English Notes PDF

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English Language
Guide
By Ramandeep Singh
Ramandeep Singh
6/22/2015
English Language Guide
Table of Contents
(Note: Reference books should always have a Table of Contents, but novels do
not require one. If you dont want a Table of Contents, simply delete this entire
page.)
Chapter 1................................................... English Grammar

Chapter 2........................................Reading Comprehension
Chapter 3...............................................................Antonyms
Chapter 4 ............................................... Synonyms
Chapter 5 ...................... ... Sentence Arrangements
Chapter 6................................................Grammatical Errors
Chapter 7................................................ Phrases and Idioms
Chapter 8.........................................One Word Substitutions
Chapter 9.............................................................. Cloze Test
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Chapter 1
English Grammar
In a series of sharing useful English Grammar notes, today I am sharing
Articles. Last week I shared Adverbs.
Types of Articles:
1. Definite (the)
2. Indefinite (a/an)
Examples:
#1.there was a king in the forest and the king was brave.
{ here 'a' used before king ( which is not known and does not described
before,it is also countable noun,so there we use 'a'.
#2. She is an intelligent girl.

{ a indefinite article is used before the adjective of singular noun }
#3. she gave me an* information .

{ Article is not used before information because information is not a singular
countable noun }
so the correct sentence will be
Correct Sentence : She gave me information
Where to use 'a' and 'an'
'a' is used before singular countable noun started with a consonant alphabet or
which are sound consonant.
Ex: chair, BA etc
'an' is used before the singular countable noun which are started countable noun
which are started with vowels or give sound of vowels.
Ex : Heir, Apple etc.
Use of indefinite article
1. With Proper Noun :
Example: This book is written by a Chetan .
This book is written by Chetan .
{ Difference between above two sentence is that in the 1st sentence we are
talking about 'Chetan' who is not a particular and in the next sentence 'Chetan' is
described as famous or a particular special person.}
2. The Case of so , as , too :
Example : 1. It is too heavy a parcel for me to carry.
2. She is as beautiful a girl as you are ever likely to me.
3. A mid wave of shouting was flowing in the party.
'THE'
Examples:
#1. You are the man who helped me.
#2. These are the girls whom are I have invited.
#3. The water of this well is polluted.
==>> Here 'the' is used before the noun to make the noun specific.
==>>'The' article is used before the singular countable noun , uncountable noun.
==>>'The' article is used with the country names if it's last letter of name
include 's'.
==>>'The' is used before the countries which are stated by using 'united' ,
'Republic'.
Example: United states of America ,Republic of China.
4. Incorrect statement : The director and producer of the film were* present in
the function.
Correct Statement: The director and producer of the film was present in
function.
Note: Here 'the' is used with director only and the producer is separated by
using 'and' , here the sentence state that producer and director is the same
person. so the verb should be singular so here use was instead of 'were'.
Omission of Article
#1. He goes to school daily.

#2. He is standing near by the school.
==>> 'The' article is used before noun when we have need to show something
specific.It is not as before the noun representing general act.
#3. He went to church to offer prayers. [general act]

#4. He went to the church to meet his friends.
Words with which 'the' is not used in general cases:
Church for prayers

Temple for prayers
Collage as student
School to study
Court
University
Bed to sleep
Market
Hospital as a Patient
Jail as a prisoner
Use of ' little', 'a little', 'the little'
=>little means negligible

=>A little means little
=> The little means sufficient
Rule- All of these are used with uncountable noun.
Examples:
#1. He did not attempt any question in the exam, as he had little knowledge of
computer.
#2. He attempted two question in the exam as he had a little knowledge of

computer
#3. The little knowledge of computer that he possessed was sufficient to crack
the exam.
Use of Few , A Few , The Few
It is used before the uncountable nouns.

The use age was same as of (little, a little, the little)
Examples
#1. In an hours* time, he reached Mumbai.
#2. Music is a science but singing is art* said the music teacher.
#3. Thanks to an insight and persistence of the local doctors, thousands of

victims were able to resume a normal life.
#4. There are a hundred of partially built houses in the town.
#5. I don't like that kind of a man who does nothing but finds faults in others.
#6. He thinks about himself to be a linguistic but in reality he does'nt know even
ABC of linguistics.
Note:- 'a' is not used before the noun if it followed by 'of'

'the' article is used in the case of 'noun of noun'.
Other words are
plenty of
bind of
sort of
type of
Nouns
In the series of sharing English Grammar notes, Today I am sharing notes for
Noun.
Types:
Proper Noun : Name of specific person, place or thing.

Common Noun : Name of common things like boys, chair, girls etc.
Collective Noun: Collection of some persons or things and represented
as a singular noun. Ex: class, army , herd , flight
etc.
Abstract Noun :Whom we cannot touch like happiness, sadness etc.

Materialistic Noun: From whom some thing is comprised of known as
materialistic Noun.
Further classifications are:
Rule No: 1.
Uncountable Nouns
There are some rules which are uncountable nouns.
We cannot measure uncountable nouns. like '2 informations' wrong
phrase.
We always use singular verb with uncountable nouns.
Plural of these words does not exist.
Some examples of uncountable nouns are:
Hair Scenery Information Mischief

Stuff
Advice Poetry Evidence Luggage
Jewellery
Furniture Bread Wood Wages
Money
Machinery Crockery Cash Help
Clothing
Examples:
Children are prone to making mischiefs if they have nothing to

do.[Correct:mischief]
I saw beautiful sceneries in painting exhibition.[Correct:scenery]

I ate three breads today.[Correct:bread or three slices of bread]
.She gave two jeweleries.[Correct:Jewellery or a piece of jewellery]
Rule No: 2
There are some nouns which seem to be plural but are singular.
Mathematics Statistics Some Diseases: Mesals

Mums
Physics Physics Shingles
Rickets
Robotics Civics Diabetes
Mechanics Billiards
Gymnastics
News
Summons***
Innings
Series
Examples:
News is coming on tv.
The morale of the army was high the news coming from the
front were very encouraging.
1st innings is going on.[Correct:Inning]
A 5 match series is being played between India and Australia in
Melbourne.
Rule No: 3
There are some nouns which to be singular but exists in plural so use
plural verb with it.
Children Infantry
Politry Police
Gentry Cattle
Brethren People
Examples:
There was no Gentry in function.[Correct:were]
Police has been deployed all over the route.[Correct:have]
Gentry : Group of Gentlemen
Infantry(Troop):Collection of soldiers
Rule No: 4
There are some nouns which exists both in singular and plural
form.Nature of verb depends upon sense of sentence and noun.
Words:
Team
Committee
Audience
Jury
House
Examples:
Our team is the best team.
Our team are trying their new dresses today.
A committee is formed for the welfare of society.
A committee were appointed for the welfare of society.
Rule No: 5
There are some nouns which is to be plural , they also exist in form but
cannot be converted into singular form.
Note: Always use singular verb with them untill they specified numerial.
scissors trousers jeans pants, shorts

spectacles socks remains scales pliers
binoculars pincers pajamas tights
tweezers
thanks congratulations earnings wages savings
contents
Examples:
A pair of spectacles have be bought by me.[Correct:has]
He read the letter and made aware of its contents.[Correct:content]
All the evidences were against and he was held
guilty.[Correct:evidence,was]
Numerical Adjective Noun Case
When in a sentence there is a numerical adjective with a noun,we cannot

use the plural of that noun if after there is another noun.
Examples:
Incorrect : He is a twenty years old boy. [ In this sentence we cannot use 's'
with 'year' because after years there is a another noun 'boy' ]
Correct:He is a twenty year old boy.

The boy is twenty years old.
Twenty kms are a long distance.[Correct:is]

He walked twenty kms.
Twenty kms walk is a long distance.[Correct;km]
The five members deligation will call on the president.
Noun - Preposition - Noun Case
Preposition: in,on,at,of,for,after,before,into,with,by,between,among,....etc
Examples:
Rows upon Rows of pink marbles are to the eyes.[Correct:Row upon

Row,is]
Use of Apostrophe 's' : ('s)
The Ram House of ram = Ram's house
Rule 1
1 Never use apostrophe with non-living like wood, table,chair etc.
2. We can use (" 's ") with nouns which not come in the category of living and
non-living.
Ex:
America's Problems
Nature's law
A meter's length
A Kg's sugar
Examples:
Ram and sham's house

I visited John's and Marry's house twice but found the couple absent.
[Correct:John and Marry's]

His wife's secretary's mother has died.
In this sentence the structure of sentence is not correct.
Correct : Mother of his wife's secretary has died.
Rule:2
Two apostrophe cannot come together in a single sentence.
Rule: 3
We can use ";" only with the words which are ended with 's'.
Ex: Kalidas' work
He was late and entered the female compartment in hurry.
[Correct:Women's or ladies']
We reached the fare and found that there was no place to
stand.[Correct:room]
Pronoun
Used in place of 'Noun'.
Pronoun
Examples He, she, his ,they ,we , us , me , my , mine , I , you , it ,

ours , your , your , hers , her , its , their , theirs
# Types
1. Nominative : Used as a subject in the sentence.

Examples I , We , You etc.
2. Objective : Used as an object in the sentence on which work is going

on.
Examples me , him , her , it etc.
3. Possessive : Pronouns which show possessiveness.
Difference Between ' my ' & ' mine '
' my ' is used before the noun.
' mine ' is used after the noun.
Difference Between ' your ' and ' yours '
' Your ' used before the ' noun '.
' Yours ' used after the ' noun '.
Table of Pronoun
# OBJECTIVE PRONOUN
Rule 1: After Preposition we have to use objective pronoun.
Example :
Example :
Difference between ' I ' and ' me '

' I ' is used as a subject , which is do some work.
' me ' is worked as object on which work is going on , so it always used as a

object , is a objective noun and used after preposition.
Rule 2: After ' Let '
Objective pronoun is used after ' Let '
Examples:
# NOMINATIVE PRONOUN
Rule 3: After 'Than'
When there is any comparison between two, then nominative pronoun is used.
Examples:
His efforts will bring him more success than your's.

