Final Report

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING PIEZO ELECTRIC MATERIAL
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction:
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and wellbeing ever
since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in
the form of food. He determined this by eating plants or creatures, which he chased. With the
progression of time, man began to develop arrive for horticulture. He added another
measurement to the utilization of energy by taming and preparing creatures to work for him.
With further interest for energy, man started to utilize the twist for cruising ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for cruising ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be right
to state that the sun was providing all the energy needs of man either specifically or in a
roundabout way and that man was utilizing just inexhaustible wellsprings of energy.
Other individuals have created piezo-electric (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces before, however

the Crowd Farm can possibly reclassify urban space by including a feeling of ease and urging
individuals to actuate spaces with their development. The Crowd Farm floor is made out of
standard parts that are effectively recreated however it is costly to create at this stage. This
innovation would encourage the future production of new urban scenes athletic fields with an
onlooker zone, music lobbies, theaters, dance club and an extensive social occasion space for
arouses, showings and festivities, railroad stations, transport stands, trams, airplane terminals and
so on like fit for outfitting human movement for power era.
Man is hunter of energy from the starting of human being. First he started in the form of food i.e.
to get energy from animals and plants. Then man started cultivation of land to get food and he
gave a new trend to energy by training animals for his help in doing job. Demand is always
increasing day by day and year by year so he started to use wind for driving ships in the sea and
falling water to turn water wheel.
1.1.1 Defining the problem
In India the demand is more than the daily energy produced so we are facing power-cut after
approximate 1 hour and industries are in hell these days. People uses rechargeable batteries
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 1

(UPS) or diesel/petrol engine to fulfill their demands. The use of stand by generator is common
in industries and large offices.
1.2 Objective of project
Our aim is to produce energy by a source that has no negative effect on environment and its
output can be used to overcome the crises in India.
1.3 Principle of project

The rule of project has few steps in it with respect to which generate power through footsteps
utilizing piezoelectric sensor. We begin with the correct plan of electrical parts and gear which
changes the mechanical vitality into electrical vitality. The second some portion of piezoelectric
sensor is mechanical part, which includes spring association with piezo, so by development of
footsteps here and there spring is offering vibration to piezo which generate electrical power and
this power will be as electric current. What's more, these two courses of action electrical and
mechanical consolidated together which changes mechanical vitality to electrical vitality. When
delivering power with footsteps on piezo there is some heap put toward the end which utilized
power, then power put away in battery is diminished so more footsteps on spring which vibrate
the step and because of vibration drive power generated. Voltages which delivered from
piezoelectric sensor is A.C voltages while we require D.C voltages to store in the battery, so for
this reason rectifier circuit is utilized. In rectifier circuit we can utilized either half wave rectifier
or full wave rectifier. Our worry is with full wave rectifier since it gives full esteem. So now A.C
voltages are changed over into D.C voltages. Presently by putting next the battery charger circuit
and battery, battery charger circuit is charging the battery and this D.C voltages is put away in
the lead acid battery of 12 volt.
Lead acid battery of 12 volt which is charged is currently additionally associated with the
inverter. As we have D.C voltages put away in the battery however we require A.C voltages on
the grounds that for the most part load require A.C voltages so by utilizing the inverter circuit
which is such composed that it reverses the voltages from battery which is 12 volt D.C to 220
volt A.C voltages. So this A.C voltage is utilized as a part of various apparatuses, for example,
for charging the tablet battery and furthermore to charge the handset, it can likewise be
accustomed to helping up the vitality appreciate. In the event that we require more power from
this method then utilized more steps for more electric current, and furthermore increment the
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 2

association of piezoelectric sensor which is associated parallel and arrangement mix and by
vibrating with the assistance of footsteps gives electrical power which is as electric current. At
that point capacity of battery and inverter ought to be expanded, battery ought to be of high
present and voltages and inverter is such outlined that it change over that electrical power to A.C
voltages and furthermore no misfortune in it, then yield power will be expanded and can be
utilized more electrical machines and furthermore can be utilized such apparatuses which require
more electric current.
CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Purpose
There are couple of strategies to generate electrical energy from strides. Outfit haggle
wheel are systems to generate electrical power. This technique likewise chip away at this
standard and in it mechanical part are utilized in light of the fact that it is set on where the
quantity of people groups are progressively and energy created by their development on the floor.
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 3

