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482 Bibliography
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Answers to Se/ected
Prob/ems
CHAPTER 1
1.1 A: unstable, B: unstable, C: stable, D: stable.
1.2
a + Va2 - 4be a - Va2 - 4be
(a) WmA = 2e ' WmB = 2e ;
For positive and real equilibrium speeds a2 > 4be;
(b) WmA is stable and WmB is unstable.
1.3 A: unstable, B: stable, C: unstable, D: stable, E: unstable, F: stable, G: unstable,
H: stable.
1.4
a + Va2 - 4e(d - b) a - Va2 - 4e(d - b)
(a) WmA = 2e ' WmB = 2e
For positive and real speeds d> b and a2 > 4e(d - b);
(b) WmA is stable and WmB is unstable.
1.5 3 S.
CHAPTER 2
484
Answers to Selected Problems 485
2.8 1.44.
2.9 1118 rpm (c\ockwise), 223.6 A in reverse direction.
2.11 1022 rpm.
2.12 0.89 n.
2.13 8.64 n.
2.14 (a) 2.16 n, (b) 384 N-m, (e) 211 N-m.
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
E[S+P P+S]
4.5 (a) ~i. = 2R R. + R - ~ ,
B
Kw
---rr- (Q S)]
2
m [R. + 8RB RB7~P RBP7~
T. = ~ _R. + RB - (R. + RB)T + R. + R. + Rs '
where P = exp{ -(1 - 8)T/r~} - 1, Q = 1 - {exp - 8T/7J,
R = 1 - exp{ -8T /7. - (1 - 8)T /r~}' and
S = exp{ -8T /7 J - exp{-8T/7. - (1 - 8)T /7~};
(b) T. = (O.12N) N-m, N is speed in rpm.
4.6 (a) For 45.5 :S N:s 500, 8 = (0.42N - 19.12) -7- 230, and for O:s N:s 45.5, 8 = O,
N is speed in rpm;
(b) 0.558,
i.=217.6-218.2e-36.76tA, O:St:S l.395 x 10-3 S
= 274e-3676(t-O.OOI395)
- 263.6 A,
1.395 x 1O-3S:s t es 2.5 X 1O-3S. Devices conduct as follows: D2: O to
0.075 mS, SI: 0.075 mS to 1.395 mS, DI: 1.395 mS to 2.448 mS and
S2: 2.448 mS to 2.5 mS.
4.8 (a) 0.918; (b) 0.1515.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 (a) 59.17 A, 324 N-m, 0.9, 87.9 percent; (b) 0.266,3.91; (e) 1.87; (d) 2.72 kW.
6.3 (a) Oto -833 N-m, 1200 to 1275.4 rpm; (b) 79.6 kW; (e) 1216 rpm.
6.4 0.136, 3.94.
6.5 Im(A) 8.16 4.9 2.86 l.71 0.9 0.368
N(rpm) 122 224.8 313 456 866 4549
T(N-m) 26.8 37.5 33.85 24.97 13.5 2.58
6.6 (a) 88.7 V, 7.4 A, no; (b) 62.75 V. 5.25 A, no.
6.7 (a) 1.88 n per phase; (b) 0.41 n per phase.
6.8 (a) Few points are tabulated below:
a 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.0
Motoring Tmax(N-m) 62.8 143.5 . 182 82 53
Braking Tmax(N-m) -1170.5 -512 -403.6 -136 -83
(b) Few points are:
a 0.2 0.6 1.0
Ts(N-m) 53.4 90.4 80.56
6.9 117 percent, no, (V/f) ratio should be increased to 2.36.
6.10 Few points are
f(Hz) 6 12 18 24 36 48 60
V(V) 17 29.3 41.5 53.7 78 102.6 127
6.11 Few points are given here
f(Hz) 6 12 18 24 36 48 60
V(V) 30 43 54.5 65 85.9 106.4 127
For constant motoring breakdown torque: (V/f) = 2.9,
For constant (V/f) control: (V/f) = 2.1,
Braking breakdown torques: for (V/f) = 2.9, -1435 N-m
for (V/f) = 2.1, -761.3 N-m.
6.12 316 rpm.
Answers to Selected Problems 487
CHAPTER 7
7.2 1.169,0.73
CHAPTER 8
8.1 (1) 41.33 Hz, 75.7 A, 48; (2) 860 rpm, 75.7 A, 60.6; (3) 10.2, 1.025.
8.2 (1) 41.4 Hz, 49, 77.2 A, 91.1 percent, 0.81, 0.626; (2) 1169 rpm,"61 A,
93 percent, 0.81, 0.6; (3) 0.4 and 2.4 for motoring and braking respectively,
37.5 percent.
