @S'C 1-2), M= 0,1,2,-- m=O! 6. = @S"(4) =0° m4: 64 = GS"(-4)= (80° db Op = 2081 4-H) =20s'4~ A =20@8'(4-4)=2@5'(2)= 26) @o =120° ©. De= 4N(2)=4¢4) (4) =8= F038 G10, a. De=4na) 2o= 40 bog, De Cdimensionless) = De Gimenstonless) = [o*= (00 400 san (2x)=N N= loo b. L=29(Q)= Ba=24.750 a Yee mre Evie AAT ome peat sug = Oh = 2005'(1- gr E268 Tales) = 205'(1~ 3118?) - 208'(1-o.01771) =205"( 0.78228) Qh =2C 10.799) = 21.598? wap.6° d. Sidelobe dB) & ~I3.548 e. @=tkd =+ 3 (2) bE =290° G11. 0, Choose diferent phase excitation. That is B=4(kd+ 214) = + (kdt+q) @aa (BF + Zak) <4 (T+ 0.0294) =A (1.070076-+0.0294) =HC1.6) st T1.684" b. Divedivity Increase by 1.787 factor = 2.526 dB C. The HPBW will decrense because sidelobe level will increase. On= 20s\(\— USTBA) . 20s) - O1STBA) 3 aces! (I= 0. out 7844) = 208'(1 0.005572) = 2S'(0.9944) =2 66. 066) = 12.13" decreased by 47° d. Sidefobe evel will increase. It will be higher than -13.548 oF6-12. 4. d=(S4)R=0.2250 bo B= kd+ 244 = 20 (0.225)+0.2% = 1.7077 rod C. Gn = cos! Cis cram sA7) Gn = OSC +cr-any ee ) 61 = @S'(0.797) =28.9°, bs = 050.333) 90.£3°, Os = @S'Com) = 96.38%, 8¢ = @S"(-0.555)= (23.97 d. First null Beamuidth On = 2C08"C1- FE) = 2 coS'\(1~ zeagasyie) = 77.88" ©. De = 1.769 [4n-(2)] = 1.787 [4-10 (0.225)] = 16.10] = 12, 06848 6-13, Neto, d= %4 a. Brosdside (Table Eland 6.2) 9 @=0 HPBW = 20 fo°— cos! ( HSEMAS) ] = 2 cHO* 77.60") = 20.4" FNBW = 20 f0?— cog'( £)] =2(10°~ 66.42") = 47.16° FSLBW = 2L 70° cos"(-£)] = 2(fo"— $3.13") = 73.74" From (6-'70) > Relative Sidelobe moximum = ~18. 46d8 From Table 6.7 > Do = 2N(4) =2+ 10-4 =5 = 6.7948 Using. the Computer Program at the. end of Chapter 2 Do= 6-21 3 7I7d8 (Continued )6-13 CGntd) b. Ordinary End-Fire CTables 63nd 6.4) 98 =tkd =+ "2 =+fo° HPBW = 2eS'TI~ LSUCA ] = 2 (34.62°)= 6F.25° FNBW =20C0s"[|— 4] =2@5"C0.6)= 2 (53.[3) =(06-26° FSLBN = 205°C ~ 34] = 2(66-42) < 132.84" From (6-("2) > Relative Side Jobe. maximum = -13.46d8 From Table 6.7 Do=4N(2)=4C0)2 s]o=l0dB Using the Computer Program at the end of Chapter2 > Do= (0.05 = 10.024 C. Hansen-Woedyard End-Fire (Tables 6.5 and 6:6) B= + Ged +H) = & (Qo"4 18%) = £108" HPBW = 2 cs"[1- (3984) = 2Clf. 25) = 38.5° FNBW =2 S"[|—$-] =2 (36.87)=73.74" FSLBW = 205" T)— a7 = 2 (53:13) 206. 26° From Figure 6.9 > Relative Side fobe, maximum * -9d8, From Table 6.7 > Do= 787 [4N(4) ]=1-787 (Anctox q) =17.BF =12-5dB Using the Computer pregram at the end of Chapter 2 > Dp= (6.02 =/2. 