Syllabus for DBT-JRF BET examination

General Comments: Question paper will have two parts, Part-A (General
aptitude & General Biotechnology) and Part-B (General plus specialized branches
in Biotechnology). Part-A will have all compulsory 50 MCQ questions in General
science, Mathematics, Chemistry, General aptitude, analytical, quantitative ability,
general biotechnology etc. There will be 150 questions in Part B, out of which only
50 questions need to be answered. Questions in Part B will also include general
biotechnology in addition to the specialized areas listed below.

PART-A: Aptitude & General Biotechnology

Aptitude:

Questions may include Comprehension based, where a written paragraph is given for
the students to read and then questions based on that paragraph is asked. They may
be designed to test non-verbal reasoning capacity (e.g., by finding the odd one out in a
series of abstract pictures), they may also be of quantitative type; designed to test the
students ability to comprehend large numbers and do simple calculations.

General Biotechnology

1) Biomolecular structure and function

a) Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and
lipids.
b) Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waals interaction,
hydrogen bonding. Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect.
c) Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of -helix, -sheet and -turn.
Ramachandran plot. Protein domains and domain architecture. Quaternary
structure of proteins.
d) Conformation of Nucleic acids: Structural characteristics of A, B and Z-DNA. 3D
structure of t-RNA, ribozymes and riboswitches
e) Basic Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics. Concepts of G, H and S.
f) Physical properties of water and their role in biology. Concepts of pH, ionic
strength and buffers.

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 g) Chemical kinetics: Concepts of order and molecularity of a chemical reaction.
Derivation of first and second order rate equation, measurement of rate
constants. Concept of activation energy.
h) Enzymology: Introduction to enzymes. Types of enzymatic reaction mechanisms,
Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Competitive, Non-competitive and Un-competitive
inhibition. Bi-substrate reaction kinetics. Allostery.

2) Methods in Biotechnology
a) Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements. Concept of
signal to noise ratio.
b) Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency. Fundamental ideas of probability
and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions.
Concept of the Central Limit Theorem. Hypothesis testing: Use of Students t and
2 tests. Correlation and regression. Basic concepts of design of Experiments.
c) Biochemical Methods: Chromatography: Ion exchange, Gel Filtration and Affinity
chromatography. Electrophoresis: Native and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric focusing.
2D-PAGE and its applications.
d) UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Beer-Lamberts law and its use in determination of
protein/ nucleic acid concentration.
e) Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of excitation and emission.
Quenching, Stern-Volmer Plots. Theory and applications of FRET and
fluorescence lifetime measurements.
f) Fundamentals of CD, IR and Raman spectroscopy and their use in the study of
biomolecular conformation.
g) Centrifugation: Basic concepts of centrifugation. Calculation of g value from
RPM. Density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and Sedimentation
equilibrium. Separation of sub-cellular components and macromolecules using
high speed and ultracentrifugation.
h) Microscopy: Bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron
microscopy.
i) Fundamentals of X-ray, NMR and cryo-electron microscopy for determination of
biomolecular structure.

3) Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

a) Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents;
diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and
electrical properties.

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 b) Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria,
Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes,
vacuoles. Cytoskeletons structure and motility function.
c) Organization of genomes: genes and chromosomes, Operon, unique and
repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and
chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.
d) Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, Cell cycle and
its regulation, Apoptosis, Necrosis and Autophagy.
e) Cell transformation and cancer, oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor
suppressor genes, metastasis. Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell
growth.

4) Cellular processes

a) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved,

replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons,
DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination).

b) Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications.

Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation
complex, elongation and termination of transcription. Regulation of transcription:
activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions. Structure and function of
different types of RNA and mRNPs. RNA transport, localization and function.

c) Protein synthesis, processing and transport of proteins: Ribosome, mRNA structure,

genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Mechanism of
translation: Initiation, elongation and termination factors and translational proof-reading.
Regulation of Translation- global vs mRNA-specific. Translation inhibitors, Post-
translational modifications of proteins. Protein trafficking and transport.

d) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of gene

expression in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin, chromatin
remodelling and gene silencing, Epigenetic regulation.

e) Host-pathogen interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens

like bacteria, viruses and protozoans into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host
cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced
diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.

f) Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through
G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers,
regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light
signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.

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g) Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and
roles of different adhesion molecules, tight junctions, communicating junctions,
extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. Regulation of
hematopoiesis, differentiation and development.

h) Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and
adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes,
structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity,
monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC
molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and
T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary
and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-
mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune
response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections,
congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.

5) Recombinant DNA Technology

a) Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology.

b) Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA. Various methods
of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern
hybridizations.

b) Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems.

Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their
purification. Western blotting.

c) Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries. Plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC
vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and
eukaryotic organisms.

d) Isolation and amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR, RT PCR and
qRT PCR

e) DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.

f) Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale
expression, such as micro array based techniques.

g) Analysis of DNA polymorphism: RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.

h) Biosafety regulations and IPR.

6. Genetics, Phylogeny & Evolution

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a) Chromosomal inheritance: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, codominance,
incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, linkage and
cross-over, sex-linked inheritance, Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium.

b) Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance (mitochondria and chloroplast)

c) Gene concept: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles.

d) Genetic analysis: Linkage maps, mapping with molecular markers, tetrad analysis,
gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, transduction, sex-duction, fine
structure analysis of gene.

e) Mutation: Spontaneous, induced, lethal, conditional, reversion, mutagenic

suppression, germinal and somatic mutation, insertion, deletion, duplication,
translocation, transposition, ploidy.

f) DNA finger printing and its applications, DNA bar coding, marker assisted selection
and QTL mapping.

g) Species concept in archaea, bacteria and eukarya.

h) Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary relationship among taxa, MLST.

