Homework #2

P.7-3 A rectangular loop of width w and height h is situated near a very long wire carrying a current
i1 as in Fig. 7-11(a). Assume i1 to be a rectangular pulse as shown in Fig. 7-11(b).
a) Find the induced current i2 in the rectangular loop whose self-inductance is L.
b) Find the energy dissipated in the resistance R if T >> L/R.

Ans:
In the rectangular loop with the assigned direction for i2:
di1 di
L12 L 2 Ri2 , (1)
dt dt
where
12 h d w h d w 0i1 h w
L12 B12 dr dr 0 ln1 . (2)
i2 i2 d i2 d 2r 2 d
a) At t = 0, i1(t) = I1U(t) is applied and (1) becomes
di2
L Ri2 L12 I1 (t ). (3)
dt
L12 ( R / L ) t
Solution of (3): i2 I1e , 0t T (4)
L
L12 RT / L
At t = T, i2 I1e , when a negative step function I1U(t) is applied.
L
If T >> L/R, then i2 for t > T is the reverse of i2 for 0 < t < T; i.e.,
L12 ( R / L )(t T )
i2 I1e , t T.
L
i2
L12
I1
L

0 t
b) Energy dissipated in R:
L
W 2 12 I1 R e ( 2 R / L ) t dt L12 I1 .
1 2

L 0 L

P.7-4 A conducting equilateral triangular loop is placed near a very long

straight wire, shown in Fig. 6-48, with d = b/2. A current i(t) = I sin t flows
in the straight wire.
a) Determine the voltage registered by a high-impedance rms voltmeter
inserted in the loop.
b) Determine the voltmeter reading when the triangular loop is rotated
by 60o about a perpendicular axis through its center.
Ans:
I sin t r d
B a 0 , B ds , ds a 2 zdr , z .
2 r S
3
a) Figure 6-48

b) with d = b/2,

b
d
2 3 perpendicular axis
b 1
or 1 60o
2 3

b
d 2b b 4
3 d or 1
3 2 3

P.7-6 A suggested scheme for reducing eddy-current power loss in transformer cores with a circular
cross section is to divide the cores into a large number of small insulated filamentary parts. As
illustrated in Fig. 7-12, the section shown in part (a) is replaced by that in part (b). Assuming that
B(t) = B0 sin t and that N filamentary areas fill 95% of the original cross-sectional area, find
 a) the average eddy-current power loss in the section of core of height h in Fig. 7-12(a),
b) the total average eddy-current power loss in the N filamentary sections in Fig. 7-12(b).

Ans:

a) Flux enclosed in the ring in Fig. 7-12(a): r 2 B(t ) . (1)

The induced emf in the ring referring to the assigned direction for current:
d dB(t )
V iRr r2 . (2)
dt dt

2 r
Resistance of differential circular ring: Rr . (3)
hdr

r 2 dB(t ) h dB
Combining (2) and (3): i rdr . (4)
Rr dt 2 dt

h dB
2

dp i Rr
2
r dr
3
. (5)
2 dt

h dB
2
h 4 2 2
P dp a4 a B0 cos 2 t. (6)
8 dt 8

h
Pav a 4 2 B02 . (7)
16
b) For N insulated filamentary parts, each with a area
0.95a 2 0.95
S b 2 b a .
N N
Power loss in N filaments in Fig. 7-12(b) from (6):
4
h 0.95 2 2 0.952
P N a B cos 2
t P.
N
0
8 N

0.952
Pav Pav .
N

P.7-10 A hollow cylindrical magnet with inner radius a and outer radius b rotates about its axis at an
angular frequency . The magnet has a uniform axial magnetization M = azM0. Sliding brush
contacts are provided at the inner and outer surfaces as shown in Fig. 7-14. Assuming that r = 5000
and = 107 (S/m) for the magnet, find
a) H and B in the magnet,
b) open-circuit voltage V0,
c) short-circuit current.

Fig. 7-14
Ans:
a) r 1 m , m 5000 1 4999.

M M0 5000 0 M 0
H a z ; B 0 r H a z .
m 4999 4999
 B 2 2
b a
2500
0 M 0 b 2 a 2 .
a
b) V0 u B d (a r ) (a z B) ar dr
b 2 4999
c) At r:

Jr i
Er Er u B (a u ) (a z B) ar rB
2rh
b B 2
Induced voltage: V Er dr
b

a
i
ln
2h a 2

b a 2 iR V0
Short circuit:
B ln b a
V0 0, isc
2R
b 2

a 2 , where R
2h
.