56dB, 6-14. (AF = Stl Sckdcos6+@r] _ sin [5@eseter] Nsin[ackdcos8+@)] lo Sintd(2e58+8)1 60 =AS B= — kdCeS bo = - 38 (B) (os 45° = - 1-07 radians G. Using (6-23) On S HPEW = @s" [esas 0.44375, ] -@s'[asas? 40.4325] = CoS'10.909- 0.443 555] ~cos'[0707 +0443 ea] Qh = Gs" (0.5299) ~ CoS (0.8843) =53°— 27.83°= 30.2° be Dos BB Uae = 4 Us=a(" [sin [5-Z(cos6 ~0.707)] ] *sino de ° 5: E (C058 ~ 0.707) fet &=5 ECcse-aor) , de= - BE sineds = 173.4067 x tes eel coe CEE, Nd» large ) Ves of (Siz ae = (Continued ) ontinuec6-14 C@nt'd) = Umox 21 Pe Bua SONS Since for Go= fo" D& 2NG) and for 6o=0° Do an(A) We wight expect for bo=AS? the value of Do tobe Somewhere between De|aage and Delage A posstity is Dal fie BnC4) =3.0)(E) , We tS = De b0= fo" Using computer Pregram : = 5.32) 615 (AF )n = SinlEddoverar] : N SinTE Cedeos6 +8) 7 a. For G=0 9 (AF n = Sin(Sed@sg) Nsin(thd cose) 4m order for the array net £0 have any minor tobes, we Gn assume Ahat its first null occurs at 6=0%er 180°. Thus Sinha) =09 Nkd= Tad=% (Ckka) This assures that there are no minor Lobes uaa sb. For G=#d the maximum occurs at B= (8c ave the array faster can be written as CAF )n = Sin N kd Gos6+4)1 N sin [dad (cosé +4) ] Thorder for the array net to have any minor Lobes, We an assume that the first null is formed at 6= Dou Tus Wied (ose +4) |p 6g =NRA=T 9 ol =a SA 100616. td= 2HA-3 a, =0 radians b - V2 iC We d. -136 = -YEr = - 0.433 8 e. Ero pays on ~(E 40.157) = ~abT=-472 if = +(E +047) or +(2+0157) = nee 617. N=I9, d= a4 a pe-kdese| = -(2)astae)=-F =P = -13603 6=30" d= a4, B= - MB = -1.3603 (rad) = - 77-742" b Oh= os'Losm -o4ns Gr] -@$' "(0586 +0443 A i ta gaze Ge=30" = Cos’ [asec - 2442] —as'[oses + 0-443 ] = @S'(0.777K) — CS (0.2646 ) = 38.976F'— 17.3309 °= 21-64-57" Gh = 21-6459" C.Eis5 48] Computer Result. HPBW > 23 degree . Do CDirectivity ) = 10-1034 tol6-18. d= an(4/a) a. d= 2) De 2 G=5= 6.9¢a8 Computer Program - De= 7132d8 b. d=? 2B p,= 2.10 d=10= 104s Computer Program : De = 10.0043 cds % Do = 2: 10-(0.95) =15 = U-76dB Gompuler Program + De = |! 62448 d. d= A, Dow 2-loct) = 20 =13.0d8 Computer Program : Do = 0.01aB 6-19. The recommended element Spacing is d= Ts , Bhere 6 is the Scan angle in degrees G. b= 50° eer d= TE cee gee = OSSST wavelength b. b. =45° 2 d= TresaeT Team = 0.58578 wave length Oa =4004 i x d= [pees * Tees” °-07 Wavelength . Although a narrow element Pattern can Sometimes accommodate larger Spacing , using this rule, will ensure. that the array factor has ently oe maxima 620. si Ee , inthe vuiible resion Since the excitetion coefficient of each element is identical , @50, Thus AF= olfey cif y oi 4 ol¥e lohere = 3 For element at origin Px = kd COSY, = kd ded = kd Sn6-CoSp'$ Foreement along x-axis ly = kdosty = kd dy-dr= kd sing cosg $ Forelement along Y-axis Wz = Rd Coste = ded de dr = kd cose For element along Z-axis 102G21. eo", de My a. Pakdeose+g = HF Ose to= Fase zoe 6=0° > Y, = Ease’ =Zosct= 5 2 Z=3 9=45°9 th =Fosas=F b> B= 0.444+/0.876 AFs (2 ~})(Z- 0404 S0.876)= Co.8% +; 0.444 + BC0.444--j1-896) Selements needed ee Ca = ~6.876 +j0.444 Ga = ~0-444 731.896 a3=4 622. 