CHAPTER I

1. INTRODUCTION
In the event of an accident, the on-board e-Call device transmits an emergency call to the
most appropriate public service answering point (PSAP) along with certain vehicle-
related data (notably the vehicle's precise location). Actually it works either with the
human intervention or even without it. , there will also always be a voice connection
between the vehicle and the rescue centre in addition to the data link

eCall is based on EU Directive E112 (2003) which requires that all

mobile phone networks provide relevant emergency services with any information they
have about the source of a mobile call. The eCall system works by using a black box
device which, when sensors are triggered in a collision, initiates a 112 call to the nearest
emergency centre. If the caller is unable to speak the data connection will ensure that the
necessary information (in terms of GPS location and car description) is transmitted. 112 is
the pan-European emergency call number which operates in conjunction with the national
emergency numbers of member states.

This emergency number is standardized across the EU and

reachable from fixed and mobile phones, but what the eCall initiative does is take this a
step further, by allowing for this emergency call to be automated in the event of a
collision.

Although the mobile phone operators are required to participate in

the eCall scheme, Member States and car manufacturers are not. eCall is a clear
example of how different stakeholders must work towards the same objective in a
coordinated way. It makes no sense, for example, to have eCall functionality in a
vehicle when there is no infrastructure available to answer a distress call. From the
outset, automakers have stressed the active role that Member States, emergency
service providers and other stakeholders, like mobile network providers, play.

1.1 Supporting documents, standards and research

Many previous studies have reviewed the technology and investigated and discussed the
potential benefits associated with eCall systems. The target for this review of the
supporting documents, standards and research was to provide the EC with an objective

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review of the existing documents supporting the implementation of eCall. It is anticipated
that the information collated forms the basis of, and enables, the detailed technical
requirements and tests for the type-approval of eCall IVS to be specified. Therefore it
included, wherever possible, the identification of proposals for methods and assessment
procedures which could be used to assess eCall systems in a vehicle type-approval
setting.
1.2 Legislators, standardisation and research groups-
The United Nations Informal Working Group AECS4 (Accident Emergency Call
Systems) is in the process of drafting a new UN Regulation on the type-approval of
accident emergency call systems (in the following referred to as Draft UN Regulation No.
XX on AECD/AECS). The Informal Working Group (IWG) is under chairmanship of the
Russian Federation and forms a sub-group of the Working Party on General Safety
Provisions (GRSG) within WP.29 (1958 Agreement).
The 1st meeting took place in October 2013 with the initial aim to complete the
work by October 2014. At the 4th meeting in April 2014 it was decided to postpone the
date for finalising an agreed draft to October 2015.
The discussions are based on an initial draft text provided by the Russian
federation and input from Contracting Parties and stakeholders, including OICA, CLEPA,
GSA and CETECOM. The work concerns common technical requirements of AECS
devices and functions, the data to be transmitted, and test methods; it does not address
questions such as mobile phone communication protocols. The EC published a proposal
on type-approval of M1 and N1 vehicles with regard to eCall in-vehicle systems (IVSs) in
June 2013.
This proposal does not contain the detailed provisions on technical requirements
or testing. These "non-essential" elements will be introduced by the EC through
delegated/implementing acts. The European Parliament adopted a legislative resolution
on the text in February 2014; and the Council discussed and adopted a general approach
in May 2014. Both institutions support the mandatory introduction of the eCall in-vehicle
system proposed by the EC. If an early second reading agreement can be reached between
Council and Parliament, this might lead to possible draft delegated/implementing acts at
the end of 2014. The opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the proposal
of Parliament and Council has been obtained.
A set of European EN standards with regard to eCall has been published by the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) since 2011 covering numerous technical aspects

