3
Nationalism
CASE STUDY: Italy and Germany
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
SETTING THE STAGE Nationalism was the most powerful idea of the 1800s.
Its influence stretched throughout Europe and the Americas. It shaped countries
by creating new ones or breaking up old ones. In Europe, it also upset the balance
of power set up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, affecting the lives of millions.
Empires in Europe were made up of many different groups of people.
Nationalism fed the desire of most of those groups to be free of the rule of
empires and govern themselves in their traditional lands.
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In the chart on page 692, you can see the characteristics and examples of three
types of nationalist movements. In todays world, groups still use the spirit of
nationalism to unify, separate, or build up nation-states.
homes, Armenians
beg for bread at a
refugee center.
Armenia, the Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians from 1894 to 1896 and
again in 1915. Like Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire broke apart soon after
World War I.
SWITZERLAND
A L PS AUSTRIAN EMPIRE was uniting northern Italy, he secretly
e R.
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Dr
av started helping nationalist rebels in
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SAVOY aR
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Milan
VENETIA
Sav . southern Italy. In May 1860, a small
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To .
France, PIEDMONT PARMA Po R. Venice army of Italian nationalists led by a
A
1860
bold and visionary soldier, Giuseppe
EN
Genoa
OD
NICE
Garibaldi (GARuh BAWLdee),
M
LUCCA Florence
Pisa Arno OTTOMAN
R
PAPAL EMPIRE captured Sicily. In battle, Garibaldi
8 E
TUSCANY STATES Ad
16 E
CORSICA at
(Fr.) ic his followers. As a result, they
Rome Se
R
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Italian forces took over the last part of a territory known as the Papal States. With
this victory, the city of Rome came under Italian control. Soon after, Rome became
the capital of the united kingdom of Italy. The pope, however, would continue to
govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City.
8 E
16 E
North Baltic Memel
first.) Bismarck had achieved Prussian Sea Sea Nem
an R
SCHLESWIG .
dominance over Germany and Europe
RG
HOLSTEIN
by blood and iron.
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Hamburg
PRUSSIA
EN
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A Shift in Power ET
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ER
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Berlin
PRUSSIA
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The 1815 Congress of Vienna had estab- WESTPHALIA
Warsaw
El
Od
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be
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lished five Great Powers in Europe
er
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.
RUSSIAN
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Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and HESSE SAXONY EMPIRE
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Frankfurt
Sedan SILESIA
Russia. In 1815, the Great Powers were LUX. Prague
LO BOHEMIA 50 N
nearly equal in strength.The wars of the RR
AI
BAVARIA
NE AUSTRIAN
WRTTEMBURG
mid-1800s greatly strengthened one of EMPIRE
ACE
FRANCE HOHENZOLLERN Prussia, 1865
the Great Powers, as Prussia joined with
A LS
Munich Da Annexed by Prussia, 1866
nu b
other German states to form Germany. e R. Joined Prussia
in North German
By 1871, Britain and Germany were SWITZERLAND Confederation, 1867
clearly the most powerful, both militarily South German States
(joined Prussia to form
and economically. Austria and Russia 0 ITALY 200 Miles
German Empire, 1871)
Conquered from France,
lagged far behind. France struggled 1871
0 400 Kilometers
along somewhere in the middle. The German Empire, 1871
SECTION 3 ASSESSMENT
TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
Russification Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Junker Otto von Bismarck realpolitik kaiser