6=%, d= ™%4 a, y=kdese+p= Poser = Lose+z visile Tegion : 6=0°> ye dt e=2 G=1g0e°> Y= -E+E=-F b. AF = (2-4)(@-2)(Z-2s) = Ai +02 +03z*+ aqgz? “4 }= 180° > delement required Pioe = kd GSO +B = F0-CoS Clo*) 45° = 133.6 33° = ~26Fo+) A724 =z, Yee = Yo GS (70%) + 45° = 75. 782° = 0.2456 +} 0.9674 = za Viige = Fo” GS (U0) 45°= [4.218% = 0.7674 +) 0.2456 = ZS SAF = E+ 067070.724)(2- 0 UB 7 0.9674 LZ ~0.9674-j 0.2456.) = [27 (0.4444 1.692402 + 0.8713 -}0.491)] (2~ 09674 -J0. 2456) AF= 22+ 2°C-05250-j1-580) +2 6-1-7184 ogy ) +Co2H+} 0.670) Soy = +0.24 40.670 = 1.00/38 L 43. 62° Qa = -k1B +f /04| = 2.008782 148,186" Q3 = - 05250 -j 1-890 = 2.0088 Z -/25./500" Gq =4 1036-23.0. p= kde +e = 72°056 e a x b. ie 850°: Y= y= 0.44 > A= 0814075 O50" Y= f= 0.2578 9 Z= 067 +) 0723 Q= 100° p= 0.218 3 Zz= 0.97% -~j0.216 AF = (2-0.31-j0.95)(Z - 0.69-}0.923)(2-0.996 +)0.a16) AF= 23 +2°(-1.98 haere 2 COBB +) 2.278) + (0.272 ~jo %) 4 elements reguired CL Gy = 0.272 -j 0-762 = 1 L-74.22° Qa = 0.865 +] 2.278 = 246 £67.37" Gz = -L78-j'46 = 2462 216-4° Oq = | do? = I+jo G24. q. The excitation Coefficients for a 3-element array are 4.2.2. Placing one element at the origin, one above it , av the other beleus it, the Problem is identical to that of Problem 6.1, Thus the array. factors are identical and egual to b. (AFn = It @SChdeose) = 205° Lose) C. The nulls of the pattern Can be found Using @ither of the above. form 6, GS it Was demonstrated in Problem 6:4. Using either one d=A > bn= @s! (nA/ad) = G@S'(n/e) , n="F4, #3, $5, n=t4: 01 = Gg'(+ 4/2) = @S"(+0.5) = 60% Ro* N=43: 03 = eS \(4¥2) = OS'(4).5)= Does not exist. NEEB: G5 = COS (+ 5/2) = GS'(2-5) = Doesnot exist. The same holds for In] 1. d. The maxima of the pattern Gm also be found either of the forms. Using the results of Problem 6-4 d=A > Om = @S\(M¥d) =@S"(m), ms0, +4, 2,43, --- m=0: = @S'(0) = 90° m+4: 64= @S'@1)= 0°, 180° mst2: Qa= GS(42)= Does not exist. The same holds for hy3. log6-25. Fora three-element binomial array the array facter is that given in Problem 6.4 and 6.24. Thus in normalized form it canbe written as (AF)n = cos*¢ kd cosa) Whose maximum Cocurs at @=90°. Tn order not to havea Side Lobe , the Argument of the outer cosine function at 6=0° er 1Go® must be egual or dess than ™/2. Thus mes |ttoso|, SEadsg-3 6=(8o" 626. The excitation coefficients of a 4-element binomial army are 1,3,3,4 or a. G1=3 =2M=4 2>M2=2 eal fe b. (AFA =2-Gn0s [lau] , U= TA G@sp, Using. C6- 61a) and (6-61c), wet Thus (AF)4.= 01 Costu) + G.os (3u) =3a8 (B4 sg) + as (34 ese) which an also be written, using (6-66) for m=3, as (AF)4 = 368 (3d) + 408° as9) “308 (ase) =4.65°(Tdeose) (AF). = 4053/34 ose) C. The nulls occur when (He = AGs% Sosq)=0 9 SdasGn = s'@)= + ONE, n=0,1,2.