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like operating requirements, data to be transmitted in case of an accident and end-to-end
conformance testing.
The Russian Federation is in the process of legislating on ERA-GLONASS which is the
Russian equivalent to eCall. ERA-GLONASS will be required for M1, M2, M3, N1, N2
and N3 vehicles (with varying levels of functionality) from the beginning of January 2015
for new types of vehicles.
The Russian legislative process was supported by a set of nine GOST standards,
published in two batches in 2011 and 2013 respectively. These cover numerous aspects of
technical requirements and test methods and were designed with the aim in mind to
ensure technological compatibility with the main functional properties of EUs eCall, e.g.
using a modem tone as the main mechanism for transferring data, structure and format of
the standardized mandatory data transmitted as part of the MSD, and two-way voice
connection with vehicle occupants. The Japanese eCall equivalent, HELPNET, was
established in 2000 and has since been voluntarily adopted by major vehicle
manufacturers such as Toyota, Lexus and Honda. The system is not legally mandated or
regulated but based on voluntary agreements and managed privately. The HeERO
project5 is a pre-deployment trial for pan-European eCall based on the common European
emergency number 112.
The project started with a first phase in January 2011 and continued with a second
phase, running partly in parallel, in January 2013, extending to December 2014. The aim
of the project is to prepare the deployment of the necessary infrastructure for a
harmonised in-vehicle emergency call system that is interoperable and provides cross-
border continuity. To test and assess the European technical standards in real-world
conditions trials are carried out in 15 European countries (nine in HeERO 1; 6 in HeERO
2).
Some deliverables of the project provide assessments of the certification
procedures and recommendations for future deployment activities. The European eCall
Implementation Platform (EeIP)6 is a coordination body for stakeholders and national
platforms supporting the implementation of eCall. The platform coordinates with member
states and assists the EC in preparing legislation. Its aim is to guide, coordinate and
monitor the progress of implementation in Europe to ensure a timely, effective and
harmonised deployment. The eSafety Driving Group eCall7 was a working group
established by the EC under the eSafety forum. It was co-chaired by ERTICO-ITS Europe

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and ACEA and finalised its work in 2006. Members of the working group represented all
sectors involved in the implementation of eCall.

1.3 Future requirements and test methods for eCall invehicle system
(IVS)
Based on a technical assessment of the material available and discussions with technical
experts in the area of eCall and stakeholders from various groups, many distinct aspects
of eCall were identified that needed to be considered for type-approval regulation:
1. Scope
2. Privacy and liability aspects
3. Conformance to relevant technical standards
4. eCall triggering and test calls
5. Resistance to mechanical impact during normal use
6. Resistance to mechanical impact during accident (crash)
7. Climate resistance
8. Autonomous power supply
9. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
10. Resistance to electric impacts
11. Wireless link performance of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
12. Installation and connection
13. Audio equipment
14. In-vehicle system (IVS) self-test
15. Human-machine interface (HMI)
16. Test equipment
17. Definitions of terms
18. Co-existence of third party and mandatory eCall systems
19. Nomadic eCall devices
20. Additional aspects The following technical sections will discuss the relevant aspects
of each of these items in detail. This includes a brief explanation why requirements might
be considered; an overview of options for requirements and testing existing in current
legislation, proposals and technical standards; commentary and discussion of the most
relevant options; and a recommendation how to proceed on each of the items.

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 CHAPTER 2

2. E-call
According the European Commission (EC) there were approximately 39,000 deaths and
more than 1.7 million people injured in Europe during 2008[1][2]. The evolution of the
telematics sector and the introduction of e-Call have created an opportunity for deaths via
vehicle accidents to be reduced. The eCall service has been introduced and fostered by the
European Commission, with the aim to establish the fully operational service in 2015s

The pan-European in-vehicle emergency call, eCall, is estimated to have the potential
to save up to 2,500 fatalities annually in Europe when fully deploye. Furthermore, it can
reduce the severity of injuries, reduce human suffering and bring significant savings to
society in terms of healthcare and other related costs.

Emergency calls made from vehicles or mobile telephones using wireless technology can
assist in significantly reducing road deaths and injuries . However, drivers often have
inaccurate location details, especially on interurban roads or abroad. In many situations
the car occupants may not be in a position to call using a normal mobile phone.

The objective of implementing the pan-European in-vehicle emergency call system

(eCall) is to automate the notification of a traffic accident from anywhere in the European
Union and associated countries, using the same technical standards . This seminar gives
an overview of the status of eCall and associated documents. It also discusses design
considerations for the eCall in-vehicle system in order to reduce cost for vehicle
manufacturers.

Fig-2.1 e-call cycle

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2.1 Technology
When a serious accident occurs, in-vehicle sensors will automatically trigger an eCall.
When activated, the invehicle system (IVS) establishes a 112-voice connection. At the
same time an emergency message, the minimum set of data (MSD) including key
information about the accident, such as time, location, driving direction and vehicle
description, is sent with the voice call. The eCall can also be activated manually.