7. Genomics and Proteomics

a) Introduction to Genomics: Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

genomes - nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes; Computational analysis
of sequences- finding genes and regulatory regions; Gene annotation; Similarity
searches; Pairwise and multiple alignments; Alignment statistics; Prediction of gene
function using homology, context, structures, networks; Genetic variation-
polymorphism, deleterious mutation; Phylogenetics; Tools for genome analysis
PCR, RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, Automated DNA sequencing; Linkage and
pedigree analysis; Construction of genetic maps; Physical maps, FISH to identify
chromosome landmarks.

b) Genome sequencing: Human genome project-landmarks on chromosomes

generated by various mapping methods; BAC libraries and shotgun libraries
preparation; Physical map-cytogenetic map, contig map, restriction map, DNA
sequence; DNA sequencing and sequence assembly; Model organisms and other
genome projects; Comparative genomics of relevant organisms such as pathogens
and non-pathogens; Evolution of a pathogen. Taxonomic classification of organisms
using molecular markers -16S rRNA typing/sequencing.

c) DNA Microarray technology: Basic principles and design: cDNA and oligonucleotide
arrays; Applications: Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics,

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 Differential gene expression; Genotyping/SNP detection; Detection technology;
Computational analysis of microarray data.

d) Proteomics: Outline of a typical proteomics experiment; Identification and analysis of

proteins by 2D analysis; Spot visualization and picking; Tryptic digestion of protein
and peptide fingerprinting; Mass spectrometry; ion source (MALDI, spray sources);
analyzer (ToF, quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap) and detector; clinical proteomics and
disease biomarkers; Prions; proteins in disease; Protein-protein interactions: Solid
phase ELISA, pull-down assays (using GST-tagged protein), far western analysis, by
surface plasmon resonance technique, Yeast two hybrid system, Phage display;
Protein interaction maps; Protein arrays-definition, applications- diagnostics,
expression profiling.

8. IPR, Biosafety & Bioethics

a) Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design,
Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs;
International framework for the protection of IP. IP as a factor in R&D; IPs of relevance
to Biotechnology and few Case Studies; Introduction to History of GATT, WTO, WIPO
and TRIPS

b) Invention in context of prior art; Patent databases; Searching International

Databases; Country-wise patent searches (USPTO, EPO, India etc.); Analysis and
report formation

c) Types of patents; Indian Patent Act 1970; Recent Amendments; Filing of a patent
application; Precautions before patenting-disclosure/non-disclosure; WIPO Treaties;
Budapest Treaty; PCT and Implications; Role of a Country Patent Office; Procedure for
filing a PCT application

d) Patent application- forms and guidelines, fee structure, time frames; Types of patent
applications: provisional and complete specifications; PCT and convention patent
applications; International patenting-requirement, procedures and costs; Financial
assistance for patenting-introduction to existing schemes; Publication of patents-gazette
of India, status in Europe and US Patenting by research students, lecturers and
scientists-University/organizational rules in India and abroad, credit sharing by workers,
financial incentives, Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and
examples.

e) Biosafety: Introduction; Historical Background; Introduction to Biological Safety

Cabinets; Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels; Biosafety Levels of
Specific Microorganisms; Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and
Infected Animals; Biosafety guidelines - Government of India; Definition of GMOs &
LMOs; Roles of Institutional Biosafety Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO
applications in food and agriculture; Environmental release of GMOs; Risk Analysis;

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Risk Assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview of National
Regulations and relevant International Agreements including Cartagena Protocol.

f) Bioethics: Concepts; Philosophical considerations; Epistemology of Science; Ethical

Terms; Principles & Theories; Relevance to Biotechnology; Ethics and the Law Issues:
Genetic Engineering, Stem Cells, Cloning, Medical techniques, Trans-humanism,
Bioweapons; Research concerns - Animal Rights, Ethics of Human Cloning,
Reproduction and Stem Cell Research; Emerging issues: Biotechnologys Impact on
Society; DNA on the Witness Stand - Use of genetic evidence in civil and criminal court
cases; Challenges to Public Policy To Regulate or Not to Regulate; Improving public
understanding of biotechnology products to correct misconceptions.

Part B: Specialized Branches in Biotechnology

Agricultural Biotechnology:
1. Plant Biology, physiology, molecular biology and seed technology
a) Plant cell structure and function, phloem transport, plant storage proteins and
protein biosynthesis, natural pesticides. Concept of plasticity in plant
development; Analyzing plant growth; Seed Germination and Seedling Growth;
Tropisms.
b) Hormonal control of seed germination and seedling growth. Floral Induction and
Development; Photoperiodism and its significance; Vernalization and hormonal
control; Inflorescence and floral determination; Molecular genetics of floral
development and floral organ differentiation
c) Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport;
C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Respiration and photorespiration Citric acid cycle;
plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase;
photorespiratory pathway, Carbon Assimilation
d) Nitrogen Fixation and regulation, Role of lectins; Nod factors; nif genes;
Nitrogenases; Leghaemoglobin, Nodulins; Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and
ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
e) Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Hormonal and environmental control of
senescence; PCD in the life cycle of plants. Biosynthesis and structure and
molecular mechanisms of plant hormones. Signal Transduction Basic concepts;
Phospholipid and Ca2+-calmodulin cascade; MAP kinase cascade.
f) Light Control of Plant Development: Molecular mechanisms of light perception,
signal transduction and gene regulation; Biological clocks. Structure, function and
mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins;
stomatal movement.
g) Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation uptake, transport and
translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil.

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 h) Plant microbe interaction: Molecular biology of Agrobacterium Infection,
Molecular biology of Rhizobium infection (molecular mechanisms in symbiosis).
Arabidopsis in molecular biology, Forward and Reverse Genetic Approaches,
RNA interference, Transcriptional gene silencing, Gene traps/ T-DNA and
transposable element insertion / activation lines.
i) Seed science and technology: seed processing, seed treatments, Seed storage,
Seed sanitation and certification.