Power would generated by strides of group on the floor. Piezo plate plan is situated
underneath the floor then the then there will be sheet covering the piezo plate and furthermore
spring will be there for vibration drive on piezo. The piezo plate will be in lumps in the floor.
This plate will generate control in the kind of electric current. The power delivered by people on
foot can likewise be utilized as extra components, for example, to lightning up road light or the
light that utilized at that place for people on foot. So the walkers ought to give credit the energy
which created by their development.
2.2 Literature Analysis
To generate electrical power utilizing strides one stage will be sufficient at this level to created
electrical energy.
As concentrated couple of techniques from which power is generated. Taking after are the means
of fly and apparatus wheel technique. As piezo plate is additionally includes these means.
Initial step is by legitimate course of action of electrical parts and hardware which changes the
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
After the plan of electrical framework which changes mechanical energy to electrical energy,
then the spring is joined with sheet to piezo so the spring course of action is done, spring vibrate
the piezo.
At the point when load utilizing the power then this spring is utilized to vibrate the progression
by constrain then power is created. At that point the voltage that created through strides is
redressed and after battery charger circuit this D.C voltage is put away in the lead acid battery of
12 volt.
This lead acid battery is additionally appended to the inverter. The upset is such composed that it
modifies the voltage from battery which is 12 volt D.C to 230 volt A.C.
So this A.C voltage is utilized as a part of various apparatuses, for example, for charging the
portable PC battery and furthermore to charge the handset, it can likewise be accustomed to
helping up the energy saver. In the event that we require more power from this method then
utilized more strides for more electric current and furthermore then capacity of battery and
inverter ought to be expanded then yield power will be expanded.
2.2.1 Uses
The electrical power that is created by strides is generally reasonable at where the quantities of
people on foot are increasingly and furthermore crowdie places.
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 4

The spots, for example,
Universities
Bus Stands
Arrival and takeoff of travelers at air terminals
Shopping Mall
Food roads
Footpath
Markets
Public spots
2.2.2 Aspects
Fundamental component of footstep power generation through piezoelectric is that electrical

power delivered by changing mechanical energy to electrical energy of the development of
individuals on the floor where piezo plate is set. A further part of piezoelectric power generation
framework is that it is sheltered and secure to utilize, still this framework is working, make no
issue and no uneasiness for the general population, and it is thoroughly hazard free strategy.
Footstep power generation through piezoelectric have mechanical part and additionally electrical
part however this framework has not all that numerous misfortunes, likewise this framework is
not harmed totally by any kind of thing and this framework has minimal effort of types of gear
and segments so if framework is harmed then the cost of the framework is low, this is likewise
the component of footstep power producing framework through piezoelectric. This framework
additionally has the ability to store the electrical power away battery.
This framework generates electricity to lighten up the lights utilized as a part of lanes,
additionally for activity reason, sign sheets of streets, the power which will be abandoned is
given to national matrix for electricity reason. This framework footstep power creating
framework through footstep is shoddy, effective and solid technique.
Upcoming extent
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 5

Presently globe is blending to the sustainable assets because of the overall warming so this
venture footstep power generation through piezoelectric has an immeasurable degree. Other
inexhaustible assets are additionally utilized, for example, sun powered sterling plant, bio gas,
wind turbine and so on yet in the event that stand out from footstep power generation through
piezoelectric sensor is genuinely minimal effort intends to state reasonable, valuable, effective
and dependable than these sustainable assets.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Block Diagram
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 6

Protector sheet
made from soft core
material
Piezoelectric
transducers AC ripple
neutralizer
Voltmeter array
Unidirectional Current Controller
Rechargeable INVERTER Load

Battery
Voltmeter
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 7

4.1 Piezoelectric Sensor :
A sensor is a device which recognizes or measures a physical property and records or shows or
generally reacts to it. A Piezoelectric sensor is a gadget that uses the piezoelectric impact to
quantify the adjustments in the weight, increasing speed, temperature, strain or constrain by
changing over them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo is a Greek word for press or
squeeze. In this project pressure is sensed and is converted into the electrical energy.
Fig 4.1.1: Piezoelectric Sensor
Piezoelectric sensor has a very wide range of applications as it is used for various processes. It
was discovered by PIERRE CURIE in 1880 and din 1950s manufactures began using them.
They have been successfully used in various applications such as medical, aerospace, nuclear
instrumentation. It is also used as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. The
piezoelectric sensors can also be used to determine the aromas in the air by simultaneously
measuring resonance and capacitance.
4.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION :
The way a piezoelectric material is cut produces three main operational modes:
Transverse effect
Longitudinal effect
Shear
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 8

In Transverse effect a force applied along a neutral axis displaces the charges along the direction
perpendicular to the line of force. The amount of charge depends on the geometrical dimensions
of the respective piezo electric element.
In longitudinal effect the amount of charge displaced is strictly proportional to the applied force
and independent of the piezoelectric element size and shape. Placing several elements
mechanically in series and electrically in parallel is the only way to increase the charge output.
In shear impact the charges delivered are entirely corresponding to the connected strengths and
autonomous of the component size and shape
4.1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A piezoelectric sensor has a very high DC output impedance and can be modelled as a
proportional voltage source and filter network.
Fig 4.1.2: Schematic diagram of Piezoelectric Sensor
In the above figure L m is due to the seismic mass inertia of the sensor itself. C e inversely
proportional to the mechanical elasticity of the sensor. C 0 represents the static capacitance of the
transducer. R i is the insulation leakage resistance of the transducer element.
4.1.3 SENSOR DESIGN :
For pressure sensors, a thin membrane and a massive base is used, ensuring that an applied
pressure specifically loads the element in one direction. Here the thin membrane transfers the
force to the elements. The two main groups of materials that are used for piezoelectric sensors
are piezoelectric ceramics and single crystal materials.
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 9