The mobile network operator (MNO) identifies that the 112 call is an eCall from
the eCall flag inserted by the vehicles communication module. The MNO handles the
eCall like any other 112 call and routes the call to the most appropriate emergency
response center - Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP).

The PSAP operator will receive both the voice call and the MSD. The below figure shows
the e-call technology.

Fig 2.2 e-Call technology

The information provided by the MSD will be decoded and displayed in the PSAP
operator screen. At the same time, the operator will be able to hear what is happening in
the vehicle and talk with the occupants of the vehicle if possible. This will help the
operator ascertain which emergency services are needed at the accident scene
(ambulance, fire, police) and to rapidly dispatch the alert and all relevant information to
the right service.

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The MSD includes vehicle location information, time stamp, number passengers, vehicle
identification number (VIN), and geographical locations along with other relevant
information. SRC helps detecting the number of Bluetooth active handheld devices which
provides the estimation of the number of people in the car. The other ways of finding the
number of people can be seat belt sensors and also pressure on the seats can be used for
the same.
The European standards do not specify whether eCall is provided by using an
embedded network access device (GSM module) or using nomadic or portable equipment
(e.g. mobile phone). However in the pan European eCall operating requirements it is
defined that
The European standards do not specify whether eCall is provided by using an
embedded network access device (GSM module) or using nomadic or portable equipment
(e.g. mobile phone).

However in the pan European eCall operating requirements it is defined that:

The solution is robust and will normally survive a crash
The quality of service of the in-vehicle equipment, including communications
equipment, is reliable.

2.3 PRINCIPLE of e-call

When an accident occurs the e-Call device automatically calls the nearest
PSAP(public service access point) in the form of MSD (minimum set of data )

This PSAP sends the data to the rescue service

Thus we can send the ambulance to the location to save the victim

2.4 ELEMENTS IN E-CALL

PSAP (public service access point)

MSD (minimum set of data)

Emergency call number E112

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 Fig-2.3 PRINCIPLE of e-call

Fig-2.4 elements of e-call

2.5 HARDWARES USED IN E-CALL

Tri-axial accelerometer

Air bag sensors

GPS receiver

CMOS camera

Flash memory

Cellular phone

Power supply

Onboard communications

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 CHAPTER 3

3. E-CALL IMPLEMENTATION PLATFORM

Context:
The European eCall Implementation Platform is the coordination body
bringing together all relevant stakeholders interested in the quick implementation of the
pan-European eCall.

eCall is an eSafety technology that is promoted by the European

Commission. The technology intends to bring rapid assistance to motorists involved in a
collision anywhere in the European Union. Many organizations are involved with the
wide-deployment of this technology across Europe, focusing on different aspects of eCall
including in-vehicle systems, wireless data delivery, and Public Safety Answering Points
(PSAPs).

To harmonize the work of various stakeholders, the e-Call

Implementation Platform was set up in February 2009 at the initiative of the European
Commission. It brings together all major stakeholders to synchronize the activities
accelerating the deployment of eCall at national and European level. Participants include
the European Commission, the Member States, industry and other associations. The
Platform is co-chaired by ERTICO ITS Europe and a Member State (Finland until
beginning of 2010, new vice-chair under nomination).
The European e-call Implementation Platform will build on the previous
work done by the eCall Driving Group, PSAPs
Expert Group and the European Standardization Organizations
3.1 OBJECTIVES

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The European e-call Implementation Platform aims to guide, coordinate and monitor the
progress of the implementation of the e-Call service across Europe to ensure a timely,
effective and harmonized deployment of the e-Call service in Europe.

The Platform has set up a number of Task Forces which look into different
open issues which need to be addressed to enable the quick deployment of the service at
European level.

Partners: The e-Call Implementation Platform brings together representatives of the

relevant stakeholders associations and of the National Platforms supporting the
implementation of a pan-European in-vehicle emergency call in Europe.