2. Tissue Culture, Transgenic Technologies and Biotechnology

a) Totipotency; Tissue culture media; Plant hormones and morphogenesis;
embryogenesis; Cell suspension culture; Micropropagation shoot tip culture,
somatic embryos, artificial seeds; Applications of tissue culture; shoot tip culture;
Wide hybridization, Anther culture and dihaploids.
b) Production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites; Protoplast isolation and
purification; Protoplast culture; Protoplast fusion; Somatic hybrids; Cybrids.
c) Direct transformation of protoplasts using PEG; electroporation; Transformation
by particle bombardment; Chloroplast transformation. Ti plasmid-based
transformation; Ti and Ri plasmids, T-DNA genes, borders, Ti plasmid virulence
genes and their functions, Monocot transformation, binary vector; Floral dip
transformation; Targeted gene delivery and methods of detection
d) Promoters, Plant selectable markers; Reporter genes; Selectable marker
elimination; Transgene silencing and strategies to avoid transgene silencing.
e) Genetic engineering of crops; Codon optimization in the expression of genes in
plants, Commercial status of transgenic plants; Herbicide resistance, glyphosate,
sulfonyl urea, phosphinothricin, atrazine; Pest resistance, Bt toxin; Protease
inhibitor; GNA and other lectins; a-amylase inhibitor; nematode resistance;
Genetic engineering for male sterility-Barnase-Barstar; Delay of fruit ripening;
polygalacturanase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase; Improved seed storage
proteins; Improving and altering the composition of starch and plant oils; Golden
rice for -carotene accumulation; Production of antibodies and pharmaceuticals
in plants.
f) Biofuels, Bacillus thuringiensis: molecular basis of insecticidal activity.
Agriculturally important microorganisms and their application. Environmental
pollution, Bioremediation, Biodiversity and conservation

3. Molecular Breeding and Genomics

a) Principles of plant breeding, breeding for self and cross pollinated crops. Heterosis
breeding limitations of conventional breeding.
b) Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based; DNA profiling using different
assays- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SNP etc. Development of SCAR and SSR
markers.
c) Gene flow in plants: Development of mapping population - Marker Assisted Selection
(MAS), screening and validation; Trait related markers and characterization of genes
involved; Mapping genes on specific chromosomes; QTL mapping; Gene
pyramiding.

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d) Development of ESTs. Molecular markers for plant genotyping and germplasm
analysis; Fidelity analysis; settling IPR issues.
e) Marker Assisted Breeding for various traits, Foreground and background selection,
gene introgression and pyramiding, Non-gel based techniques for plant genotyping.
f) Genome organization, Structural and Functional genomics, Proteomics,
Metabolomics, Nutrigenomics, interactomics, Metagenomics.

4. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Biology

a) Abiotic stress: Acclimation and crop adaptation to water, salinity, photo oxidative,
heavy metal, heat and cold, nutrient stress. Metabolite engineering for abiotic stress
tolerance, Functional genomics of stress tolerance. Induced systemic tolerance.
b) Biotic stress: Plant response to pathogens and herbivores, biochemical and
molecular basis of host plant resistance , toxins of fungi and bacteria, systemic and
induced resistance, pathogen derived resistance, signaling - gene for gene
hypothesis, genetic engineering for biotic stress resistance, gene pyramiding.
Induced systemic resistance, systemic acquired resistance.

5. Biodiversity
a) Biodiversity Act 2002; Agricultural biodiversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA); Conservation strategies for seed
gene bank; Climate change and conservation of plant genetic resources; Global
efforts for management of crop genetic resources; Strategies on PVFR and
Biodiversity Acts.
b) Biodiversity Legislation in India; Indian Biodiversity Act and provisions on crop
genetic resources.
c) Impact of GE crops on Biodiversity. Functions of International union for the
protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV); International treaties relating to
Biodiversity.

Animal Biotechnology:

1. Animal Physiology and Biochemistry: Hormone cell interactions, endocrine control of

development of various organs. Properties of different body fluids, metabolism and
homeostasis. Role of enzymes in metabolic regulation, activation, inhibition and
covalent modification. Specificity of enzyme actions.

2. Histology and Embryology: Systematic histology including microscopic structures of

organs of different systems of domestic animals. Reproductive system of males and
females. Embryo culture and transfer technology, somatic cell nuclear transfer,
embryonic stem cells, transgenic animal production. Induction and synchronization of
estrus, superovulation, oocyte collection and grading.

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3. Animal Parasitology: Host parasite interactions, transmission of parasites, parasite
specificity, tissue reaction, protozoa and their development. Parasitic infections of
domestic animals.

4. Animal Virology: DNA and RNA viruses causing diseases in livestock and poultry.
Immunity to viral infections. Development of laboratory animal models of virus
infections.

5. Immunology: Immunity to bacterial and viral infections of animals. Cells of immune

system, clinical and transplantation immunology, tumor immunology and
immunodeficiency. Nude and SCID mice biology and immunosuppression.

6. Pathology: Cellular pathology, cell necrosis and apoptosis. Pathogenesis and

microscopic pathology of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of domestic animals and
poultry.

7. Animal Genetics: Animal breeding, out breeding and inbreeding, open nucleus
breeding systems. Conservation of germplasm, breeding of laboratory animals, genetic
health monitoring. Concept of production of specific pathogen free (SPF) and germ free
laboratory animals. Development of various chimeras.

8. Molecular Medicine and Surgery: Anesthesia and anesthetic drugs. Management of

shock, hemorrhage, principles of fluid therapy. Surgical techniques in laboratory
animals. Imaging, contrast radiography, biological effects of radiation, radiation hazards
and their prevention. Isotopes and their uses in diagnosis and therapy.

9. Molecular Diagnostics: Concept of molecular diagnosis of pathogens, detection of

animal pathogen in environmental systems and in animal feeds. Molecular diagnostics
for detection of tumor.

10.Research Methodologies: Biochemical and immunological techniques. Application of

radioactive isotopes in biological research. Cell culture technology, specialized culture
techniques such as 3-D cultures, cell senescence, cell differentiation,
transdifferentiation, culture of fastidious cells, cancer stem cells, cell cloning and
selection, cell culture technology in production of animal viral vaccines and
pharmaceutical proteins.