-- ~ =| [= 3: - or On= Gs! GmeDAT AM ctf smd2] Heo, L3 > N=0 2 Gos GS'(£F) = 48.19", 13/.8° n=1: 04 = @S\(42)= Doesnot exist. The Same holkfor hy2 .627. ie z ee 0 rt 2 M=2 G. Use Pascal’s triangle to find excitation coefficients 20=6 > Og=3 Gnd. O2=4 b. AF= 2£ n CoS Cokd Cos) =2{3+4 CosCkdcose) + CoS (2kd@se) $ = € @Stakdeos6)= 20S (edess) -1 4 1+2@sChd cose) +08*¢kd cose) } a = oe a AL I+ cs cheese) = 16 es4 (td 056) C. U 8,8) = JAFI> = 256 cos (hd cose) Umax = U(6= 2, 2) = 256 Py(6,0) = U8, #) — cs%( Adecg) Urax d. nulls occurs when cas(&d G50n)=0 Rd @s0n = (amet) ) N=O,44, 42, °° On= oS'{ CaneayE } = @s'f canes) $} n=0: O.= GSE) = 36.9° ned: Bo = @S'C$)= [43° 6°28. The excitation efficients for a 4~element binomial array are 1,3,3,1 or a Qs3, Q2s4 b. Since the elements Gre placed along the x-axis Gsy = dx 4d, = de: (de Sing asg-+di Sina sing +&Gs0) = Sinéasy The array factor for this array is similar to that of Problem 6.26. The (AF 24 =3 SCE sing coop) + CoS (284 singcasy)= 405°C sine oss) C. The total fied is obtained using the pattern multiplication rule of (6-5) by multiplying the fell of a single “Na dipele as gwen by (4-% + With the” array factor above. Thus « ToeikY cos( Eeese) ay Wd gj Chotal) = Ey (single) xAF) =jpee- SeSb EOS? | 4 cos*( SE sina cose = Esinfed bF) =) BE SES [sos 3 ) | 1066-29. The answers to this problem are identical to those of Problem 6.28, except that Cosy iS equal to Gs = dy-Gy = Sine sing Therefore Sine esp in Prob 6.28 must be replaced by Sino sing’ 530. a. From (6-63), G=l0, G2=5, As=4 , € Verified with compster prgren b. Since ‘the array is broadside, the progressive phase shift between the elements ag Yequired by (6-18) IS zero (@2) C. AMe= 22 anes Coroul, Ms Wass = goose, Gouipater freon > Do= 6.087 dB ze cake es medeAyy E = de jy — (ste) f {loces(Ecose)+5cos (cose) + cos 38 cess) 631. a. From (6-63), Qisld, 02=15, 03=6, Gaal Verified with Computer b. Same answer Like (b> in Problem 6-30 ter. ~ (D. = 6.4678 ) me Ae ded AF =F ays [acm] =P +15 0es2u+ 6 OSdut SEM (© A= Mosg = Zas9) d. Fietd of Ee at origin : From (4-620) Eo=j 728 Rei El cos (C056) ~ ost) ] one dipole of 3 length fee ‘sine sae Bee ne [ ces Ghose) - 0.407] [ior [Ses 2u+6 esau t cos 64] smé ‘~ U= Tose ) 6-32. The excitation coefficients fer © 5-element: binomial array Gre 44,6,4,1 or Gi=3, G24, and O3=1, Thus the array factor can be written using. (6-61 b) and (6-61C) as O. (AF)s = Eon Ces[acn-1 4] = 91 +2 Cos(2u) + 43 @S (44) Using (6-69) for m=2 and m=4, the array factor can also be written 9S (AF)s =0.