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 CHAPTER 4
4. HARDWARE REQUIRED

1) Tri-axial accelerometer: A sensor measures acceleration and deceleration forces

in all three planes to determine the force of a crash.
2) Seat weight sensors: Determine which seats are occupied.
3) Safety belt sensors: Determine which safety belts are buckled.
4) Air bag sensors: Determine which air bags, if any, were deployed and at what
force.
5) GPS receiver: Determines direction of travel and the vehicle's precise location.
6) CMOS camera: Located in the dome light, it captures a single image of the
vehicle interior after a crash incident.
7) Flash memory: Records the 200 ms duration of the crash pulse, including 50 ms
of pre-crash data.
8) On-board microprocessor: Compiles data to compute an accurate portrayal of
the incident.
9) Onboard communications: Data is transmitted to the vehicle owner's cellular
phone through a short range communications system that uses a radio transceiver
built into tiny microchips. It allows a high transfer rate of secure data, even in
noisy environments, with low power consumption.
10) Cellular phone: Automatically calls emergency rescue authorities and transmits
vital crash data via cellular modem.
11) Power supply: An independent source assures that all components of the Rescue
Car system can function if the vehicle's main battery is damaged in the crash.

4.1 E- CALL working

It sends an MSD to the PSAP,this information includes.

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 Time of incident

Exact location including direction of driving

Vehicle identification

E Call qualifier giving the severity of the incident (currently automatic/manual)

Verification possibility via voice link

No false alarms (double check mechanism when triggered manually)

Safe automatic call also when driver is unconscious

Link to private service provider for additional optional services possible

STANDARDISATION
Use GSM Network to communicate between the vehicle in the incident and the
PSAP

In Europe , the emergency call number E112 used

Two main issues for the standardization

The transport protocol by which the Minimum Set of Data (MSD) will be
sent.

The content and the format of the MSD, It could amount to 140 bytes
including info like time stamp, vehicle number and location.

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is incharge in

setting the standards for the architecture.

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 Fig -4.1 requried hardware

CHAPTER 5

5. NEED TO REDUCE THE ACCIDENT RESPONSE TIME

Over 100,000 die in Indian road accidents in a year. India has the
worlds highest number of road accident deaths, and it is steadily climbing every
year. The World Road Statistics 2006, which provides the data for the year 2003 in
respect of India, indicates that the number of persons killed per lakh of population in
India is 8.08 .The number of deaths due to road accident is estimated at more than a lakh
(1, 01,439) during the year 2006 as compared to the figure of 94,968 deaths for the year
2005.

In these accidents many occur at highway, Most of the fatalities occur

soon after the accident. Statistics says that 30 percent of deaths occur within minutes of
the crash. Fifty percent occur before the victim arrives at a hospital. Fully 70 deaths occur
within two hours of a crash. Reducing medical response time to one minute would

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translate into saving approximately 30,000 lives per year. It also reduces severity of
survivors' injuries, shortening their recovery time and decreasing their medical costs.

e-Call: Time saved = lives saved

In case of a crash, an eCall-equipped car automatically calls the nearest

emergency centre.

Even if no passenger is able to speak, e.g. due to injuries, a

'Minimum Set of Data' is sent, which includes the exact location of the crash site. Shortly
after the accident, emergency services therefore know that there has been an accident, and
where exactly.

eCall cuts emergency services response time. It goes down to 50% in

the countryside and 60% in built-up areas. The quicker response will save hundreds of
lives in the EU every year. The severity of injuries will be considerably reduced in tens of
thousands of cases. You can also make an eCall by pushing a button inside the car.
Witnessing an accident, you can thus report it and automatically give the precise location.
As eCall normally 'sleeps', it does not allow vehicle tracking outside emergencies.

Fig-5.1 e Call : The crashed car calls 112! explained

ADAC Information,

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5.1 E-Call Recommendation
Today, 8th September 2011, the European Commission adopted a
Recommendation addressing the EU Member States and asking them to call on the
mobile network operators to set up their networks in a way that they correctly transmit
automatic 112 emergency calls generated by cars (eCalls). The adoption of this
Recommendation is the first step of a tripartite legislative process. Later on, legislative
initiatives on the eCall device to be fitted into the cars and on the technical specifications
of the emergency call centers will follow.

5.2 ECall Impact Assessment

The eCall Impact Assessment was made in 2010/11 to answer the
question which policy option to follow for the implementation of eCall. The assessment
clearly showed that the mandatory introduction of eCall was the only way to bring eCall's
benefits to the citizens.