M. Tech. Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology

1. Introductory Mathematics: Calculus review, Ordinary differential equations, Second

and higher order differential equations, Linear algebra, Numerical methods

2. Engineering Principles: Material and energy balance, Steady state energy and
material balance, Properties of substances, Introduction to transport phenomena,
momentum transfer, heat and mass transfer, Introduction to mass transfer equipments

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3.Thermodynamics in Biological Systems: First and second law of thermodynamics,
Biological systems as open non-equilibrium systems, Failure of classical
thermodynamics in describing biological processes, Concepts of thermodynamics flux
and force, Concept of entropy production, Constitutive equations, Thermodynamics of
coupled biochemical reactions, Thermodynamic analysis of oxidative phosphorylation,
Glycolytic oscillations; biological clocks

4. Bioprocess Engineering and Technology: Principles of microbial growth and factors

affecting growth, Growth kinetics and substrate utilization in batch, fed-batch and
continuous systems, Introduction to bioreactors: batch and fed-batch, plug flow,
continuous, enzyme reactors, Sterilization, Mass transfer of oxygen, aeration and
agitation, fluid rheology, Fermentation technology (Description of industrial processes:
antibiotics, organic acids, alcohol, bioplastics, vitamins, enzymes; biotransformation of
steroids, Basics of neutrigenomics food-gene interactions, Process flow sheet and
process economics

5. Downstream Processing in Biotechnology: Biomass removal and disruption,

Precipitation by salts, solvents, Membrane based purification, Adsorption and
chromatography, Extraction (solvent, aqueous two-phase, super critical), Drying

6. Bioprocess Plant Design: General design information, Material and energy balance,
Process flow sheet, Scale up and scale down issues, Scale up and downstream
processes. Selection and specifications of bioprocess equipments, Facility design
aspects. Utilities, Process economics,

Bioinformatics & Computational Biology

1. Major Bioinformatics Resources: Sequence databases, Gene Expression database:
GEO, SAGE, 3D Structure Database: PDB, NDB, Knowledge driven Databases &
utility, Pattern Sequence: InterPro, Prosite, Pfam, ProDom, Gene Ontology
2. Database Searches: Keyword-based searches using tools like ENTREZ and SRS
Sequence-based searches: BLAST and FASTA
3. Sequence Analysis, Basic concepts: Sequence similarity, identity and similarity,
definitions of homologues, orthologues, paralogues, Tandem and Interspersed
repeats, repeat finding.
4. Scoring Matrix, Pairwise sequence alignments, Multiple sequence alignments
(MSA), Application in Taxonomy and phylogeny, Comparative genomics.
5. Structural Biology: 3-D structure visualization and simulation, Basic concepts in
molecular modeling: different types of computer representations of molecules.
External coordinates and Internal Coordinates, Molecular Mechanics, Force fields
etc.
6. Proteins: Secondary structure elucidation using Peptide bond, phi, psi and chi
torsion angles, Ramachandran map, anatomy of proteins Hierarchical

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 organization of protein structure like CATH,SCOP, FSSP .
7. DNA & RNA secondary and tertiary structures, t-RNA tertiary structure
8. Classification and comparison of protein 3D structures: Secondary structure
prediction: Algorithms viz. Chou Fasman, GOR methods, Tertiary Structure
prediction: Fundamentals of the methods for 3D structure prediction (sequence
similarity/identity of target proteins of known structure, fundamental principles of
protein folding etc.) Homology/comparative Modeling, fold recognition, threading
approaches, and ab initio structure prediction methods. CASP. Computational
design of Promoters, Proteins & Enzymes.
9. Application in drug design: Chemical databases like NCI /PUBCHEM.
Fundamentals of Receptor-ligand interactions. Structure-based drug design:
Identification and Analysis of Binding sites and virtual screening. Ligand based drug
design: Structure Activity Relationship QSARs & Pharmacophore etc. In silico
predictions of drug activity and ADMET.

Environmental Biotechnology

1. Basic Ecological Concepts and Principles: Ecosystem: types, development and

evolution; Homeostasis, energy transfer in ecosystem, Energy budget, trophic
structure, food chain, food web, ecological efficiency, biogeochemical cycles

2. Chemistry of organic and inorganic chemicals polluting Environment (air, water

and soil)

3. Environmental Pollution; Types, Detection and Measurement of Pollutants;

Environmental monitoring techniques

4. Water Pollution: sources, measurement and management;

5. Waste Water Treatment systems: primary, secondary and tertiary treatments;

Biological Treatment Processes, Biochemistry and Microbiology of Aerobic and
Anaerobic Treatment, Bioreactors for waste water treatment,,Disinfection and
Disposal

6. Treatment of Typical Industrial Effluents: Dairy, Distillery, Sugar, and Antibiotic

Industries.

7. Management of municipal, biomedical and agricultural solid waste.

8. Environmental Pollution control: concepts of bioaugmentation, biostimulation,

biodegradation, biosorption, biofilms in the bioremediation of xenobiotics,
petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals, evolution of
biodegradative pathways.

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 9. Environment friendly technologies: Biosurfactants, biofertilizers,biopesticides,
microbially enhanced oil recovery, resource management, integrated waste
management; production of biomass, biogas and biofuel from waste.

10. Pollution monitoring: chemical, biological and molecular methods; Environmental

impact assessment, Biodiversity and its conservation, GMOs and Biosafety.

11. Global environmental problems: Ozone depletion, UV-B and green house gases

Marine Biotechnology

1. Important marine organisms and their behavior: Introduction to marine environment;

Marine flora - phytoplankton, seaweeds, sea grasses and mangroves - their
characteristics and identification; Marine faunazooplankton; Major marine
invertebrates (crustaceans & molluscs); Vertebrates (Pisces) and marine mammals
(dolphin and whales) - characteristics and identification; Biology - food & feeding -
age & growth - reproduction - life history of crustaceans, molluscs and fishes.

2. Marine resources assessment: Methods of surveying the living resources (Acoustic,

Aerial and Remote sensing); Principal methods of exploitation (Indigenous and
modern crafts & gears).

3. Population study and marine environment protection: Population dynamics -

Principles of population dynamics; Unit stocks; Age & size composition of the
population; Abundance and density; Recruitment; Growth; Mortality (fishing &
natural); Conservation and management-in situ and ex situ; Marine biosphere
reserves; Marine parks - heritage sites.

4. Oceanography: Physical; Temperature, salinity and density horizontal, vertical

and temporal variations; waves, tides and currents, upwelling. Chemical; nutrient
cycle, metals, minerals and trace elements Biological-primary and secondary
productivity, finfish and shellfish resources.

5. Types of marine microbes and their biology: Structure of Bacteria, fungi, algae,
protozoa and viruses; Classification of microbes (Genetic level) conventional and
modern methods. Biology of microorganisms used in genetic engineering
(Escherichia coil, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phage
lambda).

