1

Stat501 Hw#5 Solution Hints

9.10 a If the airline is to determine whether or not the flight is unprofitable, they are
interested in finding out whether or not 60 (since a flight is profitable if is at
least 60). Hence, the alternative hypothesis is H a : 60 and the null hypothesis is
H 0 : 60 . Formally,

H 0 : 60 vs. H a : 60

b Since only small values of x (and hence, negative values of z) would tend to
disprove H0 in favor of Ha, this is a one-tailed test.

c For this exercise, n 120, x 58, and s 11 .

One-Sample T
Test of mu = 0.6 vs < 0.6

95% Upper
N Mean StDev SE Mean Bound T P
120 0.5800 0.1100 0.0100 0.5966 -1.99 0.024

Since the p-value of 0.024 is small (<0.05) we can reject the

null hypothesis and conclude the alternative that this flight is
unprofitable.

---Period---

---------- This section can be omitted -----

Hence, the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 58 60
z 1.992
n s n 11 120

The rejection region with .05 is determined by a critical value of z such that
P z z0 .05 . This value is z0 1.645 and H0 will be rejected if z 1.645 (compare the
right-tailed rejection region in Exercise 9.6). The observed value of z falls in the
rejection region and H0 is rejected. The flight is unprofitable.
 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9.14 The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 7 versus H a : 7

-----

Insert MINITAB output and make conclusions

-------------------------------- end------

and the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 6.7 7
z .992
n s n 2.7 80

The rejection region with .05 is z 1.645 (similar to Exercise 9.10). The observed
value, z .992 , does not fall in the rejection region and H0 is not rejected. The data
do not provide sufficient evidence to indicate that 7 .

9.15 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 7.4 versus H a : 7.4

-----------------------------------------------

Insert MINITAB output and make conclusions

--------------------------------

----- Optional-------

and the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 7.9 7.4
z 2.63
n s n 1.9 100

with p-value P z 2.63 1 .9957 .0043 . To draw a conclusion from the p-value, use
the guidelines for statistical significance in Section 9.3. Since the p-value is less than
.01, the test results are highly significant. We can reject H 0 at both the 1% and 5%
levels of significance.

-------------------------------------------
 3

b You could claim that you work significantly fewer hours than those without a
college education.

c If you were not a college graduate, you might just report that you work an average
of more than 7.4 hours per week..

9.16 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 98.6 versus H a : 98.6

-----------------------------------------------

Insert MINITAB output and make conclusions

To replace the following.

and the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 98.25 98.6
z 5.47
n s n .73 130

with p-value P z 5.47 P ( z 5.47) 2(0) 0 . Alternatively, we could write

p -value 2 P z 5.47 2(.0002) .0004 With .05 , the p-value is less than and H0 is
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the average body temperature
for healthy humans is different from 98.6.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

b-c Using the critical value approach, we set the null and alternative
hypotheses and calculate the test statistic as in part a. The rejection region with
.05 is | z | 1.96 . The observed value, z 5.47 , does fall in the rejection region and
H0 is rejected. The conclusion is the same is in part a.

d How did the doctor record 1 million temperatures in 1868? The technology
available at that time makes this a difficult if not impossible task. It may also have
been that the instruments used for this research were not entirely accurate.

9.17 The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 5.97 versus H a : 5.97

-----------------------------------------------
 4

Insert MINITAB output and make conclusions

To replace the following:

and the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 9.8 5.97
z 10.94
n s n 1.95 31

with p -value P z 10.94 1 .9998 .0002 (or p -value 0 ). Since the p-value is less than
.05, the null hypothesis is rejected . There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the
average diameter of the tendon for patients with AT is greater than 5.97 mm.

------------------------

9.18 a-b The hypothesis of interest is one-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

c The test statistic, calculated under the assumption that 1 2 0 , is

-----------------------------------------------

Insert MINITAB output and make conclusions

To replace:

x1 x2 1 2
z
12 22

n1 n2

with 12 and 22 known, or estimated by s12 and s22 , respectively. For this exercise,

x1 x2 0 11.6 9.7
z 2.09
2
s s 2
27.9 38.4
1
2
n1 n2 80 80

a value which lies slightly more than two standard deviations from the hypothesized
difference of zero. This would be a somewhat unlikely observation, if H 0 is true.
 5

d The p-value for this one-tailed test is

Since the p-value is not less than .01 , the null hypothesis cannot be rejected at
the 1% level. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that 1 2 0 .

e Using the critical value approach, the rejection region, with .01 , is z 2.33 (see
Exercise 9.3a). Since the observed value of z does not fall in the rejection region, H0
is not rejected. There is insufficient evidence to indicate that 1 2 0 , or 1 2 .

