Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
What is a Regulated Power Supply?
Vout is permanently compared to a reference voltage Vref.
The reference voltage Vref is precise and stable over temperature.
The error, = Vref Vout, is amplified and sent to the control input.
The power stage reacts to reduce as much as it can.
Power stage - H
Vout
Control
variable d
Error amplifier - G
Rupper
+
-
Vin
-
+
Vp
Verr
TL431 optocoupler
How do we Stabilize a Converter?
We need a high gain at dc for a low static error
We want a sufficiently high crossover frequency for response speed
Shape the compensator G(s) to build phase and gain margins!
T (s)
fc = 6.5 kHz
0 - 0 dB
T ( s )
-88 GM = 67 dB
m = 92
-180
T ( s ) = 67 dB
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1Meg
How Much Phase Margin to Chose?
a Q factor of 0.5 (critical response) implies a m of 76
a 45 m corresponds to a Q of 1.2: oscillatory response!
10
Q < 0.5 over damping
1.80 Q=5
Q = 0.5 critical damping
Q=1 Q > 0.5 under damping 7.5 Q
1.40
Q = 0.707
Asymptotically stable
1.00 5 m
600m
Q = 0.5 Fast response 2.5 76
and no overshoot!
200m Q = 0.5
Q = 0.1 0
5.00u 15.0u 25.0u 35.0u 45.0u 0 25 50 75 100
I out
Vp
2 f c Cout
Vout(t)
What Compensator Types do we Need?
There are basically 3 compensator types:
type 1, 1 pole at the origin, no phase boost
type 2, 1 pole at the origin, 1 zero, 1 pole. Phase boost up to 90
type 3, 1 pole at the origin, 1 zero pair, 1 pole pair. Boost up to 180
boost
boost
G ( s ) = 270
270
270
G ( s ) G ( s )
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1k 10 100 1k 10k 100k 10 100 1k 10k 100k
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
The TL431 Programmable Zener
The TL431 is the most popular choice in nowadays designs
It associates an open-collector op amp and a reference voltage
The internal circuitry is self-supplied from the cathode current
When the R node exceeds 2.5 V, it sinks current from its cathode
K
R
K
TL431A R
A
2.5V
R
A
K
A
TL431 Rlower
Vmin = 2.5 V
dc representation
RLED must leave enough headroom over the TL431: upper limit!
The TL431 Programmable Zener
This LED resistor is a design limiting factor in low output voltages:
When the capacitor C1 is a short-circuit, RLED fixes the fast lane gain
Vout ( s )
RLED
Vdd R1 VFB ( s ) = CTR R pullup I1
I1
Vout ( s )
R pullup I1 =
0V RLED
Ic in ac
VFB ( s )
VFB ( s ) R pullup
Rlower = CTR
Vout ( s ) RLED
0 0
-17 dB
arg H ( s )
-20.0 -90.0
Requires
-40.0 -180
ok 17 dB
or more
10 100 500 1k 10k 100k
TL431 Injecting Bias Current
A TL431 must be biased above 1 mA to guaranty its parameters
If not, its open-loop suffers a 10-dB difference can be observed!
Ibias
Easy
Ibias = 1.3 mA solution
Rbias
Ibias = 300 A
1
Rbias = = 1 k
1m
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
TL431 Small-Signal Analysis
The TL431 is an open-collector op amp with a reference voltage
Neglecting the LED dynamic resistance, we have:
Vdd
Rpullup
VFB(s) FB
c
C
Copto
C2 = C || Copto e optocoupler
TL431 Small-Signal Analysis
The optocoupler must be characterized to know where its pole is
Cdc Rled
Ic 10uF 20k
2 5
Rpullup O ( s )
20k
Rbias
VFB 1 3
Vdd
5
O (s)
X1 4 6
SFH615A-4
Vbias Vac
IF
-3 dB
4k
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
The TL431 in a Type 1 Compensator
To make a type 1 (origin pole only) neutralize the zero and the pole
1 f po CTR
G (s) = | G ( f c ) |= f po = G fc f c C2 =
s fc 2 G fc f c RLED
po
TL431 Type 1 Design Example
We want a 5-dB gain at 5 kHz to stabilize the 5-V converter
Vout = 5 V
Vf = 1V
VTL 431,min = 2.5 V Apply 15%
margin
Vdd = 4.8 V
RLED ,max 857 RLED = 728
VCE , sat = 300 mV
I bias = 1 mA
CTR min = 0.3
R pullup = 20 k
5
G fc = 10 20
= 1.77 CTR 0.3
C2 = = 7.4 nF
f c = 10 kHz 2 G fc f c RLED 6.28 1.77 5k 728
Copto = 2 nF
R pullup
C = 7.4n 2n = 5.4 nF C1 = C2 14.7 nF
Rupper
TL431 Type 1 Design Example
SPICE can simulate the design automate elements calculations
parameters
Vout=5
Vf=1
Vref=2.5
VCEsat=300m
Vdd=4.8 E1
Ibias=1m Vdd -1k
{Vdd} L1
A=Vout-Vf-Vref 4.99V 1k 4.99V 4.99V
B=Vdd-VCEsat+Ibias*CTR*Rpullup 4.80V
err
Rmax=(A/B)*Rpullup*CTR 6 5 7
C1=Cpole1*Rpullup/Rupper
X2
Cpole1=CTR/(2*pi*Fpo*RLED)
Optocoupler
Cpole=Cpole1-Copto Cpole = Copto X1
R3
10k
Automatic bias
CTR = CTR TL431_G
Fopto=4k
Copto=1/(2*pi*Fopto*Rpullup)
point selection
CTR = 0.3
TL431 Type 1 Design Example
Hu?
