process by which substances are

absorption
taken into the cell or an organism.

energy absorbing plant pigments

accessory pigments
other than chlorophyll

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that

travels down an axon. The action potential is
generated by the movement of positively charged
atoms in and out of channels in the axon's
action potential membrane.
Fast, moving change across a neurons membrane,
also called an impulse.
the local voltage change across the cell wall as a
nerve impulse is transmitted

adrenal

on top of the kidneys; prepares the body for action, controls

the heart rate and breathing in times of emergency.

algae

a very simple plant without stems or leaves that

grows in or near water.
 (singular alveolus.) Tiny sacs, with walls
only a single cell layer thick found at
the end of the respiratory bronchiole
alveoli tree. Alveoli are the site of gas
exchange in the respiratory system.
Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas
exchange surface of the lungs.

amino acids the building blocks of protein

have similar functions but different

analogous structure
origin

SOMETHING THAT DEVIATES

ANOMALY
FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin,
produced by B cells, that functions
as the effector in an immune
antibodies
response.
Specialized proteins that aid in
destroying infectious agents
 Passive immunity=
antibodies in blood When are HIV antibodies detectable
in blood?

PRODUCED BY WBC WHEN

ANTIBODY IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A
PARTICULAR PATHOGEN

the complement of mRNA; triplet

anticodon
code on the tRNA

*Foreign material that invades the body

*Anything that is foreign to the body
antigens and that causes an immune response
*What mobilizes the adaptive defenses
and provokes an immune response?

Def A,B in blood

macromolecules are foriegn to host
antigens in blood
organism and trigger an immune
response
asexual reproduction

1
parent

incorporation of materials into the

assimilation
body of an organism.

Bacteria are living cells and can

multiply rapidly. Once inside the
BACTERIA body, they release poisons or toxins
that make us feel ill.
BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS

bacteria

a very small living things. Ex. Although some cause

illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.

*When performing a WBC

differential, which cell has the large,
scattered dark blue granules that
basophils
are darker than the nucleus?
*A circulating leukocyte that
produces histamine.
 bile function digest fat; excrete waste

blood cells made blood cells and bone marrow

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood

blood components cells, and platelets
55% Plasma, 45%-Formed Elements

blood flow thru blood vessels

tissue perfusion

blood flow thru heart

Blood enters from superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle,
pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left
atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, rest of body
 Reflects the force the blood exerts
against the walls of the arteries
blood pressure
during contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of the heart.

*a classification of blood that depends

on the type of antigen present on the
surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB,
blood type or O
*A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal
donor and AB blood is known as the
universal recipient.

Veins
blood vessels
Arteries

The mass of nerve tissue that is the

brain main control center of the nervous
system

Connection to spinal cord. Filters

information flow between peripheral
nervous system and the rest of the brain.
brain stem the central trunk of the mammalian brain,
consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons,
and midbrain, and continuing downward
to form the spinal cord.
breathing phases inspiration and expiration

+The diaphragm muscle drops and creates a vacuum; Air rushes into the lungs; The diaphragm
muscle contracts and pushes the air out
*inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the
pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are
two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air
breathing process reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs
*Oxygen goes to the lungs , has a close contact to blood absorbs it and carries it to all body
parts. Blood gives up CO2 which is from lungs to air breathed out
*- active process that allows the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract, allowing lungs
to expand (diaphragm goes down
*Pharynx > Larynx (voice box) > Trachea (windpipe) > Bronchi > Bronchioles > Alveoli

*Respiration is the chemical process in which cells exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to
obtain energy, Air is breathed in and diffusion occurs and carbon dioxide is breathed out
*Breathing is controlled by muscles.
*[H+] and [CO2] are too high, medulla oblongata is stimulated > sends impulse to diaphragm
and intercostal muscles > diaphragm contracts > ribs move up and out > diaphragm moves
breathing process down > air rushes in > vice versa for exhalation
controlled by medula oblongata
*inhale through mouth or nose, are is filtered by cilia and mucus in nose, then the air goes to the
pharynx, past the epiglottis, and through your larynx and trachea, at the base of the trachea are
two tubes called bronchi which branch off into smaller air tubes called bronchioles, then the air
reaches tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs

The passages that branch from the

trachea and direct air into the lungs
bronchi
Airways in the lungs that lead from
the trachea to the bronchioles.

cancer

a growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that

controls cell division. Ex. his ___ was caused by smoking.
 used to tell the age of organic
carbon dating
materials.

*Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondri

carbon dioxide transported in
blood
*diffuses into blood, then to the capillaries, then to
the alveoli in the lungs, and exhaled into the
atmosphere
*diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the
alveol
Process that moves CO2 from tissues to lungs in 3
forms: bicarbonate, bound to hemoglobin; as
carbaminohemoglobin & as dissolved CO2

a system of specialized muscle

tissues that conducts electrical
cardiac conduction
impulses that stimulate the heart to
beat

A complete heartbeat consisting of

contraction and relaxation of both atria
and both ventricles
cardiac cycle
the complete cycle of events in the
heart from the beginning of one heart
beat to the beginning of the next

The brain and spinal cord

A subdivision of the human nervous
Central nervous system system comprising the brain and
spinal cord. Transmits & receives
messages to & from the PNS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- the brain and spinal cord
consists of

Central Nervous system protected Brain and spinal cord

motor control
refines skeletal muscle contractions,
role in cognition, language, problem
cerebelleum
solving, activity occurs subconsciously,
composed like cerebrum, grey matter
white matter (arbor vitae) grey islands.

Area of the brain responsible for all

voluntary activities of the body
Largest part of the brain
cerebrum Largest part of the brain; coordinates
thought, reasoning, movement, and
memory, includes the cerebral cortex
and the white matter beneath it.

consisting of 2 hemispheres and

olfactory lobes
cerebrum structure
thought and intelligence and
memory
 changes in the chromosomes where
chromosomal mutations parts of the chromosomes are
broken and lost during mitosis

Chromosomes

made up of DNA and

proteins

mixture of enzymes and partially-

chyme
digested food

process by which materials are

circulation distributed (moved) throughout the
organism.

each set of three nitrogenous bases

codon in mRNA representing an amino acid
or start/stop signal
 The large intestine
the largest section of the vertebrate
colon large intestine; functions in water
absorption and formation of feces;
first, coiled part of large intestine

compound

a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed

ratio. Ex. water is the most common _______ on Earth.

VARIABLES THAT REMAIN

CONTROL VARIABLE
CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED

is an increase similarities among

species derived from different
convergence
ancestors as a result of similar
adaptation to similar environment.

analogous structure of unrelated

organisms from different ancestors
convergent evolution
develop similar function such as
butterfly wings and bird wings.
 The breakdown of dead plant and
animal material by fungi, bacteria and
other organisms. Requires WOW
DECAY
W-warmth
O-oxygen
W- water

DEPENDENT VARIABLE WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS

development

the change in shape or organisms over time. Ex.

a child's ________ is very fast.

occurs when the ventricles are

diastolic relaxed; the lowest pressure against
the walls of an artery

thalamus and hypothalamus

A portion of the embryonic
diencephalon forebrain that becomes the
thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior
pituitary gland, and pineal gland.
 process by which cells become
differentiation
specialized for specific functions.

digestion

the breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism

can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.

*The process by which the body breaks down

foods and either absorbs or excretes them.
*Ingestiondigestionabsorptionegestion
digestive process *Mechanical digestion, denaturation of proteins
(by acidity), chemical digestion of proteins (by
pepsin), intrinsic factor, delivers chyme to small
intestine

digestive system
*Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
*Composed of the alimentary canal and accessory structures. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum,
and ileum), large intestine (colon), and anus, Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to
body cells.
*The system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. The digestive system includes teeth, mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, and colon.

food poisoning, Cholera, typhoid,

whooping cough,
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted
disease
 influenza - flu, colds, Measles,
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS

splitting of an ancestral population

into two or more subpopulations
divergent evolution
that are geographically isolated
from one another.

DNA

nucleic acid polymer that stores genetic

information.

DNA

Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the

nucleus

the branch of biology that studies

the interactions of organisms with
ecology
one another and with nonliving
parts of their environment
 -produces a response e.g.muscle
contracts to move hand away from
EFFECTORS
stimulus or gland squeezes and
releases hormone into blood.

egestion elimination of indigestible waste.

egg cell also called ovum; female gamete

element

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances

by chemical reactions. Ex. carbon is an essential ________ of life.

an organism in its early stages of

development, especially before it
embryo
has reaches a distinctively
recognizable form.
Endocrine system
composed of glands that secrete different types of hormone that affect almost every cell,
organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development,
metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood.