+02 aasu-1]+ dsl Bcostu-gestu+1] (AF )s = 3+A@estu-I) + (8 cost Beosty +i) = Sastu = 800s"( 33 ase) (Continued ) 1076-32 Cont'd) b, Using the computer pregram at the end of Chapter 2. Dp = 3.668 = 5.6448 c. The nulls of the pattern are obtained from (APs = eost( Rasen) |y = BCostiT@56n) 20 TOSOn = GSO) = 2 (AML), MAO, b23,4,° 77° bn = os" [£(288)], ne0,1,2,-- - N=0 t bo = COSC 42)= 60%, [20° N=4 ; 64= (oS*(+S)= Does nat exist. The same holds for "2. 633. R=20dB > RoCveltage Ratio) = lo* =10 Zp 22 (Corsa )* + (lo-viory )* 1+ 2.2452 . The array factor Can be written as (AF)s Re Gn Cos [20m UT = 4, + O2CoS(2u) = Ait ar [2@s*u-1] (AF)3 = (@1-Ga) + 20. OSU = COA) +203 CoS*( TL aso) Letting @su= */20, Gnd equating the array factor te the Tschebyschetf Polynomial of order 2 , We obtain (a.-aa) + 242 (%) > -14 2275 a £29 G22" = (2.3452)7= 5.5 beger Ge capers 25. ane =I. &@i-a.J=19 Qi=a1=4.5) b. Thus the array factor iS equal to (AF)s = 0.818 + CoS(284 cos) = -0.182+ 2@87( 54 e056) C. (AF)z = 0.818 + CS (21 CoSOn) =O > CoS(2TCsGn) = -0.818 2M OSEy = COS"(-0.8/8) = hie 144.865°= + 2.5287 racl . Also (£2.528722M) rad. 2215.115° =43.754rad . Also (+ 3.754 t2mn) rad. Therefore g, = Gos'(t 2.5287 ) ~ 66.279, 113.93° On= GoS*( +2.5287-2IT) =126. 69° a ene 7 n= Gs" ( 22-5207 t2TT) = 53.3/° = ( Continued ) 1086-33. Cont'd) On= Cos'(# $284) = 53.31°, 126.69° On = @S"(43.754-2",) = I13.73° 2T Gn = OS'(-3.75¢+2T ) = 66.27" 27 Therefore the nulls ocur at Qr= 5331°, 66.27% 113.737, and 126. 67° d, The maxima ef the pattern are obtained using (AF)s\ = 1.818 = 0818 + @S(27 GS8m) > GS@T@SOm)=4 2H COSOm = CS'(1) = O° +360°m or OF 2M Fadians Thus @m = os’ (ar) = 90° Om = @s"(2£)= @S'(1) 50° 8m = coS'(- 22) = Gs'(-1) =la0° There exist two more moxima and one occurs between 53,31° and 66.27° and the other between |I3.73° and [26.69° Alternate methods can be used tofind them . Owe methed will be fo Boke derivative of (AF)s and equate it 40 Zero. This allows you te find the extrema Cminima amd moxima), Tf the value ef the second deri\ative ot these points is positive, they are minima if it is neyative they are maxima, Thus Singm=07 Om = Sve"(0)= 07 180" They are maxima (from above) . Gn (ze Gg6m) =o 7 2M GSHm = Sin"'(O) = EMT, m=o,1,2, > * m=0; (56m = 0 > 0m= GS*(o)= 90° C Maxi mum) M=1; mMSm = +79 bm = CoS'(t) = 60%, 20° CMoxima ) M=23; 20C0S6n = £20 Bm = CoS'(t1) = O° 180° ( Maxima) Therefore_the wmoxima occur at 6=0% 60°,90'|207 and Bo" CAPS _.— sin (asm) (2m Sinn) =O Sin Bm =0, Sn 2M@SEm) =o Note: This precedure. did not yield any nulls because the nulls occur at prints (see graph next Poge) Where the Smooth Curve was truncated and where, there Gre Jero Crossing s. C Continued) 109633 Ccont’d) An alternate method will bet. Use the Procedure which wos usecl to tabulate the datu of Tade 6.8. Since this is a 3-element array, its array factor is equal to a Tschebyscheff Polynomial of elon? and itis shown Sketched here. "[ "7 a The nulls occur at Z=+t fz =+0.