We have a type 1 but 1.3 dB of gain is missing?
dB
20.0
G (s)
10.0
3.7 dB
0
-10.0
-20.0
270 arg G ( s )
180
90.0
-90.0
Both bias and dynamic resistances have a role in the gain expression
TL431 Type 1 Design Example
A low operating current increases the dynamic resistor
0.002000
Rpullup = 20 k, IF = 300 A (CTR = 0.3)
Rd = 158
0.001800
0.001600
Rpullup = 1 k, IF = 1 mA (CTR = 1)
Rd = 38
IF Forward Current(A)
0.001400
0.001200
IF = 1 mA IF @ 110C
0.001000
IF @ 70C
0.000800
IF @ 25C
0.000600 IF @ -20C
IF @ -40C
0.000400
IF = 300 A
0.000200
0.000000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
VF Forward Voltage (Volts)
Make sure you have enough LED current to reduce its resistance
TL431 Type 1 Design Example
The pullup resistor is 1 k and the target now reaches 5 dB
dB
Yes!
20.0
G (s)
10.0
5 dB
0
-10.0
-20.0
arg G ( s )
270
180
90.0
-90.0
100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 50k 100k
Agenda
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
The TL431 in a Type 2 Compensator
Our first equation was already a type 2 definition, we are all set!
Vdd
Vout R pullup
R pullup RLED G0 = CTR
R1 RLED
VFB 1
z =
Rbias
1
Rupper C1
C2 C1 1
p =
1
R pullup C2
TL431 Rlower
For a 50 phase boost and a 3.8-kHz pole, the crossover must be:
fp
fc = 1.4 kHz
tan ( boost ) + tan ( boost ) + 1
2
TL431 Type 2 Design Example
The zero is then simply obtained:
fc 2
fz = = 516 Hz
fp
We can re-derive the component values and check they are ok
C2 = 1 2 f p R pullup = 2.1 nF C1 = 1 2 f z R1 = 8.1 nF
10.0
0
14 dB @ 1.4 kHz
-10.0
140 arg G ( s )
130
120
50
110
100
10 100 1k 10k 100k
TL431 Suppressing the Fast Lane
The gain limit problem comes from the fast lane presence
Its connection to Vout creates a parallel input
The solution is to hook the LED resistor to a fixed bias
Vdd Vout Vdd Vout
Vbias Vz
Rz
R pullup RLED R1 R pullup RLED R1
Comp. network
VFB changes! VFB
Rbias Rbias
R2
C2 C2
C1 C1
RLED R1
R pullup
G1 ( s )
VFB
C1 R2 G (s)
C2
O (s)
Transmission Rlower
chain O(s) Vref
Compensaton VFB ( s )
chain G1(s)
TL431 Suppressing the Fast Lane
The small-signal ac representation puts all sources to 0
Vout
R pullup 1
O(s) = CTR
RLED 1+ sR pullup C pole R1
G (s)
O (s) VFB C1 R2
G1 ( s ) =
1+ R 2 C1
sR1C1
IC
C2 IL
RLED Rlower
CTR
R pullup
TL431 Suppressing the Fast Lane
The op amp can now be wired in any configuration!
