integrates it into its genome. The phenotype of any organism, including that of a human
being, is not solely determined by its genotype. In nearly all cases, it is the complex
individual (McGee, 1997). Exactly how the environment affects phenotype is an area of
ongoing investigation. Not surprisingly, this topic has been studied thoroughly in
respond by altering their shape, form, and/or cellular metabolism (White, 2000).
Bacterial transformation is done in two different ways in the lab: electroporation and
make the cell membrane permeable to DNA. Calcium chloride/heat-shock is when the
plasmids are incorporated into the chemically-competent cells made permeable by the
great bacterial candidate for the bacterial transformation because it is made up of one
cell, it reproduces every twenty minutes, it does not harm people, and it cannot survive
outside of the lab. Ampicillin is an antibiotic that has a beta-lactam structure. It has the
Plasmids are small circular autonomously replicating pieces of DNA, found inside
prokaryotic bacterial cells. They replicate their own DNA by borrowing the cells
polymerase. Due to their size, plasmid DNA is easy to extract and purify from bacterial
cells. Plasmids may express antibiotic resistant genes or be modified to express
The pGLO plasmid contains the gene for green florescent protein (GFP) and a
gene for ampicillin resistances called beta-lactamase. The pGLO plasmid also contains
the florescent protein in the transformed cells called araC regulator protein.
jellyfish Aequorea Victoria. GFP glows bright green when exposed to ultraviolet light due
biological marker or indicator. It has also been used to produce luminescent plants and
on the pGLO plasmid. In the operon, the protein araC blocks RNA polymerase from
the araC protein causing it to promote, instead of prevent, RNA polymerase binding.
Once RNA polymerase has attached to the promoter, transcription of the GFP gene
begins and continues until arabinose runs out. However, AraC only binds to the
appropriate activator sequence in the presence of the sugar arabinose (Snyder and
Champness, 1997).
Ampicillin is an antibiotic that falls into the penicillin group of drugs. Ampicillin is
often used to fight bacteria in the human body, specifically various types of infections.
Such infections may include those caused by bacteria, like ear infections, bladder