6. Microbial Assessment: Methods of studying the marine microorganisms - Methods

of collection, enumeration (total and viable counts), Isolation, culture & identification
based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics;
Preservation of marine microbes; Culture Collection Centres (ATCC, IMTECH,
NCCS-MCC etc.). Microbial nutrition - influence of environment factors on microbial
growth, activity and distribution.

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7. Role of microbes in marine environment: Microbial nitrogen fixation; Carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus cycle; Decomposition of organic matter; Bioleaching and
biodeteroriation of natural and synthetic materials.

8. Microbial metabolites: Microbes of biotechnological importance; Primary and

secondary metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics, organic acid, toxins etc.).

9. Microbial interaction: Seafood microbiology - normal genera associated with fish,

food spoilage, fish & human pathogens; Indicator of pollution - faecal coliforms;
prevention & control.

10. Culture systems and hatchery techniques: Importance of coastal aquaculture;

Aquafarms: design and construction; Criteria for selecting cultivable species;
Culture systems and management practices extensive, semi-intensive and
intensive culture practices. Seed production in controlled condition; Types; Design
and management of hatchery induced spawning; Mass production of seeds; Live
feed culture technique and feed formulation; Artificial insemination - in vitro
fertilization.

11. Introduction to marine pharmacology: Terms and definitions; Medicinal compounds

from marine flora and fauna - marine toxins, antiviral and antimicrobial agents.

12. Manipulation and microbial techniques: Chromosome manipulation in aquaculture

hybridization; Ploidy induction; Gynogenesis, Androgenesis and sex reversal in
commercially important fishes. Application of microbial biotechnology in culture
ponds; Bioaugmentation; Bioremediation for soil and water quality improvement -
nutrient cycling; bio-fertilization; Probiotics Immunostimulants; Regulation of
bacterial growth.

13. Disease diagnosis: Tools for disease diagnosis in cultivable organisms; Enzyme
immunoassays; Dot immunobinding assay; Western blotting; Latex agglutination
test; Monoclonal antibodies; DNA based diagnosis; Cryopreservation.

14. Marine organisms and environment interaction: Types of marine environment -

Physical, Chemical and Biological aspects and their interaction with marine life; Air
Sea interaction; Green house gases (CO2 and Methane).

15. Pollution & Biomaterial interaction: Marine pollution-major pollutants (heavy metal,
pesticide, oil, thermal, radioactive, plastics, litter and microbial); Biological indicators
(Marine microbes, algae and crustaceans) and accumulators: Application of protein
biomarkers; Biosensors and biochips. Biodegradation and Bioremediation;
Biodegradation of natural and synthetic waste materials; Bioremediation;
Separation, purification and bio removal of pollutants.

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16. Fouling and corrosion: Biofouling; Biofilm formation; Marine fouling and boring
organisms - their biology, adaptation; Factors influencing the settlement of
macrofoulers; Antifouling and Anti boring treatments; Corrosion process and control
of marine structures.

17. Wastewater bio-treatment: BOD, COD; Biosensors; Biomolecules; membrane and

transducer; Bioaugmentation-estimation of microbial load; Methods of inorganic and
organic waste removal.

Medical Biotechnology

1. Vaccinology: Active and passive immunization; Live, killed, attenuated, sub unit
vaccines; Vaccine technology- Role and properties of adjuvants, recombinant DNA
and protein based vaccines, plant-based vaccines, reverse vaccinology; Peptide
vaccines, conjugate vaccines; Antibody genes and antibody engineering- chimeric
and hybrid monoclonal antibodies; Catalytic antibodies and generation of
immunoglobulin gene libraries. Rational vaccine design based on clinical
requirements: Hypersensitivity, Immunity to Infection, Autoimmunity,
Transplantation, Tumor immunology, immunodeficiency; Transfusion of immuno-
competent cells, Stem cell therapy; Cell based vaccines.

2. Immunotechnology: Kinetics of immune response, memory; Principles of

Immunization; Techniques for analysis of Immune response; Immunochemistry of
Antigens - Immunogenicity, Antigenicity, haptens, Toxins-Toxiods, Hapten carrier
system; Genetic bases of immune response Heterogenecity; Immune modulators;
B cell epitopes; Hybridoma Rabbit, human; Antigen Antibody interaction,
Immunoassays, RIA, ELISA, Western blotting, ELISPOT assay,
immunofluorescence, Surface plasmon resonance, Biosensor assays for assessing
ligand receptor interaction. Antibody engineering; Phage display Libraries;
Antibodies as in vitro and in vivo probes.

3. CMI and Imaging techniques: CD nomenclature, Identification of immune Cells;

Principle of Immunofluoresence Microscopy, Flurochromes; Staining techniques for
live cell imaging and fixed cells; Flow cytometry, Instrumentation, Applications; Cell
Functional Assays lymphoproliferation, Cell Cytotoxicity, mixed lymphocyte
reaction, Apoptosis, Cytokine expression; Cell cloning, Reporter Assays, Insitu
gene expression techniques; Cell imaging Techniques- In vitro and In vivo; Immuno-
electron microscopy; In vivo cell tracking techniques; Microarrays; Transgenic mice,
gene knock outs.

4. Genetics in Medical Practice: Genetic Principles and their application in medical

practice; Case studies (Interacting with patients, learning family history and drawing
pedigree chart); Syndromes and disorders: Definition and their genetic basis;
Molecular pathology of monogenic diseases: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs Syndrome
& Marfan Syndrome; Genetics of diseases due to Inborn an errors of metabolism:
Phenylketonuria, Galactosemia & Mucopolysaccharidosis.

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5. Genetics of Neurogenetic disorders: Charcot-Marie tooth syndrome, Spino-
muscular atrophy, Alzheimers disease & Syndromes due to triplet nucleotide
expansion, Genetic basis of muscle disorders: Dystrophies (Duchenne Muscular
dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy), Myotonians & Myopathies; Genetic
disorders of Haemopoitic systems: Overview of hematopoisis, Blood cell types and
haemoglobin, Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemias & Hemophilias.

6. Genetic basis of eye disorders: Colour Blindness, Retinitis pigmentose, Glaucoma

& Cataracts; Genetics of skeleton & skin disorders; Genetics of Syndromes &
Genomic Imprinting; Neurofibromatosis I, Prader-Willi & Angleman syndromes,
Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome; Genetics of Cancers and cancer-prone syndromes.
Haematological malignancies, Retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, Colorectal camcer,
DNA-repair deficiency syndromes, Breast Cancer.