*What IgE-mediated cell secretes major

basic protein and has elevated levels in
the blood during asthma and parasitic
eosinophils infections?
*What type of WBC is present in
increased numbers during an allergic
reaction?

WIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN
EPIDEMIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A
COUNTRY

epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and

prevents food from entering.

equilibrium
the state of both sides are balanced
 evolution

the process of change that has transformed life

on Earth

excretion removal of metabolic waste.

fertilization

a process that occurs when the sperm and egg

combine to produce an embryo

Transportation materials to and from

cells
Transports nutrients, carries O2, waste
function of the blood
products, hormones to their target cells,
regulates body temperature, protects
against bacteria and viruses

fungi

simple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that

grows on plants or other surfaces. Ex. mushrooms are a _____.
 Secretions from the stomach lining
that contain hydrochloric acid and
gastric juices
pepsin, an enzyme that digests
protein.

gene

sections of chromosomes made of DNA that

code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.

genes

segment of dna that codes for a specific

trait

set of rules that specify to the

codons in DNA or RNA that
genetic code
corresponds to the amino acids in
proteins

genome

the complete genetic material contained in an

individual.
 stomach, colon. intestines, anus rectum
*Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anal
GI tract canal
*mouth -> esophagus -> LES -> stomach ->
pyloric sphincter -> SI -> ileocecal sphincter -
> LI -> rectum -> anus -> anal sphincter

shift in electrical charge in a tiny area of the

neuron (temporary); transmits a long cell
membranes leaving neuron and polarized state;
needs higher than normal threshold of excitation
graded potential to fire
A local voltage change in a neuron membrane
induced by stimulation of a neuron, with strength
proportional to the strength of the stimulus and
lasting about a millisecond.

*pumps blood throughout the body

*Blood goes into right atrium from superior
vena cava through tricuspid to right ventricle to
heart function the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery to
lungs to pulmonary veins to bicuspid to left
atrium to mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic
valve to aorta

heart layers

Endocardium ( inner), myocardium ( middle),

and epicardium ( outer)

heart structure

4 chambers: 2 atria (right and left) and 2

ventricles (right and left)
 heart valves

structures within the heart that open and close with the
heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

*transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

*carry oxygen and also CO2 back to
the lungs
hemoglobin function
*transport oxygen from the lungs to the
tissues and carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs

heredity

the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists

know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.

a virus that attacks and destroys the

HIV
human immune system.

homeostasis

state reaches when each part of the body

functions in equilibrium with other parts.
 perform different functions in the
species living in the different
homologous structure
environment, or it may gave the
same origin but different functions

WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
FOR- ON Y AXIS

ingestion taking in food from the environment.

interdependence

organisms in a biological community live and

interact with other organisms.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. Who
developed three theories: the theory of need, the theory of use and disuse,
the theory of acquired characteristics.
 upper part of the trachea contains
vocal chords - 3 bands of tissue
larnyx
stretched across the opening of
trachea

lower respiratory

consists of the bronchial tree and

lungs

Main organs of the respiratory

system
lung An organ found in air-breathing
vertebrates that exchanges oxygen
and carbon dioxide with the blood

The two types of white blood cells that are

part of the body's immune system: B
lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and
lymphocytes release antibodies that fight bacterial
infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus
and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer
cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

the material that everything in the

matter universe is made of, including solids,
liquids, and gases
 all chemical processes that
metabolism synthesize or break down materials
within an organism.

mitosis, meiosis

body cell reproduction and sex cell

reproduction

MMR MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA

*A type of white blood cell that

transforms into macrophages, extends
pseudopods, and engulfs huge numbers
monocytes of microbes over a long period of time
*An agranular leukocyte that is able to
migrate into tissues and transform into a
macrophage.

The capability of the GI tract to

move material along its length is
motility called
The ability of an organism to move
by itself
 A motor neurone sends impulses
MOTOR NEURONE from the spinal cord/CNS to
effector (muscle of gland).

messenger RNA, brings information

mRNA from the DNA in the nucleus to the
cytoplasm

mutation any change in the DNA sequence

mutation

a change in the DNA of a

gene.

