An eBook on Medical Mnemonics

Contains 140+ mnemonics with diagrams

Covers all 19 subjects
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Anatomy
 Anatomical layers of the scalp
Skin

Connective tissue
Aponeurosis (galea) SCALP
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
 Structures in cavernous sinus and their
positions

O TOM CAT
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
Carotid artery (internal)
Abducens nerve
Trochlear nerve
Bifurcation vertebral landmarks

A bifurcation occurs on
4th level of each vertebral column

C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery

T4: bifurcation of trachea
L4: bifurcation of aorta
Lower limb: muscles between upper legs

There's a GAP
between upper legs when you sit
without closing your knees
Gastrocnemious
Adductors
Pectinious
Elbow joint: radius vs. ulna ends

CRAzy TULips
Capitalum = Radius
Trochlear = ULnar
 Mediastinums: posterior mediastinum
structures
There are 4 birds
The esophaGOOSE (esophagus)
The vaGOOSE nerve (Vagus nerve)
The azyGOOSE vein (azygos vein)
The thoracic DUCK (thoracic duct)

3
Femoral artery deep branches

Put My Leg Down Please

Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery)

Medial circumflex femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending genicular arteries
Perforating arteries
Facial nerve branches: From superior to
inferior

Two Zombies Buggered My Cat

Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Cubital fossa contents: From medial to
lateral

My Bottle Turned Red

How???
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Tendon of biceps
Radial nerve
 Pleura surface markings

All the even ribs, in order:

2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route
Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly
Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to
accommodate heart
Rib6: both diverge laterally
Rib8: midclavicular line
Rib10: midaxillary line
Rib12: the back
 Medial malleolus: order of tendons,
artery, nerve behind it
Tibialis (Tibialis Posterior)
From anterior Digitorum (Flexor Digitorum Longus)
to posterior: Artery (Posterior Tibial Artery)
Nerve (Posterior Tibial Nerve)
Tom, Dick, Hallicus (Flexor Hallicus Longus)

And
Nervous
Harry
Thoracoacromial trunk: branches

Cadavers Are Dead People

Clavicular
Acromial
Deltoid
Pectoral
Carpal bones

Simply Learn The Parts That The

Carpus Has
Proximal row first, then Distal row:
Scaphoid Trapezium
Lunate Trapezoid
Triquetrium Capate
Pisiform Hamate
Internal jugular vein: tributaries

Medical Schools Let Confident

People In
From inferior to superior:
Middle thyroid
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Common facial
Pharyngeal
Inferior petrosal sinus
Tonsils: The three types

PPL (people) have tonsils

Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual
Surgery
 Causes of post operative fever

6W 's
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first
48 hours, may have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site

Water: check IV for phlebitis

Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or

restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization

Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever

Prophylactic Antibiotic Indications

APPLE

Amputations
Prosthesis
Penetrating wounds
Large bowel surgery
Endocarditis
Indications for CT Scan in setting of
Trauma

Uncle Never ARgues ABout KIDs

Unconcious pt after head trauma

Neck injury
Aortic Rupture
ABdominal penetrating wound
KIDney injury with hematuria
ENT
 Local Causes of Epistaxis

Drink FANTA
Infections
DNS
Foreign body
Atmospheric
Neoplasms
FANTA
Traumatic
Allergic
 Cataract: Characteristics, Treatment

Characteristics Treatment
Cloudy, Opaque lens Removal of lens with lens
Acuity implant
No pain
Occurs gradually
 D/D of membrane over the tonsil

We Mainly Discuss At Length About

Membrane In Tonsil
We - Vincent's angina Membrane - Membranous
Mainly - Malignancy Tonsillitis
Discuss - Diptheria In - Infectious

At - Agranulocytosis
mononucleosis
Tonsil - Traumatic ulcer
Length - Leukemia

About - Apthous ulcers

Gradenigo's triad

EAR

Ear discharge
Abducens palsy
Retro orbital pain (5th nerve involved)
Oralpharangeal cancers: aetiology

Smoking
Spicy food
Syphilis
Spirits [booze]
Sore tooth
Sepsis
Also betel nuts
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: classic
symptoms
NOSE

Neck mass
Obstructed nasal passage
Serous otitis media externa
Epistaxis or discharge
 Ear drops: direction to pull ear when
instilling
UP & DOWN