8.3 (1) slip speeds are 4.19 rad/sec and 1.99 rad/sec at rated and half rated torques
respectively for all frequencies;
(2) Few points are tabulated below:
30 Hz Ws(, rad/sec 6.28 10.47 15.7 20.94
T, N-m 257 344 372.7 357.8
60 Hz' Ws(, rad/sec 5 10.33 15.1
T, -m 147 18l.2 170.6
8.4 783 rpm, 40S, 15.33 A, 0.73, 15.63 A, 93 percent, 0.816.
8.5 (1) 182.2 N-m, 54.4 Hz , 49.33 A, 94.3 percent, 0.82;
(2) 1765 rpm, 165 N-m, 46.8 A, 94.8 percent, 0.86;
(3) 3143 rpm.
8.6 (1) 128.55 N-m, 67.9 Hz; (2) 2364 rpm, 92 N-m.
8.8 (1) 629.6 rpm; (2) 43 Hz; (3) 1477.5 rpm; (4) 70.8 Hz.
8.9 (1) 43.4 Hz, 185 A, 86.62 kW, 0.78, 92 percent;
(2) 631 rpm, 182.3 A; 58.68 kW, 0.77,88.8 percent.
8.10 64 Hz, 78.7 kW, 109 A.
8.11 8.84 D.
8.12 (1) 102A, 125 A, 42.2; (2) 40.4 Hz , 86.2 A, 0.66; (3) 736.6 rpm, 92.4 A,
113.2 A, 67.9.
8.13 2243 rpm, 41.68 A, 51 A, 47.3, 98.9 percent
488 Answers to Selected Problems
8.14 0.75 .
.8.15 1208.8 rpm, 82.7 A, 132.7.
8.16 32.86 Hz, 0.185.
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
10.1 (1) 15.2 A, 6l.4 N-m; (2) 59.7; (3) 0.93 (lagging), 8.45 A;
(4) Unity power factor operation not possib1e.
10.2 (1) 5.23,62.75; (2) 0.71 (leading), 616.8 A, 99.6 percent;
(3) 140.5 A.
10.3 15.5 A, 0.84.
10.4 53373 N-m, 200 A.
10.5 Below base speed: I~, power factor and T are he1d constant at 19.24 A, 0.8 and
79.6 N-m respective1y. V and P m change linearly from their zero values at zero speed
.. to 254 V and 15 kW respectively at base speed .
Above base speed:
N(rpm) T(N-m) Pm(kW) cos cjJ
2160 67.7 15.3. 0.817
2461 59.6 15.37 0.82
For 0.8 of full load power, theoretically, thereis no restriction on the maximum
speed. .
10.6 24.47 N-m, yes at this torque the power factor will be unity for all speeds below base
speed.
10.7 7800 rpm, 18.37 N-m, power factor will vary with speed.
10.8 Below base speed: I~, T and IF are held constant at 47 A, 3979 N-m and 13.33 A
respectively. P m and V will increase linearly with speed from their zero values at zero
speed to 500 kW and 3810.5 V, respectively, at 1200 rpm.
Above base speed: V and P m will be constant at 3810.5 V and 500 kW respectively.
For other parameters few points are:
N(rpm) T(N-m) I~(A) IF(A)
1440 3315.8 39.17 12.2
1680 2842 33.6 11.4
2040 2340.6 27.6 10.7
2400 1990 23.5 10.3
10.9 1l.6 A.
Answers to Selected Problems 489
CHAPTER 11
11.1 (1) 41.6,48029 N-m, 11 kV; (2) 2347 rpm; (3) 169.
11.2 (1) 53.6; (2) 0.66,43.64,2704.7 N-m, 2934.6 V.
11.3 (1) 177.4; (2) 0.16,555.5 N-m, 717.4 V, 76.9.
11.4 (1) 66.9; (2) 0.6, 25327 N-m; (3) 0.43, 3630 N-m.
11.S (1) 8';" = 191; (2) O, O N-m; (3) 0.187, -1578.7 N-m.
11.8 Three points on the speed-torque curves are:
A e
AC voltage controllers: Chopper:
crcuits, 273-74, 276 control techniques, 146
induction motor control, 273-81 current limit control, 148, 155
induction motor starters, 281 four-quadrant, 175-80
Air-gap power, 207 step-down, 147, 149
Angle: step-up, 149-50
cornrnutation lead, 428, 435-37 time ratio control, 148, 152
commutation overlap, 426 two quadrant, 169-75 _.