5.3 HeERO (Harmonized eCall European Pilot Project)

HeERO is an international pilot project preparing the general roll-out of the EU-
wide seamless eCall service. In running national and cross-border pilot projects, HeERO
will prove that eCall is operational and ready for becoming a reality for all European
citizens. HeERO's consortium includes 8 EU Member States (Czech Republic, Finland,
Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and Sweden) and Croatia. In
cooperation with Croatia, Finland and Romania, the Russian Federation will demonstrate
in cross-border trials that eCall and its ERA-GLONASS emergency call service can
interplay without any friction. HeERO started on 1 January 2011 and will end on 31
December 2013. The European Union will provide 5 million Euro to the project's overall
budget of 10 million Euro.

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 CHAPTER 6

6. INTENTION OF E-CALL

eCall is a project intended to bring rapid assistance to motorists

involved in a collision anywhere in the European Union. The projects aims to employ a
hardware black box installed in vehicles that will automatically dial 112 in the event of a
road accident, and wirelessly send airbag deployment and impact sensor information, as
well as GPS coordinates to local emergency agencies. eCall builds on E112. The
European Commission is aiming to have a fully functional eCall service to be in place
throughout the EU by 2015.[1] According to some estimates, eCall could speed emergency
response times by 40 percent in urban areas and by 50 percent in rural areas.[2]
Many companies are involved with telematics technology to use in
different aspects of eCall including in-vehicle systems, wireless data delivery, and public
safety answering point systems. Standardization of communication protocols and human
language issues are some of the obstacles. Prototypes have been successfully tested with
GPRS and in-band signalling over cellular networks. At the same time proprietary eCall
solutions that rely on SMS exist already today from car makers such as BMW, PSA and

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Volvo Cars. Once in active deployment, other telematic services such as route advisories
and traffic information are expected to explode.

The project is also supported by the European Automobile

Manufacturers Association (ACEA), an interest group of European car, bus, and truck
manufacturers, and ERTICO. Many of the stakeholder companies involved with
telematics technology have membership in ERTICO or ACEA. An advantage of this
membership is increased ability to influence developing eCall standards.

CHAPTER 7

7. BMW BASED ADVANCED E-CALL

BMW Assist Advanced eCall is an automatic emergency call

system which predicts the likely severity of occupants injuries. It forms part of BMW
Assist, a safety and convenience option available on all BMWs which also incorporates
information and roadside assistance services.
If crash sensors detect that a vehicle has been involved in an
accident, Advanced eCall automatically contacts a BMW call centre and provides detailed
information about the accident: its precise location, the number of front-seat occupants,
the crash severity and direction, the number of deployed airbags, seat belt status and, in
BMWs with rollover sensing, whether a rollover has occurred.
Uniquely, Advanced eCall also predicts the risk of severe injury
using a knowledge-based algorithm known as URGENCY, which takes the above crash
parameters into account.

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 In the event of an accident, a SMS message is sent to a BMW call
centre, giving all of the critical information; the URGENCY severity risk prediction is
based on this data. In addition, a direct voice link is established between the vehicle and
the call centre. Information which the car occupants can provide verbally, along with the
detailed SMS data, is used by the call centre to determine the most appropriate emergency
response. If the car occupants are unconscious or otherwise unable to communicate, the
emergency services are automatically notified of the accident. Advanced eCall can also be
manually activated if needed.
The system scans all available mobile networks to try to contact the
call centre. A machine-to-machine (M2M) SIM-Chip is soldered into the Advanced eCall
module and is much more robust than conventional SIM card readers. Although
Advanced eCall can be bought only by BMW customers in some countries, it can be used
in most parts of Europe where there is adequate GSM coverage. In all cases, the
emergency services of the country in which the accident has occurred are contacted by the
call centre.

BMW expects that, by predicting the severity of injuries, the best and
most appropriate emergency action can be taken by the emergency services: helicopters
can be used if appropriate, and casualties can be taken directly to the trauma centre best
suited to deal with the likely injuries. In this way, it is expected that injuries can be treated
most effectively and emergency services can make most efficient use of their resources.