For an grown UP it is UP
For a chilD it is Down
 Indications Of Tympanoplasty

Age should be above 10yrs when sufficient

resistance develops
Benign (tubotympanic disease) can be corrected
Conductive deafness can corrected
Dry perforation gives best results
Eustachian tube should be functioning properly
Stapes should be mobile
Otalgia

Tonsil
Tube( Eustasian Tube)
Tics (Glossopharyngeal)
Trachea
Thyroid
Temporo Mandibular Joint
(Lower 4 Are
Throat
Referred as
Tongue Causes)
Teeth
 Neoplasms of larynx: Causes

TARGET
Tobacco (Carcinogens: Benzopyrine)
Alcohol: synergistic with tobacco (Commonly in supraglottic
ca.)
Radiation
Genetic- familial tendency
Environmental/ occupational- asbestos, petroleum, mustard
gas, etc.
Tumors: Solitary papilloma, leucoplakia, erythroplakia,
etc.
 Complications of Tonsillitis

Tom IS A Really Old Name

Tonsillitis (Chronic Tonsillitis)
Infection (of middle ear cleft)
Septicaemia
Abscess
Rheumatism
Oedema (of the larynx)
Nephritis
 Types of DNS (Deviated Nasal Septum)

SCAN your nose

S-shaped deformity
C-shaped deformity
Anterior dislocation
Nasal spur
lower cranial nerve palsy (9,10,11,12)

MANGO
MAlignant otitis externa
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
GlOmus jugulare
Biochemistry
 Citric acid cycle compounds

Oh Citric Acid Is Of-course A SiLly

STupid Funny Molecule
Oxaloacetate Alpha-ketoglutarate

Citrate SuccinyL-CoA

Aconitate SuccinaTe

Isocitrate Fumarate

Oxalosuccinate Malate

SilLy and STupid used to differentiate SuccinyL and SuccinaTe

 Glycolysis enzymes

High Profile People Act Too Glamorous,

Picture Posing Every Place
Hexokinase Glyceraldehyde-3-

Phosphoglucose isomerase phosphate dehydrogenase

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Phosphoglycerate mutase

Aldase A Enolase

Triose phosphate Pyruvate kinase

isomerase
Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms

The famous 4 D's

Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death (if untreated)
 Citric acid cycle compounds

Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From

Malice
Oxaloacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
alpha-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
 Enzymes: classification

Over The HILL

Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
Pompe's disease: type

PoLys
Read it as Police
Pompe's disease is a
lysosomal storage disease
(alpha 1, 4 glucosidase).
Golgi complex: functions

Golgi Distributes A SPAM

Distributes proteins and lipids from ER
Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins
Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine
Proteoglycan assembly
Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine
Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine
 Fat Soluble Vitamins

The FAT cat is in the attic

Read ADEK as attic
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

Attic: a space or room inside or partly inside the roof of a building.

 Catabolism steps of branched chain
amino acids

Truck hit the Ox to Death

Transamination
Oxidativedecarboxylation
Dehydrogenation
 Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms

Increased Vitamin A makes

you HARD
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
 BUN: creatinine elevation: causes

BUN teaches you ABCD

Azotremia (pre-renal)
Bleeding (GI)
Catabolic status
Diet
C D
(high protein parenteral nutrition)
A B
zinc dependant enzymes

A CLASsic zinc

Alcohol dehydrogenase
Carbonic anhydrase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Alkaline phoshpatase
Superoxide dismutase
 Amino acids with Uncharged polar side
chains

Tendulkar Added a Ton at Sydney

Cricket Ground
Threonine
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Serine
Cysteine
Glutamine
 Fasting state: branched-chain amino
acids used by skeletal muscles

Muscles LIVe fast

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Creatine phosphate: amino acid
precursors

Tasty GAM
Read GAM as JAM

Glycine
Arginine
Methionine
Medicine
 Multiple Myeloma: Characteristics

OLD Age
Calcium Elevated
(Hypercalcemia)
Renal Failure
Anemia
Bone Lytic Lesions
 Levels of consciousness

AVPU
Alert The patient is fully awake (although not necessarily oriented). This patient will have
spontaneously open eyes, will respond to voice (although may be confused) and will have
bodily motor function.
Hmm The patient makes some kind of response when you talk to them, which could be in any of
Verbal
the three component measures of eyes, voice or motor - e.g. patient's eyes open on being
Stimuli
asked "Are you all right?". The response could be as little as a grunt, moan, or slight move
of a limb when prompted by the voice of the rescuer.