Fig 4.1.3: Metal disks with piezo materials
4.2 INVERTER :
An inverter is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating
current (AC). The input voltage, output voltage and overall power handling depends on the
design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the DC source. A power invertor can be completely electronic or might be a blend of
mechanical impacts and electronic hardware.
DEPT OF ECE, MITS 10

Fig 4.2.1: Inverter Schematic Diagram
The IC1 Cd4047 is wired as an astable multi vibrator produces two 180 degree out of phase 1/50
Hz pulse trains. These pulse trains are preamplifiers by the two TIP 122 transistors. The outputs
of the TIP 122 transistors are amplified by four 2N3055 transistors to drive the inverter
transformer. The 220V AC will be accessible at the optional of the transformer
4.2.1 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR (CD4047):
An astable multi vibrator is the multi vibrator which has no stable states. Its output oscillates
continuously between two unstable states without the aid of the external triggering. The time
period of each states are determined by time constant (RC).

Fig 4.2.2: Astable multivibrator pin diagram (CD4047)
The CD4047 is a gate astable multivibrator with logic techniques incorporated to permit
positive or negative edge triggered monostable multivibrator action with retriggering and
external counting options. In the above pin diagram, inputs include +TRIGGER, -
TRIGGER, ASTABLE, ASTABLE bar, RETRIGGER and EXTERNAL RESET. Buffered
outputs are Q, Q bar and OSCILLATOR. It has a 14 pin configuration. In all mods of operation
the capacitor must be connected between C-Timing and RC-common terminals and an external
resistor must be connected between the R-Timing and RC-common Terminals.
WORKING:
Astable operation is enabled by a high level on the Astable or a low level on the Astable bar.
True input pulses on the Astable or the complement pulses on the Astable bar input allows the
circuit to be used as a gatable multi vibrator.
The Oscillator output period will be half of the Q terminal output in the astable mode.
The CD4047 triggers in the monostable mode when a positive going edge happens on the
+Trigger input while the - Trigger is held low.
The retriggerable method of operation is constrained to the positive going edge.

A abnormal state on the EXTERNAL RESET input guarantees no yield beat amid an "ON"
power condition. This info can likewise be initiated to end the yield beat whenever.
The time of the square wave at Q and Q bar yields in this method of operation is an element of
the outside segments utilized.For monostable operation, Whenever VDD is applied an internal
power on reset circuit will clock the Q output low within the one output period.
FEATURES OF CD4047:
High voltage Type (20V Rating)
Low power consumption due to special CMOS oscillator configuration.
It may be use for both Monostable or astable operation.
True and complimented Buffered outputs.
Only one External R and C required.
Buffered inputs.
100% tested for Quiescent current at 20V
Only one External R and C required.
Standardized and Symmetrical output characteristics.
5V, 10V and 15V parametric ratings.

Fig 4.2.3: Astable multivibrator IC CD4047
FEATURES OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
Free running modes.
50% duty cycle.
Oscillator output available.
Good astable frequency stability.
4.2.2 Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device, used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is made out of semiconductor material as a rule with no less than three terminals for
association with an outside circuit. A voltage or current connected to one sets of the transistor's
terminal controls the current through another match of terminals. Many of the transistors are
embedded in integrated circuits.
Fig 4.2.4: Schematic diagram of a Transistor
The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied
between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This

property is called gain. A bipolar transistor has terminals marked base, gatherer and producer. A
little current streaming at the base can control or switch substantially bigger current between the
gatherer and producer terminals. It is utilized as both switch and an intensifier.
TIP122 TRANSISTOR:
High DC Current pick up.
Collector-Emitter Sustaining voltage.
Low Collector-Emitter immersion voltage.
.Pb-Free bundles are accessible.
Monolithic development with Built-In-Base-Emitter shunt resistors
Fig 4.2.5: TIP122 Transistor
2N3055 TRANSISTOR:
The 2N3055 is a silicon NPN control transistor expected for broadly useful applications. It was
presented in mid 1960s by RCA utilizing a hometaxial control transistor handle, transitioned to
an epitaxial base in the mid-1970s. Its numbering takes after the JEDEC standard.

Fig 4.2.6: 2N3055 Power Transistor
This transistor was designed by Herb Meisels engineering group with RCA. The maximum
collector-to-emitter voltage for the 2N3055 depends on the resistance path the external circuit
provides between the base and emitter to the transistor.
Specifications:
Rating Symbol Value Unit

CollectorEmitter Voltage VCEO 60 Vdc
CollectorEmitter Voltage VCER 70 Vdc
CollectorBase Voltage VCB 100 Vdc
EmitterBase Voltage VEB 7 Vdc
Collector Current Continuous IC 15 Adc
Base Current IB 7 Adc
Total Power Dissipation @ TC = 25C PD 115 W

Derate Above 25C 0.657 W/C
Operating and Storage Junction ,T 65 to C
TJ stg
Temperature Range +200
FEATURES:
DC Current gain ( h FE ) = 20-70 @ I c = 4 Adc.
Collector-Emitter saturation voltage = V CE ( sat ) = 1.1 V dc (Max) @ I c = 4 Adc.
Excellent safe operating Area.