You should be true to your word. or One should be true to his word.
The dog I have bought looks more ferocious(wild) , than the one you
have.
The hotel of Patna are more luxurious than those of Muzaferpur.
Yours are the same problems as mine.
Reflexive Pronoun
# Transitive verbs :
Verbs which requires object after them, those are known as transitive
verb.
Example:
Children fly kites.
[ here fly acts as transitive verb because children fly doesn't

make any sense, So noun is used to complete the sentence Those verbs which
always comes along with Pronoun or noun is known as transitive verb ]
Birds fly.
[ Here fly is not a transitive verb ]
Some verb which act as transitive verbs
cut
kill
introduce
hurt
eat
absent
hit
watch
avail
cheat
prostrate
enjoy
Example :
We use a reflexive pronoun as object or complement when it refers to the same

thing as the subject.The pronouns which are used with transitive verb as a object
are known as reflexive pronoun.
Reflexive Pronoun are :
he himself
her herself
it itself
they themselves
I myself
you yourself
we ourselves
one oneselfs
Examples:
[ here , absent is not work as transitive verb , it is used as adjective so reflexive

pronoun is not used here]
He prostrated himself before his master , who had come from london after a
year.
The officer as well as the assistants absented themselves from the office.[
Correct ; himself ]
[ In the sentence there is ' as well as ' used with which verb is changed to 1st
noun or pronoun and here officer , so 'themselves' is changed himself.
* Exception
Transitive verb does not use reflexive pronoun.

keep
stop
bathe
turn
rest
qualify
hide
Examples:
# In-transitive Verb
Verb which does not require object.
Birds fly.
Subject Verb Agreement
#Case 1. 'and'
When there are two nouns and if they are separated by 'and', then there
is a case of subject verb agreement. Then noun and noun whole is
treated plural, so the verb used is also in plural
When each is used before the noun and noun is separated by 'and' then
it treated as singular and the verb used singular.
Example
Combinations
Combinations are always treated as singular.
Example
Bread and Butter are my favorite dish. [ Correct: is]
Horse and carriage are waiting for the couple outside. [ Correct: is]
The director and producer of the film were present in the function.
[ Correct:
was]
#Case 2. 'as well as'
When there is a case of as well as , the verb will always depends upon
the 1st noun or pronoun.
Other similar words on which it depends.
as well as
together with
along with
besides
like
unlike
governed by
headed by
lead by
controlled by
more than
and not
#Case 3.' Each , Every '
Rules:
1. The verb is always in singular form when used with 'each' & 'every'.
2. If 'each' is followed by 'of ' we have to use plural noun.
3. Verb always remains singular with 'each'
4. When there is a numerical adjective of 'two' always use 'each'
Examples:
1. Every of the two boy is playing.

[ Rule 2 ] [ Correct: Each ]
2. Each / Every of the three / five / thousand boys is playing.
[ rule 2 ]
3. There were only two soldiers but each and every soldier was equals to 5
policeman.
4. Every Tom , Dick , Herry drinks wine these days.
5. Every day and every night brings its own pleasures for everyone.
6. Ritu as well as some of her friends have fallen in love with Sonu , who
is the eldest son ofSDO.
[ Correct: has ]
7. He more than his parents are responsible for his bad habits. [ Correct:
has ]
8. Every and and women of this village have come out to see this strange
child. [ Correct: has ]
#Case 4.' Either , Neither , None of , One of '
1. Either of the two boys is innocent.
2. Neither of the three boys is innocent.

[ Correct: None of ]
Note: In case of either and neither
numeric adjective should always be 2.
always use singular verb.
3. One of the three boys is innocent.
[ Correct: None of/Any of ]
Example:
1. She is more garrulous than any of her 3 sister.
2. He is one of the richest man ,if not the richest man of the world.
[ Correct:
Men ]
3. None of the two principals have been looking after their collage.
[ Correct: Neither,has,his
]
Note : with 'none of' and 'one of' verb used is always in plural.
#Case 5.' Not Only......................But Also'

' Either...........................Or '
' Neither .......................Nor '
Note:
These phrases always come in form of combination & this combination
is fix.
Verb is always depends upon the noun.
1. Not only the doctor but also the nurses of the this nursing home is very
kind and helpful.
[ Correct : are ]
2. Not only he but also I are responsible for this loss. [ Correct: am ]
3. Not only Deepak but also Mohit can do this work. [ Correct: Neither,
has, his]
4. He likes not only Magon fox but also Cameron Diaz.
5. He is going ______ not only to open a hospital but also an in. [Correct :
to open ]
#Case 6.' Something , Somebody , Anything , Anybody '
Note :
Always use singular verb with 'something'
Example:
1. Something is better than nothing.
2. Some things is important in life.
If Noun is countable then we have to use plural , therefore verb should as be

used in plural form.
Example:
Some things is important in life.

Everybody among his friends like playing.
#Case 7
' Some - Some of '

'All - All of '
' Most Of '
' A Lot Of '
' Lots Of '
' One - Third Of '
' Two - Thirds Of '
' Three - Fourth Of '
If Noun is uncountable then singular verb is used.
Example
1. Some money is needed.

2. A lot of milk has been utilised.
3. All men are mortal.
4. Half of the hotels have been closed today.
5. Two-thirds of the land has been ploughed.
6. All his money is spent and all his hopes are ruined.
' A lot Of ' : used as singular

'Lots Of ' : used as plural
In sentence always use ' a lot of' and 'lots of' not 'a lots of '.
Example : There are a lots of books. [ Correct : lot ]
#Patterns
Quantifier + noun
These are the possible combinations.
Singular Plural Uncountable
all: all systems all music

most: most systems most music
both: both systems

either: either system
neither: neither system
every: every system
each: each system
some: (some system) some systems some music
any: any system any systems any music
no: no system no systems no music
Verb
Will , Shall
Generally ' will ' is used with ' We ' and ' You ' & ' Shall ' with ' I ' But in
deterministic cases ' will ' is used with ' I '.
Eg : I will do this work.

' Shall ' is used with ' You '.
Always use shall with you:
1. Shall be grateful
2. Shall be obliged
3. Shall be forced
Eg:
I know I will be compelled to leave this house this week.
Would , Should
would:
Would is past form of will
( used in narration )
Eg. Ram said to shyam, " I shall go to office".
Ram told shyam that he would go to office.
for polite request
Eg. Would you like to have cofee.
Can , Could
could is used in past
( It is used in the place of can in past )
formal request
Eg. Could I meet to the director.
Should
Used for advice
Eg. You should read newspaper.
Must
Must is used for compulsion
Eg. You must read the newspaper.
May , Might
Both these are used for possibility
1. It may rain today.( there is a possibility that it will rain )
2. It might rain today.
( few possibility or in negative form )
Past of may - might
May is used for permissible request
Eg. May I come in.
Ought to
Used for moral duties.
Eg. You ought to respect your elders.
It being a storm you must thought of postponing all your programs. [ Correct :
think ]
Rule : Always use 1st form of verb with Modals.
# Marginal Auxiliary Verb

need
He needs you.
[ main verb ]
He needs not to go there. [ Correct : need ]

[ need act as helping verb ]
Correct : he need nto go there.
Dare
same rules as for ' need '
Used to
Eg. He used to go there.
Rules:
always use ' to ' with ' used '
always use First form of veb with ' used '
' used ' is used for past.
Eg. He used to go there
[ never used ' uses ' for general cases in present ]
Incorrect : He uses to go there.
Correct : He goes there .
Incorrect : He uses to study in night
Correct : He studies in the night.
# Primary Auxiliary verbs
Is, am , are
They are used in present tense
These verbs can come only following cases :
1. As a main verb
Eg. Ram is a good boy.
[ act as main verb ]
2. In continuous tense
Eg. Ram is playing cricket. [ is + v1 + ing ]
3. In passive voice
Eg. Cricket is played by Ram. [ is + v3 ]
Do , Does , Did
all of these are used with first form of verb.
Eg. Do you doubted about the success of this boy.
Has, Have, Had

always used with V3
Used in perfect tense
Eg. 1. The criminal will certainly be hung. [ Correct : hanged ]
2. The workers fell no lesser than 200 trees within 6 hours. [ Correct : fewer ]
3. We advise him to marry his daughter as she had come to a marriagable age.
Correct: We advised him to get his daughter married as she had come to a
marriagable age.
Some Confusing Verbs

Lie lied Lied
Lie lay layed
Lay lied Laid
Hold held Held ( grasp )
Held held Held ( organized
something )
Fall fell Fallen
fell felled felled
In many lesser leaders were present in the function. [ Correct : means less
important ]
Adjective
Adjectives are words that describes or modify another person or thing in the
sentence.
Degree of adjective
1. Positive: It is used to describe the quality of noun.
2. Comparative Degree : It is used when there is a comparison between two

nouns or pronouns.
3 Superlative Degree : When noun is shown as a superior out of a club or

group, class etc.
Superlative degree is used.Superlative degree is followed by ' the '.
# Comparative Degree
Rule 1
1. There are some adjective which denotes absolute positions and of which
comparative and superlative degrees remains the some.
Rule 2
Their are some adjective which uses 'to' rather than ' than' when used
to compare.
These adjective has suffix - ' ior '
These adjective are:
Rule 3
If two adjective are separated by ' and ' , then they must be in some degree.
Use of ' very , ' more ' , ' much '
Very : It is used with positive degree of adjective .
More: Used with comparative degree of two.
Much : It is used with comparative degree.
Example:
1. He is good.
2. He is very good.
3. He is better than you.
4. He is much better than you.
5. He is comparatively smarter than you. [ Correct : Smart ]
Conversion of Superlative degree to Comparative degree
There are two methods to change superlative degree to comparative

degree
Methods
1. All + Other + Plural Noun
2. Any + Other + Singular Noun
Gold is more precious than any other metal.
Examples:
1. He is better than all other boy of the class. [Correct : boys ] [ Method 1
]
2. He is better than any other boy of the class.[ Method 2 ]
3. She was curious to know what it was that made him stronger and
braver than any other man of his village.[ Method 2 ]
4. The Ganga is the holiest of all other rivers of India.
[ ' other ' is never used witg superlative degree ]
Synthesis
Synthesis is done between two special type of sentences which have
[ It is done by using conjuction ' If / but ]
Example : She is more beautiful but not so altered as her younger sister.
Ordering of Adjectives
Size shape age color nationality noun
Example Black American 20 year old Nigro is his best friend.
Correct 20 year Black American Negro is his best friend.
Examples:
1. he wanted certain boy to make entry into the principal's chamber. [

Correct : boys ]
certain a) with ' certain ' noun used in plural form
b) ' a ' is used with certain
2. These sort of men attain worldly success by hook or by crook. [ Correct

: sorts ]
' These ' and ' Those '
The noun following ' these ' and ' those ' should be in plural form.
1. There were only two soldiers but each and every soldiers was equal to
5 policemen. [ Correct : soldier , 'and each' never be used ]
here each is used as adjective.
2. Inspite of facing much problems he did not dessert the path of
honesty. [ Correct : Many ]
' much ' and ' many '
much is used with uncountable nouns. many is used with countable nouns.
1. Can you tell me how many eggs and how much milk he has brought
home.
2. whole the chapter of the book is full of printing mistake.
'All , Whole & Both '
' All ' and ' both ' are followed by definite article ' the '. ' whole ' is proceeded by
the definite article ' the ' .
1. Her long black hair adds glamour to her looks. [ size color ( Order of
Adjectives ) ]
2. I saw an anxious pale girl . [ emotion color ( Order of Adjec ve ]
3. I saw a pale anxious girl.
4. I t is a fact that mahatma Gandhi was the 1st politician of his time. [
Correct : famous ]
5. Delhi is farther from Patna than it is from kolkata.
6. You can trust this agency for the last news of this week. [ Correct :
latest ]
7. He doesn't have some money to buy a new car. [ Correct : any ]
' Some ' & ' Any '
' any ' is used with negative sentence and question

