100 FACTS 7TH SCIENCE

1. A scientific theory is a well tested concept that explains a wide

range of observations.
2. Making and recording observations is the most basic skill in
science.
3. Observing is using one or more of your senses (sight, hearing,
smell, taste, and touch) to gather information about the natural
universe.
4. The information gathered from ones observations is called
evidence or data.
5. A data table is an organized arrangement of information in
labeled rows and columns providing an orderly way for
scientists to record observations ,therefore, the data table must
be prepared in advance of collecting data.
6. The two categories of observations are quantitative and
qualitative. A quantitative observation describes HOW
MUCH( a measurement) or HOW MANY( a count). A
quantitative observation always includes numbers as when one
counts or numbers and a standard unit as when one measures. A
qualitative observation is a description that does not include
numbers like smells, colors, textures, tastes, etc.
7. A measurement is quantitative observation requiring the proper
use of an instrument to compare an object or process to a
standard resulting in a more detailed, objective, and accurate
observation.
8. An accurate observation is an exact report of what your senses
tell you that avoids opinions.
9. In science, a recorded observation is usually followed by at least
two inferences which are attempted explanations of what one
has observed.
10. There are two kinds of inferences, reasonable (logical) and
unreasonable (illogical). Scientists always try to make more
than one logical inference from the same observation.
11. Five of the most commonly measured properties of matter are
named length, volume, mass, weight and temperature
defined to be measurements of the distance between two points,
the amount of space that an object occupies, the amount of
matter in an object, the gravitational force on an object and the
average kinetic energy of the particles in an object, respectively.
12. When measuring the properties of things found in our natural
universe, scientists use a common set of standards, called the
International System of Units (SI)which include the meter, liter,
cubic centimeter, gram, degree Celsius, Newton, and second
for the properties of length, liquid volume, solid volume, mass,
temperature, weight, and time, respectively.
13. The meanings of tera, mega, kilo, hecto, deka, deci, centi,
milli, micro, nano are one billion, one million, one thousand,
one hundred, ten, one-tenth, one-hundredth, one-thousandth,
one-millionth, and one-billionth ,respectively.
14. Classifying is organizing objects and events into groups
according to a system or organizing idea that results in
information being found more easily and relationships between
the objects being seen more clearly.
15. A prediction is an inference about a future event that is
based on all evidence available to you including what you
already know about the subject.
16. Scientific predictions are tested by observations or carefully
controlled experiments for the purpose of learning something
new about the natural universe.
17. One scientists observations and experiments must be able to
be repeated by other scientists, therefore, scientists must
communicate their work to each other by very strict, specific
rules.
18. Scientific questions are limited to living or non-living
objects and energy changes that you are able to observe with or
without scientific instruments. Scientific questions must be able
to be answered by observations.
19. A hypothesis is a prediction about the outcome of a scientific
experiment, so, of course, a hypothesis must be testable by
observations. Hypotheses are often written as an IFthen
statement.
20. All experiments have variables defined to be any factor, trait,
or condition that can change during an experiment, that must be
identified and controlled.
21. The three kinds of variables in an experiment are the
1.manipulated/independent variable, 2.responding/ dependent
variable and 3.controlled/constant variables which are
respectively defined to be the factor that is purposefully and
systematically changed by the scientist, the factor that the
scientist predicts will change as a result of the changes made to
the manipulated variable, and all of the other factors that could
possibly cause a change in the dependent variable.
22. Drawing a conclusion means making a statement summing
up what you have learned from an experiment which usually
includes whether ones hypothesis was or was not supported by
the data collected in the experiment.
23. One of the simplest classifications of the natural universe
gives us the following four groups: MATTER, ENERGY,
SPACE, and TIME
24. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
25. The two categories of the properties of matter are physical
properties and chemical properties, respectively defined to be
properties that can be observed without changing the matters
identity and properties that can be observed only by changing
the matters identity.
26. Some of the signs of a chemical change are a change in color,
a change in odor, production of heat energy, production of sound
energy, production of light energy, fizzing and foaming due to
production of a gas, precipitate (solid) forms at the bottom of
test tube
27. Whenever matter physically or chemically changes, the
changing matter must either gain energy from its surroundings
or lose energy into its surroundings.