Pb-Free packages are available.
4.2.3 HEAT SINK:
A heat sink is a detached heat exchanger that exchanges the heat produced by an electronic or a
mechanical gadget to a liquid medium, regularly air or a fluid coolant, where it is dispersed far
from the gadget, in this manner permitting direction of the gadget's temperature at ideal levels. A
heat sink is intended to boost its surface range in contact with the cooling medium encompassing
it, for example, the air.
Fig 4.2.7: Heat Sink for 2N3055 Fig 4.2.8: Heat Sink for TIP122
4.2.4 MICA SHEET:
Mica sheets are used as an alternative for the heat sinks in order to place the power transistors on
the heat sink.

Fig 4.2.9: Mica Sheet for 2N3055
4.2.5 TRANSFORMER:
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. This is based on the principle of Faradays laws of induction
which states that how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force.
Fig 4.2.10: Transformer
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faradays principal of
mutual induction, in which an EMF is induced in the transformers secondary coil by the
magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents flowing in the primary coil winding.
The transformer ratio is given by

Es Ns
=
Ep Np
Where E s = secondary voltage
E p = primary voltage
N s = Number of turns in the secondary
N p = Number of turns in the primary
The transformer used here is a step up transformer as it converts 12 volts to 230 volts. A Step up
transformer consists of more number of windings on the primary side and low number of
windings on the secondary side. In step up transformer the voltage is high and current is low on
the primary side and voltage is low and current is high on the secondary windings side. The
output of the transformer is given to the load. The load may be a light or bulb or a charger or any
other electrical devices.
4.2.6 DIODE(B4127):
An electronic device which allows the flow of charge either in the forward direction or reverse
direction is called as diode. It can also defined as an electronic device which has unidirectional
flow of charge. The diode is said to be forward biased when the when the positive and negative
terminals of the diode are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the voltage source
respectively. The diode is said to be reverse biased if the positive and negative terminals of the
battery are connected to the negative and positive terminals of the battery respectively. The diode
we use here is a special diode B4127.
FEATURES:
It has a low loss RF-Filter for mobile communication.
It has a low amplitude ripple.
It uses a passband of 35 MHZ.
It has a ceramic package for surface mounted technology.
Its terminals are plated with Nickel(Ni) and gold.

It has an operating temperature range of T= 25+_2o C.
It has a terminating source impedance ZS = 50 ohms.
It has a terminating load impedance ZL = 50 ohms.
It has maximum insertion attenuation.
It has an maximum input power.
It has an operable temperature range T= -40 / + 85oC.
4.2.7 FUSE:
A fuse is an electrical safety device which provides an overcurrent protection of an electrical

circuit including the source power and load. Its essential components is metal wire. This metal
wire melts when much current flows through it and thereby interrupting the current. It acts as a
sacrificial device. If the fuse is once operated it becomes an open loop. So, it must be replaced or
rewired depending on type. A fuse is an automatic means of removing power from a faulty
system and it is often abbreviated to ADS (Automatic Disconnection of Supply).
FIG 4.2.11: FUSE
The fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared to the
circuit conductors which are mounted between a pair of electrical terminals. These are usually
enclosed by a non-combustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series in order to carry all the
current passing through the protected circuit. The resistance of the element generates heat due to
the current. The fuse elements present in the fuse are made up of Zinc, Copper, Silver,

aluminium. Many other alloys are also used to provide stable and predictable characteristics. A
fuse is placed in a fuse holder while it is being used in any of the circuit. The fuse holder is as
shown below. The fuse used here is about 5v.
FIG 4.2.12: Fuse Holder
4.2.8 POTENTIOMETER:
A potentiometer is informally called as a POT. It is a three-terminal device. It consists of a

sliding or rotating contact which is used for voltage adjustments. If two of the three terminals are
used it acts as a variable resistor or a rheostat. It is essentially a voltage divider which is used for
measuring the electric potential. The potentiometer is as shown below.
FIG 4.2.13: POTENTIOMETER