1. He felt happily to know that, his younger brother had got a prestigious
job in the bank. [ Correct: happy ]
Participles
Types
1. Present Participle
2. Past Participle
# Present Participle
Here running is come alone without any helping verb, so from this we
got to know that 'running ' is not a part of tense.
If we use only ' run ' instead of ' running ' it doesn't make any sense
So when v1 + ing comes alone, without them sentence doesn't make any
sense is known as participle.
If it in the present tense ( is, are is used ) , then the participle is known
as Present Participle.
Here participle is act as an adjective.
# Past Participle
Used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive voice.
Example: He hid the money in his recently gotten shirt.
Here gotten is past participle because :

It acts as adjective because it adds the quality or describes about noun.
( Here noun is shirt )
No helping verb is used with ' gotten ' so it cannot be a part of tense.
It is third form of verb.
Example : He took the gun. He shot the tiger.
Having taken the gun, he shot the tiger. [ Active Voice ]
Here past participle is used with having
So in the active voice past participle can come as having + v3
Having been taken the gun, he shot the tiger. [ Passive Voice ]
[ He : Subject of Reference ]
Tenses
In a series of sharing English grammar notes, today I am sharing Tenses.
Present continuous: Present simple:

present of be + active participle base form/s-form
I am reading
you/we/they are reading I/you/we/they read
he/she/it is reading he/she/it reads
Negative
I am not reading I/you/we they do not read
you/we/they are not reading he/she/it does not read
he/she/it is not reading
Questions
am I reading? do I/you/we/they read?

are you/we/they reading? does he/she/it read?
is he/she it reading?
Present continuous: Present simple: present of be + active participle base

form/s-form I am reading you/we/they are reading I/you/we/they read he/she
it is reading he/she/it reads Negative I am not reading you/we/they are not
reading I/you/we they do not read he/she/it is not reading he/she/it does not
read Questions am I reading? are you/we/they reading? do I/you/we/they
read? is he/she it reading? does he/she/it read?
Present perfect past simple:

present of have + past Past form
participle
I/you/we/they have someone opened
opened
he/she/it has opened
Negative
I/you/we/they have not someone did not open
opened
he/she/it has not opened
Questions
have I/you/we/they did someone open?
opened?
has he/she/it opened?
Past Continuous Present perfect continuous

Past of be + active participle Present of have + been + active
participle
I/he/she/it was flying I/you/we/they have been waiting
you/we/they were flying he/she/it has been waiting
Negative
I/he/she/it was not flying I/you/we/they have not been
you/we/they were not flying waiting
he/she/it has not been waiting
Questions
was I/he/she/it flying? have I/you/we/they been

were you/we/they flying? waiting? has he/she/it been
waiting?
Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

had + past participle had been + active participle
someone had invited someone had been going
Negative
someone had not invited someone had not been going
Questions
had someone invited? had someone been going?
#Present
Present Simple
Ram plays cricket.
Sub + V1 + Object
Note: 's' is used according to subject, always use 's' if subject is singular
Present Continuous
Ram is playing cricket.
Is / Am / Are + V1 + ing
Sub + V1 + ing+ Object
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Ram has been playing cricket since morning or for two hours.
{ Has + Been + V1 + ing + time [since or for] }
Present Perfect Tense
Ram has played cricket.
Has / Have + V3 + Object
#Past Tense
Past Indefinite
Ram played cricket. [ Sub + V2 ]
Past Continuous
Ram was playing cricket. [ Sub + Was / Were + V1 + ing ]
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Ram had been playing cricket since morning or for two hours.
{ Had + Been + V1 + ing + time [since or for] }
Past Perfect Tense
Ram had played cricket. [ Sub + Had + V3 ]
#Future Tense
Future Indefinite
Modals ( will/shall) always use with 1st form of verb.

Ram will play cricket.
Future Continuous
Ram will be playing cricket.
Sub + will/shall+be+ V1 + ing+ Object
Future Perfect
Ram will have played cricket.

(always use 'have' with 'will')
Future Perfect Continuous
Ram will have been playing cricket since morning.
Example : I ___(return) my book in the library yesterday.
The case of after and before
The passenger ____ reached the station before the train

_______(arrive).[had,reached (V2) ]
The doctor came after the patient died(V3).
Conditional Statements
If + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite + Obj
If + Past + Indefinite + would + V1 + Obj
If + Past Perfect + would + Have + V3 + Obj
Examples:
1. If I will go to Delhi, I will Meet her. [Correct:If I go to Delhi]
2. She will come to meet me as soon as I will reached Delhi.[Correct: I

reach Delhi]
Conditional Words
o As soon as
o If
o As If
o If wish
o Unless
o Until
o When
o When ever
3. Unless you will not take care of yours. you will not recover.
4. Until the train will not gets the signal. It will not arrive.
[always use 's' or 'es'
with verb according to the subject ]
5. Ram had a car. [ had = main verb (past indefinite)]
Ram had had a car. [past perfect] [ has had had ; be was been \
Sub + Main Verb + V3 + Obj
6. She was a good girl. [past Indefinite]
She had been a good girl.[past

perfect]
7. If I was a bird, I would fly in the sky. [ Correct :were]

Present wish = Past
indefinite
[ never depends on subject]
8. If we had ___ mohan in our team we would have won the match. [
Correct : had ]
Past wish = Past Perfect
9. If I had seen you, I would ____ stop my car. [ Correct: Have ]
10. He scolded me as if he was my boss. [ Correct: Were ]

[ Never use 'was' in conditional statement after if or as ]
Chapter - 2
Reading Comprehension
Directions (Q. 1-10) Read the following passage carefully and

answer the questions given below it.
A long time ago, on a big tree in the lap of the mountain, lived a bird
named Sindhuka. It was a rather special bird because its droppings turned into
gold as soon as they hit the ground.
One day, a hunter came to the tree in search of prey and he saw
Sindhuka's droppings hit the ground and turn into gold. The hunter was struck
with wonder. He though, "I have been hunting birds and small animals since I
was a boy, but in all my 80 years, I have never seen such a miraculous creature.
He decided that he had to catch the bird somehow. He climbed the tree and
skillfully set a trap for the bird. The bird, quite unaware of the danger it was in,
stayed on the tree and sang merrily. But it was soon caught in the hunter's trap.
The hunter immediately seized it and shoved it into a cage.
The hunter took the bird home joyfully. But as he had time to think over
his good fortune later, he suddenly realised, "If the king comes to know of this
wonder, he will certainly take away the bird from me and he might even punish
me for keeping such a rare treasure all to myself. So it would be safer and more
honourable if I were to go to the king and present the unique bird to him," The
next day, the hunter took the bird to the king and presented it to him in court
with great reverence. The king was delighted t o receive such an unusual and
rare gift. He told his courtiers to keep the bird safe and feed it with the best bird
food available.
The king's prime minister though, was reluctant to accept the bird. He
said "O Rajah, how can you believe the word of a foolish hunter accept this
bird? Has anyone in our kingdom ever seen abird dropping gold? The hunter
must be either crazy or telling lies. I think it is best that you release the bird
from the cage." After a little thought, the king felt that his prime minister's
words were correct. So he ordered the bird to be released. But as soon as the
door of the cage was thrown open, the bird flew out, perched itself on a nearby
doorway and defecated. To everyone's surprise, the dropping immediately
turned into gold. The king mourned his loss.
1. Which of the following is possible the most appropriate title for the
story?
a) The Skilled Hunter
b) The Kings Prime Minister
c) The Kings Defeat
d) The Bird with the Gold Dropping

e) The Trials and Tribulations of the Foolish Bird Sindhuka
2. Which of the following emotions made the hunter gift the bird to the
king?
a) Respect b) Joy c) Pride
d) Fear e) Awe
3. Which of the following is true according to the story?

a) Birds like Sindhuka were very common in the area near the mountain
b) Sindhuka remained caged for the rest of its life
c) Sindhuka was unaware of the trap laid by the hunter
d) The King, when told to not accept the bird, did not listen to his Prime
Minister
e) All are true
4. Why was the kings Prime Minister reluctant to accept the bird?
a) He believed that the bird would die if caged
b) He know about the hunters habit of lying
c) He believed that the bird would bring bad luck to the king
d) His sources had informed him that the hunter was crazy
e) None of these
5. How did the hunter find Sindhuka?

a) He had read stories about the bird and had set traps at various
locations in the city
b) He followed the birds droppings
c) He was on the lookout for a prey when he chanced upon it
d) People from the city had informed him about the birds whereabouts
e) He was attracted by the birds calls
Directions (Q. 6-8) Choose the word which is most similar in meaning to the
word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
6. Rather
a) Regular b) Quite c) Instead
d) But e) Known
7. Release
a) Free b) Vacate c) Vent
d) Let expire e) Make public
8. Reverence
a) Respect b) Detail c) Astonishment
d) Hope e) Remembrance
Directions (Q. 9-10) Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to the
word printed in bold as used in the passage.
9. Reluctant
a) True b) Clever c) Averse
d) Hesitant e) Keen
10. Skilfully
a) Angrily b) Haphazardly c) Highly
d) Cheaply e) Deftly
Directions (Q. 11-19) Read the following passage carefully and answer the
questions given below it.
Once a thief named Kalu had planned to loot the king's treasury. At
midnight, he went to the palace and began to drill a hole in the side wall of the
treasury. The king, who was awake in his bedroom just above the treasury, came
out to investigate the whirring sound. He was dressed in a simple nightgown
and the thief could not recognize him. He asked Kalu who he was and what he
was doing. The latter said, "Sir, I am a thief and intend to loot this treasury. I
presume that you are also a thief and have come with the same intentin. No
matter, let us both go inside and we shall share the loot equally. "Both entered
the treasury and divided all the money and the jewels equally between them.
Inside a locker they found three big diamond pieces. As the thief was
puzzled as to how to divide the three pieces into two portions, the king
siggested. "We have taken away everything else. Let us leave one diamond
piece for the poor king and share the rest equally". Kalu agreed and when he
took his leave, the king asked for his name and address. As Kalu had taken a
vow of telling only the truth, he have the correct information.
The king took away his share of the loot and hid it in his room. Next
morning he asked his Prime Minister to inspect the treasury as he had heard
some strange sounds during the previous night. The Prime Minister saw to his
horror that all the valuables were missing and only a single diamond was left,
perhaps inadvertantly, by the theif. He put the diamond in his oiwn shift pocket
as its loss could be ascribed to the thief and nobody would suspect the Prime
Minister. The Prime Minister went back to the king. The king particularly
enquirerd. "Do you mean that the theif has completely denuded the treasury of
its valuables and not a single item has been left?" The Prime Minister confirmed
it. The king asked the chief of police to bring in Kalu. When Kalu came he was
unable to recfognize the king as his accomplice of the previous night. The king
asked him, "Are you the theif who h as stolen everything from my treasury
leaving nothing back?" Kalu confirmed it but said, "Sir, I did leave one diamond
back in the locker as advised by an accomplice of mine and it should st ill be

there." The Prime Minister interrupted saying, "Your Majesty, this thief is
lying. There is nothing left in the locker." The king asked the police chief to
search the pockets of the Prime Minister, from where the missing diamond was
recovered. The kind told his courtiers, "Here is a Prime Minister, who is a liar
and a thief and here is a thief who is at truthful gentleman."
11. The king came out in the middle of the night in order to
a) Help kalu to break into the palace treasury
b) Share the loot equally between Kalu and himself
c) Find out the source of and reason for the sound he had heard
d) Catch the thief who had come to steal his valuables
e) None of these
12. Kalu could not recognize the king because

a) The king was wearing clothes like those of an ordinary person
b) The kings clothes were covered by a simple nightdown
c) Kalu had never seen the king before
d) Kalu had not seen the king descending from his bedroom
e) None of these
13. Which of the following made the king suspect the Prime Minister? The
Prime Ministers statement that
a) Except for one piece of diamond all other valuables were stolen
b) All the valuables without any exception were stolen from the treasury
c) The thief was lying when he said he had left one diamond back in the
locker
d) The search for the diamond did not yield any favourable result
e) None of these
14. Which of the following horified the Prime Minister?