28. The Law of Conservation of Matter states that during an
ordinary chemical change of matter there is no detectable
increase or decrease in the quantity of matter while the Law of
Conservation of Energy states that energy can not be created or
destroyed , but can change form.
29. Around 440 BCE, a Greek philosopher named Democritus
thought that you could not continue cutting an object into
smaller and smaller pieces but that you would eventually end up
with a particle that you could not cut which he called an ATOM
from the Greek word atomos meaning not able to be divided
but interestingly some years later Aristotle(384-322 BCE)
disagreed with Democritus.
30. An atom which itself is built from protons, electrons, and
most often neutrons is the smallest particle into which an
element can be divided that retains the properties of that
element.
31. An element is a substance in which there is only one type of
atom, therefore, it cannot be separated into simpler substances
by physical or chemical means. ( An atom can only be separated
into simpler substances by nuclear means.)
32. Molecules are formed by chemically bonding two or more
atoms together.
33. When two atoms are chemically combined together by a
chemical bond to make a molecule, the properties of resultant
molecule are very very different from the properties of the
individual atoms used to build the molecule.
34. A compound is a substance in which there is only one type of
molecule, therefore, it can be separated into simpler substances
called elements by chemical means.
35. A mixture is a combination of two or more elements and/or
compounds that are NOT chemically combined.
36. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object,
always constant for an object no matter where the object is
located in the universe, measured by using a balance, and
expressed in units called grams(g).
37. Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on an object,
varies depending on where the object is in relation to any large
body in the universe, measured by using a spring scale, and
expressed in units called newtons (N).
38. Density, a characteristic property, is the amount of matter
(mass) in a certain volume expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter or in grams per milliliter.
39. Two or more atoms that are held together by a bond, not a
bond of friendship, but by a chemical bond born out of the
electromagnetic force of attraction between electrons and
protons is called a molecule.
40. Since a mixture is not held together by chemical bonds, a
mixture of substances can be separated into the original
substances using one or more physical properties.
41. Scientists have now discovered at least 6 kinds of the
physical property of matter called STATE including the
following four most common states: Solid, Liquid, Gas, and
ionic Plasma.
42. Living systems are organized by the following levels of
increasing complexity
( = used to build)
protons neutrons electrons atomsmoleculespolymer
moleculesorganellescells (many organisms are made of just
one cell but many other organisms like ourselves are
multicellular) tissueorgansorgan systemsmulticellular
organisms
43. The five levels of environmental organization are:
Organism Population CommunityEcosystem
Biosphere
44. All living things (organisms) are made of tiny structures
called cells which are the smallest units that can perform all the
processes necessary for life.
45. Most cells are too small to be seen with the naked human eye
resulting in cells not being discovered until microscopes were
invented in the mid-1600s
46. Each organism in the Earths biosphere, whether multicellular
or unicellular, is made from numerous highly specialized parts
(structures) that each have a very highly specialized job
(function).
47. About 1840 Schwann proposed the first two parts of the
Cell Theory then in 1858 Virchow proposed the final third
part which says All organisms are made of one or more cells,
the cell is the basic unit of all living things, and all cells come
from existing cells.
48. In the 1700s a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus
described a seven-level system to classify all living things that
resulted in modern taxonomy still used today for describing,
classifying, and naming living things.
49. The seven levels of Linnaeus system of classification are
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
with only the Genus and Species used for each organisms
scientific name.
50. The first of the seven levels is called Kingdom in which
taxonomist recognize six different Kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae
, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
51. Humans are in the Animalia Kingdom, Chordata Phylum,
Mammalia Class, Primates Order , Homidae Family, Homo
Genus, and Sapiens Species which gives us the scientific name,
Homo sapiens.
52. The chemical reaction called photosynthesis is carried out by
most organisms in the Plantae Kingdom and some organisms in
the Protista Kingdom like phytoplankton and algae.
53. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that uses energy
received from the sun to chemically recombine the atoms of six
 molecules of water and the atoms of six molecules of carbon
dioxide into one molecule of sugar containing the suns energy
which we must eat directly or indirectly to stay alive and six
molecules of oxygen which we must breathe to stay alive.
54. Multicellular organisms grow by making more small cells,
not by making their existing cells larger.