Just keep in mind the optocoupler transmission chain
R pullup 1
O(s) = CTR
RLED 1+ sR pullup C pole
Wire the op amp in type 2A version (no high frequency pole)
1+ R 2 C1
G1 ( s ) =
sR1C1
When cascaded, you obtain a type 2 with an extra gain term
R pullup 1+ R2C1
G(s) = CTR
RLED sR1C1 (1+ sR pullup C pole )
G2
TL431 Type 2 Design Example No Fast Lane
We still have a constraint on RLED but only for dc bias purposes
Vz V f VTL 431,min
RLED ,max R pullup CTR min
Vdd VCE , sat + I bias CTR min R pullup
G0 0.316
G1 = = = 0.067 or 23.5 dB 2
G2 4.72 fc
+ 1
Calculate R2 for this attenuation: fp
R2 = G1 R1 = 2.6 k
2
fz
+1
fc
TL431 Type 2 Design Example No Fast Lane
An automated simulation helps to test the calculation results
parameters
Vout=12
Rupper=(Vout-2.5)/250u
fc=1.4k
Gfc=10
Vf=1 Zener D1
Ibias=1m 1N827A C4
Vref=2.5 value Vdd 0.1u
E1
-1k
VCEsat=300m {Vdd} R5
Vdd=5 5.00V 6.17V 1k 12.0V
Err
6 5
Vz=6.2
12.0V CoL
Rpullup=20k R4 R1 1kF LoL 2.50V
12
Fopto=4k {Rpullup} {RLED} 0V 1kH 9
Rupper 14
Copto=1/(2*pi*Rpullup*Fopto) 12.0V
2.51V 4.32V {Rupper} Vref
CTR=0.3 Vout
13
B1
4 2
2.50V 2.5
G1=Rpullup*CTR/RLED X2 Vac Voltage
11
G2=10^(-Gfc/20) Optocoupler V(err)
Cpole = Copto Rbias
G=G2/G1 1k
CTR = CTR
pi=3.14159 3.31V 2.50V
C2
fz=516 {C2} 1 10
C1 R2
fp=3.8k
{C1} {R2}
C1=1/(2*pi*fz*R2)
Cpole2=1/(2*pi*fp*Rpullup)
C2=Cpole2-Copto Rlower
X1
a=(fz^2+fc^2)*(fp^2+fc^2) 10k
TL431_G
c=(fz^2+fc^2)
R2=(sqrt(a)/c)*G*fc*Rupper/fp
Rmax1=(Vz-Vf-Vref)
Rmax2=(Vdd-VCEsat+Ibias*(Rpullup*CTR))
RLED=(Rmax1/Rmax2)*Rpullup*CTR*0.85
TL431 Type 2 Design Example No Fast Lane
The simulation results confirm the calculations are ok
dB
10.0
G (s)
0
-10.0
-20.0
150 arg G ( s )
130
110 50
90.0
70.0
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
The TL431 in a Type 3 Compensator
The type 3 with a TL431 is difficult to put in practice
Vdd Vout
1 1
fz1 = f z2 =
R pullup RLED R pz R1 2 R1C1 2 ( RLED + R pz ) C pz
1 1
f p1 = f p2 =
C pz 2 R pz C pz 2 R pullup ( C2 || Copto )
R pullup
G= CTR
Rbias RLED
C2
C1 RLED fixes the gain and
a zero position
Rlower
C3 1
Rbias f p1 =
2 R3C3
1
C2 f p2 =
C1 R2 2 R pullup ( C2 || Copto )
R pullup
Rlower G= CTR
RLED
TL431
TL431 Type 3 Design Example No Fast Lane
We want to provide a 10-dB attenuation at 1 kHz
The phase boost needs to be of 120
place the double pole at 3.7 kHz and the double zero at 268 Hz
Calculate the maximum LED resistor you can accept, apply margin
Vz V f VTL 431,min X 0.85
RLED ,max R pullup CTR min 1.5 k 1.3 k
Vdd VCE , sat + I bias CTR min R pullup
G fc = 1010 20 = 0.316
TL431
TL431 Type 3 Design Example No Fast Lane
The mid-band gain from the type 3 is therefore:
G0 0.316
G1 = = = 0.068 or 23.3 dB
G2 4.6
Calculate R2 for this attenuation:
2 2
fc fc
1+ 1+
f p f p
G1 R1 f p1 1 2
R2 = = 744
f p1 f z1 2
fc
2
f z1
1+ 1+
fc f z
2
C1 = 800 nF C2 = 148 pF C3 = 14.5 nF Copto = 2 nF
The optocoupler pole limits the upper double pole position
The maximum boost therefore depends on the crossover frequency
TL431 Type 3 Design Example No Fast Lane
The decoupling between Vout and Vbias affects the curves
dB
10.0
G (s) -9.3 dB @ 1 kHz
0
-10.0
-20.0
Isolated 12-V
dc source
-30.0
-10 dB @ 1 kHz
240 arg G ( s )
200
160
135
120
80.0
Feedback generalities
The TL431 in a compensator
Small-signal analysis of the return chain
A type 1 implementation with the TL431
A type 2 implementation with the TL431
