Biology Lecture 25(12)

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1. Alcohol fermentation 7. Chemiosmois

Process

pyruvate is converted to two steps with

the release of CO2
2. Anaerobic Respiration
only works when there is a flow of H+
due to a gradient
1. rotor in membrane spins when H+
flows down a gradient
2. stator in membrane hold the knob
stationary
3. 3 catalytic sites in the knob join ADP
+ Pi ----> ATP
8. Chemiosmosis "coupling" of energy released from the
respiration in the absence of O2 ATP flow of H+ through he ATP Synthase
must be produced through 9. Cytochromes proteins that undergo sequential
fermentation oxidation/reduction reactions, one
3. Anaerobic no O2 required, occurs in bacteria, protein is oxidized while another
Respiration/Fermentation glycolysis is a part of it, is the anaerobic becomes reduced
similarities breakdown of glucose 10. Electron Transport

4. Anaerobic Respiration INORGANIC molecule is the final Chain

uniqueness electron acceptor, some prokaryotes
can carry this out, includes a transition
reaction, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the
ETC
5. ATP Synthase a protein complex in the mitochondrial
inner membrane to drive the
endergonic synthesis of ATP (makes
ATP) Series of enzymatic proteins
embedded in the mitochondria inner
6. Catabolism catabolic pathways that funnel
membrane
electrons from many different organic
molecules into Cellular Respiration 11. ETC Input/Output INPUT ----> OUTPUT
FADH2 ----> FAD+
NADH + H+ ----> NAD+
ADP + Pi ----> ATP
O2 ----> H2O
12. Fermentation ORGANIC molecule is the final
uniqueness electron acceptor, includes the
reduction of a pyruvate
13. General Summary Glucose ---> NADH + H+ ---> ETC --->
of the Energy Chemiosmosis ---> ATP Synthase --->
Transfer of ATP in ATP
Anaerobic
Respiration
14. "high energy" passed from low to high electronegativity 20. Summary of ATP
electrons through protein links productinon in
15. Lactic Acid aerobic respiration
Fermentation

30 - 32 ATP produced
21. Terminal End O2 at the low energy end of the chain
Electron Acceptor accepts electrons to form H2O: O2 +
2e- + 2H+ ----> H2O

pyruvate is reduced to NADH forming

lactate (with no release of CO2), used by
bacteria and fungi, occurs in human
muscle cells to make ATP
16. NADH + H+, and oxidized at different sites
FADH2 are
17. Oxidative
Phosphorylation

ETC + Chemiosmosis
NADH + H+ and FADH2 transfer electrons
to the ETC
electrons released loose energy as they
go down gradient
finally, e- are "drawn" to the O2 at the end
because it wants to form H2O
ATP is forms as H+ flows down gradient
This process accounts for 90% of the ATP
production in Cellular Respiration
18. Parts of Glycolysis + regenerate reaction of NAD+
Fermentation
19. proton - motive refers to the hydrogen ion gradient
force maintained between the matrix and the
membrane of the mitochondria