55. Mitosis is the name of the process that eukaryotic cells utilize
to make more cells which are needed for both growth of the
organism and replacement of broken,worn-out cells.
56. Some of the benefits of being multicellular like humans vs
uni-cellular like bacteria are larger size resulting in fewer
predators, longer life and cell specialization.
57. Sexual reproduction, which produces offspring that share
traits with their parents but are not exactly like their parents as
in asexually reproducing organisms, depends upon a cellular
process called meiosis, the process by which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half to form the sperm and egg sex
cells.
58. Reproduction is essential for the survival of all species.
59. In addition to the inheritance of genes, the characteristics of
offspring also depend upon their interactions with the
environment which affects an organism epigenetically.
60. The six characteristics of all organisms are cellular
organization, similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop,
respond to surroundings, and reproduce.
61. The four needs of all organisms to stay alive are energy,
water, living space, and stable internal conditions.
62. The belief that living organisms could come from non-living
material was called Spontaneous Generation which is not
supported by the Cell Theory.
63. The need to maintain a constant and stable internal
environment while surrounded by an ever changing external
environment is called Homeostasis.
64. The characteristic of responding to ones surroundings
includes both physical adaptations like a long neck or striped fur
 and behavioral adaptations like migrating, hibernating or
estivating.
65. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular
time and place often described by a meteorologists
observations of type and amount of precipitation, speed and
direction of wind, percent of relative humidity, high and low
temperatures, amount of cloud cover, dew point, air pressure,
presence of severe weather like tornados and hurricanes, and
rate of lightning strikes.
66. Climate is the average weather condition in a large area over
a long period of time mainly determined by temperature and
precipitation which depend upon the latitude, wind patterns,
mountains, large bodies of water, and ocean currents.
67. Global winds called Jet Streams affect our local weather by
affecting the movement of storms.
68. Global winds called Polar Easterlies affect our local
weather by carrying (convecting) cold artic air into the USA
producing snow and freezing weather.
69. Global winds called Westerlies affect our local weather by
carrying moist air over the USA producing snow and rain.
70. The currents in the oceans, caused by unequal heating of the
oceans surface, have a great effect upon the weather.
71. The Earths atmosphere containing 78% nitrogen,
21%oxygen, and 1% carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon is
divided into the following four layers based upon temperature
differences: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and
thermosphere.
72. The Earths atmosphere provides humans with numerous free
services including but not limited to: protects us from some
asteroid and small meteoroid strikes, provides oxygen, provides
wind, absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation UV, transports
clouds carrying rain, makes AM radio signals possible, and
gives us aesthetically pleasing experiences like sunsets and the
aurora borealis
73. The Earth receives only a tiny tiny fraction of the total energy
released by the sun into space (two-billionths) then only one-
half of this energy ever reaches the Earths surface while 20% is
absorbed by ozone and clouds, 25% is scattered and reflected by
clouds and atmospheric gases, and 5% is reflected by the Earths
surface.
74. Clouds, a part of the water cycle, have a profound effect upon
the weather and climate by reflecting the suns energy back into
space, absorbing the suns energy before the energy reaches the
surface, and acting like a blanket trapping the heat energy
released from the Earths surface.
75. The amount of time defined by the terms day, month, and
year have their origins in the observable patterns of motion of
objects in our solar system.
76. Seasons are caused by the combination of the tilt of the
Earths axis and the movement of the Earth around the sun
resulting in the concentration of solar radiation striking the
Earths surface to vary both in location and time..
77. In 1803 two thousand and two hundred years after
Democritus proposed an atomic theory that was shortly
thereafter silenced by Aristotles opposition, Englishman John
Dalton proposed the following atomic theory : 1.Atoms can not
be broken into smaller pieces. 2. In any element, all the atoms
are exactly alike. 3. Atoms of two or more elements can
combine to form compounds. 4. Atoms of each element have a
unique mass. 5. The masses of the elements in a compound are
always in a constant ratio which itself has been modified many
times by the work of many scientists giving us the modern
atomic theory explained in the bizarre language of quantum
mechanics.
78. Characteristic properties of matter do not change when the
amount of matter changes making characteristic properties very
useful for identification purposes including police forensic
work.