9.21 a The hypothesis of interest is one-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

b The test statistic, calculated under the assumption that 1 2 0 , is

x1 x2 0 6.9 5.8
z 2.074
2.9 1.2
2 2 2 2
s s
1
2

n1 n2 35 35

The rejection region with .05 , is z 1.645 and H0 is rejected. There is evidence to
indicate that 1 2 0 , or 1 2 . That is, there is reason to believe that Vitamin C
reduces the mean time to recover.

9.22 a The hypothesis of interest is one-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

MINITAB output (use P-value)

The rejection region with .01, is z 2.33 and H0 is rejected. There is evidence to
indicate that 1 2 0 , or 1 2 . The average per-capita beef consumption has
decreased in the last ten years. (Alternatively, the p-value for this test is the area to
the right of z 5.33 which is very close to zero and less than .01 .)

b For the difference 1 2 in the population means this year and ten years ago, the
99% lower confidence bound uses z.01 2.33 and is calculated as

(The lower bound can be found in MINITAB output)

 6

Since the difference in the means is positive, you can again conclude that there has
been a decrease in average per-capita beef consumption over the last ten years. In
addition, it is likely that the average consumption has decreased by more than 5.63
pounds per year.

9.24 The hypothesis of interest is two-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

(Get a Minitab output and make conclusions)

b .

9.27 a The hypothesis of interest is two-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

(Get a Minitab output and make conclusions)

b The 95% confidence interval for 1 2 is approximately

(From MINITAB output)

Since the value 1 2 0 does not fall in the interval in part b, it is not likely that
1 2 . There is evidence to indicate that the means are different, confirming the
conclusion in part a.

9.29 a The hypothesis of interest is two-tailed:

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

(Get a Minitab output and make conclusions)

b Since the p-value = ., we can reject H0 at the 5% level (p-value < .05), but not at
the 1% level (p-value > .01). Using the guidelines for significance given in Section
9.3 of the text, we declare the results statistically significant, but not highly
significant.

9.34 a The hypothesis of interest is two-tailed:

H 0 : p .75 versus H a : p .75

b (Get a Minitab output and make conclusions in stead of using following)

 7

x 58
With x 58 and n 100 , so that p .58 , the test statistic is
n 100

p p0 .58 .75
z 3.93
p0 q0 .75 .25
n 100

with p-value P z 3.93 2 .0002 .0004 or p -value 0 . Since this p-value is less than .
01, H0 is rejected at the 1% level of significance and the results are declared highly
significant. There is evidence that the proportion of red flowered plants is not .75.

9.35 a-b Since the survival rate without screening is p 2 3 , the survival rate with an
effective program may be greater than 2/3. Hence, the hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : p 2 3 versus H a : p 2 3

x 164
c With p .82 , the test statistic is
n 200

p p0 .82 2 3
z 4.6
p0 q0 2 3 1 3
n 200

The rejection region is one-tailed, with .05 or z 1.645 and H0 is rejected. The
screening program seems to increase the survival rate.

d For the one-tailed test,

p -value P z 4.6 1 .9998 .0002

That is, H0 can be rejected for any value of .0002 . The results are highly
significant.

9.38 a The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p .25 versus H a : p .25

x 22
With p .275 , the test statistic is
n 80

p p0 .275 .25
z .52
p0 q0 .25 .75
n 80
 8

The rejection region is two-tailed .05 , or z 1.96 and H0 is not rejected. There is
insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim is incorrect.

b The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p .24 versus H a : p .24

x 15
With p .1875 , the test statistic is
n 80

p p0 .1875 .24
z 1.10
p0 q0 .24 .76
n 80

The rejection region is two-tailed .05 , or z 1.96 and H0 is not rejected. There is
insufficient evidence to indicate that the claim is incorrect.

c Unless the experimenter had some preconceived idea that the proportion might be
greater or less than claimed, there would be no reason to run a one-tailed test.