Impulse conduction is fastest in

neurons that are
glia cells that wrap around the axon
myelinated
insulating it. conduct AP more
rapidly bc less current lost to
extracellular environment
 natural selection

process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive
to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.

Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord

*the body's speedy, electrochemical communication
network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral
and central nervous systems.
Nervous system *The bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the
brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the
receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli
and transmits impulses to the effector organs.

role of this type of cell is already

determined and is not dictated by
neighboring cells.
neuron cells communicate w/ send signals to other
neurons and muscles in the body
What is the nervous system composed
of?

NEUROTRANSMITTER ...

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps

between neurons. When released by the sending
neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the
synapse and bind to receptor sites on the
neurotransmitter receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that
neuron will generate a neural impulse.
Chemical messengers that cross the
neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit
electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
 Most abundant white blood cell.,
The most abundant type of white
blood cell. Phagocytic and tend to
neutrophils
self-destruct as they destroy foreign
invaders, limiting their life span to a
few days.- WBC

is a carbon ring structure that

contains one or more atoms of
nitrogenous base
nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine,
Cytosine, Guanine.

nucleotides

neuclic acid base

pairs

organism

any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we
have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.

ovaries

lower abdomen; estrogen and progesterone; influence

female traits and support reproductive function.
oxegen transported in blood ...

oxygen

a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for
most animals and plants to live. Ex. the chemical symbol for _____ is O.

pancreas

between the kidneys; regulates the blood sugar

levels

regulates blood sugar (insulin &

glucagon)
Secretes pancreatic juice which
pancreas function
breaks down all categories of food
produces digestive enzymes for
fats, carbs, and proteins

Secretes pancreatic juice to break down carbs,

fats, and proteins
Secrete pancreatic juices into the cavity and
insulin, and glucagon into blood to regulate blood
pancreas secretion sugar
Secretin - It is secreted from intestinal cells when
acidic food from stomach enters small intestine.
Secretin promotes secretion of bicarbonates and
water from pancreas.
 A DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD
PANDEMIC RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY
COUNTRIES

parathyroid

in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your

body, and normals the bone growth

MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES

PATHOGEN
ILLNESS OR DISEASE

pericardium

Double-layered membrane surrounding the

heart.

peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system PNS
*sensory and motor neurons that connect
the CNS to the rest of the body
*All parts of the nervous system,
excluding the brain and spinal cord, that
relay information between the CNS and
other parts of body
 - nerve cells that carry information
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
to or from the CNS. Includes spinal
(PNS) consists of
cord and peripheral nerves.

a relative measure of the hydrogen

pH ion concentration within a solution;
Latin for "probably hydrogens".

Pituitary

at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and

controls functions of other glands

plasma Liquid portion of blood

They play a key role in retention of blood loss by

forming a * plug at the site of tears when
connective tissue is exposed. Serotonin is released
and smooth muscles contract in the vessel walls.
Platelet function *Blood clotting
- Cause capillary homeostasis by adhering to the
inner surface of a vessel and sticking to each other
to create a temp. mechanical plu
 - Cause capillary homeostasis by
adhering to the inner surface of a
Platelet function in hemostasis
vessel and sticking to each other to
create a temp. mechanical plug

pleural cavity
*The space between the two moist membranes that separate the lungs from the thorax (chest
cavity). Filled with lubricating fluid.
*airtight space between fold of the pleural membranes; contains watery lubricating fluid that
prevents friction between the membranes when they rub together during respiration

proteins

monomers of amino acid

chains

a method used to determine the age

of rocks using the decay of
radiometric dating
radioactive isotopes present in
rocks.

red blood cell

RBC Erythrocytes
4.5-5 million
 - can detect a change in the
environment (stimulus) and produce
electrical impulses in response.
RECEPTORS
Sense organs contain groups of
receptors that respond to specific
stimuli.

A form of DNA produced by

combining two genetic material
Recombinant DNA
from two or more different sources
by means of genetic engineering

Carry oxygen
red blood cells Blood cells that carry oxygen from
the lungs to the body cells.