79. The Earth moves in at least seven ways: 1. Wobbles on its
axis (25, 925 years per wobble) 2.rotates on its axis (23 hours
56 minutes per rotation at 1040mph at equator) 3. Revolves
around the moon (29.5 days per revolution at 2200 mph) 4.
Revolves around the sun (traveling 583 million miles in 365.24
days at 66,000 mph) 5. Revolves as a part of the solar system
around the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy
(200 Million years per revolution at 500,000 mph) 6. Moves
through the universe as part of the Milky Way galaxy (at
670,000 mph) 7. Moves as part of the expanding time-space
fabric of the entire universe along with billions of galaxies
80. Because the particles of a solid are packed tightly together
and stay in fixed positions, a solid has a definite shape and
volume.
81. Because the particles of a liquid are free to move, a liquid has
no definite shape, but it does have a definite volume.
82. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape
allowing it to take the shape and volume of its container.
83. Whether the state of a substance is solid, liquid, gas, or
plasma its particles are constantly moving unless the
temperature of the substance is absolute zero which has not yet
been known to have been reached.
84. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles of a substance, so the faster the particles are moving,
the greater their kinetic energy and the higher the temperature.
85. A thermometer is a speedometer for molecules.
86. In 1869 a Russian scientist named Dmitri Mendeleev
recognized a hidden pattern in the physical and chemical
properties of the elements which resulted in the first periodic
(regular, repeated pattern) table of the elements being published
by Mendeleev in 1869 allowing an elements properties to be
predicted simply from its location in the table.
87. The change in state from solid to liquid is called melting,
liquid to gas is called vaporization, gas to liquid is called
 condensation, liquid to solid is called freezing, and solid to a
gas is called sublimation.
88. The elements from helium to iron found on the Earth today
were made long ago in the stars and continue to be made in the
stars by nuclear fusion today while only the death of a star
exploding as a supernova had and has sufficient energy to fuse
nuclei together larger than iron giving us elements like uranium.
89. In 1663 Robert Hooke, an English scientist, used a compound
microscope to observe thin slices of cork whereupon he saw
structures that looked like tiny rectangular rooms which he
named cells.
90. Organelles each have a special job within the cell. Organelles
found in the cytoplasm include mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulums, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes.
91. The organelles primarily function to produce energy, build
and transport needed materials and store and recycle waste.
92. Two of the biggest differences between a plant cell and an
animal cell are that the plant cell has a cell wall which acts as a
skeleton and contains a chloroplast which allows it to make its
own food from sunlight.
93. Organisms belonging to the four Kingdoms of Plantae,
Fungi, Protista, and Animalia are made of cells or a cell that
contain nuclei, while organisms that belong to the two
Kingdoms of Eubacteria nd Archaebacteria are made of a cell
that do not contain a nucleus.
94. **Multicellular organisms like humans are built from many
cells (approx 50 Trillion) and many different kind of cells that
vary in size, structure and function allowing for the cells to be
specialized.
95. The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means
that some substances cannot move into and/or out of the cell
while other can move into and/or out of the cell by either
diffusion, osmosis, or active transport.
96. The surface area to volume ratio of cells is the factor that
limits the size of cells, because as cells grow the volume
 increases faster than the surface area resulting in the surface
area being too small to take in nutrients and pump out wastes
at a sufficient rate to meet the cells needs.
97. In 1955, Watson and Crick were able to describe the double
helix (spiral staircase) structure of the DNA molecule by being
allowed to use the data of many other scientists including the X-
ray photographs of the English chemist, Dr. Franklin.
98. Offspring receive a gene ( instructions for an inherited trait)
for every characteristic from both parents, therefore, we have
two sets of instructions known as alleles for every characteristic
with one form possibly being dominant or recessive and the
other form possibly being dominant or recessive.
99. A dominant allele is one whose trait always shows up in the
organism when the allele is present while a recessive allele is
covered up whenever the dominant allele is present, therefore, a
recessive alleles trait will only show up if the organism does
not have the dominant allele.
100. An organisms phenotype is its visible traits and its genotype
is its genetic makeup.
101. The effects of genes are often altered by the environment. A
poor diet can prevent a person from growing to his or her
potential maximum height
102. Changes brought about by mutations can be harmful,
helpful, or neutral to an organism
103. The four fundamental forces are the strong, weak, gravity,
aned electromagnetic.