The potentiometers are classified into different types of potentiometers based on the construction
or nomenclature.
A potentiometer which is adjusted by sliding the wiper towards left or right or up or down using
thumb is called slide pot or a slider pot.
A small rotating potentiometer which is adjusted by a small thumbwheel is called as an thumb

pot or thumbwheel pot.
A trimmer potentiometer which is typically used to adjust once or infrequently for fine-tuning
an electrical signal is called as trim pot or trimmer pot.
A potentiometer with multi-turns operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring,
enabling it to convert linear position
FIG 4.2.14: Drawing of potentiometer with case cut away showing parts
The above figure is a drawing of a potentiometer with case cut away showing parts.
B represents a resistive element.
C represents a wiper.
E, G, F are the three terminals.
The wiper is also called as sliding element and that moves along the element making a good
electrical contact. The resistive element forms into an arc of circle usually a little less than a full
turn. The wiper is connected to the third terminal, usually between the other two. The ends of a
resistive element is connected to the to terminals. In a potentiometer the wiper is always

connected to the middle terminal. In a linear slider potentiometer the wiper slides along the linear
element instead of rotating. The resistive element is made up of a graphite.
FIG 4.2.15: Symbols for potentiometer
APPLICTIONS OF POTENTIOMETER:
It us used in a light dimmer to control the switching of a TRIAC in order to control the
brightness of lamps indirectly.
These are rarely used to directly control the significant amounts of power.
The pre-set potentiometers are used during the manufacture and servicing of electronics.
In audio control, the potentiometers are used to control audio equipment, changing loudness,
frequency attenuation and other characteristics of audio signals.
In television sets the potentiometers are used to control the brightness, contrast and colour
response. A potentiometer is often used to adjust the vertical hold.
In computers high precision potentiometers are used to scale the intermediate results by desired
constant factors or to set the initial conditions for a calculation.
4.2.9 RESISTORS:
A resistor is a passive element. It is an electronic device which reduces the current flow, adjust
the signal levels, divide the voltages, and terminate the transmission lines by implementing the
electrical resistance. The resistor and its symbol are as shown below.

FIG 4.2.16: Resistor and Resistor symbol.
The resistor will be marked with different colours. These colours are used to calculate the value
of the resistor. Each colour is marked with a certain value. By adding all these values the value of
the resistor is calculated. The colours are given the values as below.
Black (B) = 0
Brown (B) =1
RED (R) = 2
Orange (O) = 3
Yellow (Y) = 4
Green (G) = 5
Blue (B) = 6
Violet (v) = 7
Grey (G) = 8
White (W) = 9
By using the above values of the colours we can calculate the value of the resistance.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING:

The behaviour of a resistor is explained by the relation specified by the ohms law which is given
by
V=I.R
The ohms law states that the voltage across the resistor is proportional to the current. Here the
proportionality constant is resistance (R). Its units are ohms and they are defined after Georg
Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to volt per ampere.
The resistors are connected in both series and parallel.
4.2.17: Resistors in series FIG 4.2.18: Resistors in Parallel
The resistors in series are calculated by using the formula
RS = R1 + R2 + . + Rn
The resistors in parallel are calculated by using the formula
RP = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + + (1/Rn)

In a series resistor circuit the current across the circuit will be same. In a parallel resistor circuit
the voltage across the circuit will be same. In complex circuits the calculation is done based on
the y to delta transformation methods and matrix methods. The power consumed by the resistor
of a resistance R is calculated as given below
P = I2R = V2/R

4.2.10 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED):
A light emitting diode abbreviated as LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It acts as a
p-n junction diode, which emits light when activated. The LED emits light based on the concept
of electroluminescence. The process in which when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads
electrons will recombine with holes within the device and releases photons is called as
electroluminescence. The LED is as shown in the below figure.
FIG 4.2.19: Light Emitting Diode (LED)
The parts of a conventional LED is as shown in the below figure.
FIG 4.2.20: Conventional Parts of LED
At first the LEDs were used as indication bulbs. Later they are used for the replacement of
incandescent and neon bulbs. They are also used in Seven segment display. The LEDs are
designed to operate with not more than 30-60 milliwatts of electrical power. The power LEDs
which are capable of using continuous 1 watt are called power LEDs. One of the advantages of
LED-based light sources is high luminous efficacy. Many LEDs re encapsulated or plotted into

individual dies. Each die is called a chip. Mounting the semiconductor on a chip in devices is
easier to accomplish.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING:
The principle behind the working of a light emitting diode is electroluminescence which
can be defined as the emission of light from a semiconductor under the influence of an
electric field.
We know that a P-N junction can convert the absorbed light energy into a proportional
electric current. The same process is reversed here which means a P-N junction emits
light when electrical energy is applied.
The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons crosses
from the N-region and recombine with the P-region where holes are present.
Thus the energy levels of the holes will be less when compared to the energy levels of the
electrons. Some portion of energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons
and holes. The emitted energy is emitted in the form of light.
If the semiconductor is translucent, the junction itself becomes the source of light as it is
emitted, thus becoming the light-emitting diode.
When the junction is reverse-biased, the light will not be emitted from the device and
moreover if the potential is high then the diode will be damaged.
FIG 4.2.21: Working Of LED

TYPES OF LEDs:
FIG 4.2.22: TYPES OF LEDS
The main types of LEDs are miniature, high-power and custom designs such as alphanumeric or
multi-colour. There are also other types of LEDs.
Blue LED
Organic LEDs
Quantum dot LEDs
Phosphor-based LED
White LED
RGB LED
ADVANTAGES:
Its efficiency is more than the incandescent light bulbs.
The size of the LEDs are very small so that they can be easily attached to printed circuit boards.
LEDs can emit light of a intended colour without using any colour filters.
LEDs can be recycled frequently than the incandescent bulbs or fluorescent lamps.
LEDs have a high warmup time which means they light up very quickly.
LEDs have relatively long useful life.