a) The valuables missing from the kings treasury
b) A piece of diamond left in the locker
c) Certain strange sounds heard by the Prime Minister
d) The fact that the king suspected him of stealth
e) None of these
Directions (Q. 15-17) Choose the word which is most nearly the same in
meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
15. Accomplice
a) Co-traveller b) Collaborator c) Controller
d) Coordinator e) Commuter
16. Ascribed
a) Attributed b) Donated c) Attached
d) Withdrew e) Connected
17. Denuded
a) Uncovered b) stripped c) Destroyed
d) Discarded e) Abandoned
Directions (Q. 18-19) Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of
the word given in bold as used in the passage.
18. Inadvertently
a) Knowingly b) Sensibly c) Indifferently
d) Unwittingly e) Unscrupulously
19. Previous
a) New b) Preceding c) Novel
d) Modern e) Subsequent
Banking sector reforms in India were introduced in order to improve

efficiency in the process of financial intermediation. It was expected that banks
would take advantage of the changing operational environment and improve
their performance. Towards this end, the Reserve Bank of India initiated a host
of measures for the creation of a competitive environment. Deregulation of
interest rates on both deposit and lending sides imparted freedom to banks to
appropriate price their products and services. To compete effectively with non-
banking entities, banks were permitted to undertake newer activities like
investment banking, securities trading and insurance business. This was
facilitated through amendments in the relevant acts which permitted PSBs to
raise equity from the market up to threshold limit and also enabling the entry of
new private and foreign banks. This changing face of banking led to an erosion
of margins on traditional banking business, promoting banks to search for newer
activities to augment their free incomes. At the same time, banks also needed to
devote focused attention to operational efficiency in order to contain their
transaction costs. Simultaneously with the deregulation measures prudential
norms were instituted to strengthen the safety and soundness of the banking
system. Recent internal empirical research found that over the period 1992-
2003, there has been a discernible improvement in the efficiency of Indian
banks. The increasing trend in efficiency has been fairly uniform, irrespective of
the ownership pattern. The rate of such improvement has, however, not been
sufficiently high. The analysis also reveals that PSBs and private sector banks
in India did not differe significantly in terms of their efficiency measures.

Foreign banks, on the other hand, recorded higher efficiency as compared with
their Indian counterparts.
20. Prudential norms were initiated in the banking sector with a view to
a) Increase operational efficiency
b) Contain the non-performing assets
c) Strengthen the soundness of banking system
d) Improve the custome service
e) None of these
21. Banking sector reforms in India were introduced for the purpose of
a) Giving more and more employment opportunities to the educated
unemployed
b) Taking care of the downtrodden masses
c) Increasing efficiency in the banking activities
d) Giving better return to the Central Government
e) None of these
22. Banks can control their transaction costs by

a) Restricting their lending activities
b) Undertaking more and more non-banking activities
c) Encouraging the customers to bank with other banks
d) Devoting more attention to operational efficiency
e) None of these
23. The recent internal empirical research conducted by the RBI found that
a) There is cut-throat competition in banking industry
b) The rate of return is not commensurate with the operational cost
c) The rate of improvement has not been high
d) Nationalised banks and private sector banks did differ in the
efficiency measures
e) None of these
24. Which of the following statements recognising improvement in

efficiency is true in the context of the passage?
a) There is no discremible difference in efficiency parameters
b) The foreign banks recorded higher efficiency
c) The efficiency of foreign banks is not comparable with Indian banks
d) The rate of such improvement in efficiency was very high
e) None of these
meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
25. Relevant
a) Recorded b) Opposite c) Appropriate
d) Stringent e) Germane
26. Augment
a) Make b) Become c) Enlarge
d) Increase e) Envelop
Directions (Q. 27-28) Choose the word that is most opposite of the word
printed in bold as used in the passage.
27. Improve
a) Retard b) Disprove c) Prove
d) Accelerate e) Degenerate
28. Reveal
a) Show b) Conceal c) Secretive
d) Exhibit e) None of these
King Hutamasan felt he had everything in the World not only due to his
riches and his noble knights, but because of his beautiful queen, Rani Matsya.
The rays of the Sun were put to shame with the iridescent light that Matsya
illuminated, with her beauty and brain. At the right hand of the king, she was
known to sit and aid him in all his judicial probes. You could not escape her
deep-set eyes, when you committed a crime as she always knew the victim and
the culprit. Her generosity preceded her reputation in the kingdom and her
hands were always full to give. People in the kingdom revered her because if
she passed by, she always gave to the compassionate and poor.
Far away from the kingly palace lived a man named Raman with only
ends to his poverty and no means to rectify it. Raman was wrecked with poverty
as he had lost all his land to the landlord. His age enabled him little towards
manual labour and so begging was the only alternative to salvage his wife and
children. Every morning, he went door to door for some work, food or money.
The kindness of people always got him enough to take home. But Raman was a
little self-centered. His World began with him first, followed by his family and
the rest. So, he would eat and drink to his delight and ret urn home with
whatever he found excess. This routine followed and he never let anyone
discover his interests as he always put on a long face, when he reached home.
One day as he was relising the bowl of rice he had just received from a
humble home, he heard that Rani Matsya was to pass from the very place he
was standing. Her g enerosity had reached his ears and he knew if he pulled a
long face and showed how poor he was, she would hand him a bag full of gold
coins enough for the rest of his life, enough to buy food and supplies for his
family. He thought he could keep some coins for himself and only reveal a few
to his wife, so he can fulfil his own wishes.
He ran to the chariot of the Rani and begged her soldiers to allow him to
speak to the queen. Listening to the arguments outside Rani Matsya opened the
curtains of her chariot and asked Raman what he wanted. Raman went on his
knees and praised the queen. I have heard you are most generous and most
chaste, show this beggar some charity. Rani narrowed her brows and asked
Raman what he could give her in return, surprised by such a question, Raman
looked at his bowl full of rice. With spite in him he just pricked up a few grains
of rice and gave it to the queen. Rani Matsya counted the 5 grains and looked at
his bowl full of rice and said, you shall be given what is due to you. Saying this,
the chariot galloped away.
Raman abused her under his breath. This he never thought would
happen. How could she ask him for something in return, when she hadnt given
him anything? Irked with anger he stormed home and gave his wife the bowl of
rice. Just then he saw a sack at the entrance. His wife said men had come and
kept it there. He opened it to find it full of rice. He put his hand inside and
caught hold of a hard mental only to discover it was a gold coin. Elated he
upturned the sack to find 5 gold coins in exact for the five rice grains. If only I
had given my entire bowl, thought Raman, I would have had a sack full of gold.
29. According to the passage, which of the following is definitely true about
Rani Matsya?
A. She was beautiful.
B. She was intelligent.
C. She was kind.
a) Only A b) Only B c) Only C
d) A and B e) All the three
30. What does the phrase pulled a long face as used in the passage mean?
a) Scratched his face
b) Looked very sorrowful
c) Disguised himself
d) Put on makeup
e) None of these
31. What can possibly be the moral of the story?

a) Do onto others as you would want others to do to you
b) Patience is a virtue
c) Winning is not everything, it is the journey that counts
d) Change is the only constant thing in life
e) Teamwork is more we and less me
32. Why was begging the only option for Raman to get food?
a) As Raman belonged to a family of beggars
b) As begging was the easiest way for him to obtain food
c) As Ramans family had forced him to beg
d) As he had lost all his property and was too old to do manual work
e) None of these
33. Which of the following words can be used to describe Raman?

A. Deceitful
B. Selfish
C. Timid
a) Only A b) Only B c) A and B
d) B and C e) All the three
34. What did Raman find after he returned home from his meeting with
Rani Matsya?
a) The Ranis soldiers
b) An empty house
c) The five grains of rice that he had given to Rani Matsya
d) A sack full of rice and five gold coins
e) None of these
Directions (Q. 35-36) Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in
meaning to the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
35. Galloped
a) Hurtled b) Stumbled c) Slumbered
d) Jumped e) Ran
36. Revered
a) Remembered b) Feared c) Talked about
d) Embraced e) Respected
Directions (Q. 37-38) Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite
in meaning to the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
37. Reveal
a) Stop b) Conceal c) Present
d) Pending e) Tell
38. Elated
a) Afraid b) Poor c) Happy
d) Depressed e) Grounded
Rahul a young householder, used to study the scriptures everyday under

a guru. One day the guru was explaining the following passage from the
Upanishads.
No husband is loved by his wife for his own sake but it is all for the
sake of the self ____ No sons are lov ed by their fathers for their sake but it is
all for the sake of the self that the sons become dear to him.
At that stage, Rahul intervened and said, Sir, in my case, both my
parents and my wife love me so dearly for my own sake that if I am delayed by
a few minutes in reach ing home they get highly agitated and if something
happens to me they will die. Guruji said, You shall learn the truth of it
tomorrow, when you see the result of a test I am going to h old. Before going to
bed tonight, you must swallow this herbal powder. As a result, you will lie as if
dead tomorrow morning, but you will be able to hear all that is spoken in your
presence. After a few hours, when the effect of this medicine wears off, you will
become normal and get up. You will see the fun.
Rahul did as instructed and in the morning his wife and parents found
him dead-lying motionless without any pulse or heartbeat. The guruji asked
for a jar full of water and said, I shall draw out all the bad destiny responsible
for yhour sons death into this water. One of you will have to drink this water.
The one who drinks will die immediately, while Rahul will be restored to life.
Tell me who among you is prepared to die for him?
Both the parents refused saying, we are old and, helping each other
mutually. If one dies, the other will not have anybody to help. So our drinking
the water is out of question. Rahuls young wife also said, I am very young
and have not seen anything of this world yet. When such old people, who have
seen life in its fulness, do not want to die how can you expect me to volunteer
for death?
A brighter idea flashed into the mind if the fat her who told the guruji,
Sir, you are a reunciate and have no relatives to mourn your death. Why dont
you drink the water yourself? We will conduct your funeral in a grand manner.
39. The contents of the passage prove that