104. The different forms of a gene are called alleles. . An
organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is homozygous
for that trait. An organism that has two different alleles for a
trait is heterozygous for that trait. Individual alleles control the
inheritance of some traits. Some alleles are dominant and some
alleles are recessive. A dominant allele is one whose trait always
shows up in the organism when the allele is present. A recessive
allele is covered up whenever the dominant allele is present. A
 recessive alleles trait will only show up if the organism does
not have the dominant allele.
105. In 1866 the Austrian scientist-priest Gregor Mendel
presented his results on the principles of heredity to a scientific
society who did not see the significance of his work, so his work
was forgotten for 34 years until 1900 when three scientists
rediscovered his work resulting in Gregor Mendel being known
as the Father of Genetics
106. A species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with
each other and produce fertile offspring
107. Charles Darwins observations while on a 5- year- long trip
around the world which began on December 1831 on the British
ship HMS Beagle led him to develop the theory of evolution by
natural selection
108. In 1789 the law of conservation of matter was first clearly
formulated by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) who is often for
this reason referred to as the father of modern chemistry
109. Science only knows of four fundamental forces which are the
gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong force, and the
weak force.

110. Organisms on Earth are carbon based. This means that at the
molecular level carbon is the backbone. Few elements have the
ability of carbon to bond with both itself and other elements in
so many different ways. Carbon has four valence electrons, so it
is able to form four bonds. Carbon atoms can form straight
chains, branched chains, and even rings. In carbons role in the
chemistry of life it forms millions of long carbon chain
compounds, some over a billion atoms long. Compounds
containing carbon are called organic compounds.
111. The four classes of polymer molecules, very large molecules
made of a chain of many identical smaller molecules bonded
 together. found in all living things are carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids.
112. A polymer is a very large molecule made of a chain of many
identical smaller molecules bonded together. The smaller
molecule is called a monomer. Some polymers are made
naturally by living things. Sheep make wool, cotton plants make
cotton, and silk worms make silk. Synthetic polymers like
polyester, nylon, and PVC pipe are made by man.
113. The original atomic theory, which held that matter is
composed of tiny indivisible particles in constant motion, was
first proposed in the 5th century B.C. by the Greek philosophers
Leucippus and Democritus. Although it was later adopted by the
Roman Lucretius, Aristotle did not accept the atomic theory, and
it was ignored by most people for alternative views for many
centuries. Interest in the atomic theory was revived during the
18th century following work on the behavior of gases. Modern
atomic theory begins with the work of Englishman John Dalton
when in 1803 he introduced the atomic idea to chemistry
114. An enzyme is a macromolecule called a protein that speeds
up a chemical reaction in a living thing without which the
thousands of chemical reactions that are necessary for life
would take too long, or would not occur at all resulting in
disease and death.
115. Water makes up two thirds of your body. Without water, most
chemical reactions within cells could not take place. Water also
helps cells keep their size and shape and controls temperature.
116. The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means
that some substances cannot move into or out of the cell while
other can move into or out of the cell by either diffusion,
osmosis, or active transport.
117. **Substances that move into and out of the cell do so by one
of three methods: diffusion, osmosis, active transport.
118. Chloroplasts, the green organelles inside plant cells, contain a
big molecule called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll molecules absorb
some of the sunlight. Some botanists say that plants eat light.
119. Organisms like plants that make their own food are called
autotrophs. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their
own food like humans, birds, caterpillars, and whales.
Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly
from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis. But a
very small percentage of organisms obtain their energy directly
from the Earth. For example, chemosynthetic bacteria can
survive in extreme environments such as deep-sea
hydrothermal vents. These organisms live at the bottom of
the ocean where there is no sunlight,
120. In 1955, Watson and Crick were able to describe the double
helix (spiral staircase) structure of the DNA molecule by the
shared data of many other scientists including the X-ray
photographs of the English chemist, Dr. Franklin.
121. The work of the priest, Gregor Mendel, with pea plants
formed the foundation of genetics, the scientific study of
heredity.