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 CHAPTER 8

8. GENERAL NOTE ON EMERGENCY CALL SYSTEM

Please note that the eCall legislation under discussion at the

European Commission will require the automatic message to be sent to the 'Public Safety
Answering Point'. As this system is not yet standardised in all European countries, this
manufacturer has chosen to anticipate and propose an eCall service where the message is
directed to its own emergency call centre, filtering calls to be forwarded to the public
service call centres. The filtering and forwarding of emergency calls may lead to a loss in
response time but, on the other hand, calls not related to emergencies will be handled by
the manufacturers call centre. Therefore this proprietary eCall system may not ensure the
same standards regarding response time as the eCall system proposed by the European
Commission, but it may handle todays filtering issues.
The system may also require a subscription to the manufacturer's services. It may
prohibit the consumer's choice of calling on other services and may prohibit other service
providers to offer their services to the vehicle owner. However, it allows the urgency and
assistance services to be informed via a single call.

8.1 Driving Group e Call

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 The Driving Group on eCall is one of the Working Groups
established by the European Commission under the eSafety Forum. eSafety is a joint
industry/public initiative for improving road safety by using new Information and
Communications Technologies. The overall objective is to join forces and build up a
European strategy to accelerate the research and development, as well as deployment and
use of Intelligent Integrated Safety Systems including Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS) for increasing road safety in Europe.

Discussions related to eCall deployment were carried out in the

eSafety Forum Driving Group on eCall, which was co-chaired by ERTICO-ITS Europe
and ACEA. Members represented all the different sectors involved in eCall
implementation. The eCall Driving Group has finalized its activities with the release of
the "Recommendations of the DG eCall for the introduction of the pan-European eCall"

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 CHAPTER 9

9. NEED TO REDUCE THE ACCIDENT RESPONSE TIME

Over 100,000 die in Indian road accidents in a year. India has the
worlds highest number of road accident deaths, and it is steadily climbing every
year. The World Road Statistics 2006, which provides the data for the year 2003 in
respect of India, indicates that the number of persons killed per lakh of population in
India is 8.08 .The number of deaths due to road accident is estimated at more than a lakh
(1, 01,439) during the year 2006 as compared to the figure of 94,968 deaths for the year
2005.
In these accidents many occur at highway, Most of the fatalities occur
soon after the accident. Statistics says that 30 percent of deaths occur within minutes of
the crash. Fifty percent occur before the victim arrives at a hospital. Fully 70 deaths occur
within two hours of a crash. Reducing medical response time to one minute would
translate into saving approximately 30,000 lives per year. It also reduces severity of
survivors' injuries, shortening their recovery time and decreasing their medical costs.

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 CHAPTER 10

10. PRINCIPLE

Actually it works either with the human intervention or even without it.By
pushing a button in the car, the call to the emergency centre can also be made manually.
In either case, be it made manually or automatically, there will also always be a voice
connection between the vehicle and the rescue centre in addition to the data link. Thus,
further details on the accident can be given if anybody in the car is capable of speaking
and answering questions

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 Fig -10.1 Principle of e-call

In the event of an accident, the on-board e-Call device transmits an

emergency call to the most appropriate public service answering point (PSAP) along with
certain vehicle-related data (notably the vehicle's precise location). The emergency call
can be triggered either manually by the occupants of the vehicle or automatically, in the
event of a serious accident, thanks to sensors installed in the vehicle.

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 CHAPTER 11

11. WORKING

When in the event of an accident a car senses a major impact, its e-Call
device automatically calls the nearest emergency centre (Public Safety Answering Point
PSAP). For the calls to work all over the European Union, the single European
emergency number 112 is used. The car transmits a so-called minimum set of data. The
exact geographic location of the crashed car is part of the set. The fact that the rescue
services immediately This is normally a simple, coil of copper wire around a ferrite or

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iron core. This tiny, primitive, radio antenna receives and sends signals from the reader or
scanner.
Vehicle to PSAP communications are implemented using existing
communications technologies, networks and standards

Fig -11 working of e- call

11.1 TYPES OF SENDING MDS:

1. DTMF messaging: Short description

DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) is a technology used for delivering short messages
from a telephone to a receiving service or a mobile services switching centre. DTMF is
used in various telephony services (Dial 1 if you wish to contact help desk, please type
in your PIN code). DTMF is delivered in signaling channel from a GSM-terminal to a
mobile services switching centre, thus making it extremely reliable messaging within a
GSM network. DTMF is already implemented and available in all GSM networks and
thus does not require new standardization or technology. It is also supported in all current
fixed-line networks. This makes using DTMF for e-Call cost-efficient and quick to
implement EU-wide.