1. Oxygen deficiency stimulates

Red blood cells regulated Erythropoietin (EPO) production by
kidneys

REFLEX
-a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further
damage to the body.

stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone effector response
 process by which organisms
regulation maintain homeostasis, a stable
internal environment.

-carry messages from one part of

RELAY NEURONE
the CNS to another

RELAY NEURONES

Neurones that carry information from a sensory

nerve cell to a motor nerve cell

replication

double the
chromosomes

reproduction

process by which organisms produce new

organisms of their own kind
 release of chemical energy from
respiration
certain nutrients.

A system of organs, functioning in the

process of gas exchange between the
body and the environment, consisting
respiratory system
especially of the nose, nasal passages,
nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs.

The passageway that makes

breathing possible.
respiratory tract series of branching tubes that
conduct air to and from the
respiratory zone for gas exchange

RNA

receives instructions from DNA

ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the

rRNA mRNA and use its information to
assemble amino acids
 softens food in the mouth making it
easier to swallow; helps break down
saliva
food into simpler forms; secreted by
glands in the mouth

schwann cells
Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of
the peripheral nervous system responsible
for the formation of myelin.

the ejaculated fluid containing

sperm cells and secretions from the
semen
seminal vesicle, prostate gland and
bulbourethral gland.

A sensory neurone sends impulses

SENSORY NEURONE (from a sensory receptor) to a relay
neurone in the spinal cord/CNS.

sexual reproduction

2 parents male and

female
 The thinner of the two intestine but is much
longer. Is highly folded, highly vascular so it
can absorb nutrients into the blood
small intestine structure - The small intestine has three main
structures the lining, villi, and microvilli
that absorb most of the nutrients from
chyme

species

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile

offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.

shorter term for spermatozoon;

sperm
male gamete

PAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA,

SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTION
HEADACHE, COUGHING

Where two neurones meet, there is a

tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross
this gap using chemicals released by a
SYNAPSE
neurone. The chemical diffuses across
the gap makes the next neurone
transmit an electrical signal.
 synthesis
chemical combination of simple substances
to form complex substances.

Blood pressure in the arteries during

systolic contraction of the ventricles.
Contraction of the heart

lower abdomen; androgen and

testes testosterone; control maturation
and male characteristics

a system of ideas that explains many

related observations and is
theory supported by a large body of
evidence acquired through scientific
investigation

states that evolutionary change

comes through the production of
variation in each generation and
Theory of Evolution
differential survival of individuals
with different combinations of these
variable characters.
 states that organisms change in
Theory of Need
response to their environment

organs not in use will disappear

Theory of Use and Disuse
while organs in use will develop.

thymus

in front of the heart; enables the body to

produce certain antibodies

thyroid

below the voice box; regulates body metabolism

and causes storage of calcium in bones

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

Air passageway; has cartilage rings to help
keep the air passage open as air rushes in;
trachea branches into right/left bronchus
The respiratory process begins when air is
inhaled through the nose and into the what?
 process of copying DNA sequence
Transcription
into RNA

Transcription

process of forming a neucleic acid using a

template

process of converting information in

Translation mRNA into a sequence of amino
acids in a protein

Translation

uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific

amino acid

transfer RNA, a type of RNA that

attach the correct amino acid to the
tRNA
protein chain that is being
synthesized in the ribosomes.
upper respiratory

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis,

larynx, and trachea

ARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD /

VACCINES
WEAKENED PATHOGENS

differences in traits of organisms in a

Variation
population

virus

a very small living thing that causes infectious

illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.

Viruses can only reproduce inside

host cells, and they damage the cell
VIRUSES
when they do this
VIRUSES GET INTO CELL
WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE SKIN, STOMACH ACID,
MECHANISMS? EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH

White blood cells can ingest and

destroy pathogens. They can
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
produce antibodies to destroy
pathogens

-ingest pathogens and destroy them

-produce antibodies to destroy
pathogens
WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN -produce antitoxins that neutralise the
toxins released by pathogens
white blood cells do not eat the
pathogens - they ingest them

What is a marker for an infectious

disease?
White Blood Count
Status of immune system and ability
to fight off infection

*Neutrophils, lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
*tests to see what percentage of
White blood count
total white blood cell count is
composed of each of the five types
of leukocytes