2014ENG 4.

5 BUILDING STRUCTURES IV

CONTACT PERIODS: 3 (LECTURE) PER WEEK

DURATION OF EXAM: 3 HRS VIVA MARKS:75 PROGRESSIVE
MARKS :75

OBJECTIVE: Gain understanding of Steel Structural Systems including

composite construction; Fundamental principles and structural behavior
of steel buildings in withstanding gravity loads. Understand the process
of the design of structural steel systems and to learn how to design
simple steel structures.
 OUTLINE
1) Structural Steel: Different kinds of Steel, their Basic characteristics of Steel & Light Gauge Steel
materials.
2) Concepts of design of Steel Structures: Introduction to the concept of Working Stress Design and Load
and Resistance Factor Design.
3) Steel Structural Systems: Introduction to Rigid Portal Frames design of a one story industrial building
18M X 48m with two-bay mezzanine office floor. Project work to include a framing plan for both the industrial
building and the mezzanine, an approximate design of structural frame elements, columns and beams.
Introduction to available sections in structural steel used in the design of frame elements.
4) Introduction to National Building Code: IS 800: Criteria & Design to satisfy Building Codes and
Standards, Dead and Live load calculations as per IS875 (Part1&2). Determine the general loads to be
considered in the design of the structure, based on the type of occupancy for each area specified.
5) Rigid Frames design-1: Properties of Indian standard rolled steel section and general framing
arrangement of beams and columns for the one story 18M X 48m industrial building.
6) Rigid Frames design-2: Design of Rigid frame including selection of frames according to the span spacing
and frame configuration using steel manuals.
7) Composite Flooring Systems: Discussion on steel-concrete composite construction using steel beams,
metal decking and concrete, including the role of shear connectors attachment to the beam for composite
action.
8) Composite flooring systems design for mezzanine: Loading and Analysis (Moment diagram to be
provided) and design of composite steel decking with concrete topping.
9) Rigid frame elements design-1: Steel Structural Column design using IS special publication for the
design of steel structures [SP-6 (1)]
10) Rigid frame elements design-2: Steel Structural Beams and trusses design using IS special publication
for the design of steel structures [SP-6 (1)]
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design: Structural design criteria, including loads
used, calculations, drawings and detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site: The structure for site visit shall be similar to the one
discussed in the semester and project work to include documentation and a report about the observations,
learning and findings at Site
Introduction Structural Steel :
Structural Steel:
Structural Steel:
Structural Steel:
Structural Steel:
Thinking of Forms

New forms cannot be conceived because forms are universal
and it is only thinking or ideas of forms, which is new.

The basics of thinking or concept of forms Rationally and

Empirically are to reproduce a form in the brain by pattern
matching or pattern recognition.

One of the ways brain processes information is that when

brain sees new forms, these visualized forms are matched
against past forms in memory and judgments are made.

The brain makes judgments by comparing present visualized

form and arranging with past forms in memory. The brain has
the capacity to mix, match, merge, shift, and sort forms.

Thinking according to British Philosopher David Hume is divided into two:

Impressions - Immediate data of seeing, i.e. Immediate sensation, Passion & Emotion

Concepts - Concepts are copies of faint images of impression by thinking about or recalling of impressions.
1) Structural Steel:
Basic Characteristics of Steel & Light
Gauge Steel Materials.
Sructural Steel Typical Composition
HPS* : High Performance Steel

Composition %
Element HPS* HPS*
Mild Steel A36
50W and 70W 100W
Carbon (C) 0.11 max 0.08 max 0.25-0.29
Manganese (Mn) 1.10-1.35 0.90-1.50 1.20 max
Phosphorus (P) 0.020 max 0.015 max 0.04 max
Sulfur (S) 0.006 max 0.005 max 0.05 max
Silicon (Si) 0.30-0.50 0.40 max 0.15-0.40
Copper (Cu) 0.25-0.40 0.90-1.20 0.20 min (when specified)
Nickel (Ni) 0.25-0.40 0.65-1.00 -
Chromium (Cr) 0.45-0.70 0.40-0.65 -
Vanadium (V) 0.04-0.08 0.05-0.07 -
Molybdenum (Mo) 0.02-0.08 0.40-0.65 -
Aluminum (Al) 0.01-0.04 - -
Nitrogen (N) 0.015 max - -
Structural Steel - Properties
Elastic Limit:
Transition from elastic to inelastic
behavior

Yield Point:
Stress Fy at the elastic limit

Elastic Modulus:
Slope of elastic part of curve
E~29,000 ksi (200,000 Mpa)
Structural Steel - Properties

Yield Point:
Stress Fy at the elastic limit

Ult. Tens. Str:

Fu is the maximum stress developed in
the inelastic zone
Structural Steel - Properties

Residual Strain:
Permanent deformation after
unloading
Structural Steel - Properties
If Yield Point not Clearly Defined
0.2% Method

Draw line parallel to elastic part

0.2% Strain
 Structural Steel - Characteristics

Elasticity: Ability of metal to return to its original shape after

loading and subsequent unloading

Fatigue: Cycling loading and unloading stresses material above

its endurance limit and leads to failure

Ductility: Deformation without fracture beyond the elastic limit

(ineleastic behavior)
High Ductility

Toughness: Combination of strength and ductility

High toughness
 Structural Steel - Characteristics
Maintenance: Susceptible to Corrosion when exposed to air and water
Use paints, or weathering steels

Fireproofing: Strength reduces with increased temperature -

Fireproofing required
Structural Steel - Sections

See IS-800 Section Properties and other shapes

 Structural Steel - Sections
Typical Cold-Formed Light Gage Steel Shapes
Available steel grade in India per IS 2062;
2)Philosophies of Design of Steel Structures:

Introduction to the concept of Working Stress Design

and Load and Resistance Factor Design.
Design Philosophies
Allowable Stress Design Method (ASD): This was the traditional method of
design for structural steel and timber design. The method basically assumes
that the structural material behaves as a linear elastic manner, and that
adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in the
material induced by the expected working loads on the structure. As the
specified permissible stresses are kept well below the material strength, the
assumption of linear elastic behavior is considered justifiable.

Allowable Stress and Factor of Safety

Every material has a certain capacity to carry load, but unsafe to load a material
to full capacity it would have no reserve strength.
This is dangerous because:
May experience a load greater than anticipated
Material may be defective
Construction may be faulty (fabrication / erection / workmanship, etc.)
Other unforeseen situation (calculation errors, etc)

Factor of safety = Yield stress/ Allowable stress

Factor of safety is 1.67 for tension members and beams, 1.92 for long columns
and 2.5 to 3 for connections
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD): This philosophy is an advancement
over the traditional design philosophies. It considers the safety at the ultimate
load and serviceability at the working load

LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design

A member is selected such that its factored strength is more than the factored loads.
Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different load factor which its value depends on the
combination of loads under consideration.
Resistance Factor
The resistance factors range in value from 0.75 to 1.0 depending on the type of resistance
(tension, bending, compression, ..)
These factors account for uncertainties in material properties, design theory, and
fabrication and construction practices.
3) Steel Structural Systems Design

Plan
Introduction to Rigid Portal Frames design of
a one story industrial building 18M by 48m
with two bay mezzanine office floor.
Students at the end will succeed in have a
framing plan for both the industrial and
mezzanine, and the approximate design of
structural frame elements, column and
beam. Also students shall be introduced to
available section in structural steel for used
in the design of frame elements.
Typical Section
4) Structural Analysis and Design to satisfy
Building Codes and Standards;

Introduction to National Building Code and IS800:

calculation of dead weight and live loads on
structure.
Structural Analysis and Design to Satisfy Building Codes and Standards :

IS:800:2007 IS:875:1987(Part-1) IS:875:1987(Part-2)

Design Dead Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Dead Load

Self Load: It is the load of structural member due to its own weight.

Superimposed Dead Load: It is the load supported by a structural member.

Example: Flooring
Design Dead Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-1)
Design Live Loads as per IS:875:1987(Part-2)
Live Load: Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings
5) Rigid Frames design: Loading and
Analysis (Moment diagram to be provided)
and design of Rigid frame using steel
manuals;
 10) Rigid Frames System

IS 875-2 (1987): Code of Practice for Design Loads

(Other. Than Earthquake) For Buildings And
Loading (Gravity Loads Only): Structures, Part 2: Imposed Loads
Dead Load: Self weight of Truss or Beam
plus 0.5mm Thick Roofing Sheet.
Live Load: 0.75 KN/sqm reducible by 2/3 (slope of 10deg)
Rigid Frame System
6) Review of design of rigid framing.
7) Composite flooring systems design
for mezzanine: With steel decking and
concrete topping
Composite Flooring System
The use of steel-concrete composite construction
began around 1926.

Composite construction is when two different

materials are bound together so strongly that
they act together as a single unit from a
structural stand point.

Steel-concrete composite construction uses steel

beams, metal decking and concrete in a very
efficient way so that the best properties of each
material can be used to optimize construction
techniques.

Steel beams are shored (supported at intervals)

during the pouring of slab and the shores remain
in place until the concrete has attained a
reasonable amount of its 28-day strength
(usually 75%). Then the composite section is
available to carry all loads upon removal of the
shores.