9.40 The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p .35 versus H a : p .35

x 123
with p .41 , the test statistic is
n 300

p p0 .41 .35
z 2.17
p0 q0 .35 .65
n 300

The rejection region with =.01 is | z | 2.58 and the null hypothesis is not rejected.
(Alternatively, we could calculate p-value 2 P z 2.17 2(.0150) .0300 . Since this p-
value is greater than .01, the null hypothesis is not rejected.) There is insufficient
evidence to indicate that the percentage of adults who say that they always vote is
different from the percentage reported in Time.

9.45 a The hypothesis of interest is:

H 0 : p1 p2 0 versus H a : p1 p2 0

n1 p 1 n2 p 2 18 30
Calculate p1 .36 , p 2 .60 and p .48 . The test statistic is then
n1 n2 50 50
 9

p1 p 2 .36 .60
z 2.40
1 1 .48 .52 1 50 1 50

pq
n1 n2

The rejection region, with .05 , is z 1.645 and H0 is rejected. There is evidence of
a difference in the proportion of survivors for the two groups.

b From Section 8.7, the approximate 95% confidence interval is

p1q1 p 2 q2
p1 p 2 1.96
n1 n2
.36 .64 .60 .40
.36 .60 1.96
50 50
.24 .19 or .43 p1 p2 .05

9.46 a The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p1 p2 0 versus H a : p1 p2 0

123 145 x x 123 145

Calculate p1 .280 , p 2 .259 , and p 1 2 .268 . The test
440 560 n1 n2 440 560
statistic is then

p1 p 2 .280 .259
z 0.74
1 1 .268 .732 1 440 1 560

pq
n1 n2

The rejection region, with .01 , is z 2.58 and H0 is not rejected. There is no
evidence of a difference in the proportion of frequent moviegoers in the two
demographic groups.

b A difference in the proportions might mean that the advertisers would choose
different products to advertise before this movie.

9.50 a Since the two treatments were randomly assigned, the randomization procedure
can be implemented as each patient becomes available for treatment. Choose a
random number between 0 and 9 for each patient. If the patient receives a number
between 0 and 4, the assigned drug is aspirin. If the patient receives a number
between 5 and 9, the assigned drug is clopidogrel.

b Assume that n1 7720 and n2 7780 . It is given that p1 .054 , p 2 .038 , so that

n1 p1 n2 p 2 7720 .054 7780 .038

p .046 .
n1 n2 15,500
 10

The test statistic is then

p1 p 2 .054 .038
z 4.75
1 1 .046 .954 1 7720 1 7780

pq
n1 n2

with p-value P z 4.75 2(.0002) .0004 . Since the p-value is less than .01, the results
are statistically significant. There is sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the
proportions for the two treatment groups.

c Clopidogrel would be the preferred treatment, as long as there are no dangerous

side effects.

9.51 The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p1 p2 0 versus H a : p1 p2 0

93 119 x x 93 119
Calculate p1 .769 , p 2 .598 , and p 1 2 .6625 . The test
121 199 n1 n 2 121 199
statistic is then

p1 p 2 .769 .598
z 3.14
1 1 .6625 .3375 1 121 1 199

pq
n1 n2

with p-value P z 3.14 1 .9992 .0008 . Since the p-value is less than .01, the results
are reported as highly significant at the 1% level of significance. There is evidence to
confirm the researchers conclusion.

9.60 a The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : p .5 versus H a : p .5

x 6
with p .222 , and the test statistic is
n 27

p p0 .222 .5
z 2.89
p0 q0 .5 .5
n 27

Since no value of is specified in advance, we calculate

p -value P z 2.89 .5 .4981 .0019 . Since this p-value is less than .10, you can
 11

reject H0 at the 1% level (highly significant) and reject the DAs claim of 50% or
greater.

x 455
b If you take x 455 and n 503 with p .905 , the 95% confidence interval for
n 503
p is approximately

pq .905 .095
p 1.96 .905 1.96 .905 .026
n 503

or .879 p .931

c Even with the conservative value of x in part b, you can see that all the possible
values for p are greater than p .5 . You cannot conclude that the DAs claim of 50%
or greater is wrong in fact, it appears that the DA is correct!