Painful Ouch!! The patient makes a response on any of the three component measures on the application
of pain stimulus, such as a central pain stimulus like a sternal rub or a peripheral stimulus
Stimuli
such as squeezing the fingers. A patient with some level of consciousness (a fully conscious
patient would not require a pain stimulus) may respond by using their voice, moving their
eyes, or moving part of their body (including abnormal posturing).

Unresponsive Sometimes seen noted as 'Unconscious', this outcome is recorded if the patient does not give
any eye, voice or motor response to voice or pain.
In first aid, an AVPU score of anything less than A is often considered an indication to get
further help, as the patient is likely to be in need of more definitive care. In the hospital or
long term healthcare facilities, caregivers may consider an AVPU score of less than A to be
the patient's normal baseline.
 Strawberries of medicine:

Strawberry tongue - Scarlett fever (white followed by red),

Kawasaki's disease
Strawberry vagina/cervix - Trichomoniasis

Strawberry Gingivitis - Pathognomic of wegner's

granulomatosis
Strawberry Gallbladder - Diffuse cholesterolosis

Strawberry Hemangioma/nevus -Birth marks

Strawberry picker's Palsy - Peroneal nerve compression

Causes Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

TAILS

Thalassemia
Anemia of chronic Disease
Lead toxicity
Sideroblastic Anemia
DRUGS CAUSING LIVER TOXICITY

HELLO MIAMI PREZ

Halothane
Methotrexate
Amiodarone
Isoniazid
Parcetomol
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Pharmacology
 Diuretics: Types

Leak On The CAN

Loop Diuretics: Furosemide
Osmotics: Mannitol, Urea

Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors:

Acetazolamide
Aldosterone inhibitors: Spironolactone

Na channel blockers: Amiloride,

Triamterene
"leak" is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet.
ACE inhibitor side effects

Cough CAPTOPRIL
Angioneurotic oedema
Proteinuria
Taste disturbance/ Teratogenic in 1st trimester
Other (fatigue, headache)
Potassium increased
Renal impairment
Itch
Low BP (1st dose)
Anti-tuberculosis Drugs

SPIRE

Streptomycin
Pyrazinamide
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Ethambutol
 SSRIs Side Effects

Serotonin Syndrome
Seizures

Reproductive
Dysfunction in males
Insomnia

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific

reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are
typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major
depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
Forensic Medicine
Ossification centers

Colorful Sweet Tomatoes are Safe

for Cooking
Calcaneum 5 Months
Sternum 6
Talus 7
Sacrum 8
Femur 9
Cuboid 10
Signs of Organophosphate poisoning

DUMBBELS
Diarrhoea
Urination
Miosis
Bradycardia
Bronchorrhea
Emesis
Lacrymation
Salivation
Rigor mortis

The degree of rigor mortis may be

used to determine the approximate
time of death. A dead body holds its
position as rigor mortis sets in. If the
body is moved after death, but before
rigor mortis begins, forensic techniques
such as livor mortis can be applied. If
the position in which a body is found
does not match the location where it is
found, that could mean someone
Develops in 12 hrs moved it. Several factors also affect
the progression of rigor mortis, and
Persists for 12 hrs investigators take these into account
Passes of 12 hrs when estimating the time of death.
Microbiology
 AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression)

The Major Pathogens Concerning

Complete T-Cell Collapse
Toxoplasma gondii Tuberculosis
M. avium intracellulare CMV
Pneumocystis carinii Cryptosporidium
Candida albicans parvum
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations

My Cat Eats Mice

Mononucleosis-like illness
Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection
Encephalitis
Myocarditis
Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused

I went on a TRYP to AFRICA

TRYPanosoma brucei
causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness
E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each

HIT by E. coli outbreak

EnteroHemorrhagic:
HUS from Hamburgers
EnteroInvasive:
Immune-mediated Inflammation
EnteroToxigenic:
Traveller's diarrhea
 Nematodes: ones spreading by egg
ingestion