A type 3 implementation with the TL431
Design examples
Conclusion
Design Example 1 a Single-Stage PFC
The single-stage PFC is often used in LED applications
It combines isolation, current-regulation and power factor correction
Here, a constant on-time BCM controller, the NCL30000, is used
141V
1 19 1 V = 1 s
vc
a
Dc 2
68.4V X2 Vout
XFMR
Fsw 5
3.09V -210V
RATIO = -250m
52.5V
Iout = 2.4 A
8.74V
7 8
Ip
V1
p
Ip
6
c
{Vrms*1.414} 154mV
3
R2 R7
X1
GAIN
R1 X5 50m 65k
PWMBCMVM 100m K = Gpwm D4
L=L GAIN 52.5V 26.9V 50 V
1N965
0V
9 11 2 A string
4
1.57V
22 C5
B1 C1
L1 2.2mF 0.1uF
Voltage Rsense
{L}
V(errac)-0.6 0.5 1.24V
23
Vsense
parameters Vdd
15.1V
{Vdd} 1.25 V ILED
1.24V
Vrms=100
5.00V
14
R5
{RLED}
10
R4
Ac out
L=400u {Rupper}
18
VFB R6
Ct=1.5n
LoL {Rpullup}
Icharge=270u errac 1k 2.17V 2.17V 12.2V
Gpwm=(Ct/Icharge)*1Meg 2.17V 29 17 16
X4
Optocoupler
On-time CoL
1k C2 11.1V
Cpole = Copto
CTR = CTR
C4
{C1}
R9
{R2}
0V
selection 20
AC = 1
{C2} 13
1.24V
28
ac in V3
15
X3
TLV431
1.24V
Average simulation
Design Example 1 a Single-Stage PFC
Once the converter elements are known, ac-sweep the circuit
Select a crossover low enough to reject the ripple, e.g. 20 Hz
dB 0
H (s)
8.00
-2.5 dB
4.00
20 Hz
0
-4.00
-8.00
80.0
40.0
arg H ( s ) -11
0
-40.0
-80.0
10.0
13
fc = 19 Hz
0
15 V 0.5 -10.0
T (s)
3
-20.0
5V 10
6.1 k 10 k
11
180
ton
generation 20 k 90.0
7 6 m = 90
0
586 nF 13.6 k
395 nF 4 12 -90.0
argT ( s )
5
-180
G (s) 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1k
Design Example 1 a Single-Stage PFC
A transient simulation helps to test the system stability
6.00
4.00
2.00
2.2 A
I LED ( t )
0
-2.00
VFB ( t )
5.00
4.60
4.20
3.80
3.40
4.00
2.00
I in ( t )
-2.00
-4.00
839mV
vc
a
PWM switch CM
389mV
duty-cycle
DC 6
X2x
XFMR D1A
RATIO = -166m mbr20200ctp vout
90.0V 12.0V
vout
2 3 4
Vin p -76.1V 12.6V
c
90
AC = 0 R10
0V
13 20m
X9
Rload
PWMCM L1 12.0V
V(errP)/3 > 1 ? 1 7.2
L = Lp {Lp}
Fs = 65k 1 : V(errP)/3 C5
8
Ri = 0.7 3mF
Se = Se B1
Voltage
Coming from FB
20.0 90.0
Phase at 1 kHz
-70
0 0
arg H ( s )
-20.0 -90.0
-40.0 -180
Magnitude at 1 kHz
-23 dB
10 100 1k 10k 100k
Design Example 2: a DCM Flyback Converter
Apply k factor or other method, get fz and fp
fz = 3.5 kHz fp = 4.5 kHz
Vout(s)
Vdd 2 k 38 k
20 k
VFB(s) 10 nF
k factor FB
gave
2.5 nF
C = 3.8 nF 10 k
install Copto = 1.3 nF
C2 = 3.8n 1.3n 2.5 nF
Design Example 2: a DCM Flyback Converter
Check loop gain and watch phase margin at fc
4
dB
180 80.0 T (s)
m = 60
0 0
-90.0 -40.0
Crossover
1 kHz
-180 -80.0
12.04 Vout(t)
Hi
12.00 line
Excellent!
11.96
200 mA to 2 A in 1 A/s
3.00m 9.00m 15.0m 21.0m 27.0m
Use an Automated Design Tool
To speed-up your design studies, use the right tool!
1. 2.
Enter Show power
calculated stage gain
values and phase
3. 4.
Compute See final
pole/zero values on
check open TL431
loop gain
www.onsemi.com
NCP1200, design tools
Conclusion
Classical loop control theory describes op amps in compensators
Engineers cannot apply their knowledge to the TL431
Examples show that the TL431 with an optocoupler have limits
Once these limits are understood, the TL431 is simple to use
All three compensator types have been covered
Design examples showed the power of averaged models
Use them to extensively reproduce parameter dispersions
Applying these recipes is key to design success!
Merci !
Thank you!
Xi-xie!
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