NOTEBOOK # 10

1. While using a image intensifier with a 10/7/5 diameters, which size is

best for contrast resolution and why? Which one is best for spatial
resolution and why? Which one has the largest field of view?
The 5-cm diameter will be the best option for increasing spatial
resolution, due to the fact is magnifies it by 2X. Contrast resolution
will be increased with the largest diameter which would be 10cm.
This is true because when you have larger focal spot the technique
of the exposures can be lowered which will end up increasing the
contrast resolution. Lower kVp= Better contrast. The largest FOV
will be the 10-cm diameter.

2. Describe minification gain and the relationship with increasing input

phosphor size, kVp, mA, output phosphor size, and tube voltage.
It takes the same number of electrons that are emitted at the
photocathode & using them to create the image at the smaller
output screen which causes the image to be brighter. They share a
direct relationship.

3. Describe what occurs when the image intensifier is operated in the

magnification mode as it relates to contrast resolution, spatial
resolution, patient dose, the relationship of the focal point between the
input phosphor and the output phosphor.
When in magnification mode a smaller FOV is used, which will
decrease the contrast due to the increase in technique needed to
produce the image. The upside to it is it will increase the spatial
resolution. Patient dose will also increase because when using a
smaller FOV the technique is increased due to the long exposure
time needed to create the brighter image.

Equations used in fluoroscopy:

Flux gain = number of output light photons
Number of input x-ray photons

Brightness gain = Minification gain x Flux gain or use the conversion

factor equation.

Minification on gain = (dinput)2

doutput)2

Conversion factor = output phosphor illumination (cd/m2)

Input exposure rate (mGya/sec.)

Magnification factor = mode 2 in multifield Image Intensifier

Mode 1
 NOTEBOOK # 10

New ESD = Original input screen size X Entrance Skin Dose

New input screen size

4. What is the brightness gain for a 17- cm image intensifier tube with a
flux gain of 120 and a 2.5 cm output phosphor?

17^2/2.5^2= 289/6.25 289/6.25= 46.24 46.24*120=5,548.8

5. A 23/15/10 image intensifier is used in the 10cm mode. How much

higher is the patient dose using this mode compared to using the 23
cm mode?

23/10= 2.5 X magnified Patient dose=2.3 X higher dose

Principal: when using the magnification mode, the minification gain is

reduced, so fewer photoelectrons are hitting the output phosphor. This
creates a dimmer image. To compensate for the magnification mode
(maintain the same amount of brightness), the tube mA is increased.
The increase in dose to the patient when changing from 23 cm to 10
cm is equal to the ratio of the input phosphor diameter to the
diameter used in magnification mode.

6. What is the change is dose (how much higher) when switching from a
23cm FOV to a 17cm FOV?

23/17 = 1.35 X Patient dose = 1.35 X higher dose

7. A photo fluoroscopic image is obtaining using the technical factors of

80 kVp in the 15cm mode without a grid. He measured entrance skin
dose (ESD) is 0.5 mGyt. What ESD would be expected if the 25cm mode
were used?
Original input screen size X ESD = New ESD
New input screen size

ESD= 15 * .5 / 25 New ESD = 0.3 mGyt

8. A 23cm image intensifier has an output phosphor size of 2.5cm and a

flux gain of 75. What is the brightness gain?

23^2 / 2.5^2 = 529/3.25 529/6.25=84.64 84.64*75= 6,348

 NOTEBOOK # 10

Brightness gain = 6,348

9. Create a scenario using one of the equations above with the specific
factors required. Be sure to show your work and include the answer.
An image is obtained at a 25cm FOV and is changed to a 12cm FOV.
The ESD for the first image came out at .75 mGyt. What is the
change in magnification? What is the new ESD?

Magnification = 25/12 = 2.08 X magnified

ESD = 25 * .75 / 12 = 18.75/12 18.75/12 = 1.56 mGyt for the new

ESD