7. Complex polygenic syndromes: Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Diabetes mellitus;

Mitochondrial syndromes; Management of genetic disorder; Genetic counseling;
Historical overview (philosophy & ethos) and components of genetic counseling:
Indications for and purpose; Information gathering and construction of pedigrees;
Medical Genetic evaluation (Basic components of Medical History, Past medical
history, social & family history).

8. Components of genetic counseling: Physical examination (General and

dysmorphology examination, Documentation), Legal and ethical considerations;
Patterns of inheritance, risk assessment and counseling in common Mendelian and
multifactor syndromes; Genetics testing : biochemical & molecular tests: in children,
Presymptomatic testing for late onset diseases (predictive medicine); Prenatal and
Preimplantation screening and diagnosis: Indications for prenatal diagnosis,
Indications for chromosomal testing, Noninvasive methods (Ultrasound,
Embryoscopy, MRI, etc.) Invasive methods; Prenatal screening for Downs
syndrome (maternal serum) & Neural tube defect; Pre-implantation genetic
diagnosis; Ethical issues in prenatal screening and diagnosis.

9. Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Amoebiasis; Giardiasis and

cryptosporidiosis; Intestinal infection by nematodes; Intestinal infection by cestodes
(taeniasis and H.nana infection); Trematodes; Bacterial food poisoning(toxic and
infective); E.coli Diarrhoea; Cholera; Bacillary dysentery; Hepatitis.

10. Infections of the Respiratory system: Streptococcal infections; Viral infections;

Diphtheria; Whooping cough; Bacterial pneumonias (Haemophilus and GNB,
Pneumococcus/Legionella/ etc); Tuberculosis.

11. Pyrexial Illness: Malaria; Kala-azar; Leishmaniasis; Filaria; Enteric fever;

Brucellosis; Rickettsial diseases; Leptospirosis and relapsing fever; Viral
Hemorragic fever.

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12. Infections of the Nervous System: Viral encephalitis and Aseptic meningitis; Rabies;
Cysticercosis and other CNS parasitic infections; Tetanus.

13. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Congenital Infections: Herpes Simplex virus
infections; HIV infection and AIDS; Chlamydial infection; Syphilis; Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma infection; Gonorrhea and other bacterial STD; Congenital viral
infections; Toxoplasmosis.

14. Host pathogen interactions in disease process: Protective immune response in

Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic diseases; Cancer; Inappropriate Immune response;
Disease pathology and clinical spectrum; Clinical diagnosis of diseases; Molecular
Genetics of the host and the pathogen.

15. DNA based diagnosis: Biochemical disorders; Immune, Genetic and Neurological
disorders; Molecular techniques for analysis of these disorders; Assays for the
Diagnosis of inherited diseases; DNA sequencing and diagnosis; PCR and Array
based techniques in diagnosis; Single nucleotide polymorphism and disease
association; Two dimensional gene scanning.

16. Antibody based diagnosis: Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic reagents;

Production of monoclonal antibodies with potential for diagnosis; Diagnosis of
bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases by using; ELISA and Western blot.

17. Proteomics based diagnosis: Protein profiling for disease diagnosis ; 2D analysis of
isolated proteins associated with disease by sequencing individual spots by Mass
Spectrometry; Protein Micro array; Present methods for diagnosis of Specific
diseases like Tuberculosis, Malaria and AIDS.

18. Gene therapy: Intracellular barriers to gene delivery; Overview of inherited and
acquired diseases for gene therapy; Retro- and adeno- virus mediated gene
transfer; Liposome and nanoparticles mediated gene delivery.

19. Cellular therapy: Stem cells: definition, properties and potency of stem cells;
Sources: embryonic and adult stem cells; Concept of tissue engineering; Role of
scaffolds; Role of growth factors; Role of adult and embryonic stem cells; Clinical
applications; Ethical issues.

20. Recombinant therapy: Clinical applications of recombinant technology;

Erythropoietin; Insulin analogs and its role in diabetes; Recombinant human growth
hormone; Streptokinase and urokinase in thrombosis; Recombinant coagulation
factors.

21. Immunotherapy: Monoclonal antibodies and their role in cancer; Role of

recombinant interferons; Immunostimulants; Immunosupressors in organ
transplants; Role of cytokine therapy in cancers; Vaccines: types, recombinant
vaccines and clinical applications.

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22. Gene silencing technology: Antisense therapy; siRNA; Tissue and organ
transplantation; Transgenics and their uses; Cloning; Ethical issues.

23. Human disease genes: DNA polymorphism including those involved in disease;
Hemoglobin and anemia; Phenylketonuria (monogenic) and diabetes (multigenic)
genetic disorders; disease gene vs. susceptibility gene; SNP detection:
hybridization based assays (allele specific probes); Polymerization based assays
(allele specific nucleotide incorporation, allele-specific PCR); Ligation based assays
(allele specific oligonucleotide ligation); Polymorphism detection without sequence
information: SSCP; Proteomics and drug discovery; High throughput screening for
drug discovery; Identification of drug targets; Pharmacogenomics and
pharamacogenetics and drug development; Toxicogenomics; Metagenomics.

Molecular and Human Genetics

1. Cell Biology and Cytogenetics: Tissue culture techniques: Composition of media,
cultures for prenatal, and postnatal cytogenetic diagnosis.Chromosomal analysis:
Chromosome preparation and chromosome banding techniques, International system
for human chromosome nomenclature. Mechanisms of numerical and structural
chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal and non-chromosomal basis of sex
determination.