122. Individual alleles control the inheritance of some traits. Some
alleles are dominant and some alleles are recessive. A dominant
allele is one whose trait always shows up in the organism when
the allele is present. A recessive allele is covered up whenever
the dominant allele is present. A recessive alleles trait will only
show up if the organism does not have the dominant allele.
123. Hybrids have two different alleles for a trait.
124. Mendel was the first scientist to recognize that the principles
of probability can be used to predict the results of genetic
crosses.
125. . An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is
homozygous for that trait. An organism that has two different
alleles for a trait is heterozygous for that trait.
126. In 1903 an American geneticist, Walter Sutton while studying
grasshopper cells hypothesized that chromosomes were the key
to understanding how offspring come to have traits similar to
those of their parents. He said that chromosomes carried
 Mendels hereditary factors, or genes, from one generation to
the next.
127. Walter Suttons idea is known as the chromosome theory of
inheritance which says that genes are carried from parents to
their offspring on chromosomes. His observation of grasshopper
sex cells having only half the number of chromosomes as body
cells led to his idea.
128. Meiosis is the process by which the number of chromosomes
is reduced by half to form sex cells, the sperm and eggs.
129. Today scientists know the main function of genes is to
control the production of proteins in the organisms cells
130. The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene on a
chromosome forms a genetic code that specifies what type of
protein will be produced
131. The effects of genes are often altered by the environment. A
poor diet can prevent a person from growing to his or her
potential maximum height
132. Changes brought about by mutations can be harmful,
helpful, or neutral to an organism.
133. Some human traits show a large number of phenotypes
because the traits are controlled by many genes. The genes act
together as a group to produce a single trait.
134. Of the 23 pair of human chromosomes, one pair called the
sex chromosomes determines whether a person is male or
female. This is the only pair that does not always match. A
female has two X chromosomes while a male has one Y and one
X chromosome..
135. The original atomic theory, which held that matter is
composed of tiny indivisible particles in constant motion, was
first proposed in the 5th century B.C. by the Greek philosophers
Leucippus and Democritus. Although it was later adopted by the
Roman Lucretius, Aristotle did not accept the atomic theory, and
it was ignored by most people for alternative views for many
centuries. Interest in the atomic theory was revived during the
18th century following work on the behavior of gases. Modern
 atomic theory begins with the work of Englishman John Dalton
when in 1803 he introduced the atomic idea to chemistry
.
137. Historical development and importance
The law of conservation of mass was first clearly formulated
by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, who is often for this reason
(see below) referred to as the father of modern chemistry.
However, Mikhail Lomonosov (1748) had previously
expressed similar ideas and proved them in experiments.
Historically, the conservation of mass and weight was kept
obscure for millennia by the buoyant effect of the Earth's
atmosphere on the weight of gases, an effect not understood
until the vacuum pump first allowed the effective weighing of
gases using scales. Once understood, conservation of mass
was of key importance in changing alchemy to modern
chemistry. When scientists realized that substances never
disappeared from measurement with the scales (once
buoyancy had been accounted for), they could for the first
time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of
substances. This in turn led to ideas of chemical elements,
as well as the idea that all chemical processes and
transformations (including both fire and metabolism) are
simple reactions between invariant amounts/weights of these
elements. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743
May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a
French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry,
finance, biology, and economics. ... Year 1789
(MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday
(link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar
(or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower
Julian calendar). ... For other uses, see Chemistry
(disambiguation). ... Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Mikhail
Vasilyevich Lomonosov (

) (November 19 (November
8, Old Style), 1711 April 15 (April 4, Old Style), 1765)
was a Russian writer and polymath who made important
contributions to literature, education, and science. ... Events
April 24 - A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle with the
intent to conclude the struggle known as the War of Austrian
Succession - at October 18 - The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is
signed to end the war Adam Smith begins to deliver public
lectures in Edinburgh Building of...
138. Organisms are assigned scientific names
because of the
confusion of using common names and because of
the many
different languages spoken throughout the world.
Scientists
have settled primarily on Latin for scientific names,
although
they sometimes use Greek or other languages. The
important
thing is that, regardless of the language the scientist
uses for
communication, the scientific names chosen for all
classified
living organisms are the same worldwide. Classifying
and
assigning scientific names also include those
organisms that
once lived, such as the dinosaurs.
You may wish to refer to Figure 1 for the following