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EL
32,6
Multimedia networking issues
for digital video libraries
Dimitris N. Kanellopoulos
Department of Mathematics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
898
multimedia networking from an integrated perspective of both video networking and building digital
video libraries. The nature of video networking, coupled with various recent developments in
standards, proposals and applications, poses great challenges to the research and industrial
communities working in this area.
Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an insightful analysis for recent and
emerging multimedia applications in digital video libraries and on video coding standards and their
applications in digital libraries. Emphasis is given on those standards and mechanisms that enable
multimedia content adaptation fully interoperable according to the vision of Universal Multimedia
Access vision.
Findings The tutorial helps elucidate the similarities and differences among the considered
standards and networking applications. A number of research trends and challenges are identified, and
selected promising solutions are discussed. This practice would needle further thoughts on the
development of this area and open-up more research and application opportunities.
Research limitations/implications The paper does not provide methodical studies of
networking application scenarios for all the discussed video coding standards and Quality of Service
(QoS) management mechanisms.
Practical implications The paper provides an overview of which technologies/mechanisms are
being used broadly in networking scenarios of digital video libraries. The discussed networking
scenarios bring together video coding standards and various emerging wireless networking paradigms
toward innovative application scenarios.
Originality/value QoS mechanisms and video coding standards that support multimedia
applications for digital video libraries need to become well-known by library managers and professional
associations in the fields of libraries and archives. The comprehensive overview and critiques on
existing standards and application approaches offer a valuable reference for researchers and system
developers in related research and industrial communities.
Keywords Multimedia networking, Digital video libraries, Quality of Service, MPEG-21 digital
item adaptation, Scalable video coding
Paper type General review
1. Introduction
Today, there are many applications of digital video libraries in education, medicine,
publishing, law, consumerism, research and so forth. The rapid growth of digital
libraries (DLs) has changed our lives more readily than we have ever speculated. The
The Electronic Library applications of DLs range from technical to home-use applications and from critical to
Vol. 32 No. 6, 2014
pp. 898-922 entertainment-based applications (Pratha et al., 2006). A DL can involve various types of
Emerald Group Publishing Limited data such as text, speech, audio, images, graphics, and video (Rarnaiah, 1998). For
0264-0473
DOI 10.1108/EL-01-2013-0009 example, a DL object could be a document, such as a computer science technical report,
a weather map (image), an interactive presentation of a speech, a video clip of a movie, Multimedia
an instructional visual aid or even an olfaction (i.e. a smell). Enhancing multimedia
applications with olfactory stimuli has the potential to create a more complex and
networking
richer user multimedia experience, by heightening the sense of reality (Ghinea and issues
Ademoye, 2012). A DL includes collections of data which are stored in digital formats
and accessible via computers. The digital content may be stored locally or accessed
remotely via computer networks. DLs provide an integrated set of services for 899
capturing, cataloguing, storing, searching, protecting and retrieving information. These
services provide a coherent organization and convenient access to typically large
amounts of digital information (Gonalves et al., 2007).
DELOS[1] is a Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries, and DL.org[2] is a
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Figure 1.
Architecture of a digital
video library
EL Multimedia (video) Metadata Server: Metadata are particularly useful in video,
where information about its contents (such as transcripts of conversations and
32,6 text descriptions of its scenes) are not directly understandable by a computer, but
where efficient search is desirable.
Media Store: There are two formats that store information in a temporal
component that is specified, one for subtitles and another for transcripts, which
900 can also be used for subtitles. The formats are SRT or SUB for subtitles and TTXT
for transcripts. To manage this type of format, it is motivating to use MP4Box
program with which you can get these kinds of files and formats.
Application Controller: It is the communication entity between the external users
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and the system. This component consists of the following sub components:
Media Submission Manager;
Digital Library Application Manager;
Media Player Interface; and
Media Encoder.
The Media Submission Manager performs the activity of uploading the media
content onto the Media Server. It interacts with the Segmentation Engine and
provides the media content as an input to the Segmentation Engine component. It
handles multiple requests for the upload activity. It handles offline uploads and also
online uploads. The main function of the Digital Library Application Manager is the
efficient execution of procedures (programs, routines and scripts) for supporting the
management of DL applications. Such procedures can be related with media content
creation. The Media Encoder encodes different formats in which the videos are
uploaded, while the Media Player Interface acts as an interface between the client
side player and the server.