P.7-12 Prove that the Lorentz condition for potentials as expressed in Eq. (7-62) is consistent with
the equation of continuity.
Ans:
Eqs. (7 63) and (7 65) can be modified as:

1 2 2 A 2V
J A 2 and 2V 2
t t

1 2 2 A 2V
J A 2 2V 2
t t t t
V 2 2 V
2 A 2
2
1
A
t t 2 t 2 t
1 V 2 V
2 A A
t t
2
t

V
If Lorentz Gauge, A 0 , is satisfied, then the above equation becomes
t
2
2 0 2 0 0 the equation of continuity
1
J
t t
Thus, the Lorentz condition is consistent with the equation of continuity.

P. 7-15 Write the set of four Maxwells equations, Eqs. (7-53a, b, c and d), as eight scalar equations
a) in Cartesian coordinates,
b) in cylindrical coordinates,
c) in spherical coordinates.
Ans:
a) in Cartesian coordinates
 E z E y B H z H y D x
x Jx
y z t y z t
B E E B y D H H z D y
E x z , H J x Jy
t z x t t z x t
E y E x B z H y H x J D z
x y t x y
z
t

D x D y D z
D
x y z
B x B y B z
B 0 0
x y z
b) in cylindrical coordinates,
E z E B
r
r z t
B E r E z B
E
t z r t
1 E B
(rE ) r z
r r t

H z H Dr
Jr
r z t
D H r H z D
H J J
t z r t
1 H D z
(rH ) r
Jz
r r t

1 rDr D D z
D
r r r z
1 rBr B B z
B 0 0
r r r z
c) in spherical coordinates,
1 E B
( E sin ) R
R sin t

E
B 1 1 E R


RE B
t R sin R t
1 E B
( RE ) R
R R t
1 H DR
( H sin ) JR
R sin t
D
H J
1 1 H R


RH J D
t R sin R t
1 H R D
( RH ) J
R R t
 1 D
D 2 R 2 DR 1

R sin
D sin 1
R sin

R R
1 B
B 0 2 R 2 BR 1

R sin
B sin 1
R sin
0.
R R

P.7-18 In Eqs. (3-88) and (3-89) it was shown that for field calculations a polarized dielectric may
be replaced by an equivalent polarization surface charge density ps and an equivalent polarization
volume charge density p. Find the boundary conditions at interface of two different media for
a) the normal component of P,
b) the normal components of E,
Ans:

(a) Eq. (3-89): P p an 2 P1 P2 ps .

(b) 0 E D P D f an 2 D1 D2 fs . (1)

P p an 2 P1 P2 ps . (2)

in which subscript f means free charge.

Combining (1) and (2): an 2 E1 E2 fs ps .
1
0

P.7-22 For the assumed f(t) at R = 0 in Fig. 7-15, sketch

a) f(t R/u) versus t,
b) f(t R/u) versus R to t > T.

Fig. 7-15
Ans:
P.7-26 Given that

H a y 2 cos(15 x) sin(6 109 t z ) (A/m)

in air, find E and .

Solution:

H a y 2 cos(15 x) sin(6 109 t z ) (A/m). 6 109 (rad/s)

Use phasors (sine as reference):

H a y 2 cos(15 x)e j z (1)

1 j
E H a x j 2 cos(15 x) a z 2(15 ) sin(15 x) e j z (2)
j 0 0
1 2
H E a y (15 ) 2 2 cos(15 x) e j z . (3)
j0 0 0
2

Equating (1) and (3): (15 ) 2 2 2 0 0 400 2 .

Thus, 13.2 41.6 (rad/m).

E ( x, z; t ) m Ee jt a x 496 cos(15 x) sin(6 109 t 41.62)
From (2): (V/m)
a z 565sin(15 x) cos(6 109 t 41.62)

P.7-30 Calculations concerning the electromagnetic effect of currents in a good conductor usually
neglect the displacement current even at microwave frequencies.

a) Assuming r 1 and 5.70 107 (S/m) for copper, compare the magnitude of the

displacement current density with that of the conduction current density at 100 (GHz).
b) Write the governing differential equation for magnetic field intensity H in a source-free good
conductor.
Solution:
Displacement current (2 100 109 ) 361 109
a) 9.75 108.
Conduction current 5.70 107
b) In a source-free conductor:

H E, (1)

E j H . (2)

(1) : H ( H ) 2 H E. (3)

But H 0 , Eq. (3) becomes

2 H E 0. (4)
Combining (1) and (4):

2 H j H 0.