a) What the Upanishad states appears to be true
b) Rahuls initial understanding about his family members was true
c) The guru did not have any miraculous power
d) The guru did not have thorough knowledge of scriptures
e) None of these
40. After experimenting as per the gurus plan, Rahul realised that
a) His parents would do anything for his sake
b) His wife would readily sacrifice for his welfare
c) The gurus prediction had proved to be wrong
d) One loves oneself more than one loves anyone else
e) None of these
41. What according to the passage, was the essence of the Upanishad
passage?
a) Sons are loved by their fathers for the sake of themselves
b) Relatives are dear to us because we love them
c) Most human beings are not selfish
d) Every persons actions are to gratify himself or herself
e) None of these
42. The guru wanted a jar of water to

a) Drink from as he was very thirsty
b) Extract the bad elements responsible for Rahuls death
c) Give it to Rahuls parents to drink from
d) Sprinkle it on Rahuls dead body to bring him to life
e) None of these
43. Which of the following was proposed by Rahuls father to the guru?
a) He may be given the enchanted water to drink
b) Rahuls wife was the most appropriate person to drink the magical
water
c) Rahul be brought back to life without the death of anybody else
d) The guru himself should participate in Rahuls grand funeral
e) None of these
Directions: (Q. 44-46) Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of
44. Refused
a) Denied b) Accepted c) Declined
d) Defused e) Accomplished
45. Bright
a) Vivid b) Dark c) Dazzling
d) Shadow e) Stupid
46. Agitated
a) Roused b) Troubled c) Excited

d) Claim e) Angered
meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage.
47. Apprised
a) Respected b) Valued c) Assessed
d) Shown e) Informed
48. Entreated
a) Respected b) Implored c) Desired
d) Commanded e) Managed
Uncle said Luke to the old Sean, You seem to be well fed, though I
know no one looks after you. Nor have I seen you leave your residence at any
time. Tell me how do you manage it?
Because Sean replied, I have a good feed every night at the
emperors orchard. After dark, I go there myself and pick out enough fruits to
last a fortnight.
Luke proposed to accompany his uncle to the orchard. Though
reluctant because of Lukes habit of euphoric exhibition of extreme
excitement, Sean agreed to take him along.
At the orchard while Sean hurriedly collected the fruits and left, Luke
on the other hand at the sight of unlimited supply of fruits was excited and lifted
his voice which brought ecmperors men immediately to his side. They seized
him and mistook him as the sole cause of damage to the orchard. Although Luke
reiterated that he was a bird of passage, they pounded him mercilessly before
setting him free.
49. How did old Sean manage to meet his food requirements?
a) By buying food from the market
b) His nephew Luke took care of his requirements
c) Luke brought fruits from the emperors orchard for Sean
d) He picked up fruits from the emperors orchard
e) The emperor provided him with ample supply of fruits
50. Which of the following is not true in the context of the passage?
a) Sean was a poor and suffering man
b) Luke came to know about the orchard from his uncle
c) Sean initially hesitated to take his nephew along
d) Luke as finally set free

e) Both Sean and Luke collected fruits from Emperors orchard
51. Why was Sean reluctant to take Luke along?

a) Becausre he was a selfish man
b) He feared that Lukes reaction may alert the Emperors men
c) Because Luke could harm him
d) He wanted to bring fruits for Luke himself
e) He knew Luke was a greedy person
52. How often did Sean visit the emperors orchard?

a) Daily
b) Once a month
c) In a period of two weeks
d) Never, his nephew Luke brought fruits for him
e) Everyday during midnight
53. Luke remitted behind at the orchard because he

a) Was greedy and wanted to collect more fruits
b) Waited for the Emperors men to arrest him
c) Lost his composure and started expressing his feelings loudly
d) Had waited for his uncle to return
e) Could not move in the dark
Directions (Q. 54-56) Choose the word/phrase which is most nearly the same in
meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
54. Reiterated
a) Pleaded b) Regurgitated c) Protested
d) Repeated e) Recapitulated
55. Extreme
a) End b) High c) Severe
d) Serious e) Moderate
56. Reluctant
a) Disinclined b) Opposed c) Against
d) Resistant e) None of these
the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
57. Pounded
a) Weighed b) Released c) Paid
d) Attended e) Caressed
58. Mercilessly
a) Calmly b) Compassionately c) Mildly
d) Forgivably e) Sympathetically
The King of Kanchi set off to conquer Kamat. He was victorious in

battle. The elephants were laden with sandalwood, ivory gold and precious
stones, taken from the conquered kingdom of Kamat. They would be a part of
the victory parade for his sujbjects. On his way back home he stopped at a
temple, finished his prayers to the goddess and turned to leave. Around his
neck, was a garland of scarlet hibiscus and as was the custom for all, his
forehead was anointed with red sandal paste. His Minister and the court jester
were his only companions. At one spot, in a mango grove by the wayside, they
spied some children play. The King said, Let me go and see what they are
playing.
The children had lined up two ros of clay dolls and were playing
warriors and battles. The king asked, Who is fighting with whom? They said,
Kamat is at battle with Kanchi. The king asked, who is winning and who is
the loser? The children puffed their chests up and said, Kamat will win and
Kanchi will lose. The Minister froze in disbelief, the King was furious and the
juester burst into laughter.
The King was soon joined by his troops and the children were still
immersed in their game. The King commanded, Cane them hard. The
childrens parents came running from the nearby village and said, They are
nave, it was just a game, please grant them pardon. The King called his
commander and ordred, Teach these children and the village a slesson so that
they never forget the king of Kanchi. He went back to his camp.
That evening the commander stood before the King. He bowed low in
shame and said, Your Majesty, with the exception of hyenas and vultures, all
lie silent in the village. The Minister said, His Majestys honour has been
saved. The priest said, The goddess has blessed our King. The jester said,
Your highness, please grant me leave to go now. The King asked, But why?
The jester said, I cannot kill, I cannot maim, I can only laugh at Gods gift of
life. Trembling In the face of the Kings anger he bravely continued, If I stay
in your Majestys court, I shall become like you and I shall forget how to
laugh.
59. Why were the elephants carrying loads of gold and other valuables?
a) This was what the king had looted from Karnat to distribute among
his soldiers as a reward
b) This was the kings offering to the deity out of gratitude for making
him victorious
c) It was what the king had plundered from Karnat to display to the
people of his kingdom as a sign of victory
d) So that the people of the kingdom of Karnat acknowledged him as
their rew ruler
e) None of these
60. Why did the king anoint his head with red sandal paste?
a) As a mark of celebration to show he had been victorious
b) It was the usual practice for all devotees at the temple
c) To show other devotees that he was king
d) To priest requested him to do so
e) To show his soldiers that he had visited the temple
61. What excuse was given for the childrens behaviour?

a) They were disobedient to their parents wishes
b) They were unaware of the true facts of the battle
c) They were upset that their army had lost
d) They were in the habit of lying
e) None of these
62. Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?

a) The king stopped at the temple to see what else could be plundered
b) The people of the village to which the children belonged developed
great respect for the king
c) The commander was ashamed at having obeyed the kings orders to
cane the children
d) The jester was unhappy that the king had defeated the army of karnat
e) None of these
63. Why did the jester resign from his post?

a) He felt that the king was too influenced by the Minister
b) To show that he disapproved of the kings action of punishing the
children
c) He did not want to accompany the king on his war campaign
d) He was no longer able to make the king laugh
e) None of these
64. Why was the king angry with the children?

a) Because the game they were playing was dangerous
b) They had lied him
c) They did not recognize him as king
d) They had unknowingly insulted him
e) They were rude to him
65. Froze
a) Cold b) Numb c) Shivered
d) Stood still e) Chill
66. Leave
a) Holiday b) Transfer c) Exit
d) Permission e) Farewell
67. Spied
a) Noticed b) Keep watch c) Followed
d) Spot e) Caught
68. Immersed in
a) Safe from b) Distracted from c) Boring
d) Drowning in e) Entertained by
69. Pardon
a) Punishment b) Excuse c) Convict
d) Intolerance e) Imprison
Directions (Q. 70-77) Read the passage carefully and answer the questions
given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to help you locate
them while answering some of the questions.
Various measures have been deployed to combat food inflation.

Subsidies on food and fertilisers, imports of food as well as regulations to
prevent hoarding farm produce did succeed in stabilising prices from time to
time. But such crisis management has been able to provide only short lived
relief, and prices have gone up from 2007.
Bringing down food inflation will benefit the consumer, but make
prices unattractive to farmers. This will accentuate poverty. Unremunerative
prices discourage investments in agriculture, causing supply side shortages,
fueling inflation further. So, the most effective way of prices, ploughing a larger
share of the consumer spend back to the farmer.
First we need to lower transaction costs. The Agricultural Produce
Market Committee Acts mandate all farm produce should be brought to mandis
for farmer pays to transport his produce over loing distances, before knowing
the price at which his produce would be sold, or whether any other market
would have paid a better price.
The journey from farm to consumer involves multiple levels of
transportation, handling expenses, commissions of agents and a mandi cess,
adding nearly 20% cost to food prices. This absurdity was acknowledged years
ago, and a new Model APMC Act recommended by the Centre in 2003.
This Model Act must be implemented in all states. Unless farmers have
the freedom to sell at farm-gate or other transparent platforms directly to buyers,
transaction costs will remain high and drive consumer prices higher. Next, we
need to cut wastage. Anywhere from, 5% to 40% of food is wasted along the
chain, depending on the perishability of the crop and the season. First, market
instruments must empower farmers to produce as per tommorrows demand,
rather than be guided by yesterdats prices.
If the Forward Contracts Regulation Act is amended to permit trading in
options, farmers are assured of a minimum price when sowing, based on future
projections simulated by a market consensus. This will align production
volumes to future demand conditions and minimise wastage.
70. What has been the overall effect of the various measures taken to
combat food inflation?
a) Such measures have successfully stablisied prices of food items for a
longer period
b) Such measures have proved ineffective in the long run, and the prices
have gone up.
c) Such measures could provide only a short lived relief
d) Only b) and c)
71. What prompted the Centre to bring about a new Model APMC Act?
Select the most appropriate option.
a) The earlier version of the APMC Act forced the farmers to bear huge
transportation cost
b) The APMC Act provided that every farmer had to sell his produce
only in man di and that also through agents.
c) APMC Act was not acceptable to farmers, and on several occasions
they had expressed their resentment against the said Act.
d)The APMC Act could not provide relief to farmers, rather it led the
food prices to costlier by 20%.
72. Which of the following statements is contrary to the facts mentioned in

the given passage?
a) Unremunerative prices discourage investment in agriculture resulting
into supply side shortage
b) To contain food inflation the consumer prices should be lowered.
c)Market instruments must empower farmers to produce as per

yesterdays demand.
d) The new Model of APMC Act was recommended by the centre to
lower the transaction cost.
73. Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to

the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
Absurdity
a) Logic b) Wisdom c) Folly
d) Seriousness e) None of these