2. Principles of Genetics: Mendelism and its extensions: Law of segregation, Law of

independent assortment, Chromosomal basis of segregation and independent
assortment, Linkage, Crossing over and recombination, Multiple allelism, Pleiotropy,
Cytoplasmic inheritance.
Pedigree analysis, patterns of transmission of characters
Genetic mapping of Mendelian traits: Identifying recombinants and nonrecombinants in
pedigrees, Genetic and physical map distances, Genetic markers, Two-point mapping-
LOD score analysis, Multipoint mapping, Homozygosity mapping.
Genetic mapping of complex traits: Difficulties in mapping complex traits, Allele sharing
methods- Affected sib pair analysis, Allelic association, Linkage disequilibrium mapping.
Physical mapping methods: Low resolution mapping- Cell hybrids, mini- and microcells,
synteny of genes, Radiation hybrid mapping, Assembly of clone contigs, Identifying
genes in cloned DNA, Integration of cytogenetic, genetic and physical maps.
Chromosomal and molecular basis of carcinogenesis:
Common chromosome abnormalities in cancer
Cell transformation and tumourigenesis: Cell cycle check point and cancer, Oncogenes,
Tumour suppressor genes, DNA repair genes and genetic instability, Epigenetic
modifications, telomerase activity, centrosome malfunction, Genetic heterogeneity and
clonal evolution.
Familial cancers: Retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, colorectal
cancer, breast cancer.
Genetic predisposition to sporadic cancer
Tumour progression: angiogenesis and metastasis

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Tumour specific markers
Cancer and environment: physical, chemical and biological carcinogens
Concept and theories of evolution: Microevolution in Mendelian population, Mendelian
Population, Allele frequencies and genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
and conditions for its maintenance.
Elemental forces of evolution: Mutation, Selection (Types of selection, selection
coefficient, selection in natural populations), Genetic drift, Migration.
Molecular population genetics: Molecular evolution (neutral theory, punctuated
equilibrium), DNA-based phylogenetic trees, Human phylogeny (Hominid evolution:
(Anatomical, Geographical, Cultural), Molecular phylogenetics of Homo sapiens,
Peopling of continents (Europe, Africa, Asia)

3. Common genetic disorders:

Chromosomal and molecular basis, minimal critical chromosomal regions and genes,
and clinical features of the following syndromes: Down syndrome, Edward syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Phenylketonuria, Alzheimers
disease, Duchanne muscular disorder, Sickle cell anemia, Diabetes mellitus.

4. Human Genome:
The Genome project: History, organization and goals of human genome project,
Mapping strategies, current status of various maps, DNA segment nomenclature,
Human genome diversity, human genome databases.
Organization of human genome: Mitochondrial genome, Gross base composition of
nuclear genome, Gene density. CpG islands, RNA-encoding genes, Functionally
identical/similar genes, Diversity in size and organization of genes, Annotation
Gene families: Multigene families Classical gene families, families with large
conserved domains, families with small conserved domains, Gene superfamilies, Gene
families in clusters, Pseudogenes, Repetitive DNA and transposable elements, Origin of
gene families
Functional genomics: Transcriptome and its analysis, Proteome and Proteomics, Gene
silencing
Implications of human genome on research and society.

Neuroscience

1. Neurons: Ultrastructure, myelination and synapses.

2. Glial cells: Structure and function of glial cells: astrocytes type I & II astrocytes,
fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes, Importance of astrocytes in glutamate
metabolism and blood brain barrier, Functions of other glial cells: oligodendrocyte
and microglial cells, Microglial phenotypes, Overview of glial and neuronal
relationship in the CNS, Glial neuronal interplay in the CNS.

3. Neurophysiology and Behavior: Tools in electrophysiological studies of the brain in

animals; animal activity monitoring; Different types of mazes and their application in
studies on behavior, learning and memory and cognitive aspects of animals;

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 Rotarod; grip strength meter; Pain sensitivity testing with the help of tail-flick
instrument and paw test.

4. Major events in early embryonic development: Embryonic origin of nervous system,

early neural morphogenesis in vertebrates and invertebrates, Neural Induction:
Molecular nature of the Neural inducer, Conservation of neural induction; Dorsal
neural tube and neural crest; Neural crest cells and its derivatives.

5. Patterning, polarity and regionalization of the nervous system; Fate mapping of cell
determination, differentiation of nerve cells and cell lineage, acquisition of
neurotransmitter property and electrical excitability.

6. Birth and migration of neurons, Control of neuronal and glial cell population;
Histogenesis of cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex. Adult neurogenesis.

7. Neuronal death during development: Target dependent and innervation dependent

neuronal death.

8. Neurotrophic factors: Nerve growth factor (NGF). Axon growth, path finding and
nerve patterns: Growth Cone, Axonal navigation and axon elongation, Synapse
formation and elimination: Selective synaptic connections: Skeletal muscle,
autonomic ganglia, spinal cord and CNS. Denervation and regeneration of synaptic
connections.

9. Electrical properties of excitable membranes: Basic electricity and electric circuits,

neurons as conductors of electricity, equivalent circuit representation; Electrical
properties of excitable membranes: Membrane conductance, linear and nonlinear
membrane, ionic conductance, current-voltage relations. Ion movement in excitable
cells: Physical laws, Nernst-Planck Equation, active transport of ions, movement of
ions across biological membranes; Membrane potential and role of sodium and
potassium pumps, Action potential, non-gated ion channels and generation of action
potential.

10. Electrical properties of neurons, quantitative models of simulations, Hodgkin &

Huxley's analysis of squid giant axon: Voltage-clamp experiments; Voltage gated
channels;Biophysical, biochemical and molecular properties of voltage gated
channels. Synaptic transmission at nerve-muscle synapses. Synaptic transmission
at central synapses; Ligand gated channels; Second messengers and synaptic
transmission.

11. Synaptic transmission and cellular signaling: Synthesis, action and distribution of
acetylcholine, catecholamine, dopamine, serotonin, and neuropeptide
neurotransmitters.

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12. Sensation and perception: Receptors, Structure, function & connections of sensory
cortex; Sensory Transduction: Phototransduction, olfactory transduction, taste,
mechanoreception; Somatic sensation: Peripheral and central mechanisms
Touch: somatic sensory system, mechanoreceptors and other receptors,
representation of body surfaces in the brain. Pain: Nociceptors, control of pain,
opioid peptides and pain. Taste: Taste receptors and taste buds, Innervation by
cranial nerves, Modulation of taste activity in the Medulla. Olfaction: Odor stimuli,
Information processing in the dendrodendritic synapses in Accessory Olfactory
Bulb.