firing, 68, 71 Chopper control of de motors:
hold-off, 275 composite braking, 166-67
margin, 428, 435 current control, 167
no-Ioad torque, 430 dynarnic braking, 165
torque, 395, 402 four quadrant control, 175-81
Armature current ripple, 115-16 regenerative braking, 159-65, 168, 172
effect on motor performance, 116-17 separately excited motor control, 150-56
series motor control, 156-59
two quadrant controls. 168-81
490
Index 491
a Per unit frequency i.e. ratio of operating to lnstantaneous value of ac source current, A
rated frequency kth harmonic in induction motor stator (or
Stator to rotor turns ratio synchronous motor armature) current, A
AC side to con verter side transformer turns J Polar rnoment of inertia of motor-load sys-
ratio tem referred to the motor shaft. Kg-m"
aTI/aT2 K K.<P
B Viscous friction coefficient K. de motor constant (also eddy current
E Voltage induced in the armature of a de mo- coefficient)
tor or in the stator of an induction motor, V <PIla
f Frequency, Hz Arrnature circuit inductance of a dc motor, H
Base frequency, Hz Commutating inductance of a synchronous
Frequency of the carrier wave, Hz motor, H
Average value of the armature current of a DC link inductance, H
dc motor. A Synchronous inductance of a synchronous
la lnstantaneous value of the armature current motor, H
of a dc motor, A In Modulation index
Ripple in armature current, A N Speed, rpm
Average value of the armature current at N. Synchronous speed, rpm
critical speed Wonc, A N'J Slip-speed. rpm
Average value of the dc link current of a Number of poles
con verter. A
Rotor circuit electrical power. W
lnstantaneous value of the de link current of
Rotor circuit copper loss. W
a con verter, A
Air-gap power, W
Field current of a synchronous motor, A
Develope mechanical power, W
Pcr phase ac equivalent of lF for a .syn-
chronous motor (also field current of a de Power recovered, W
motor), A Armature circuit resistance of a dc motor. n
1,{Xm/XJ for a synchronous motor, A Braking resistance, n
Magnetising current, A Rotor resistance, n
The ratio (V IjX,l for a synchronous motor, A Rotor resistance referred to stator, n
Rated value of l,'n for a synchronous motor, A Stator resistance , n
Fundamental component of rotor current. A Thevenins equivalen: resistance, n
Fundamental component of rotor current re- Slip per unit (also Laplace operator)
ferrcd to stator, A kth harmonic slip pcr unit
R.M.S. value of a non-sinusoidal current, A Slip at the maximum torque
Fundamental component of induction motor t Time, S
stator (or synchronous motor armature) cur- T Torque developed, N-m (also chopper pe-
rent, A riod, S)
Torque developed, -rn Cornrnutation lead angle of a load commu-
Torque at the critical speed, Wmc, -rn tated inverter or the angle at which rhe de
motor armature current drops to zero , rad
Friction torque, N-m
Load torque, N-m
e.: Minimum value of commutation lead angle.
rad
Torque required to do the useful mechanical
y Margin angle for a load commutated in-
work, N-m
verter (also the angle at which the induced
Breakdown/Pull-out torque , N-m emf of a con verter fed de motor equal the
Commutation overlap angle , rad. ac ource voltage), rad
Source voltage, V 'Ymin Minimum value of margin angle, rad
Instantaneous value of de source voltage. V 8, Phase of 1; with air-gip emf E. rao
Average value of the dc motor armature Armature time constant, S
voltage (also rectitier output voltage), V
Mechanical time constant , S
lnstantaneous value of the de motor arma-
Power factor ancle of a svnchronou motor
ture voltage, V
or an induction ~otor, rid
Instantaneous inverter output voltage be-
Fundamental power factor angle, rad
twecn pha e A and the central point of the
Phase of injected voltage V, with respc t to
de ource. V
souree voltage V, rad .
Fundamental component in a non-sinusoidal
voltage. V Pha e of tator current with rcspect to the
source voltage V. rad
Average value of dc link voltage. V
Flux per pole, Webers
Instanfneous value of de link voltage , V
tan -'(wL./R.l
Excitation emf. V
w Source frequency. rad/ ec
kth harrnonic component in a non-sinu .oidal
voltage. V Speed. rad/sec
Peak value of an ac source voltage , V Wmb Base speed, rad/sec
Injected voltage , V wmc Speed on the boundary between continuous
and discontinuous conductions, rad/sec
lnstantaneous ac source voltage. V
Ideal no load speed, rad/sec
Magnetising reactance , n
Synchronous specd, rad/sec
Rotor leakage reactance. n
w" Slip speed. ra.I/sec
Rotor leakage reactance referrcd to stator. n
Duty ratio of a hopper, torque angle of a
Stator leakage reactance of an induction
synchronous motor fed from a voltagc
motor or synchronous reactance of a syn-
source
chronous motor, n
15' Torquc angle of a synchronous motor fed
Thevenin's equivalent reactance , n
from a current source
[R2 + (wL./J' 2
Variable* Reference value of a variable
.,X Firing angle, rad
Variable Phasor