9.65 a-b The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : p1 p2 0 versus H a : p1 p2 0

42 48 x x 42 48
Calculate p1 .636 , p 2 .623 , and p 1 2 .629 . The test statistic is
66 77 n1 n2 66 77

then

p1 p 2 .636 .623
z 0.16
1 1 .629 .371 1 66 1 77

pq
n1 n2

and the p-value is P z 0.16 1 .5636 .4364 .

c Since the observed p-value, .4364, is greater than .05 , H0 cannot be rejected.
There is insufficient evidence to support the researchers belief.

9.66 Refer to the figure below, which represents the two probability distributions, one
assuming that p1 p2 0 and one assuming that p1 p2 .1 .
 12

The right curve is the true distribution of the random variable p1 p 2 and
consequently any probabilities that we wish to calculate concerning the random
variable must be calculated as areas under the curve to the right. The objective of
this exercise is to find a common sample size so that P reject H 0 when H 0 is true .05
and P accept H 0 when H 0 is false .20 . For .05 consider the critical value of p1 p 2
that separates the rejection and acceptance regions. This value will be denoted by
p1 p 2 C . Recall that the random variable z x measures the distance from a
particular value x to the mean (in units of standard deviation). Since the z-value
corresponding to p1 p 2 C is z 1.645 , we have

p1 p 2 C 0
1.645
p1q1 p2 q2

n1 n2

or

p1q1 p2 q2
p1 p 2 C 1.645
n1 n2

Now P accept H 0 when p1 p2 .1 which is the area under the right hand curve to
the left of p1 p 2 C . Since it is required that .20 we must find the z-value
corresponding to A .2 , which is z .84 (see Table 3). Then

p1 p 2 C .1
.84
p1q1 p2 q2

n1 n2
 13

p1q1 p2 q2
where p1 p 2 C 1.645 . Substituting for p1 p 2 C ,
n1 n2

p1q1 p2 q2
1.645 .1
n1 n2
.84
p1q1 p2 q2

n1 n2
.1
2.485
p1q1 p2 q2

n1 n2

The following two assumptions will allow us to calculate the appropriate sample size:

1 n1 n2 n .

2 The maximum value of p 1 p will occur when p 1 p .5 . Since values of p1

and p2 are unknown, the use of p .5 will provide a valid sample size, although it may
be slightly larger than necessary.

Then, solving for n, we obtain

.1 .1
2.485 2.485
1 1 .5 2 n
.5 .5
n n

n 17.57 or n 308.76 . Hence, a common sample size for the researchers test will be
n 309 .

9.71 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

and the test statistic is

x1 x2 0 240 227
z 4.33
2
s s2
980 820
1
2
n1 n2 200 200

The rejection region, with .05, is one-tailed or z 1.645 and the null hypothesis is
rejected. There is a difference in mean yield for the two types of spray.

b An approximate 95% confidence interval for 1 2 is

 14

s12 s22
x1 x2 1.96
n1 n2
980 820
240 227 1.96
200 200
13 5.88 or 7.12 1 2 18.88

9.72 a Let p1 be the proportion of cells in which RNA developed normally when treated
with a .6 micrograms per millimeter concentration of Actinomysin-D, and p2 be the
proportion of normal cells treated with the higher concentration of Actinomysin-D.
The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : p1 p2 0 versus H a : p1 p2 0

55 23 x x 55 23
Calculate p1 .786 , p 2 .329 , and p 1 2 .557 . The test statistic is
70 70 n1 n2 70 70

then

p1 p 2 .786 .329
z 5.44
1 1 .557 .443 1 70 1 70

pq
n1 n2

and the p-value is P z 5.44 2 .0002 .0004 .

b Since the observed p-value < .0004, is must be less than .05 , and H0 is
rejected. We can conclude that there is a difference in the rate of normal RNA
synthesis for cells exposed to the two different concentrations of Actinomysin-D.

9.73 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 508 versus H a : 508 .

The test statistic is

x 499 508
z .92
s n 98 100

and the p-value is

p -value P z .92 P z .92 2(.1788) .3576

 15

Since the p-value, .3576, is greater than .05 , and H0 cannot be rejected and we
cannot conclude that the average verbal score for California students in 2005 is
different from the national average.

b The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 520 versus H a : 520 .

The test statistic is

x 516 520
z .42
s n 96 100

and the p-value is

p -value P z .42 P z .42 2(.3372) .6744

Since the p-value, .6744, is greater than .05 , and H0 cannot be rejected and we
cannot conclude that the average math score for California students in 2005 is
different from the national average.

c Since the same students are used to measured verbal and math scores, there
would not be two independent samples, and the two sample z-test would not be
appropriate.