The Segmentation Engine is the core component that addresses the performance
issues of the multimedia DL. It consists of the Synchronizer, Metadata Generator,
Striper and the Transcription Tool. The Synchronizer performs the
synchronization of the audio, video files and the synchronization of the segmented
files for a smooth playback. The output of the Synchronizer is sent to the Media
Player for the playback. Inside the Synchronizer, the Redundancy Checker detects
unintended changes to raw data. Blocks of data entering the Cyclic Redundancy
Checker get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial
division of their contents. On retrieval the calculation is repeated and corrective
action can be taken against presumed data corruption, if the check values do not
match. The Metadata Generator performs the unique metadata generation for
each segment of a lengthy video or for every video file and its segments. It stores
the metadata information in the metadata server. It enhances the searching and
indexing mechanism and also the access to the media content in the Media Server.
Based on the metadata, the segments are created and these segments are given as
an input to the Striper. The Striper performs the striping operation and segments
each video/audio file and stores them in the media server. Finally, the
Transcription Tool transcripts video files and their segments. The outcome of this
process is an input to the Metadata Generator. For performance reasons, the
transcription must be done at the end-users side.
Indexer: DLs provide indexing to help users identify and understand the Multimedia
characteristics of the information they need. There are extensive studies of
the problem of automatic index construction for text-based DLs. However, the
networking
construction of multimedia DLs continues to represent a challenge because issues
multimedia objects usually lack sufficient text information to ensure reliable
index learning. Hwang et al. (2010) tackled the problem of automatic index
construction for multimedia objects by employing Web usage logs and limited 901
keywords pertaining to multimedia objects. Web usage logs provided valuable
information for building indexes of multimedia DLs with limited textual
information. Their proposed methods generally yielded better indexes,
particularly for the artwork data set.
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The Multimedia Search Engine (in the depicted architecture) is a video search
engine. It allows users to search by video format type and by length of the clip.
Videos can be searched for by simple metadata or by complex metadata generated
by indexing. Search results are usually accompanied by a thumbnail view of the
video.
available in existing open-source digital library software (OSS-DL) based on test beds
created for that purpose. Gonalves et al. (2007) elaborated on the meaning of quality in
DLs by proposing a model that is totally grounded in a formal framework for DLs: 5S
(Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios and Societies). For each major DL concept in the
framework, they formally defined a number of dimensions of quality and proposed a set
of numerical indicators for those quality dimensions. In particular, they considered key
concepts of a minimal DL: catalogue, collection, digital object, metadata specification,
repository and services. Regarding quality dimensions, they considered: accessibility,
accuracy, completeness, composability, conformance, consistency, effectiveness,
efficiency, extensibility, pertinence, preservability, relevance, reliability, reusability,
significance, similarity and timeliness. Regarding measurement, they studied
characteristics like: response time (with regard to efficiency), cost of migration (with
respect to preservability) and number of service failures (to assess reliability). For some
key DL concepts, the quality dimension and numerical indicator pairs were illustrated
through their application to a number of real-world DLs. Gonalves et al. also
discussed connections between the proposed dimensions of DL quality and an expanded
version of a workshops consensus view of the life cycle of information in DLs. Such
connections can be used to determine when and where quality issues can be measured,
assessed, and improved, as well as how possible quality problems can be prevented,
detected, and eliminated. Amato et al. (2004) described the MILOS[3] software
component that supports design and effective implementation of DL applications.
MILOS supports the storage and content-based retrieval of any multimedia documents
whose descriptions are provided by using arbitrary metadata models represented in
extensible markup language (XML). MILOS is flexible in the management of documents
containing different types of data and content descriptions. It is efficient and scalable in
the storage and content-based retrieval of these documents.
Web-based technologies, including XML and Web services. Wei (2011) described
DSpace, E-Prints and Greenstone DL Software, which are all widely used OSS for digital
libraries.
The Open Video Digital Library Toolkit (OVDLT) project provides tools to libraries,
museums, and other institutions holding moving image collections to more easily create
Web-based digital video libraries. Funded by the Institute of Museum and Library
Services and now released as an open-source product under the MIT License, the
OVDLT project provides a no-cost solution for libraries, archives, museums and other
institutions that want to make available their digital video resources through their own
Web-based DL. OVDLT[5] runs on Linux or Mac OS X 10.5. Its features include:
Rich end-user features: favorites, user-generated playlists, playlist annotations,
tagging and saved searches.
Easy library administration: site-integrated form-based library configuration, user
management and easily configurable metadata schema.
Quick, intuitive cataloguing: integrated forms, easy control over public/private
videos and featured videos and one-click poster frame selection.
Automatic video preview generation: storyboards, fast-forwards and excerpts.
viewpoint, Amato et al. (2006) designed and implemented an online photo album
(PhotoBook), which is a DL application that allows people to manage their own photos,
to share them with friends, and to make them publicly available and searchable.