Virtual
a) Real b) Practical c) Authentic
d) Actual e) None of these

Simulated
a) Unexpected b) Classified c) Delivered
d) Imitated e) None of these
76. Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning of

Accentuate
a) Alleviate b) Increase c) Accentuate
d) Highlight e) None of these

the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage
Fueling
a) Inciting b) Lessening c) Inflaming
d) Sustaining e) None of these
Indias external debt profile appears similar to that of other major

market economies. But its short term external debt stock is now higher than
countries such as Brazil and Russia (in terms of percentage of GDP), according
to Taimur Baig and Kaushik Datta, economists at Deutsche Bank. Indias share
of short term debt relative to the stock of total external debt is also higher than
other emerging market economies, with the exception of Turkey, they say.
Though short term debt was contained in FY 14, it was largely due to a
slowdown in imports and may again rise once there is a rebound in growth and
imports pick up. Some economists point out that since GDP is expressed in
dollar terms, a weak rupee translates into a lower GDP number and hence, a
lower ratio could be misleading.
However, the composition of long term debt which is reckoned to be
durable and safe is also worrisome. While the share of almost risk free
sovereign, multilateral and bilateral credit has reduced significantly over the
years, it is private corporate sector debt and retail component in terms of NRI
deposits that has swelled over the years. Proceeds from the FCNR (B) swap and
overseas borrowing schemes were, in fact, the main contributors to the $31.2 bn
increase in external debt in FY 14, which were facilitated by the Reserve Bank
to stabilise the Indian currency.
NRI deposits do not pose material risks (as they are generally rolled
over). But the increase in the share of external commercial borrowings exposes
the domestic corporate sector significantly to external shocks, including adverse
exchange rate movements, says Samiran Chakrabarty, Chief India Economist,
Standard Ch artered Bank. Every year about $20 bn is scheduled for repayment.
The amount may not seem alarming, but the risk arises if there is a global
liquidity squeeze.
The recent trouble in Iraq has added another dimension to external
sector woes, which is that the reduction in trade deficit in FY 14 may reverse
again. Already struggling with a record low growth, high inflation, a weak
currency, low manufacturing growth and possibility of sub-normal monsoon,
the threat of oil supply shock and the resultant increase in prices add to the risks
faced by the country, which could hamper Indias envisaged improvement in
economic growth in FY 15, say Madan Sabnavis and Kavita Chacko of Care
Ratings. If crude price risks persist, the current account deficit, which was
contained in 2013-14, could deteriorate further and also add to pressure on the
rupee. Care Ratings has projected a CAD for the year at 2.5% of GDP,
assuming stable crude oil prices and a re covery in industrial production. Higher
persistent crude prices would upset this calculation.
78. Which of the following statements is contrary to the facts mentioned in

the given passage?
a) In FY 14, short term debt was contained due to slowdown in imports.
b) Short term debt is directly proportional to t he quantum of imports.
c) A weak rupee translates into a lower GDP number
d) Private corporate sector debt has decreased over the years
79. What is/are the reasons of the author being apprehensive about Indias
improvement in economic growth in FY 15?
a) The recent Iraq crisis may lead to reduction in trade deficit in the
current financial year
b) The possibility of sub-normal monsoon
c) High inflation and low manufacturing growth
d) All of the above

Contained
a) Neglected b) Accomodated c) Controlled
d) Excluded e) None of these

Reckoned
a) Nullified b) Abandoned c) Started
d) Considered e) None of these

Envisaged
a) Anticipated b) Amazed c) Doubted
d) Discarded e) None of these

Proceeds
a) Profit b) Outgo c) Income
d) Interests e) None of these

Squeeze
a) Congestion b) Crunch c) Restraint
d) Release e) None of these
The first budget of the new administration needed to focus on two key
macro problems a path to fiscal consolidation and a clear signal for structural
reforms to boost the long run growth trajectory of the economy. The budget
delivers on both counts.
On the fiscal deficit, the new government has continued from where the
previous administration left in laying out a path and a commitmen to reducing
the deficit to 3% of GDP by FY 17. On the structural reform path, there was a
clear focus on boosting labour intensive manufacturing and growth.
The excise duty cuts for food processing and footwear industries,
creation of SEZs, single window clearance, tax deductions for investments,
reforms to the Apprenticeship Act and Rs.10,000 Crore as venture capital for
SMEs were all small steps in that direction. While the fiscal path is admirable, it
also may be too aggressive. It may be difficult to get a 20% increase in tax
revenues in a year when growth is likely to remain below 6%.
The assumption of service tax revenues growing by 40% may be a tad
optimistic. Further, the 3G telecom privatisation proceeds of Rs.45,000 Crore
also look ambitious. To achieve the governments medium term targets will not
be easy. First, we would have preferred a more realistic and gradual approach to
consolidation. Taking an extra year to reach the 3% deficit target (i.e. by FY 18
instead of FY 17) might be more realistic, and would not compromise macro
stability. Second, there is an urgent need for a return to fiscal rules and the
FRBM Act, with due sanctions, as the Economic Survey argues. Without it, and
despite the medium term path laid out in the budget, there may be an incentive
to pause on fiscal consolidation, as happened in FY 09 and was witnessed
through FY 12. More than 80 countries follow some sort of a fiscal rule and
have found them very useful in imposing fiscal descipline.
Third, if consolidation is based on increasing the tax base, then further
erosions could be avoided. In this regard, the increase in income tax exemption
limits further reduces an already small tax base. Only 3% of Indians (35 mn)
pay income tax compared with more than 20% of Chinese and over 45% of
Americans. The strategy that China followed was to not raise I ncome tax
thresholds with rising incomes to increase the base further. If the government
consistently raises the threshold limits, it would be difficult to expand the tax
base.
Fourth, tax administration could be improved by having an independent
revenue service, with its own budget and autonomy in hiring staff. As the
government implements its revenue strategy, autonomy and reforms in
administration could be potentially very helpful.
Fifth, a road map for reducing subsidies, particularly the large fertiliser
subsidy, can give greater credence to the consolidation path.
The budget marks a very good beginning in terms of signalling a
commitment to fiscal discipline and structural regorms. While the strategy
seems to improve GDP growth and, thereby, reduce fiscal deficit through
revenue byoyancy, such a strategy is fraught with risks.
We think that to meet the consolidation path requires a clear set of rules,
measures to broadbase the tax system and a road map to reduce subsidies. This
budget lays out the overall vision.
85. Which of the following statements is not based on the facts mentioned
in the given passage?
a) It will be difficult to get a 20% increase in income tax revenue if the
growth remains below 6%.
b) It will be difficult to achieve governments medium term targets.
c) The new government has committed to reducing the fiscal deficit to
3% of GDP by FY 17.
d) Among India, China and America, the highest number of tax payers
live in America.
86. What is being done by the government for structural reform?

a) Special attention was paid on the growth of labour intensive
manufacturing.
b) Excise duty cut for food processing and footwear industries was
allowed
c) SEZs are to be created
d) All of the above
87. What is/are the prerequisite(s) to meet the consolidation path? Give
your answer in the context of the given passage.
a) More and more people should be brought under the net of income
tax.
b) A blue print should be prepared to reduce subsidies.
c) An independent, autonomous body with an authority to inspect the
functioning of income tax department should be brought into existence.
d) Only a) and b)

Erosion
a) Destruction b) Deterioration c) Strengthening
d) Consumption

Buoyancy
a) Elasticity b) Snap c) Rigidity
d) Feslience

Fraught
a) Empty b) Devoid c) Lack
d) Abound

Consistently
a) Steadily b) Customarily c) Never
d) Congruously

Credence
a) Distrust b) Assurance c) Belief
d) Credit
The RBI orders a moratorium when a banks financial stability is

threatened. Depositors face some restrictions on withdrawing money from their
accounts during this period. Currently the restriction is confined to premature
withdrawl of FDs in case of Kapol Bank. Customers can still withdraw money
from their savings and current accounts. However, the Bhanking Regulation Act
has provisions for relief to customers facing a financial emergency. Banks
administrative board can approach the RBI with a plea for relaxing the
withdrawal limits in case of account holders such as those who have saved or
deposited money for their medical treatment or educational purpose and
pensioners, says VN Kulkarni, chief credit counsellor with the Bank of India
backed Abhay Credit Counselling Centre.
Since one cannot do much after the bank gets into trouble or the RBI
comes into the picture, it would be wise to take some precautions. Depositors
need to be selective not only in choosing the bank, but also in depositing the
amount using different combinations, says Kulkarni. For instance, you can
maintain the first deposit in your name, held jointly with your spouse or
children. Similarly, the second joint FD could be created with your wife as the
first holder. This will help you benefit from the deposit insurance cover
extended to retail depositors.
Currently, deposits are insured upto Rs.1 Lakh per bank, and not per
branch of the same bank. You can also look at maintaining FDs in more than
one bank to spread out the risk.
However, this may not be feasible for some individuals. For instance, a
retiree who wishes to invest her huge retirement corpus in FDs. It is not
feasible to split a huge amount of, say, Rs.50 Lakh into 50 deposits with
different banks. Senior citizens have to strike a balance between convenience,
risks and higher returns that some of the smaller banks offer, says Suresh
Sadagopan, certified financial planner and founder, Ladder. Financial

Advisories. He recommends diversification by investing in fixed income
options like company FDs, non-convertible debentures as also more secure
alternatives such as tax free bonds and senior citizens savings scheme, which
offers an interest rate of 9.2%. You must also evaluate the banks credentials
carefully before parking your money in it. While selecting the bank, you need
to ascertain its gross NPAs. It should be not higher than 5%. Similarly, ensure
that your bank has adequate capital as prescribed by the regulators, says
Kulkarni. That is, minimum 9% of risk-weighted assets, and at least 12%, in
case of cooperative banks. You will find this information in the balance sheets
of banks.
93. Which of the following is not definitely true with respect to Kapol
Bank?
a)It is a private sector bank
b) At present, premature withdrawal of FD cannot be allowed.
c) Customers of this bank have been allowed withdrawal of money from
their CASA.
d) There are no restrictions on withdrawal except of premature fixed
deposits.
94. Find the statement which is not based on the facts mentioned in the
passage.
a) Under certain circumstances, account holders facing financial
emergency can be allowed withdrawal of moiney beyond withdrawal
limit as per the provisions laid down in the Banking Regulation Act.
b)When the bank gets into trouble it is better for a depositor to be
selective in both ch oosing the bank and depositing the amount using
different combinations.
c) When the financial stability of a bank is at stake the central bank
ordres a moratorium
d) The central bank has ordered a moratorium on Kapol Bank.
95. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning to the word printed
in bold as used in the passage.
Parking
a) Removing b) Depositing c) Stopping
d) Walking
Picture
a) Scene b) Mainstream c) Portrait
d) Role
Diversification
a) Variegation b) Homogenous c) Allocation
d) Division