13. Fundamentals of Motor Systems: Spinal cord as central pattern generator; Posture
and voluntary movement, Basal nuclei and cerebellum; Focusing and coordinating
movement. Muscle, Motor neurons and Motor neuron pools: Motor neuron pools,
Muscle afferents. Spinal Motor control, Reflexes and locomotion: Basic Principles,
Reflexes, Interneurons associated with movements, Locomotion
Supraspinal Descending Control: Postural reflexes of the head and the body,
vestibular damage & disorders of the postural control. Voluntary Descending
Control: Control of voluntary movements by the motor cortex. Eye Movements:
Gaze-stabilization mechanisms, Gaze-shifting Mechanisms.

14. Chemical Control of Brain and Behavior: Role of hypothalamus, pituitary hormones
and ANS

15. Neural Control of the Breathing: Breathing & gas exchange, CNS & Breathing,
Respiratory Rhythm Generation, Sensory Inputs and Altered Breathing, Modulation
of Respiratory Motor Out-put, Suprapontine Structures and Breathing, Respiratory
neurons and their discharge pattern.

16. Neural Control of Heart, Cardiovascular Homeostasis: The Nervous System and the
Long-term control of the Cardiovascular System.

17. Sleep and Dreaming: The two states of sleep- slow wave and rapid eye movement.
Circadian Timing: Pineal and Circadian Rhythms, The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,
Light as the Dominant Stimulus. Sex and behavior: Neuronal basis of sexual
behaviour, Sex Hormones and Brain.

18. Cognitive development and aging; Neuronal basis of object recognition; Spatial
cognition; Neural system of spatial cognition: Parietal cortex, Frontal cortex,
Hippocampus and adjacent cortex. Learning and Memory: Basic Systems; Long-
term potentiation, Classical conditioning in vertebrates, Mechanism of memory
storage. Major memory systems in mammalian brain; Executive brain functions;
Consciousness.

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19. Clinical neurochemistry and neuropathology: Molecular, genetic aspects and
diagnostic characteristics; Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms of peripheral
Neuropathy; Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinated disorders; Duchenne
Muscular dystrophy, Wernicke-Korsakoft syndrome; Pellagra; Metabolic
Encephalopathies and Coma, Ischemia and hypoxia; Epileptic seizures; Genetics
and diagnosis of Huntington disease and other triplet repeat disorders; Alzheimers
disease, Parkinsons disease, Motor Neuron Diseases; Prions Disease;
Biochemical aspects of the psychotic disorders; Biochemical basis of mental illness:
Anxiety disorders; Mood disorders; Attention disorders; Schizophrenia

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

1. Drug metabolism: Biotransformation of drugs; microsomal and nonmicrosomal

mechanisms; Enzymes in transformation; factors inhibiting and inducing enzymes;
factors affecting drug metabolism; drug metabolism in fetus and new born; models
of drug metabolism; dose-effect relationship. Adverse drug reaction and drug
interactions, toxic reactions, allergic reactions, idiosyncracy; acute poisoning and its
treatment; extraction of drug from plasma, tissues including biliary and fecal
excretion.

2. Pharmacological screening and assays: Principles of screening-correlation between

various animal models and human situation, animal ethics; Screening models for
therapeutic areas like hypertension, cerebral ischemia, pain, epilepsy, depression,
Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, diabetes etc.; Correlation between in
vitro and in vivo screens, cell-based, biochemical, radiological based assays, high
through put screening, pharmacokinetic analysis, reference drugs and interpretation
of results. Animal handling-mice-guinea pig etc., route of administration of drugs-
intravenous-intramuscular-intraperitoneal-intradermal etc., Dose-response
relationship of drugs, determination of analgesic activity of a compound-estimation
of protein and hematological parameters.

3. Enzymes and microbial technology: Enzymes in organic solvents and ionic liquids,
biocatalysts, enzyme engineering, random and rational approach to protein
engineering, Biocatalysis with different enzymes: lipase, amidase, aminopeptidase,
acylase, hydantoinase, lyases, oxidoreductase, nitrilase, epoxide hydrolase,
hydoxylase, aldolases, decarboxylases; techniques of immobilization of enzymes
and whole cells-design, operation and kinetics of immobilized enzyme reactors-
Diffusional resistance and Thieles modules- multi step immobilized enzyme
systems. Microorganisms in degradation of xenobiotics and removal of heavy
metals; stereo selective production of drug intermediates, biocatalyst for synthesis
of some chiral pharmaceutical intermediates such as synthesis of ACE inhibitors,
synthesis of anti-cholesterol drugs by biocatalytic routes, calcium channel blocking

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 drugs, potassium-channel openers, anti-arrythmic compounds, anti-psychotic
compounds, anti-infective drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antiviral drugs,
prostagladin synthesis.

4. Biochemical engineering: Microbial growth kinetics-substrate utilization-product

formation-aerobic fermentation-methods-types-fluid properties-Sterilization-
methods, kinetics, batch and continuous-batch, continuous and field bioreactors;
Mass and energy balance in microbial process-effects of dissolved oxygen;
Dimensional analysis-heat transfer-counter current and co-current system of heat
transfer, scale-up and scale down methods, problems and trouble shooting. Plant
cell, animal cell and reactors for production of secondary metabolites and enzymes.

5. Downstream processing: Separation of cell mass, centrifugation, clarification,

filtration, unit operations; methods cell disruption-solid shear and liquid shear
methods; Concentration methods-evaporation, distillation, crystallization, SCFE,
solvent extraction, phase separation, drying etc., whole broth extraction, protein
precipitation, extraction, adsorption; Cross flow filtration, Microfiltration, preparative
isoelectric focusing; Effluent treatment-aerobic and anaerobic process for waste
water treatment, BOD, COD, stabilization etc..

6. Industrial applications: Metabolites-ethanol, acetone, citric acid, lactic acid, amino

acid, polysaccharides, nucleosides and bioplastics, penicillin, cephalosporin,
streptomycin, vitamins etc.; Bioprocess-applications of enzymes in pharmaceutical
industry-therapeutic and clinical analysis-production and use of glucose isomerase,
amidase/amidopetidase, amylase, cellulase, penicillin acylase, lipase, oxido-
reductase, hydantoinase, epoxide hydrolase, nitrlase, hydoxylase, alolases,
decaboxylases etc. for production of different types of drugs and drug
intermediates.

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