ATE eggs

Ascaris Lumbricoides
Trichuris trichuira
Enterobius vermicularis
spread by ingestion of eggs
(vs skin invasion or insect bite)
Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused

SOFT PAINS
Skin infections Acute endocarditis
Osteomyelitis Infective arthritis
Food poisoning Necrotizing fasciitis
Toxic shock syndrome Sepsis
Pneumonia
 Kidney transplant virus

Borrowed Kidney

BK virus is associated with

kidney transplants.
Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it

High Tech Lab Results Point At

Endocarditis
Hematuria
Thrombocytopenia
Leukocytosis, -penia
Red blood cell casta
Proteinuria
Anemia
Elevated ESR
 Meningitis: risk factors

Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head

PAINS
Cancer Parameningeal infection
Immunocompromised Alcoholism
state Infections (systemic, esp.
Sinusitis respiratory)
Age extremes Neurosurgical procedures

Otitis Splenectomy

Head trauma
 Pulmonary embolism: risk factors

7 H's
Hereditary (eg factor V Hypovolaemia (nephrotic
Leyden, protein C or S syndrome, dehydration)
deficiency) Hypercoagulability
History (previous DVT or (smoking, malignancy)
PE) Hormones (oestrogens
Hypomobility (fracture, [esp. in OCP],
CVA, severe illness, puerperium)
obesity, long trip) Hyperhomocysteinaemia
 Baldness risk factors

Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair

Implants
Diet
Disease
Drugs
Genes
Hormones
Injury to the scalp
Pathology
Diabetes: short list of complications

Diet SHAKE

Stroke
Heart attack
Amputations
Kidney disease
Eyes (vision loss)
Osteomalacia: features

Vit-D deficiency in ADULT

Acetabuli protrusio
Decresed bone density
Under mineralization of osteoid
Looser's zone (pseudofracture)
Triradiate pelvis (females)
Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule

Rule of 10's

10% ectopic
10% multiple
10% malignant
TTP: clinical features

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia

PARTNER together
Platelet count low
Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic)
Renal failure
Temperature rise
Neurological deficits
ERadmission (as it is an emergency)
 Kawasaki's disease: features

FEAR ME
Fever
Eye: perilimbic sparing
conjunctival injection
Adenopathy: usually cervical
Rash
Mouth: red lips
Extremities: red hands and feet
Disease to be feared because of risk of
coronary aneurysms.
 Apoptosis vs. necrosis

LIFELESS
Differences are in: Laddering
Leaky membranes Energy dependent
Inflammatory response Swell or shrink
Fate Stimulus
Extent

LIFELESS since cells are dead

 Parkinsonism: essential features

TRAPS
Tremor (resting tremor)
Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural changes (stooped)
Stare (serpentine stare)
To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can
look at letter that follows in TRAPS:
Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped
 MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after
MI

Time to CALL

From first to appear to last:

Troponin
CK-MB
AST
LDH1
Gout: factors that can precipitate an
attack of acute gouty arthritis

DARK

Diuretics
Alcohol
Renal disease
Kicked (trauma)

The attack occurs most often at night hence, DARK

Psychiatry
Neuroleptic side effects onset

The rule of 4's

Dystonia: 4 hours - 4 days
Akathesia: 4 days - 40 days
Extrapyramidal symptoms: 4 days - 4 weeks
Tardive dyskinesia: 4 months (greater than)
Ganser syndrome: key diagnostic feature

Oh..! Is it The word Ganser is close

wrong? to but not quite the word
Answer
Ganser's syndrome is when patient gives
an answer that is close to, but not quite.

For example: How many hours a day

has?, to which the subject may respond
23.
 Dysthymia

HE'S 2 SAD
Hopelessness
Energy loss or fatiggue
Self-esteem is low
2 years minimum of depressed mod most of day,
for more days than not
Sleep is increased or decreased
Appetite is increased/decreased
Decision-making or concentration is impaired
 Substance abuse

WILD

Work, school, or home role obligation failiures

Interpersonal or social consequences
Legal problems
Dangerous use
 Substance dependance

ADDICTeD
Activitiesare given up or reduced
Dependence, physical: tolerance

Dependence, physical: withdrawal

Intrapersonal (internal) consequences, physical or

psychological
Can't cut down or control use

Time-consuming

Duration or amount of use is greater than intended

 Mania

DIG FAST
Distractibility

Indiscretion

Grandiosity

Flight of ideas
Activity increase

Sleep deficit

Talkativeness
Ophthalmology
 Keratoconus

CONES

Central scarring & Fleischer ring

Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)
Nerves prominent
Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze
(Munsons sign)
Striae (Vogts)
angle structures