During recent years, Steel-concrete composite

design has been widely applied in building
construction.
Structural Design Concept Composite construction is when two different
materials are bound together so strongly that they
act together as a single unit from a structural stand
Composite Steel Floor Deck has a ribbed profile
point.
with embossments designed to interlock with
concrete slabs, creating a reinforced concrete slab
that serves the dual purpose of permanent form
and positive reinforcement.

The shear studs that are welded on to the

double angle top chord provides composite action
between the concrete deck slab and the double
angle chord.

The composite action will reduce the buckling

problems of the compression top chord members
and will increase the stiffness of the structure.

The composite action would reduce the steel used

in Composite flooring system and also reduce
deflection.
 Advantages of Floor System

1. Efficient use of material. As a result of composite design, the size and weight of steel beams can be reduced by as much as 15
to 30%. The cost of fireproofing can be reduced in addition to the cost reduction of steel beams.

2. Greater stiffness. The stiffness of the composite section can be increased. This reduces the deflection of the member as
compared with the noncomposite beam.

3. Saving in labor and other because the construction was usually done with wood forming and the slab was reinforced with bars.
For the last 30 years, steel deck has been used as the forming material for building construction.

4. Weight savings resulting from the efficient composite design and member design of floor system will reduce overall building
costs.

5. Kit-of-parts construction of floor system with standardization of members and connections with simplified erection provides for
fastest and quality construction.

6. Extra usable space. The use of shallow beams can reduce building heights. It is also possible to increase column spacings to
provide larger usable space within a structure. Large column free areas give the architects the maximum flexibility when
selecting a floor layout plan. Customized composite flooring design can be employed for any given load and serviceability
requirements. Beam spans of 6 to 12 m can be created giving maximum flexibility and division of the internal space.
8) Review of design of mezzanine framing.
8) Review of design of mezzanine
framing.

Composite Floor System

Building Application
Composite Floor System Bank of America Plaza is a 72-story late-modernist skyscraper
located in the Main Street District of downtown Dallas, Texas.
at Bank of America Plaza Standing at a structural height of 921 ft (281 m), it is the tallest
skyscraper in the city of Dallas. Construction began in 1983 and
finished in 1985.
 One Detroit Center, is a skyscraper which overlooks the Detroit
Composite Floor System Financial District. Rising 619 feet (189 m), the 43-story tower is the
tallest office building in Michigan State. Its floor area is 1,674,708 square
@ One Detroit Center feet (155,585 m2).
Construction began in 1991 and finished in 1993.
 Four Allen Center now called 1400 Smith Street is
Composite Floor System a 691 ft (211m) tall postmodern skyscraper
located in downtown Houston. The building has 50
@ Four Allen Center floors and is the 11th tallest building in the city.
Designed by architectural firm Lloyd Jones Brewer
and Associates, the building was completed in
1983.
Composite Floor System
@ The Wells Fargo Center

The Wells Fargo Center, formerly known as Norwest

Center, is the third-tallest building in Minneapolis,
Minnesota. It is a 57 storied tower completed in 1988, it
is 774 feet (235.6 m) tall. Norwest Center was designed
with a modernized art deco style by Csar Pelli.
Construction began in 1986 and finished in 1988.
 Composite Floor System
@ Fox Plaza

Fox Plaza is a 492 feet (150 m)-high skyscraper with 35 floors in

Century City, Los Angeles, California, a local landmark. Completed
in 1987
 Composite Floor System
@ MTA Headquarters

The MTA Building is a 398 ft (121 m) high

rise office tower in Los Angeles, with 25
floors, completed in 1995.
 Composite Floor System
@ Bank of America Plaza
Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper
located in Atlanta, Georgia. At 312 m (1,024
ft) the tower is a 55 stories of office space
completed in 1992
Composite Floor System
@ Bank of America Plaza
U.S. Bank Tower, formerly Library Tower and First Interstate Bank
World Center, is a 310.3 m (1,018 ft) skyscraper at downtown Los
Angeles. It is the tallest building in California, it is also the tallest
building in the world with a roof-top heliport. Until the
construction of Taipei 101, it was also the tallest building in a major
active seismic region; its structure was designed to resist an
earthquake of 8.3 on the Richter scale. It consists of 73 stories
above ground and two parking levels below ground. Construction
began in 1987 with completion in 1989.
 Composite Floor System
@ 777 Tower
777 Tower (also known as the Pelli Tower) is a 221 m (725 ft), 52-
story office building designed by Csar Pelli in Downtown Los
Angeles, California. Developed in 1991, the building contains
approximately 1,025,000 sq ft (95,200 m2) and a three-story Italian
marble lobby. The exterior is clad with sculpted white metal and
glass.
9)Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Column design using IS
handbook for Structural Engineers Structural Steel SP6 (1)]

Why Working Stress Method and SP6 (1)?