2. UUS-messaging: Short description

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An ISDN value-added service UUS (User to user signaling) enables a two-directional
limited length message (UUI) delivery from a terminal to another during call setup and
voice call. UUS is standardized for both digital fixed networks and GSM. UUS service
has not been implemented in all EU member states though most terminal devices and
network equipment have built-in support for it. The main reasons have been the lack of
commercial need and fear of fraudulent use. The current GSM standards for emergency
call setup message do not include a UUI field, so implementing UUS for e-Call requires
altering current GSM standards.
Implementation requires telecom operators investing in telecommunications network
infrastructure.

3. USSD-messaging: Short description

USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) is used for delivering short messages
from the mobile terminal to mobile network servers. It is only in mobile networks. Using
USSD in MDS messaging would require defining a new server in the mobile network to
handle the messages and route them via fixed network to the PSAP. Standardization of the
service would be required before USSD could be used in implementing e-Call.
Investments in the network would also be required. It will take several years.

An overview of characteristics of each technology is presented in the following table.

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 Fig 11.2 overview of characteristics

MDS-message should contain only the essential data required by the PSAP to locate the
vehicle and efficiently manage the emergency response. Direct, real-time message (MSD)
PSAP operator receiving the 112 voice call including Time of incident ,Exact location
including direction of driving Vehicle identification e-Call qualifier giving the severity
of the incident (currently automatic/manual) Identification of service provider. Also this
type of e-call also has options such as voice call, sms as alarming mediums. As both of
them are used predominantly now-a-days, their respective advantages are given below

1. Voice call as an Alarm Medium: The advantage of an accident message via voice call
is that its not necessary to have a SIM-Card installed for emergency call to the
emergency number. Originating from the current technical structure of the emergency

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centers a system would be required, which initiates a voice call to emergency number and
advises the coordinates of the accident using a voice processor. A web database with
connection to a map server would enable the emergency centre clarify the identity of the
owner as well as the cars position. But on the other hand, if a voice call, an accident with
a significant physical damage of the car, could be guaranteed. In addition to that, a system
like that will be unsuitable for other services like theft tracking, breakdown serve, etc.

2. SMS as an Alarm Medium: For transmitting a SMS-Message its necessary to have

SIM-Card installed. As a consequence the provider has to be refunded by a basic fee or
other ways of revenue. The advantage of SMS is that you need less GSM reception than
for a voice call. Furthermore it is rather ensured, that the alarm can be sent, in
consideration of
damaging of the vehicle caused by an accident. In addition this way of transmitting
enables the integration of external operation centers at this stage.

Fig- 11.3 reliablity of voicecall vs sms/email

Thus the figure shows that in both the ways the efficiency of communication is almost
same, so we can go for any of them regarding our requirements. The e-Call-system is
designed so that additional data will be sent through the service centre in FDS-message.

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2. Detection and operation of e-call devices inside the vehicle using sensors and
equipment & steps of detection
Steps involved in detection of accident:
1. Pre-certification
By making this mandatory for all vehicles and certifying them with specific
codes it will be much easier to detect the identity of affected persons and in informing the
news to their family members.
It is applicable if the following terminal interface specifications are made mandatory
i. Antennas, external sensors, vehicle bus
ii. Vehicle installation matrix
2. Application tests
The following tests are made in the real time to estimate the occurrence,
intensity of the accident and details regarding it. These tests are related sensors that are
attached to safety apparatus of a vehicle. They detect the impact and estimate the severity
of the accident.
i. Manual initialization of the e-Call function doesnt depend on any sensors but will be
invoked by the persons in vehicle.

ii. Automatic initialization of the e-Call function happens in relation of occurring of any
of the tests mentioned below
a. Airbag detection
b. Rear impact detection
c. Side impact detection
d. Frontal impact detection
e. Rollover detection
f. Temperature rise (fire) detection

iii. Environmental tests

Also the automatic initialization of e-call will happen also in case of detection of any of
the following conditions:

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a. High ambient temperature
b. Low ambient temperature
c. Loss of external power source
d. Impact resistance
e. Vibration resistance
f. Temperature and humidity cycling
g. Mobile data services not available

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 CHAPTER 12
12. E-CALL GOAL TO SAVE LIVES ON THE ROAD

This call system for drivers could save lives: eCall. The worldwide mobile
communications industry body GSMA has signed an understanding with the EU. The aim
is to secure the deployment of this single, in-vehicle emergency call service across
Europe free of charge.
The framework is designed to encourage co-operation between vehicle
manufacturers, telecommunications operators, the European Commission and the EU
Member States, together with relevant parties such as the insurance industry, automobile
clubs and other partners. The Commissions research says a service such as eCall can save
up to 2,500 lives every year, reduce the severity of injuries by 15% and halve emergency
response times.
12.1 E-CALL FOR REQUIREMENTS
The e-Call for Requirements toolset gives support to a collaborative central purchasing
organization (CPO) when preparing a framework agreement or in defining collaborative
sourcing opportunities.
In collaborative sourcing opportunities it is critical to understand
estimated forecast spend profiles and data for the project. In cases where accurate
historical and granular spend data is not available, it is necessary for qualified forecasting
information for the project to be captured from collaborative stakeholders.

The e-Call for Requirements module is used within the procurement

stakeholder community, enabling capture of Requirements from multiple collaborative
organizations and stakeholders based on budgetary or requirements forecasting.

The e-Call for Requirements toolset is hugely beneficial when a central

purchasing organization (CPO) is trying to capture requirements for diverse multi-
stakeholder procurement agreements.

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12.2 Features and Functionality

CPO General Requirements definition including descriptions, attachments and

notes.
CPO Line item level definition including descriptions, classification, coding and
timescales
CPO Distribution of Call for Requirements to collaborative stakeholders.
Integrated progress alerting of required information between CPO and
collaborative stakeholders .Input of comments and forecasted usage volumes by
collaborative stakeholders.
Progress tracking of collaborative stakeholder requirements submissions.
Integrated messaging between CPO and collaborative stakeholders. Review,
Acceptance or Revision of collaborative stakeholder requirements.
Integrated conversion of individual or aggregated, collaborative requirements into
eTendering.Final award values tracking and integration from tendering to CPO
collaborative stakeholders.

12.3 Why useeCall for Requirements..?

Reduces cycle time in gathering collaborative stakeholders requirements.

Provides robust audit trail of Call for Requirements stakeholder progress and
inputs.

Integrated conversion to eTendering creates significant process efficiencies and

reduces risk.

Rapid and dynamic feedback from eTendering Award to collaborative

stakeholders

12.4 ADVANTAGES

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 E-Call will make a large contribution by reducing the number of fatalities
and mitigating the severity of injuries. As mentioned earlier the primary task of this
system will be to save the lives of people from accidental deaths. its advantages are given
below
1. Studies show that the emergency response time could be reduced by about 50% in rural
areas and 40% in urban areas.
2. It is estimated that the e-Call system could save up to 2 500 lives a year in the EU and,
in particular, could significantly reduce the severity of the injuries sustained in 15% of
cases.
3. Studies show that the reduction of response time has pattern of
40%-in urban areas
50%- in rural areas
4. Also the gps tracker in the vehicle helps to find the location of the car when it is stolen,
thus it helps to find about missing vehicles also.
5. The system will also ensure a corresponding reduction in the number of traffic jams
attributable
Once the system comes into use there could be many more direct or indirect advantages.

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 CHAPTER 13

13. CONCLUSION
There by we conclude that this e-call technology is highly efficient and is
going to play a predominant role in future emergency service system. But in practical
perception the government must take the responsibility of implementing this technology
and take all the measures to make the best use of this e-call and we can handle one of the
serious concern of todays leap in the number of accidental deaths. the day is not far when
each and every car or vehicle is equipped with the e-call devices and the passengers and
drivers can be assured of a healthy drive and a pleasant ride.

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14. BIBLOGRAPHY

1. Google search about emergency service systems

e-call

2.www.wikipedia.com
3.www.bravosolution.com
4.www.smartmobs.com
5.www.marketresearch.com

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