9.75 The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 5 versus H a : 5

and the test statistic is

x 0 x 0 7.2 5
z 2.19
n s n 6.2 38

The rejection region with .01 is z 2.33 . Since the observed value, z 2.19 , does
not fall in the rejection region and H0 is not rejected. The data do not provide
sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean ppm of PCBs in the population of game
birds exceeds the FDAs recommended limit of 5 ppm.

9.76 Refer to Exercise 9.75, in which the rejection region was given as z 2.33 where

x 0 x 2.3
z
s n .29 35
 16

Solving for x we obtain the critical value of x necessary for rejection of H0.

x 5 6.2
2.33 x 2.33 5 7.34
6.2 38 38

The probability of a Type II error is defined as

P accept H 0 when H 0 is false

Since the acceptance region is x 7.34 from part a, can be rewritten as

P x 7.34 when H 0 is false P x 7.34 when 5

Several alternative values of are given in this exercise.

(Get a Minitab output using power calculation and make conclusions to do the
followings)

Insert your output

a For 6 ,(difference = 6-5=1 in Minitab dialog)

7.34 6
P x 7.34 when 6 P z
6.2 38
P z 1.33 .9082

and 1 1 .9082 .0918 .

b For 7 ,

7.34 7
P x 7.34 when 7 P z
6.2 38
P z .34 .6331

and 1 1 .6331 .3669 .

c For 8 ,
 17

1 1 P x 7.34 when 8
7.34 8
1 P z
6.2 38
1 P z .66 .7454

For 9 ,

1 1 P x 7.34 when 9
7.34 9
1 P z
6.2 38
1 P z 1.65 .9505

For 10 ,

1 1 P x 7.34 when 10
7.34 10
1 P z
6.2 38
1 P z 2.64 .9959

For 12 ,

1 1 P x 7.34 when 12
7.34 12
1 P z
6.2 38
1 P z 4.63 1

d The power curve is shown on the next page.

1.0

0.8

0.6
Power

0.4

0.2

0.0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mean
 18

You can see that the power becomes greater than or equal to .90 for a value of a
little smaller than 9 . To find the exact value, we need to solve for in the
equation:

7.34
1 1 P x 7.34 1 P z .90
6.2 38
7.34
or P z .10
6.2 38

From Table 3, the value of z that cuts off .10 in the lower tail of the z-distribution is
z 1.28 , so that

7.34
1.28
6.2 / 38
6.2
7.34 1.28 8.63.
38

9.78 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

and the test statistic is

x1 x2 0 69.58 64.43
z 10.75
2 2
s s 2.62 2 2.582
1
2

n1 n2 48 77

The rejection region, with .01, is one-tailed or z 2.33 and the null hypothesis is
rejected. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that the average height for males is
greater than females.

b An approximate 99% one-sided confidence bound for 1 2 is approximately

s12 s22
x1 x2 2.33
n1 n2
2.62 2 2.582
69.58 64.43 2.33
48 77
5.15 1.12 4.03 or 1 2 4.03

Males are at least 4.03 inches taller than females on average.

 19

10.23 a If you check the ratio of the two variances using the rule of thumb given in this
section you will find:

4.67
2
larger s 2
1.36
4.00
2 2
smaller s

which is less than three. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the two
population variances are equal.

b From the Minitab printout, the test statistic is t .06 with p -value .95 .

c The value of s 4.38 is labeled Pooled StDev in the printout, so that

s 2 4.38 19.1844 .
2

d Since the p-value .95 is greater than .10, the results are not significant. There is
insufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the two population means.

e A 95% confidence interval for 1 2 is given as

1 1
x1 x2 t.025 s2
n1 n2
1 1
29 28.86 2.201 19.1844
6 7
.14 5.363 or 5.223 1 2 5.503

Since the value 1 2 0 falls in the confidence interval, it is possible that the two
population means are the same. There insufficient evidence to indicate a difference
in the two population means.