PhotoBook uses a complex internal metadata schema (MPEG-7) and allows users to
simply express complex queries (combining similarity search and fielded search),
enabling them to retrieve material of interest even if metadata are imprecise or missing.
Okur and Gms, 2010; Bailin and Pea, 2007). Then, online tutorials using free and
low-cost software and Web-based tools can be created (Silver and Nickel, 2005). For
example, a tutor can develop online tutorials by using the CAMTASIA[7] software that
does screen capture and recording. Afterwards, the online tutorial can be published and
distributed to the end-users of the DL.
The above multimedia applications can be managed by the Digital Library
Application Manager (Figure 1). These applications run in IP-based networks and
require proper multimedia networking infrastructures. Such networked multimedia
applications for libraries have created a tremendous impact on computing and network
infrastructures. In the next sections, we consider critical multimedia networking issues
for digital video libraries.
MPEG-2 video is transmitted in Group of Pictures (GoP) format, which specifies the
distribution of I, P and B frames in the video stream (Aramvith and Sun, 2010). The
MPEG compression methods can be used for adaptation with two main schemes. First,
the rate of the source can be changed by using different quantization levels and encoding
rates (Duffield et al., 1998). Second, DCT coefficients can be partitioned and transmitted
in several layers with different priorities. The base layer carries the important video
information and an additional layer improves the quality. In the event of congestion, the
lower priority layer can be dropped to reduce the rate (Eleftheriadis and Batra, 2004).
Lotfallah et al. (2006) presented and evaluated adaptive streaming mechanisms, which
are based on the visual content features for non-scalable (single-layered) encoded video,
whereby the adaptation is achieved by selectively dropping B frames.
MPEG-4 is an original collection of methods defining compression of audio and
visual digital data. Uses of MPEG-4, include compression of audio and visual data for
streaming media and CD distribution, voice (telephone and videophone) and broadcast
television applications. MPEG-4 provides:
improved coding efficiency;
ability to encode mixed media data (video, audio and speech);
error resilience to enable robust transmission; and
ability to interact with the audio-visual scene generated at the receiver.
These techniques help H.264 to perform significantly under a wide variety of conditions
in a wide variety of application environments. H.264 can often perform radically better
than MPEG-2 video typically obtaining the same quality at half of the bit rate or less,
especially on high bit rate and high resolution situations. H.264/AVC has a reference
software implementation that can be freely downloaded. Grecos and Wang (2011)
presented detailed technical descriptions for recent and emerging video coding
standards, in particular the H.264 family. Moreover, they introduced the applications of
selected video coding standards in emerging wireless networks with an emphasis on
scalable video streaming in multi-homed mobile networks.
4.6 Summary
Some of the important issues that have to be addressed when one is designing a
multimedia communication system for DLs are:
storage organization and management;
available physical bandwidth in the delivery path to the user;
QoS management (real-time delivery and adaptability to the environment);
information management (indexing and retrieval);
user satisfaction; and
security (especially the management of content rights).
Multimedia characteristics, including spatial resolution, bit rate or format and coding
parameters, should be considered for delivering multimedia content in the UMA
context. With a proper selection of these parameters, the DL system would have the
ability to deliver multimedia content according to the most suitable format, bit rate,
language and other parameters, taking into account user needs, user device constraints,
network status and original multimedia format. The MPEG-7 standard provides a rich
set of tools to describe multimedia content. These descriptions are associated to the
content to provide operational requirements, such as filtering, searching, indexing,
classification or extraction of certain multimedia features. This associated data may be
physically embedded in the multimedia content, in the same stream, or the same storage
device. MPEG-7 supports different granularities in the descriptions and can describe
content in different levels. Furthermore, this does not depend on the actual multimedia
container or format, no matter whether descriptions may be embedded in the encoded
multimedia asset. Besides multimedia content descriptions, it is necessary to describe
the usage environment; that is, network and device characteristics and user preferences
and needs. MPEG-7 does not offer support to these features, but the MPEG-21 standard
addresses these types of descriptions.
The MPEG-21 standard (MPEG-21, 2002; Burnett et al., 2003) provides mechanisms
that allow end users to specify explicit, personal preferences on the multimedia content.
The MPEG-21 is the ISO/IEC standard, which defines an open framework for
multimedia delivery and consumption involving all parties in the delivery and
consumption chain. MPEG-21 may be considered an open framework for multimedia
distribution. This standard describes the context, actions, resources and elements
involved in multimedia delivery. Its architecture is based on two concepts:
(1) Digital Items (DIs); and
(2) User actions for supporting the exchange, access, trade and otherwise
manipulating DIs in an efficient, transparent and interoperable way.