9)Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Column design using IS special
publication for the design of steel structures[SP-6 (1)]

Loading (Gravity Loads Only):

Dead load:
a)Self weight of beam & column
b) 50mm thick steel deck plus 75mm concrete.

Live load: 5 KN/sqm

9)Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Column design using IS special
publication for the design of steel structures[SP-6 (1)]
 10) Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Beams or trusses
design using IS special publication for the design of steel structures[SP-6 (1)]

IS 875-2 (1987): Code of Practice for Design Loads

(Other. Than Earthquake) For Buildings And
Loading (Gravity Loads Only): Structures, Part 2: Imposed Loads
Dead Load: Self weight of Truss or Beam
plus 0.5mm Thick Roofing Sheet.
Live Load: 0.75 KN/sqm reducible by 2/3 (slope of 10deg)
10) Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Beams or trusses
design using IS special publication for the design of steel structures[SP-6 (1)]

Loading (Gravity Loads Only):

Dead Load: Self weight Beam plus 52MM1.25mm Thick Roofing Sheet + 75MM Concrete
Live Load: 5 KN/sqm
10) Steel Structural Rigid frame elements design: Beams or trusses
design using IS special publication for the design of steel structures[SP-6 (1)]
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design:
Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations, drawings and
detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design:
Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations, drawings and
detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design:
Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations, drawings and
detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design:
Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations, drawings and
detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
11) Drawings and Specifications for the Rigid frame design:

Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations, drawings and

detailing, and steel tonnage calculation.
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site.

The building for site visit shall be

similar to the building discussed in
the semester and students at the end
shall document and submit a report
about the learnings and findings at
Site
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site.
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site.
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site.
12) Field Inspection of Steel Construction Site.
The Cloud

The cloud project is one of the

first large-scale cable
supported spaceframe projects
in the United States, at
approximately 60,000 square
feet of covered area on each
face
Fabrication

Pipe storage
Welding
Shipping
Strut Test

Five strut type (ST3, ST5, ST7, ST10 & ST12)

The failure load was well over the allowable

load, giving us great confidence in the strut
design. The effect of bending moment due to
self-weight on the smallest strut ST3 type
was minimum. However the bending moment
had effect on the ST5 strut type even in this
case the safety factor was higher than the
theoretical.
Installation Procedure

Foundation
Towers
Rings
Cables
Spaceframe Segments
Connecting the north and south segments

Spaceframe sections were completed

around each of the column towers first

The center sections were placed between

the column sections

This created a stable system of space

frame, connector struts, cables, and the
tower columns
Cladding Installation

The nosing frame sections

were first installed

Later the cladding framing and

cladding was installed
Project Remarks

There were numerous difficult

engineering issues to solve on this
problem, with the eccentric cable
supported nature of the design

The final result is a mammoth sized,

sleek looking, shade and sign structure
that provides visual impact for both the
day and night times
 Questions aid for teaching
Part A question

1) Draw plan, elevation and details for a one story industrial building 18M X 48m, including structural framing
and frame element (columns, beam, purlins etc.) arrangements with dimensions for all the different elements?
Describe the behavior of the structural system used?
2) Draw plan, elevation and details for a one story mezzanine office floor occupying two-bay in an industrial
building 18M X 48m, including structural framing and frame element (columns, beam, deck slab etc.)
arrangements with dimensions for all the different elements? Describe the behavior of the structural system
used?

Part B question

1) Calculation of total dead weight and live loads on factory structure as per IS875 (Part1&2). Determine the
live and dead loads on roof, roof beam and column to be considered in the design of the structure.

2) Calculation of total dead weight and live loads on the mezzanine structure as per IS875 (Part1&2).
Determine the mezzanine floor loads on a typical column and design column using IS special publication for
the design of steel structures [SP-6 (1)] based on the type of occupancy as office.

3) Calculation of total dead weight and live loads on the mezzanine typical beam as per IS875 (Part1&2) and
design beam using IS special publication for the design of steel structures [SP-6 (1)] based on the type of
occupancy as office.

4) Sketch a typical structural steel drawing showing: Structural design criteria, including loads used, calculations,
drawings and detailing, and steel tonnage calculation for a one story industrial building 18M X 48m with two-bay
mezzanine office floor, include a framing plan for both the industrial building.

5) Describe the use of Steel as a structural material: Basic characteristics of Steel including the stress strain
curve and note all available steel grades with strengths?

6) Describe the concepts of design of Steel Structures: Working Stress Design and Load and Resistance Factor Design?

7) Draw and sketch the available sections in structural steel used in the design of. Framing elements as per IS-
800 Section and note all available steel grades with strengths?