Threatened
a) Warned b) Jeopardised c) Ensured
d) Exposed

Strike
a) Maintain b) Hit c) Knock
d) Smack
Directions (Q. 100-111) Read the passage carefully and answer the
questions given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to help
you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Indias banking sector may be getting ready for a wave of consolidation

as the country tries to build institutions of world class proportions. Four big
state run banks State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Bank of Baroda
and Bank of India have already begun on exercise to identify takeover targets
to gain access to franchises that would augment their capabilities, said three top
bankers familiar with the move. The top managements of the four banks are in
the process of preparing a blueprint that would explain the rationale for
absorbing one or two entities, said the people cited above, none of whom
wanted to be named. Employees at these state run banks are engaged in the
exercise after Finance Minister Arun Jaitley gave the lenders the go-ahead to
decide how they would strategiese to remain relevant in the emerging economic
scenario.
We are hearing from the corridors of finance ministry that there is
seriousness on consolidation of banks, said an executive from one of the top
four banks. The sense we are getting is that first there could be merger of at
least one SBI associate bank with SBI to kick off the consolidation process.
Although no names of likely acquisition targets are being discussed at these
four banks, the key conditions for a smaller bank will be regional, technological
and cultural advantages. For instance, a bank such as Bank of Baroda, which
does not have a presence in the East, may prefer one from that part of the
country. State run banks have weakened over the years as governments have
treated them as an organ of the administration and used them to push their social
agenda. Meanwhile, lenders in neighbouring China have acquired scale while
those in India are puny by comparison, giving them little clout in global
markets.
The economic downturn, with growth having almost halved from the
peak, has exposed the fault lines in the system. The parlous financial position
of the government has left banks capital starved - the allocation for this year is
tiny compared with the amount needed to meet Basel III standards. And, to
access capital from the market, the state run banks need a strategy to turn more
profitable. Currently, they are labouring under bad debt on account of
companies finding it difficult to repay loans because of the slump.
Government has made it clear that they will not give any capital, said
one of the bankers. Banks that have the capital and the capability to raise
capital could look at acquisitions, he said, while adding Nothing has reached
the drawing board. Banks are only doing all kinds of permutations and
combinations.
To be sure, state run bank consolidation has been discussed for nearly a
decade, but little progress has been made, except for shotgun weddings that
were aimed at rescuing ventures in poor shape. Inertia among banks, cultural
issues and fears of trade union unrest held up any such move. That may now
change with the new government.
There have been some suggestions for consolidation of public sector
banks, Jaitley said in his July 10 Budget speech. Government, in principle,
agress to consider these suggestions.
A committee set up by the Reserve Bank of India under former Axis
Bank Chairman P.J. Nayak had suggested that the health of state run banks was
poor. To strengthen them, the report said it would be better either to privatise
these banks and allow their future solvency to be subject to market competition,
including through mergers; or to design a radically new governance structure for
these banks which would better ensure their ability to compete successfully, in
order that repeated claims for capital support from the government, unconnected
with market returns, are avoided.
The market share of the public sector banks is forecast to decline from
80% in 2000 to just over 60% in 2025, Nayak had said. They stack up poorly in
many respects against non-state institutions. For instance, net profit per
employee at the new private sector banks was about four tiems that of the SBI
Group in the year ended March 2013.
a) Four big state run banks have begun to identify takeover targets.
b) The finance minister has given free hand to state run banks to make
their own strategy for banking business.
c)The four big state run banks have already decided the names of some
small banks likely to be taken over
d) According to PJ Nayak Committee report, the state run banks were

not performing well.
101. Why have banks turned capital starved? Answer in the context
of the passage?
a) Because of excessive loans santioned to malafide customers
b) Because of bad monetary policy of the RBI
c) Because of the excessive payments towards government sponsored
schemes without appropriate provision for them
d)Because of the dangerous financial position of the government
102. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for
the passage?
a) Policy Paralysis of the Central Government
b) The Economic Downturn
c) Union Budget 2014: A Review
d)Consolidation of Banks
103. Which of the following statements regarding the consolidation

of state run banks is/are true? Answer in the context of the passage.
a)Efforts for consolidation of state run banks are on for past one decade
but nothing remarkable has come out as yet.
b) The consolidation of state run banks is a complex task and it will take
some more years for its completion.
c) Banks are doing all kinds of permutations and combinations but the
result is cipher.
d) Only a) and b)
104. What does the phrase kick off mean as used in the passage?
a) Discontinue b) Breakdown c) Smash
d) Begin
105. Under the current scenarioi what do state run banks need to do
to access capital from the market?
a) They need to float public shares
b)They need a strategy to earn more profit
c) They should increase lending rate to attract depositors.
d) They should announce handsome returns to depositors.
106. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning to the word
Acquisition
a) Redemption b) Forfeit c) Possession
d) Dearth
Parlous
a) Harmful b) Strong c) Critical
d) Powerful
Inertia
a) Inactivity b) Liveliness c) Awakening
d) Interest
Solvency
a) Destitution b) Depriviation c) Impotency
d) Financial competence
110. Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in

meaning of the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the
passage.
Puny
a) Trivial b) Strong c) Inferior
d) Tiny

passage.
Augment
a) Reinforce b) Strengthen c) Magnify
d) Multiply
Directions (Q. 112-120) Read the passage carefully and answer the given
below it. Certain words /phrases are given in bold to help you locate them
while answering some of the questions.
Sanjaya Barus book has been perceived as an attack on PM Manmohan

Singh by a disgruntled employee who was denied a job by the Prime Minister in
his second term. This is a completely wrong reading of the book. It is, in fact, a
defence of Manmohan by a member of his fan club. Fortunately, it is not a
fawning hagiography. It is straightforward and gossipy, but not excessively so.
It is an important contribution to contemporary Indian history; it can also be
read as a text book for those who wish to understand how politics and
administration actually work in India of our times. Like the Crossman Diaries in
Britain in earlier times and like Duty by Robert Gates in the US in recent times,
it throws light on contingencies and counterfactuals.
Future historians may see inevitable and inexorable patterns in the way
things have unfolded in India in the last decade. Barus book will be a source
that will help the historian focus with some humility on issues of choice and
chance.
Baru was recruited by Manmohan and worked with him closely as
Media Adviser, Baru is a loyal defender of his boss. Contrary to the popular
perception of Manmohan being dour or politically clumsy, Baru makes the case
that the economist turned politician is, in fact, a clever and sophisticated
operator. Manmohans excellent relationship with wily and experienced
politicians like Sharad Pawar, Karunanidhi, Lalu Prasad, Harkishen Surjeet,
Jyoti Basu and even Vajpayee and Jaswant Singh would not have been possible
if he had been nave or weak. On issues which mattered to Manmohan like Free
Trade Agreements or the Nuclear Accord, he can be a cool and consummate
political operator. But he does have his blind spots. Whether it is because he has
a lifelong commitment to civil service traditions that one department must not
intrude on the turf of another department, or it is out of a conviction that party
politics is not his forte, or for whatever unmentioned reason, Manmohan has
kept himself severely and completely away from the Congress Party. Perhaps,
Manmohan felt that his own political guru, Narasimha Rao, paid a price for
intruding into areas where both fools and angels should fear to tread. The net
result was that Man mohan had less support from his own party leaders and, in
Barus opinion, that proved very costly for our accidental Prime Minister.
There are some self-serving bits in this memoir. Manmohans
performance in UPA-1 is portrayed as outstanding. After all, Baru was with him
most of that time, was he not? And some of the achievements of that time seem
to have a greater Baru imprint than what other observers might concede. And
virtually all the problems of Manmohan seem to have coincided with UPA-2
when Baru was no longer around! Neverthless, Barus professionalism and
better nature does assert itself almost everywhere in the book. He gives himself
far less credit than others who have written similar books tend to do. He is lucid
enough to concede that in economic matters, effects are preceded by causes with
some lags. The good times of UPA-1 were not merely because the global
economy was strong, but because Manmohan inherited a good legacy from
Vajapayee. The roots of many of the problems in UPA-2 were the results of sins
of profligacy committed during UPA-1 when economic growth was not only
taken for granted, but treated with some contempt by the elitist do-gooders of
the National Advisory Council, which could have been a source of anodyne
amusement, if so many of its actions had not ended up being dangerous, even
disastrous for the country.
112. Which of the following, according to the author, is true about

Sanjaya Barus book?
a) It is a book intended to attack the former PM Manmohan Singh
b) It is a fawning hagiography
c) It is straightforward and excessively gossipy
d)It is a book which throws light on contingencies and counterfactuals
of Indian politics
113. Which of the following statements is contrary to the facts

mentined in the given passage?
a) Narasimha Rao was the political guru of Manmohan Singh
b) As per civil service traditions, one department must not intrude on
the turf of another department
c) Manmohan Singh kept himself severely and completely away from
the Congress Party.
d) None of these
114. Which of the following facts supports the view that Manmohan
was neither a nave nor a weak Prime Minister?
a) During his regime the nuclear deal was signed, which is one of most
important achievements
b) He had a very good relationship with wily and experienced
politicians
c) Manmohan Singh preferred to keep mum than to indulge into
controversy
d) He was aware of the fact that party politics is not his forte and hence
he kept himself away from active politics.
115. Why, according to Baru, was Manmohans performance in