DISADVANTAGES:
Earlier the cost of light emitting diodes is more expensive than other lightning technologies.
The LEDs exhibit electrical polarity. While the incandescent bulbs will glow irrespective of the
electrical polarity.
The blue LEDs and white LEDs are now exceeding the safe limits which results in a blue light
hazard.
LEDs cause light pollution.
APPLICATIONS:
LEDs are used in the visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the
human eye.
In narrow-band light sensors LEDs are used in a reverse mode and respond to the incident light.
LEDs are used in indicator and signs.
LEDS are also used in street lights and other architectural lightning.
LEDs are used in measuring and interacting with the processes involving no human vision.
LEDS are used in illumination where light us reflected from the objects to give visual response
of the objects.
4.2.11 ZENER DIODE:
A Zener diode is defined as a diode which permits the current to flow from cathode to anode
when it is even reverse biased where it reaches the Zener voltage. It has a highly-doped P-N
junction. In all the other diodes the knee voltage is not well defined as it is defined for the Zener
diode. All the other diodes that are normal will break down with a reverse voltage. The Zener
diode was named after Clarence Melvin Zener. He discovered the Zener effect. The Zener diode
and its symbol are as shown below.

FIG 4.2.23: Zener Diode and its symbol
PRINCIPLE OF PERATION:
The Zener diode operation can be explained from the transfer characteristics of the Zener diode.
FIG 4.2.24: Transfer Characteristics
During the forward bias condition, the current starts to flow once the diode crosses the cut in
voltage.
The cut in voltage is defined as the voltage at which the diode starts conducting the current.
The transfer characteristics of the Zener diode are similar to the characteristics of the transfer
characteristics in the forward region of the P-N junction diode.

In the reverse break down region the voltage is independent of the current flowing in it except
for a small dynamic change.
By using that small dynamic change dynamic resistance is calculated.
The reverse voltage at which the current flowing through the diode becomes constant is called as
Zener voltage.
APPLICATIONS:
It is used in a wave form clipper.
Two Zener diodes which are facing the circuit are used to clip the both halves of the
signal.
It is used in the voltage shifter.
In a voltage shifter the Zener diode shifts the voltage to a value to a low voltage and
makes it equal to the Zener voltage. This can be done by simply giving the Zener diode as
an input to the circuit with a resistor.
It is used in a voltage regulator circuit.
In this circuit the voltage is regulated linearly by the Zener diode.
It is used in over voltage protection circuits.
It is used in switching applications.
It is used as reference elements.

FIG 4.2.25: Wave form clipper
FIG 4.2.26: Voltage shifter
FIG 4.2.27: Voltage Regulator

The above figure represents the voltage clipper, voltage shifter and voltage regulator circuits and
graphs respectively. The Zener diode operation depends on the heavy doping of the P-N junction.
The break down voltage depends on the width of the depletion layer. The width of the depletion
layer depends on the doping concentration of the charge carriers. The emitter base junction of an
n-p-n transistor works as a Zener diode with a voltage of 6.8 volts. Zener diodes are used in the
surge protectors. They are used to limit the transient voltage peaks.
There are two types of Zener diodes:
Surface Zener diodes
Sub surface Zener diodes
4.3 BATTERY:
Battery (electricity), a variety of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either

independently connected or exclusively connected and housed in a solitary unit. An electrical
battery is a blend of at least one electrochemical cells, used to change over put away concoction
vitality into electrical vitality. Batteries might be utilized once and disposed of, or revived for a
considerable length of time as in standby power applications. Smaller than usual cells are utilized
to power gadgets, for example, portable hearing assistants and wristwatches; bigger batteries
give standby energy to phone trades or PC server farms.
Fig 4.3.1: Lead Acid Battery
Lead-acid batteries are the most widely recognized in PV frameworks on the grounds that their
underlying expense is lower and on the grounds that they are promptly accessible almost
wherever on the planet. There are a wide range of sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries,
however the most imperative assignment is that they are profound cycle batteries. Lead-acid
batteries are accessible in both wet-cell (requires upkeep) and fixed no-support variants.