I Can See Till Schwalbe's Line

Iris root
Cilliary Body
Scleral spur
Trabecular Meshwork
Schwalbe's Line
OBG
Multiple pregnancy complications

HI, PAPA

Hydramnios (Poly)
IUGR
Preterm labour
Antepartum haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia
Abortion
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS):
first line treatment

Just reverse it

Treat PCOS with OCP's

(oral contraceptive pills)
 Shoulder dystocia: management

Call for Help HELPER

Episiotomy
Legs up [McRoberts position]
Pressure subrapubically [not on fundus]
Enter vagina for shoulder rotation
Reach for posterior shoulder and deliver posterior
shoulder/ Return head into vagina [Zavanelli
maneuver] for C-section/ Rupture clavicle or
pubic symphisis
 Labour: factors which determine rate
and outcome of labour

3P's
Power: stength of uterine contractions
Passage: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet
Passenger: the fetus--is it big, small, have
anomalies, alive or dead
Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus

Don't Forget I Enjoy Really Expensive

Equipment
Descent
Flexion
Interal rotation
Extension
Restitution
External rotation
Expulsion
PSM
Notifiable Diseases

Yellow CuP

Yellow fever
Cholera
Plague
Principles of Primary Health Care (PHC)

I Act Confident Every-day

Intersectoral co-ordination
Appropriate technology
Community participation
Equitable distribution
Physiology
Heart valves: closure sequence

Many Things Are Possible

Mitral
Tricuspid
Aortic
Pulmonic
Coagulation common pathway: factors in
order
Maths.?

10 + 5 - 2 = 13
Coagulation common pathway:
Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII
 Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated

BEN Loves Money

Granulocytes:
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neurophil
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Papez circuit

HiMaAnCi (Read it as HIMANSHI)

Cingulate gyrus Anterior thalamic

(limbic system) nucleus (thalamus)

Mammillary body
Hippocampus
(hypothalamus)
(limbic system)
Trichromatic theory

Ragbi

Red - protanomaly
Green - deuteranomaly
Blue - tritanomaly
Pediatrics
Weights of children with age

Newborn 3 kg

6 months 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)

1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)

3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)

5 yrs 20 kg

7 yrs 25 kg

9 yrs 30 kg

11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)

11 yrs 45 kg

13 yrs 55 kg

17 yrs 65 kg
Causes of haematuria

T I C S
Tumour calculi
Infection Surgery

Trauma cyst

Inflammatory Sickle cell

processes congenital
Toxins anomalies
 Short stature: differential

ABCDEFG

Alone (neglected infant)

Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses)
Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's)
Delayed growth
Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid)
Familial
GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's)
 WAGR syndrome: components

Well All Going Mental

Wilm's tumor
Aniridia
Gential abnormalities
Mental retardation
Dermatology
 Cutaneous inflammation patterns

Pus of Pig Valve

Remove the vowels: PSFPGVLV:
Psoriaform
Spongiotic (eczematous)
Folliculitis
Panniculitis
Granulomatous
Vasculopathic
Lichenoid
Vessiculobullous
 Lasers: Characteristics

CoMIC

COHERENT (in phase)

MONOCHROMATIC (1wavelength)
INTENSE (high intensity)
COLLIMATED (rays are parallel)
 Lepra reaction

I + IV = V, II + III = V

Type I: Reverse lepra reaction, is Type IV hypersensitivity

Type II: ENL, is Type III hypersensitivity
 Pityriasis rosea: Characteristic features

Her True Color make Her patch Free

Herpesvirus (suspected etiology)

Trunk

Cigarette paper scales

Herald patch

Fir tree pattern

Orthopaedic
 Fracture: describing

DOCTOR

Displaced vs. non-displaced

Open vs. closed
Complete vs. incomplete
Transverse fracture vs. linear fracture
Open Reduction vs. closed reduction
 Risk of progression of vertebral
anomalies in decreasing order

Unique Homes Were Beautiful

Unsegmented bar
Hemivertebra
Wedge vertebra
Block vertebra
 Myositis ossificans progressiva
Muscles that are characteristically spared