10.25 a The hypothesis to be tested is

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

From the Minitab printout, the following information is available:

s12 .400
2
x1 .896 n1 14
s22 .679
2
x2 1.147 n2 11

and the test statistic is

 20

x1 x2 0
t 1.16
1 1
2
s
n1 n2

The rejection region is two-tailed, based on n1 n2 2 23 degrees of freedom. With

.05 , from Table 4, the rejection region is t t.025 2.069 and H0 is not rejected.
There is not enough evidence to indicate a difference in the population means.

b It is not necessary to bound the p-value using Table 4, since the exact p-value is
given on the printout as P-Value = .260.

c If you check the ratio of the two variances using the rule of thumb given in this
section you will find:

.679
2
larger s 2
2.88
.400
2 2
smaller s

which is less than three. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the two
population variances are equal.

10.27 a Check the ratio of the two variances using the rule of thumb given in this section:

larger s 2 2.78095
16.22
smaller s 2 .17143

which is greater than three. Therefore, it is not reasonable to assume that the two
population variances are equal.

b You should use the unpooled t test with Satterthwaites approximation to the
degrees of freedom for testing

H 0 : 1 2 0 versus H a : 1 2 0

The test statistic is

x1 x2 0 3.73 4.8
t 2.412
s 2
s 2
2.78095 .17143
1 2
n1 n2 15 15

with

2
s12 s22

.185397 .0114287
2

df n1 n2 15.7
s12
2
s22
2
.002455137 .00000933

n1 n2

n1 1 n2 1
 21

With df 15 , the p-value for this test is bounded between .02 and .05 so that H 0 can
be rejected at the 5% level of significance. There is evidence of a difference in the
mean number of uncontaminated eggplants for the two disinfectants.

10.40 a-b The table of differences, along with the calculation of d and sd2 , is presented
below.

Week 1 2 3 4 Totals

di 127.0
1.77 15.03 23.22 5 67.07

di 67.07
d 16.7675
n 4

di 67.07
2 2

d i
2
1499.9047 and sd 11.1849
sd2 n 4 125.102825
n 1 3

The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : 1 2 0 or H 0 : d 0
H a : 1 2 0 or H a : d 0

and the test statistic is

d d 16.7675 0
t 3.00
sd n 11.1849
4

Since t 3.00 with df n 1 3 falls between the two tabled values, t.025 and t.05 ,

.05 p-value .10

for this two tailed test and H0 is not rejected. We cannot conclude that the means are
different.

c The 99% confidence interval for 1 2 d is

sd 11.1849
d t.005 16.7675 5.841 16.7675 32.666
n 4

or 49.433 1 2 15.899 .
 22

10.43 a A paired-difference test is used, since the two samples are not random and
independent (at any location, the ground and air temperatures are related). The
hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : 1 2 0 H a : 1 2 0

The table of differences, along with the calculation of d and sd2 , is presented below.

Location 1 2 3 4 5 Total

di . 7.9
4 2.7 1.6 1.7 1.5

di 7.9
d 1.58
n 5

di 7.9
2 2

di2 15.15 and sd .8167

sd2 n 5 .667
n 1 4

and the test statistic is

d d 1.58 0
t 4.326
sd n .8167
5

A rejection region with .05 and df n 1 4 is t t.025 2.776 , and H0 is rejected at

the 5% level of significance. We conclude that the air-based temperature readings
are biased.

b The 95% confidence interval for 1 2 d is

sd .8167
d t.025 1.58 2.776 1.58 1.014
n 5

or 2.594 1 2 .566 .

c The inequality to be solved is

t 2 SE B

We need to estimate the difference in mean temperatures between ground-based

and air-based sensors to within .2 degrees centigrade with 95% confidence. Since
this is a paired experiment, the inequality becomes
 23

sd
t.025 .2
n

With sd .8167 and n represents the number of pairs of observations, consider the
sample size obtained by replacing t.025 by z.025 1.96 .

.8167
1.96 .2
n
n 8.0019 n 64.03 or n 65

Since the value of n is greater than 30, the use of z 2 for t 2 is justified.

10.47 A paired-difference analysis must be used. The hypothesis of interest is

H 0 : 1 2 0 or H 0 : d 0
H a : 1 2 0 or H a : d 0

The table of differences is presented below. Use your scientific calculator to find d
and sd ,

di 3 3 1 3
2 1 1

Calculate d .857 , sd 2.193 , and the test statistic is

d d .857 0
t 1.03
sd n 2.193
7

Since t 1.03 with df n 1 6 is smaller than the smallest tabled value t.10 ,

p-value .10

for this one-tailed test and H0 is not rejected. We cannot conclude that the average
time outside the office is less when music is piped in.
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