Lead acid batteries are dependable and savvy with an incredibly long life. The Lead acid
batteries have high unwavering quality in light of their capacity to withstand cheat, over release
vibration and stun. The utilization of extraordinary fixing procedures guarantees that our
batteries are airtight and non-spoilable. The batteries have uncommon charge acknowledgment,
substantial electrolyte volume and low self-release, Which make them perfect as zero-support
batteries lead acid batteries
Are produced/tried utilizing CAD (Computer Aided Design). These batteries are utilized as a part
of Inverter and UPS Systems and have the demonstrated capacity to perform under extraordinary
conditions. The batteries have electrolyte volume, utilize PE Separators and are fixed in solid
holders, which give them great assurance against spillage and corrosion.
Features:
Manufactured/tested using CAD
Electrolyte volume
Protection against leakage
PE Separators
Specifications
12V 1.3Ah sealed lead acid battery
CE and RoHs high quality and reliability
Maintenance free
long life cycle
4.4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

Fig 4.4.1: Image of LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and locate an extensive
variety of utilizations. A 16x2 LCD display is exceptionally essential module and is normally
utilized as a part of different gadgets and circuits. These modules are favored more than seven
portions and other multi fragment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are conservative; effortlessly
programmable; have no restriction of displaying unique and even custom characters (dissimilar
to in seven sections), movements et cetera.
A 16x2 LCD implies it can display 16 charac ters for each line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel network. This LCD has two registers, to be
specific, Command and Data.
The order enlist stores the charge directions given to the LCD. A summon is a guideline given to
LCD to do a predefined errand like instating it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display and so on. The information enroll stores the information to be displayed on
the LCD. The information is the ASCII estimation of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Snap to take in more about inside structure of a LCD.

Fig 4.4.2: Pin Diagram of LCD
FEATURES
5 x 8 dots with cursor
Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
+ 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)
1/16 duty cycle
B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED)
N.V. optional for + 3V power supply
Pin Description

4.5 Analog to Digital Converters
There are numerous methods to change over analog signals to digital signals. These converters
discover more applications as a middle gadget to change over the signals from analog to digital
shape, displays yield on LCD through a microcontroller. The target of an A/D converter is to
decide the yield flag word comparing to an analog flag. Presently we will see an ADC of 0804. It
is a 8-bit converter with 5V of energy supply. It can take just a single analog flag as information.
The digital yield fluctuates from 0-255. ADC needs a clock to work. The time taken to change
over the analog to digital esteem relies on upon the clock source. An outer clock can be given to
CLK IN stick no.4. A reasonable RC circuit is associated between the check IN and clock R pins
to utilize the inward clock. Pin2 is the information stick High to low heartbeat conveys the
information from inner enroll to the yield sticks after transformation. Pin3 is a Write Low to
high heartbeat is given to outer clock. Pin11 to 18 are information pins from MSB to LSB.

ADC0808:
ADC0808 is a converter which has 8 analog inputs and 8 digital outputs. ADC0808 permits us to
screen up to 8 distinct transducers utilizing just a solitary chip. This disposes of the requirement
for outer zero and full scale alterations.
ADC0808 is a solid CMOS gadget, offers rapid, high exactness, negligible temperature reliance,
phenomenal long haul precision and repeatability and expends insignificant power. These
components make this gadget preferably suited to applications from process and machine control
to shopper and car applications. The stick graph of ADC0808 is appeared in figure underneath:
ADC0808 Features:
Simple interface to all microchips
No zero or full-scale alter required
8-channel multiplexer with address rationale
0V to 5V input run with single 5V power supply
Outputs meet TTL voltage level details
Bearer chip bundle with 28-stick
Specifications:
Resolution: 8 Bits
Total Unadjusted Error: LSB and 1 LSB
Single Supply: 5 VDC
Low Power: 15 mW
Change Time: 100 s

For the most part, the ADC0808 input which is to be changed over to digital frame can be chosen
by utilizing three address lines A, B, C which are pins 23, 24 and 25. The progression size is
picked subordinate upon set reference esteem. Step size is the adjustment in analog input to bring
about a unit change in the output of ADC. ADC0808 needs an outer clock to work not at all like
ADC0804 which has an inward clock.
The ceaseless 8-bit digital output relating to momentary estimation of analog input. The most
outrageous level of input voltage must be lessened relatively to +5V.
The ADC 0808 IC requires clock flag of normally 550 kHz, ADC0808 is utilized to change over
the information into digital from required for the microcontroller.
Use of ADC0808:
The ADC0808 has numerous applications; here we have given some application on ADC:
From the underneath circuit the clock, begin and EOC pins are associated with microcontroller.
By and large, we have 8 inputs; here we are utilizing just 4 inputs for the operation.
LM35 temperature sensor is utilizing which is associated with clench hand 4 inputs of the analog
to digital convertor IC. The sensor has got 3 pins i.e., VCC, GND and output pins, when the
sensor warmed the voltage at output increments.
The address lines A, B, C are associated with microcontroller for the summons. In this the hinder
takes after the low to high operation.
At the point when the begin stick is held high no change starts, yet when the begin stick is low
the transformation will begin inside 8 clock periods.
The moment that the transformation is finished the EOC stick goes low to show the complete of
change and information prepared to be grabbed.
The output enable (OE) is then raised high. This empowers the TRI-STATE outputs, permitting
the information to be perused.