[07. Thus Using the Yelation of (6~72) $= wsty)=Gs(Facese) Ford=a, Z=+ Wz, and Zo= 23452 =4 CoS (THS6) = tie 3a5aNE 0.3015 ‘| Teonsyscnt Paypal fora 2 ITa@)| £72.45°= 4 1.2645 rad > 6= @S'(t 2848 ) - 66,27" Also 6= 113.72° (07. 55° = 41877 rad 9 O= cos'(+ +877 ) = Saal” Also = 126,69" The maxima of the puttern our at Z=0, 2=4+%= 423452 For 250% CSCI 056) = 0 => Toso = @S(0) = + (2M), m=o,1,2, - M=0 + Tose =+F 0 = Cos'(++) = 60% [20° met : TOsg= #30 2 G= cos'(43) > Does not exist. The same holds for m%2. For @=42.3452=+2,: cos(ncose)= Z = +1 > Wass = @S'(41)= mT, MN=0, 4,2,--- M=0: Tose =0 > 65 GS"(o)= 90° m=4 1 (os6 = £09 6= GS-41) =0°, (80" m=2: Tose = +269 6=@S(42) > Does not exist . The Same holds for m%3. thus the Same answers Gre obtained as with the previous method . Tosh = @$"(+ 0.3015) = { uo6-34. The procedure fr this problem is identically the Same as that of Problem 6.33 except that the side lobe level for this one is -40dB instead of -26 48 2 G. (AF); =F dn CoSfacn-i)u] = + Aa Sau) = (a)-A2) +20, Cos" wei Ro= AodB => Ro( voltage vatio) = loo B=4(Cloot floors ) + Ctoo-Vioo=1 )*] = Z 1063 Thus (0:02) + 20a, @S°U = (i-Gs) + 20a (FE) = 22*-1 = Tacz) 24, (E) 22% 5 Oi= %*= (7:1063)* = 50.5 Q\-Ga=-1 7 @= 2 = (7.1063) 3 OF “1402. = 49.5 a) = 49.5 : Gin = A/a. = 49.5/50.5 = 0.7602 rah poet rormalized Qan = Q2/g, = 50.5/50.5 = !-0000 6. (AR)s,= din + Gan CoS (2u) = 0.%802+ GSC 754 cose) & CAF)3 = (Qn ~Gan) + 20an CoS*U = -0.0198 +2087( M cose) c. Por d= 3% (0°<6< (80") (AF)s = 0,802 + CS [2T2 esbn] = 0.2 + @5(F Cosbn) & casbn = 0S"(-0%902) = bane eB en £171. 42°C + 3.3407 red ) Therefre §n= Coste 2622423)) = 31.365, 128.64° On = cos'(+ 23:3400)) = 44.85%, 185:15° 37 seeks cS fe AGE) oft tee (eeshllarerel | > Lrd f= 10636 { 2 @sh[(GarCooy me] J 21323 D. = _2 C100)* I+ Goo*=1)+ 1.3234) Using the computer program at Ahe end of Chapter 2, De=3.76 = 5.75d8 6 d. = 3.4 =5.32dB € HPBW = { CaS" [cosb. ~ 0.443(;45) ] — cos'[cos8,—0 443(5,))} |, ae = [8 [o-0.443(8)]- cos" [0-0.443(#)] } 1-323 = 30.05" (Continued ) il634 Contd) The excitation @efficients can also be found using (6-776) or Ma On = ay 8" 7g, )°EY_(B+M-2)! Com) a3 fn ) & cg! grrlcmgon! with M=4 Thus s -§ t =p! a = Pe = 2+ (%1063)"= 49.5 = 2G-D! G01 -g)! 2 B= 2 CF cp ogs3F) Gini2 = (Fl063)*= 50.5 %6 (alg ap! pe (AF )q =Z most an-vu) = A COSU + O2CoS 34 = (G1-3Qa) CSL + AG. Costu Ro = 40d8 9 R, =100 a Zo = cosh $ @sh'(100) 1 = 3.0095 erepore: By (AF)4 = Gr-Sa2) ¥ +4q, (Z)'= Se +425 = (2) as Gos? =4 4. = 27.257 Gy = 2668 Ar 307257) = Q.