A 1GHz HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA FOR HIGH SPEED ISM

NETWORKS
Anum Ahmed Pirkani
RF&MW07,
RIMMS, NUST

Abstract: This report presents a 1GHz half cylinders, which are separated by a small gap G. The
wave dipole antenna for ISM (industrial, scientific conductors are excited by a feeding structure between
and military) networks. The principles of dipole the two cylinders. The design parameters used in the
antenna are analyzed and design considerations final model are shown in Table 1. The dipole length
has been adjusted to tune the antenna to 1GHz.
are formulated. To evaluate the antennas
performance, 3D finite difference time domain
(FDTD) Electromagnetic simulations are carried
out.

Index Terms: dipole, ISM, 1GHz, half-wave

I. INTRODUCTION
Dipole antennas as shown in Figure 1, are extensively Figure 2: Proposed half wave dipole design
utilized in varieties of applications such as being the
basic units of phased-array antennas and the feeding
sources of aperture antennas. Compared with Parameter Value Description
traditional line antennas, printed dipole antennas D 5mm Conductor Diameter
have extra advantages including planar structure, F 1GHz Resonant Frequency
small volume, light weight and low cost, which are F1 0.903GHz Resonant Frequency 1
signicantly suitable for applications sensitive to the G 20mm Feeding Gap of antenna
receiver sizes. A standard dipole antenna has an L F1*150 Dipole Length
omni-directional radiation pattern. However, in Lambda 300mm Wavelength
modern wireless communication systems, directive Z0 73ohm Port Impedance
gains are frequently required. A printed dipole Table 1: Proposed Design parameters
antenna inherently operates in a narrow frequency
band, which is the shortcoming needed to be III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
overcome before its advantages can be used.
The nite dierence time domain (FDTD) 3D
Electromagnetic simulations are utilized to
characterize the antenna performance. The antenna is
simulated in two frequency bands.

A. 1st RESONANCE
The S11 that is port reflection at the incident port is
plotted in Figure 3.

Figure 1: Standard Half-Wave Dipole Antenna

II. DESIGN
The half-wavelength dipole antenna is a simple
dipole whose length is half-wavelength of the
operation frequency. It is a balanced antenna which
has a broadside radiation with a torus like radiation
pattern and an input impedance of 73 .
The half-wavelength dipole antenna operating at 1 Figure 3: S11 at 1st resonance (1GHz)
GHz is modeled in CST STUDIO SUITE. It has two
The S-parameter shows that the antenna is resonant
at 1 GHz. At the resonant frequency, the reflection at
incident port is nearly -35dB. The bandwidth of half
wave dipole antenna is calculated to be 193MHz.
The VSWR of antennas shown in Figure 4 is 1.038 at
the resonant frequency.

Figure 7a: Far-field of directivity in linear scale at 1GHz

Figure 4: VSWR at 2nd resonance (3.1GHz)

Figure 5 shows the E-field and H field phase

animation of the proposed antenna. From the
simulation results, the broadside radiation of the
dipole antenna is observed.

Figure 7b: 3D pattern of far-field at 1GHz

The polar plot for elevation angle of the designed half

wave dipole antenna is shown in the Figure 8.

Figure 5: E field and H field simulation at 1GHz

The surface current distribution simulated in Figure 6

shows that the strength of surface current is strongest
close to the feeding structure and it decreases as we
move away from the feeding structure towards the
edges of antenna.
Figure 8: Elevation angle at 1GHz

Figure 9 shows the polar plot for azimuthal angle of

the designed half-wave dipole antenna.

Figure 6: Surface current distribution at 1GHz

The far-field plot of the directivity in linear scale on

the elevation plane is plotted in Figure 7a. The
radiation pattern at resonant frequency shows the
torus-like radiation pattern with a maximum
directivity of 2.18. Figure 7b shows the 3D pattern of
the far-field in dBi.
Figure 9: Azimuth angle at 1GHz
The cross-pole and co-pole of antenna at 1GHz are B. 2nd RESONANCE:
shown in Figure 10 respectively.
The same antenna is simulated in a frequency band of
2.5GHz to 3.5GHz. It is observed that the antenna
resonates again at a center frequency of 3.1GHz as
shown in Figure 13.

Figure 10: Cross-pole and co-pole at 1GHz

Figure 11 shows the gain vs frequency plot from

0.5GHz to 1.5GHz with a maximum gain achieved at
550MHz. Figure 13: Resonance at 3.1GHz
However, at 2nd resonance, the S11 is degraded as
compared to 1st resonant frequency.

Figure 11: Gain vs frequency from 0.5GHz to 1.5GHz

From Figure 12, the axial ratio at the resonant

frequency of 1GHz is calculated to be 26.93. Figure 14: VSWR at 3.1GHz
Whereas, at the frequency with maximum gain, the nd
VSWR shown at 2 resonant frequency in Figure 14
axial ratio is limited to 7.45. is also degraded as compared to the center frequency
of 1GHz.

The E-field and H-field plots of antenna at 2nd

resonant frequency of 3.1GHz are shown in Figure
15A and Figure 15B respectively.

Figure 12: Axial ratio from 0.5GHz to 1.5GHz

Figure 15A: E-field at3.1GHz

 The radiation pattern along elevation plane and
azimuthal plane are shown in Figure 17. Along both
the planes, side lobes are introduced.

Figure 15B: H-field at 3.1GHz

The far-field 3D and polar radiation pattern of

antenna at 3.1GHz is shown in Figure 16.

Figure 17: Radiation pattern across elevation (top) and azimuth

plane (bottom) at 3.1GHz

The gain vs frequency plot at the 2nd sweep of 2.5GHz to

3.5GHz is shown in Figure 18. Maximum gain is achieved at
2.5 GHz as shown in the figure.

Figure 18: Gain vs Frequency at 2.5GHz-3.5GHz

Figure 16: Radiation pattern at 3.1GHz Axial ratio plot in Figure 19 shows an axial ratio 0f
From the radiation pattern, it is observed that the 12.799 at the maximum gain frequency. Whereas, at
directivity and gain both are increased at the 2nd the 2nd resonance frequency of 3.1GHz, the axial ratio
resonant frequency (gain=3.57). This is mainly due is 35.196
to the fact that s the frequency increases, the electrical
length also increases thereby, increasing the
directivity and gain of antenna.

Apart from this, the radiation plot shows that at the

2nd resonance, side lobes are also introduced in the
radiation pattern with a level of -5.8 dB.

Figure 19: Axial ratio at 2.5GHz-3.5GHz

 IV. COMPARISON
Table 2 shows the comparison table at the 2 resonant
frequencies.

Parameter 1st 2nd

Resonance Resonance
Resonant 1GHz 3.1GHz
Frequency
Bandwidth 193MHz 157.5MHz
Directivity 2.184dBi 3.567dBi
Gain 2.185dB 3.57dB
Return Loss -35dB -14.536dB
HPBW 77.9 34
(Elevation)
HPBW 135.7 ----
(Azimuth)

Table 2: Comparison at 2 resonant frequencies

V. CONCLUSION
Main objective of this paper was to observe the
several antenna characteristics of half wave dipole
antenna. Obtained results were acceptable for
practical implementation of this types of antennas. As
a simulation tool CST Microwave Studio was used
which ease the simulation. Resonance was observed
at 1GHz and 3.1GHz with better return loss at 1GHz.
Bandwidth was observed as almost 190 MHz which
is good enough to cover various wireless
applications.