Fig 4.2.30: Pin Diagram of ADC0808
Fig 4.5.1: Pin Description of ADC0808

CHAPTER 5
Implementation and Result
5.1 Working
Whenever force is applied on piezo electric crystals that force is converted to Electrical
energy is used to drive DC loads. And that minute voltage which is produced to be stored
in the Lead Acid battery. The battery is connected to the inverter.
When the pressure is applied on the piezoelectric sensors an LED which is connected to
the sensors glows
This inverter is utilized to change over the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt
A.C voltage is utilized to initiate the loads.
We are utilizing ordinary battery charging unit likewise to give supply to the hardware.
5.2 Calculations
In 1 Square ft. I used 16 piezo sensor.
As piezo sensors power generating varies with different steps, get
Minimum Voltage = 1.2V per step
Maximum Voltage= 11V per step
I took an average of 50Kg weight pressure from single person.
Considering the steps of a 50Kg weighted single person. The average calculation is:

It takes 700 steps to increase 1V charge in battery.

So, the increase 12V in battery total steps needed =(12 x 700)
=8400 steps
As I will implement our project in populated area where foot step as source will
available. I took an average of 2 steps in 1 second.
For 8400 steps time needed = 8400/(60x2)
= 70 minutes. (Approximately).
Fig : Foot Step
Fig Inverter Circuit

Fig:
Chapter 6
Advantages and Applications
6.1 Advantages
Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.
Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.
Excellent linearity over their dynamic range.
Compact yet highly sensitive.
No moving parts long service life.
Self generating no external power required.
Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose.
6.2 Disadvantages

Sensor array will produce minute power at a time
Since physically weak they need protective sheets
6.3 Applications
Foot step generated power can be used for agricultural, home applications, street-lighting.
Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure situations.
Metros, Rural Applications etc.,
6.4 Conclusion
The project FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY

APPLICATION TO RUN A.C. AND D.C. LOADS is successfully tested and
implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people.
This can be used for many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or
totally absent.
As India is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge
population. By using this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads according
to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.
6.4 Future Scope:

References:
Vibration Based Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Material, M.N. Fakhzan, Asan
G.A. Muthalif Department of Mechatronics Engineering, International Islamic University
Malaysia, IIUM,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Handley, Kevin. Energy Harvester: Converts Low-Level Vibrations into Usable

Energy. Ferro Solutions Corp.
Shenck, Nathan S. and Joseph A. Paradiso. Energy Scavenging with Shoe-Mounted Piezo
electrics. MIT Media Laboratory, Responsive Environments Group.
Electrical Power Generation Using Piezoelectric Crystal Anil Kumar International

Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 5, May-2011
Generation of Electrical Power through Foot steps K. Ramakrishna, Guruswamy Revana

and Venu Madhav Gopaka International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current
Research 20 Sept 2014, Vol.2.

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FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION USING PIEZO ELECTRIC MATERIAL

Other individuals have created piezo-electric (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces before, however

1.1.1 Defining the problem

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 1

1.2 Objective of project

1.3 Principle of project

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 2

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 3

2.2 Literature Analysis

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 4

The spots, for example,

Arrival and takeoff of travelers at air terminals

Fundamental component of footstep power generation through piezoelectric is that electrical

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 5

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 6

Unidirectional Current Controller

Rechargeable INVERTER Load

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 7

4.1 Piezoelectric Sensor :

Fig 4.1.1: Piezoelectric Sensor

4.1.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION :

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 8

4.1.2 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

Fig 4.1.2: Schematic diagram of Piezoelectric Sensor

4.1.3 SENSOR DESIGN :

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 9

Fig 4.1.3: Metal disks with piezo materials

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 10

Fig 4.2.1: Inverter Schematic Diagram

4.2.1 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR (CD4047):

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 11

Fig 4.2.2: Astable multivibrator pin diagram (CD4047)

The retriggerable method of operation is constrained to the positive going edge.

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 12

High voltage Type (20V Rating)

Low power consumption due to special CMOS oscillator configuration.

It may be use for both Monostable or astable operation.

True and complimented Buffered outputs.

Only one External R and C required.

100% tested for Quiescent current at 20V

Only one External R and C required.

Standardized and Symmetrical output characteristics.

5V, 10V and 15V parametric ratings.

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 13

Fig 4.2.3: Astable multivibrator IC CD4047

FEATURES OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

Free running modes.

50% duty cycle.

Oscillator output available.

Good astable frequency stability.

Fig 4.2.4: Schematic diagram of a Transistor

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 14

High DC Current pick up.

Collector-Emitter Sustaining voltage.

Low Collector-Emitter immersion voltage.

.Pb-Free bundles are accessible.

Monolithic development with Built-In-Base-Emitter shunt resistors

Fig 4.2.5: TIP122 Transistor

DEPT OF ECE, MITS 15

Fig 4.2.6: 2N3055 Power Transistor

Rating Symbol Value Unit

Total Power Dissipation @ TC = 25C PD 115 W

DC Current gain ( h FE ) = 20-70 @ I c = 4 Adc.