=4 eee FO = 72.742 y) 2 b. AF = 2-668 Cosut+ COS3U » ME ud cos8 c. Hee Us 3 Cosé +, AF =2668esu+ CoS3U= 2.668 COSU -3cosu+t 400s" = -0.332 CSU +4 Cosh = cos (H0s8) [-o.332+4cos*( Hse) | = cs (Hess) [ 1.668 +268 (450) | =0 e si 2.5571 1 @S(Fes0.)=0 or Hese,= Os'C 6.834) = ky 726) Gn = Cos'(Z at) = 48.17", ° Computer Result es s 6n= O8'[ ae (ssn) on Divectivits 6, = cos LE(3.7261)] = 37.7487" Do= 6a5fdB Computer. Pregram: G12 72.742, O2=29 2/7 Normabi red G24, 6,=2.669, 1126-36 (AF)s =o Gn Cos[2tn-)U] = i Cosy) + dxcostau) + Osos au) = at G2.@e@s*y-1) t asCB@sty-Bastutl) = (202-803) @s*U+(6 @S*U)d3 + (Ai-Ga t Gs) Ro=10, Zo = Cosh(4 @sh''Clo)) = 1.2933 , Tal2)= 624-22 % | © @a3-803)(E)” +803 CE) + (ay-oseas) = 8244 824+ | behqte eg Eee Ga iee ar ole. (262-8 (2.7776 1 = 82S iach i se9hl Cl. 2733)> Gi-O2+G3 =| 4 Q,= 2.7023 Oe Qs=!, O25 1.6065 01 = 0.966 b, array fackor - (AF)= 0966 + 1.6085 CoS@U) + Cos¢4u) us Mose Ge d= 3% ys Beos8, 0 = 0.766 + 1.6085 (20s7U -1) + B@S4U-8 GS7U +] = @GS4U -4,783:Cos*y + 0.3575 * Gos (S2aso) = £0.714356.2026, £ 027572265/5 2. COS (On) =H COS (0'7/43562028 ) 6n = 70.77°, (0S(Gn) = BE COS'(+0. 2757226575 ) On=5237°, 37.4.23° Null deqree On = 373% 57372 70.79" Computer Result: 4. = 2-702, O2=4.5, 43= 2.7, After Normahzed: Q1=1, G2 |.603, G3 = 10 1136-37. AF)¢= 2 ay os [on-vu] = @ Gout aacesau + dacessu a RGB) = 20 = 20 Logo (Re) + R=l0 Zo= Ccosh(4 Cosh" (1o)) = 62733. (AFJe= Gi CoSU + Ga(4cos*U -3Cosu) + As (6 05x -20@S'U + 5@Su) = G36) GSU + (402-2603) @S°U+ (4) -302+ 503) OSL = 162° -2027452 as.cis) =16 7 03=3.618 0273)5 © AQ2 - 20 (3.618) _ -20, 7 Q2= 7275 1.2933)? Oy = 307.275) + 503-618) _ yg. = 10.2015 C4 2933) a Q\=2.81965, Ga=2.0ll, Qs=1 b (AF)e = 281%65-Costy+ 2.011-CosW) + Cos(su) Cs Null point, us Base AF )« = 281965 (@Su) + 2. oti (4coS9u-3@su) + 16 Co8Y —20 @s3u + 505K = 16 CosSu — 1.756 @SPU-+ 1-78665 @SU =O. + CoSU = O, + 0.7353555305, + 0. ABAAQSITIS . ead 6n = 5 (EH) = 48./9° $ (28 G59) = +0.73535S53,, On = 157° CoS(SE@sg) = + 0.4544.251776, On=62./7°, 29.90" Nall degree . 4 3 ‘5 On = 29-90", 62.195, GBP, 7/59 114638. Re = 40.48 > Re (Vette Yatio) = lo (AF), = = Gn@s[(an-pu], Y= TA sinsasg = & sine cosy’ = OU +02 COS3M = Ca) -302) COSU + 40, SPL Zo = cosh [¥ cesh'Cico) | = 3.0095 There fore CAFD4. = (4) - 30) = +40, ( (é)* = -32rdzt> Ors 22 = (3.0075)3= 27.2573, A= -3% +302 = 72-34 Th normalized form Gan = O+/a,= 1.00, Gin =a. = 2.6688 (AF)4. = 2.6688 coS( Tsing cosp) + @S( FF sing ese’) op tele cog E, =jy TLel*” Cos(E cose) Ie 3M gj ‘hotel JIS eee [2ecee Cos(Fsingass) + Cos (38 sing coup) | OD t 2Re ey TH DUL=2) , where OU= 8) =165 fal + 0.636 (e cosh [Viesrtap me] y a = 140.636 {j55 Cosh[ [5.29631] }'=1328 PES