DIs are modeling units offering descriptions to all content formats, and the standard has
enough flexibility to create different types of DIs targeted to different user needs: music
albums, film collections, etc. These entities wrap resources or multimedia content with
EL metadata, identifiers, authorizations and the methods needed for users to interact and
exchange DIs. These entities are defined as XML objects according to the provided
32,6 definition model (i.e. digital item declaration (DID)). Moreover, part 7 of MPEG-21
(MPEG-21 Part 7, 2007) defines a Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) framework that
supports the adaptation of DIs depending on network status, user device features and
user profiles. This part of the standard defines a set of environment description tools to
914 describe the main elements involved in delivering multimedia content. The MPEG-21
DIA framework provides systematic solutions in choosing the optimal adaptation
operation to given conditions and supports interoperable video adaptation. Multimedia
content adaptation involves the execution of one or more transformation operations on
the content. It uses descriptive information about the content, user preferences and
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usage context to provide the variant of content more adequate to the usage scenario
(Jannach and Leopold, 2007).
915
Downloaded by UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA At 00:41 16 March 2017 (PT)
Figure 2.
The MPD data model
contain any media data but describes the accessible segments and corresponding
timing. According to this data model, DASH clients parse the MPD document and select
the best adaptation set according to a devices capabilities and a users profiles. Finally,
MPEG-DASH also supports layered codecs such as Scalable Video Coding (SVC) (Muller
et al., 2012) or Multiview Video Coding (MVC) (Vetro et al., 2011). In the case of SVC, each
layer is described by a different representation. The SVC layers are structured as one
base layer and several enhancement layers that depend on lower layers, down to the
base layer. This dependency can be described in MPD, allows an advanced and efficient
usage of network resources and supports dynamic adaptation according to network
status. It must be mentioned that the MPEG-DASH protocol can constitute the main
mechanism of the Player module of the DL architecture (Figure 1).
916
Figure 3.
Temporal, spatial and
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quality scalability
content is encoded only once according to the highest requirements (i.e. high resolution
and bit rate), avoiding the need to re-code content for each specific application or
situation. Moreover, SVC contains parts with different video qualities, which in
conjunction with unequal error protection is mainly useful in multimedia transmission
scenarios over the Internet. Thus, SVC also offers resilience and protection against error
transmission.
SVC defines a Video Coding Layer (VCL) and a Network Abstraction Layer (NAL).
VCL is a coded representation of the multimedia source, while NAL formats this data to
support header information to use VCL data in a variety of systems and situations. NAL
units are packets with an integer number of bytes. The first byte of an NAL unit
represents the type of data and the remaining bytes correspond to the data payload.
These NAL units are classified into VCL NAL units that contain coded slices or coded
slices plus non-VCL NAL units. The last ones contain additional information (i.e.
parameter sets) and Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI). This latter
information assists the decoding process or related processes like bit-stream
manipulation. A set of NAL units is called an Access Unit and a set of successive Access
Units compose a coded video sequence that represents a part of a bit stream. The VCL
units follow a block-based hybrid video coding approach. The pictures source content is
partitioned into macro-blocks, each one covering a rectangular area of 16 16 luma
samples at a 4:2:0 chroma sampling format. These macro-blocks are organized into
slices and can be parsed independently of other macro-blocks. In SVC, scalability is
supported at bit-stream level, so to obtain a bit stream with a reduced spatial-temporal
resolution or/and fidelity, some NAL units will be discarded keeping the ones needed to
decode the stream according to a specific spatial-temporal resolution. A consequence of
this approach is SVC defining one base layer and several enhancement layers (Figure 4).
Each layer represents a bit stream with specific spatial resolution and fidelity, and is
referenced by a layer identifier. The layer with identifier zero is called the based layer
and is available in some access units. This level is non-scalable, so that it does not
employ any information from other layers for decoding. In each access unit, each layer
is encoded in increasing order of their layer identifiers. Layers needing some information
from other layers to be decoded are called enhancement layers, and spatial resolution or
fidelity is modified in each enhancement in a way that one layer increases the resolution
or fidelity of the previous layer. Therefore, each input picture of a spatial or fidelity layer
Multimedia
networking
issues
917
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Figure 4.