Smooth CDE

Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Diaphragm
Extraocular muscles
Anaesthesia
 Non Seminomatous Tumours Of Testis

ChoTa BheEM
Choriocarcinoma

Teratoma

orchioBlastoma

Embryonal cell carcinoma

 Gene Deletion Syndromess

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation

Duchene musc. Dystrophy

Mcleod syndrome

Retinitis pigmentosa

Chr. granulomatous disease

 Enzyme Inducer

GPRS Cell Phone

Griseofulvin

Phenytoin

Rifampicin

Smoking

Carbamazepine

Phenytoin
Radiology
 Radio-Opaque Ingestants

CHIPES

Cocaine condoms/chloral hydrate/calcium

Heavy metals

Iron/iodides

Psychotropics (TCADs, phenothiazines)

Enteric coated barium

Solvents CCl4
 Ossification Centers at the Elbow

CITROEN
Capitellum

Internal(medial epicondyle)
Trochlea

Radial head

Olecranon

External (lateral epicondyle)

N (empty)
 Bilateral Hilar Lymphadenopathy

Please Helen Let Me Put Skull

Primary TB
Histoplasmosis

Lymphoma

Metastases

Pneumconiosis

Sarcoid
Miscellaneous
 Celery stalk sign (ACL)

The celery stalk sign is seen on magnetic resonance (MR) images,

especially sagittal T2-weighted images, of the anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL), when subtle linear low-signal-intensity fibers course parallel to the
long axis of the otherwise hyperintense ligament. The ligament retains its
normal orientation.
 Strawberry Skull Appearance

Strawberry Appearance of the skull that may be seen on fatal

US with Trisomy 18.
 Lemon Sign

The lemon sign refers to the shape of the fetal skull at ultrasonography (US)
when the frontal bones lose their normal convex contour and appear
flattened or inwardly scalloped. This gives the skull a shape similar to that of
a lemon. The sign is seen on transverse sonograms of the fetal cranium
obtained at the level of the ventricles.
 Popcorn Calcification

"Popcorn" calcifications appear roentgenographically as a collection of

scalloped radiolucencies, each with a sclerotic margin and in some
instances, with central densities.
 Berry Aneurysm

Aneurysms in the brain

occur when there is a
weakened area in the wall
of a blood vessel. An
aneurysm may be present
from birth (congenital). Or,
it may develop later in life,
such as after a blood
vessel is injured.
There are many types of brain aneurysms. The most common type is called a berry
aneurysm. This type can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter. Giant
berry aneurysms can be bigger than 2 centimeters. These are more common in adults.
Berry aneurysms are passed down through families more often than other types of
aneurysms.
 Rice Grain Calcification

Rice grain calcification is characteristic of infection with Taenia

solium (cysticercosis); when the inflammatory response of the host kills the
larval cysts (cysticerci), they undergo granulomatous change and become
calcified.
 Syncope: Causes

HEAD VESSELS
Hypoxia/ Hypoglycemia Vasovagal causes
Epilepsy (common faint)
Anxiety Electrolyte abnormalities

Disorders of brain stem Situational (cough, sneeze,

micturation)
HEART Subclavian steal syndrome

Heart Attack (MI) ENT causes-

Gassopharyngealneuralgia
Embolism (PE)
Low systemic vascular resistance
Aortic stenosis/Acute coronary syndrome
Sensitive carotid sinus/Sick
Rhythm abnormalities (drug induced
sinussyndrome
AFib)
Substance abuse
Tachycardia
 Lung Sounds

VRACLES
High Pitched
Heard During Inspiration
Not cleared by cough
(Discontinuous)

RHONCHI WHEEZE
Rumbling Musical noise during
Course Sounds Inspiration/Expiration
Like a snore Usually louder during Expiration
May clear with coughing or suctioning (Continuous)
(Continuous)
 Blood Transfusion Reaction

Allergic
MILD SEVERE
Facial Flushing Increased
Hives/ Rash Anxiety Hemolytic
Wheezing Decreased BP
Decreased BP Increased PR
Hemoglobulinuria
Febrile Chest Pain
Headache Apprehension
Tachycardia Low Back Pain
Tachypnea Fever
Fever/ Chills Tachycardia
Anxiety Chills