[CLASSROOM} FLUOROSCOPY SCENARIOS AND EQUATIONS

1. While using an image intensifier with a 10/7/5 diameters, which size is best for
contrast resolution and why? Which one is best for spatial resolution and why? Which
one has the largest field of view?
For spatial resolution, you would use 5 because 10/5=2 and that is what would magnify
it the most. For contrast resolution 10 is the best size because the small focal spot has
increased kVp (higher technique) and lower technique is for a larger focal spot which
decreases kVp and has higher contrast resolution. You use less technical factors for a
larger field of view so 10 would be best used and for a smaller field of view 5 should be
used to magnify it more which means more technical factors.

2. Describe minification gain and the relationship with increasing input phosphor size,
kVp, mA, output phosphor size, and tube voltage.
Minification Gain is the result from the same number of electrons that were produced
at the large input screen becoming compressed into the area of small output screen.
Minification gain= diameter of input screen ^2 / diameter of output screen ^2 (smaller)
This causes the image to be brighter because the same number of electrons that
produce the image are used and there is a direct relationship.

3. Describe what occurs when the image intensifier is operated in the magnification
mode as it relates to contrast resolution, spatial resolution, patient dose, the
relationship of the focal point between the input phosphor and the output phosphor.

Magnification is used for better spatial resolution, a smaller FOV is decreases contrast
due to high technique factors but will increase spatial resolution due to it being
magnified. The patient dose would increase due to longer mA or exposure time being
used.

Equations used in fluoroscopy :

Flux gain = number of output light photons
Number of input x-ray photons

Brightness gain = Minification gain x Flux gain or use the conversion factor equation.

Minification on gain = (dinput)2

(doutput)2

Conversion factor = output phosphor illumination (cd/m2)

Input exposure rate (mGya/sec.)

Magnification factor = mode 2 in multifield Image Intensifier

 [CLASSROOM} FLUOROSCOPY SCENARIOS AND EQUATIONS

Mode 1

New ESD = Original input screen size X Entrance Skin Dose

New input screen size

4. What is the brightness gain for a 17- cm image intensifier tube with a flux gain of 120
and a 2.5 cm output phosphor?

17^2 / 2.5 ^2 = 46.24 * 120 = 5,548.8

5. A 23/15/10 image intensifier is used in the 10cm mode. How much higher is the patient
dose using this mode compared to using the 23 cm mode?

Principal: when using the magnification mode, the minification gain is reduced, so fewer
photoelectrons are hitting the output phosphor. This creates a dimmer image. To
compensate for the magnification mode (maintain the same amount of brightness), the
tube mA is increased.
The increase in dose to the patient when changing from 23 cm to 10 cm is equal to the
ratio of the input phosphor diameter to the diameter used in magnification mode.

23^2 /10^2= 5.29 higher

patient dose is increased by 5.29

6. What is the change is dose (how much higher) when switching from a 23cm FOV to a
17cm FOV?
Use same principal as in question 5

23/17 = 1.35 change by 1.35 magnified increasing patient dose

7. A photofluoroscopic image is obtaining using the technical factors of 80 kVp in the 15cm
mode without a grid. He measured entrance skin dose (ESD) is 0.5 mGyt. What ESD
would be expected if the 25cm mode were used?
Original input screen size X ESD = New ESD
New input screen size

15*.5 / 25 = 0.3
 [CLASSROOM} FLUOROSCOPY SCENARIOS AND EQUATIONS

8. A 23cm image intensifier has an output phosphor size of 2.5cm and a flux gain of 75.
What is the brightness gain?

23^2 / 2.5^2 = 84.64* 75 = 6,348

9. Create a scenario using one of the equations above with the specific factors required. Be
sure to show your work and include the answer.

Q:What is the brightness gain for a 25 cm image intensifier tube with a flux gain of 140
and a 3.5 cm output phosphor?

25^2 / 3.5^2 = 51.02* 140= 7, 142.8