SVC layer scheme
is split into macro-blocks enabling intra-layer coding. In addition to the basic coding,
SVC includes inter-layer prediction methods to improve the coding efficiency of
enhancement layers by adding a macro-block coding mode, referencing blocks in
several layers. It is noteworthy that Choi et al. (2007) proposed a dynamic adaptation
scheme of SVC bit-stream using the MPEG-21 DIA tool.
6. Conclusion
Multimedia networking is evolving as one of the most active research areas.
Nevertheless, several problems related to the optimal design of source coding schemes
aimed at transmission over a variety of networks, joint source-channel coding trade-offs
and flexible multimedia architectures remain open. A major challenge is ensuring that
the multimedia-networked content of digital video libraries is fully interoperable, with
ease of management and standardized multimedia content adapted for interoperable
delivery, as well as intellectual property management and protection (i.e. DRM),
successfully incorporated in the DL system.
In this paper, we provided an overview of multimedia services and applications for
digital video libraries such as spatial-temporal information-based video retrieval,
recommender services for video library objects, semantic search of cultural content,
image browsers and photos albums, broadcasting for digital video library applications,
IPTV, mobile Web services, information access from anytime and anywhere and so
forth. Such multimedia networking applications benefit from the rapid development of
encoding techniques of multimedia data sources, and effective QoS management
mechanisms. We also presented research results on various aspects of multimedia
networking that support such services and applications. In particular, we focused on
those standards and mechanisms that enable the multimedia content adaptation fully
interoperable in DLs according to the vision of UMA. We discussed state-of-the-art
multimedia representation approaches, the multimedia streaming protocol DASH and
SVC techniques. Despite the current significant advances in video signal processing,
ubiquitous networking standards and emerging technologies, various challenges have
yet to be further dealt with. There is an inherent need to present frameworks, standards,
techniques, QoS management mechanisms and other tools that deal with various
EL components/issues in multimedia networking for digital video libraries, as indicated
throughout our paper.
32,6
Notes
1. DELOS Network of Excellence on Digital Libraries, www.delos.info
918 2. DL.org: Digital Library Interoperability, Best Practices and Modelling Foundations,
www.dlorg.eu
3. MILOS: Multimedia Digital Library for On-line Search, http://milos.isti.cnr.it
4. FEDORA: Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture, www.fedora-
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commons.org
5. OVDLT: The Open Video Digital Library Toolkit, www.open-video-toolkit.org
6. The Europeana DL, www.europeana.eu/portal
7. CAMTASIA software, www.camtasia.com
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content protection, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 93 No. 1, pp. 171-183.
32,6 Lin, F.-C., Lai, C.-Y. and Hong, J.-S. (2009), Heuristic algorithms for ordering media objects to
reduce presentation lags in auto-assembled multimedia presentations from digital
libraries, The Electronic Library, Vol. 27 No 1, pp. 134-148.
Liu, J. and Zhang, Y.-Q. (2003), Adaptive video multicast over the Internet, IEEE Multimedia,
920 Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 22-31.
Liu, Y., Guo, Y. and Liang, C. (2008), A survey on peer-to-peer video streaming systems, Peer-to-
Peer Networking and Applications, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 18-28.
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Further Reading
Cordes, S. (2008), Process management for library multimedia development service, Library
Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 185-198.
Kanellopoulos, D. (2010), Intelligent multimedia engines for multimedia content adaptation,
International Journal of Multimedia Intelligence and Security, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 53-75.
Naren, K., Csilla, F. and Duminda, W. (2004), An authorization model for multimedia digital
libraries, International Journal on Digital Libraries, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 139-155.
EL zer, I.B., Wolf, W. and Akansu, A. (2002), A graph-based object description for information
retrieval in digital image and video libraries, Journal of Visual Communication and Image
32,6 Representation, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 425-459.
Schwartz, C. (2000), Digital libraries: an overview, The Journal of Academic Librarianship,
Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 385-393.
Witten, I.H., Bainbridge, D. and Nichols, D. (2009), How to Build a Digital Library, Morgan
922 Kaufmann.
in multimedia communications from the University of Patras. Since 1990, he was a Research
Assistant in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Patras
and involved in several European Union R&D projects. He is a reviewer for journals such as
International Journal of Communication Systems, Journal of Systems and Software, Information
Sciences, IETE Technical Review and The Electronic Library. He has served as a technical program
committee (TPC) member to more than 30 international conferences. His research interests include
multimedia communications, multimedia networks, intelligent information systems and
knowledge representation. He has many papers in international journals and conferences in these
areas. Recently, he edited a book titled, Intelligent Multimedia Technologies for Networking
Applications: Techniques and Tools, published by IGI Global. Dimitris Kanellopoulos can be
contacted at: d_kan2006@yahoo.gr