Seaiclesrehics aE STG = Ms F249 = 3.9648 23.25.0543 (00%) 1.323 (_* ) 49 =3.9648, De (computer) +2 2302-3 Arig ae b. B= 2 Cxyplone) Fo ctotat)| = Wlztar as( Foss) +@5(3" esp)] = 2829 0-54 45" pene 2(.90-54.45)= 711° = T/2 (4-2 plane) E5 Ghotal)| = a.ccggf_S(Eese) = See 365 508° aie Ae ee siné ] = HPBW = 2(90-50.8)=78.4° whichis the Same as that of a "2 dipole . as6-39. The answers for this are identically the same as those of Problem 6.38 except that the Sing cosg factor is replaced by the sing smg factor. Also the HPBW in the x-Zplane of this problem ig the Same as that of the y-z plane of Prob 6-38. 6-40. (AF)s = Zon @s[2cn4yu] = Gi + G2 Cos(2u) +3 @SCAU) =) + O2(2GSU-|) + 43(B@S*u-g @s*u +1) G. Ro=A0dB = RoC Voltaye ratio) =100 3 [toot fieo=1 1+ [10 - Lieo*=1 ]* } = 2.013248 fetting cosu= #/20 (AF)s = (@1-a2 + G3) + (202-803) 0S"U + 83 @s4y = ( i-G2+Gs)+ (20a -603)(¥)*+ Bas (E)t = |- 8274824 Equating alike terms yields 3 = (6-429 ,02= 47.503 , i= 34.074 or in normalized form Ozn=4343=1-0, dan= 2743 =3.013 , Om = Oy~a,=20% b. CAF)s = 2.074 + 3.013CS(Esing @sp)+ @S (Tsinbasp) , U=Besingcose] , ny C. f= 140.636 (52 cash LY Ceash in) i= (+0.636 [ie5(85-64)] = 1.3.23 2R.~ = 2 6100)* > = = 1887 = 26d ~ 1 e0FCES) 14-C100%1) 1.323 phe D, Computer Pro = 1-798 =301dB al the end of ras de HPBW= $ { coS"(cose,— 0.442 2,) GS *Ceosbyt0. 44727) Joye = 1.323 {o5'[-0.443(-Le)] - @s! [0.043 (GE ye 1.323 (41.5/3°) HPBW = 54.9° 1166-41. a. N=2M+1=9 9M=4, R= 30dB9 Retvoltnge Ratie) = (>= 31.662 je Rate) He Alsi-s62+[(3r662)—) ] *+[31 662 [ere6a)—1 ] 2 F Bo = 1-67924K + 0.595506 = 1.137375 = b. (AF) = & OnGs[2cn-nu] = 01+ 02 Coscau) +G3Co8(4.u) +04 OSCE) +s @scen) = 0) + 2 (20sU-1) + 03 (Bostu —BCoSU+1) + Aa6s2 Cosu-aecosh Heast -|) + 05 (128 @s®u —256 Costu + 60 @S4U ~32 8 +1) (AF )q = (G,-0,+05-GqtO5)+ (202-803 t (864-3205) OSU + BO2-48G4 +6005 Os fu 46264-25605) Gy + (1284s) Cos®u a 6. Jetting #/zo = CSU and equcing. (AP)g= Tele) = I-322*+602* 25624128 2 Jeods to Os = z= (113737%= 2.8004. 256 = 3206-25605 5G, = (286 zp 2560s )/32 = 5.085 zf (60 = 863 ~4804 +1605 3 G3 = (16024+4804- [6005 )/e = 7970 Zot 732 =_202-80s +1604-3205 3 0,=(-32%* 80s - 18043205) /2 =10. 226 Zz | = Qi W243 -d4 tds 9 i= 14+02-G3 +04 -Gs = 5-540 Thus Qt 5.540 9 201 11080 5 15 Nermolized, Gin =Oi/as = 1998,26 1m =5.956 10.226 aR: i. Form dan = a5 = 3.652 Ose > Asn = /a5 = 2846 poe, Gan Leis oy = apo Osn = Gs/as = 1-0 y ©. £5 b+ 0636 fares CoshL [Gosh*3142)~ 72) [ette636 Fafa 372)] = 148 Do = 2R°/{14-(R24) $(Bi)} = 2@!-662)'/ {1 4 (s.662°1) M44 S) } = 7844 = 8. 745dB a d. HPBW=¢ { cos'(cosp,— 0.443 Dz) ~ @S\(costot0. 44357) ee 90° = b144 {co0s"(-0.443 ge) @5'(0.443 as) }= 1144 75.65 — 84. 38) HPBW = 1144 CIl-30) =12.93° 17