UPA-1 outstanding?
a) Because Baru was with him most of the time
b) Because the Congress Party had done a lot of good work to alleviate
poverty
c)Because the global economy was strong and Manmohan Singh had
inherited a good legacy from Vajpayee.
d) Because UPA-2 was full of scams
116. Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in

meaning to the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the
passage.
Intrude
a) Associate b) Interfere c) Leave
d) Combine

passage.
Profligacy
a) Fraglity b) Restraint c) Lacking
d) Recklessness

passage.
Anodyne
a) Soother b) Upsetting c) Excitative
d) Agitating

passage.
Inexorable
a) Harsh b) Dogged c) Flexible
d) Relentless

passage.
Concede
a) Allow b) Accord c) Acknowledge
d) Reject
Directions (Q. 121-129) Read the passage carefully and answer the
questions given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to help
you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Since 1947, Indians have not spoken out so strongly and clearly for a
completely new brand of people running government. Mercifully, there are no
ministers educated abroad. Thankfully, none of them has been brainwashed at
Harvard, Stanford, Cambridge, the World bank or the IMF, subtly forcing
expensive Western solutions on typically Indian problems at the cost of the
poor. Look what the high powered, foreign returned degree wallahs have
reduced this country to. They wasted opportunities to show the inner strength of
what is essentially Indian because they never really knew their own people
living in Bharat. In the eyes of the World, we have lost our self-respect, dignity
and identity.
All the ministers now have gone through average government schools.
Some have never been to college. Many have experienced poverty, exploitation,
injustice and discrimination at some point of time in their lives. It is truly the
first barefoot government ever to be voted into power in independent India.
Where else in the World would you have a one time tea seller on a railway
station becoming Prime Minister, shaping the destiny of more than one billion
people?
The first example the Modi government must set is by drastically
reducing the perks and privileges of MPs. Free power, food, housing, travel to
those whose personal assets run into crores and a Rs.2 Crore annual fund for
development for over 500 MPs is costing the exchequer nearly Rs.2000 Crore.
Only the Prime Minister will be able to make it happen and, at the same time,
stifle any dissent from BJP MPs. The time is now.
No other government in the World has a Class 12 pass woman ministers
speaking as an equal to almost 120 heavily qualified, on paper, vice chancellors
(90 % male). Today, as we judge them, the VCs are all to intellectually and
morally fatigued. There is something dreadfully wrong with an education
system that produces graduates from even private, expensive, snobbish schools
and colleges who are still prejudiced about caste, class, religion, sex and colour.
These graduates, who roam the streets of small towns and cities by the
thousands, call themselves educated, practise the worst forms of cruelty,
slavery and crimes against humanity, against society and in their own families.
Indeed, some of them rose to the level of their incompetence by becoming
ministers in previous governments, reinforcing the status quo, wasting vast
public resources by implementing silly Western ideas, listening to foreign
returned experts and making a hopeless mess of this country. The tragedy is
that they cannot see the colossal damage they have done to the very fabric of
this country.
121. What is/are true about the ministers of the new government
formed at the Centre?
a) Some of them are ghighly qualified and foreign degree holders.
b) Only a few of them are t he products of average government schools.
c)There are so me ministers who have never been to college.
d) Our Prime Minister is a postgraduate in Political Science.
122. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of the

ministers of the last government at the Centre?
a) Some of the ministers of the last government at the Centre were
educated abroad.
b) The ministers of the last government were brainwashed at foreign
universities to suggest Western solutions for Indian problems.
c) The Western degree holder ministers coming from the elite class
never knew their own people living in Bharat.
d)Though the ministers of the last government were Western educated
yet they had great concern about the gripping problems of India
123. Which of the following statements is based on the facts

mentioned in the passage?
a) The present government aims at reducing the perks and privileges of
MLAs.
b)There is something wrong with those educational institutions that
produjce graduates who remain prejudiced about caste, class and gender
c) The elitist education policy has still managed to make students
humble and sensitive towards humanity.
d) None of the present ministers has gone through poverty, injustice,
exploitation and discrimination
124. What is the perception about India in the eyes of the World?
a) That India is a developing nation
b)That we dont have self respect, dignity and identity
c) That India is still a c ountry of snake charmers
d) That India is an educationally backward nation

passage.
Destiny
a) Objective b) Prospect c) Future
d) Concept

passage.
Perks
a) Benefits b) Candy c) Loss
d) Constraints

passage.
Fatigued
a) Fresh b) Lively c) Exhausted
d) Vivacious

passage.
Dissent
a) Strife b) Marvellous c) Objections
d) Approval

passage.
Snobbish
a) Haughty b) Pompous c) Arrogant
d) Humble
Directions (Q. 130-139) Read the following passage carefully and answer
the questions given below it. Certain words/expressions are given in bold in
the passage to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
My God, it speaks uttered the Emperor of Brazil and the receivr of the
Telephone slipped from his hand and banged around. At the other end
Alexander Graham Bell was still on line.
This incident goes back to 1876 when at an exhibition in Philadelphia,
Alexander Graham Bell was giving a demonstration of his new invention. This
strange instrument known as Telephone was to revolutionize life in the years to
come.
Bell was born at Edinborough, Scotland. He was a teacher and, was
dedicated to the noble cause of teaching the deaf and the dumb. Due to a severe
illness, Bell was sent to Canada in 1870, where too he got engaged in helping
the dumb deaf to hear and speak. Thereafter, he shifted to the USA but
continuted with his work by opening a school f or deaf to hear and dumb.
Bell was fond of scientific inventions and was ever engaged in making
some machines in his spare time. While at Boston, he tried to communicate
through metal wire. His companion in this work was Watson. One day while
experimenting with this instrument, Bell spoke to Watson standing at a distance.
Watson was taken by a pleasant surprise as he had heard Bell clearly through
his instrument. The instrument was a success and Bell patented it.
Graham Bell had some sterling qualities of head and heart. Apart from
being as artist, he was a kind human being, ready to help the needy. He
established an institution for the deaf and dumb children. He died in 1922 in
Canada. The entire northern America paid him a tribute by hanging up their
telephones for a while during his funeral.
130. The teaching activity undertaken by Bell was considered

noble particularly because
a)He was teaching the physically under privileged persons
b) There was nobody else in the field of education
c) He was not accepting any salary of that job
d) He was a very famous scientist of his times
131. The words uttered by the Emperor of Brazil suggest that it was
extremely
a) Angry b) Insulted c) Surprised
d) Agitated
132. What according to the passage was the contribution of

invention of telephone?
a) Interaction between two persons at some distance was possible
b) Rich people were able to communicate with others
c) Graham Bell could converse with Watson regarding invention
through telephone
d)It revolutionized human life
133. Which of the following made Bell to invent telephone?

a) His activity of teaching
b) His service to the deaf and dumb
c)He kept interest in scientific inventions
d) Encouragement received from Watson
134. Graham Bell made the telephone call of his invention to the
Emperor from the city of
a) Edinborough b) Philadelphia c) Brazil
d) Boston
135. Bell had gone to Canada in 1870 for

a) Treating a patient who was seiously ill
b) Helping the deaf and dumb children to hear and speak
c)Undergoing medical treatment for himself
d) Devoting his full time to his invention
136. Choose the word or group of words which is most nearly the
same in meaning as the word printed in bold?
Revolutionize
a) Affect adversely
b) Develop gradually
c) Illuminate completely
d) Change drastically
137. Choose the word or group of words which is most nearly the
same in meaning as the word printed in bold?
Dedicated
a) Appointed b) Deployed c) Devoted
d) Religious
138. Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning of the

word printed in bold.
Continued
a) Irregular b) Destroyed c) Reckoned
d) Suspended

word printed in bold.
Pleasant
a) Admirable b) Disgusting c) Nice
d) Indecent
the questions given below it. Certain words are printed in bold to help you
to locate them while answering some of the questions.
The yearly festival was close at hand. The store room was packed with
silk fabrics, gold ornaments, clay bowls full of sweet curd and platefuls of
sweetmeats. The orders had been placed with shops well in advance. The
mother was sending out gifts to everyone.
The eldest son, a government servant, lived with his wife and children
in far off lands. The second son had left home at an early age. As a merchant he
travelled all over the World. The other sons had split up over petty squabbles
and they now lived in homes of their own. The relatives were spread all across
the World. They rarely visited. The youngest son, left in the company of a
servant, was soon bored left her and stood at the door all day long, waiting and
watching. His mother, thrilled and excited, loaded the presents on trays and
plates, covered them with colorful kerchiefs, and sent them off with maids and
servants. The neighbors looked on.
The day came to an end. All the presents had been sent off.
The child came back into the house and dejectedly said to his mother,
Maa, you gave present to everyone, but you didnt give me anything!
His mother laughed, I have given all the gifts away to everyone, now
see whats left for you. She kissed him on the forehead.
The child said in a tearful voice. Dont get a gift?
Youll get it when you go far away. But when I am close to you,
dont I get something from your own hands?
His mother reached out her arms and drew him to her This is all I have
in my own hands. It is the most precious of all.
140. Why did the womans second son travel?

a) He was restless by nature
b) He did not want to stay at home
c) He was rich and could afford to travel
d)His job was such that he had to travel
141. Why did the womans eldest son not attend the festival?
a) He was not on good terms with his youngest brother who lived at
home
b) He had quarreled with his mother
c) His wife did not allow him to return home
d) None of these
142. Which of the following can be said about the woman?

a) She was a widow who had brought up her children single handedly
b) She was not a good mother since her children had left home at an
early age
c)She enjoyed sending her family gifts at festival time
d) She gave expensive presents to show that she was wealthy
143. What did the boy receive from his mother?

a) She taught him the value of patience
b) She encouraged him to grow up and live independently like his
brother
c) She showed him the importance of giving expensive gifts
d)She gave him a hug to express her love

a) The woman usually ignored her youngest son
b) The womans eldest son lived abroad
c)The members of the womans family did not care about her
d) The woman made all the preparations herself since she did not want
to burden the servants
145. Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as
Left
a) Gone b) Quit c) Remaining
d) Disappeared
Packed
a) Filled b) Squeezed c) Crowd
d) Collected

word Dejectedly as used in the passage.
a) Calmly b) Happily c) Willingly

d) Fortunately
the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to
help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.
During Emperor Akbars reign, there was a poor man in Agra, who was
throught to bring bad luck. People believed that if any one looked at his face in
the morning, they would have a bad day.
Get lost, you ugly fellow! he would be cursed by one and all. Hide
your face before you kill someone with your evil eye!
The emperor soon heard of this mans reputation and wanted to see him.
The poor fellow, who had not harmed a single person in his life, was brought to
Akbar.
Akbar took a look at him and asked him to be brought back in the
evening.
That particular day was an especially full and tiring day for the emperor
and his courtiers.
So, many matters had to be attended to that Akbar even forgot to eat. By
the end of the day, the emperor was exhausted. To make matters worse, Akbar
was informed that his favorite child, little Prince Salim, had fallen ill.
Then the emperor suddenly remembered that he had seen the face of the
unlucky man that morning.
That was it. It was that mans entire fault, Akbar decided.
Akbar called his courtiers and told them that he was going to have
unlucky man executed. All of them agreed immediately.
That is all except Birbal. Instead, Birbal let out a short laugh.
What is the matter, Birbal? asked the emperor You seem to find
something funny!
Nothing, your majesty, replied Birbal
You say this man brings bad luck because you had to go without food
ever since you saw him this morning. Look at his luck. Yours was the first face
he saw today, and has to die because to it.
Akbar immediately realized his folly and rewarded Birbal for his
wisdom.
148. Why had the king not eaten his food?

a) He was very busy that day
b) He had seen the face of the unlucky fellow
c) He was not feeling well
d) None of these
149. Who was not well on that particular day?

a) King Akbar
b) The King's courtiers
c) Birbal
d) Prince Salim
150. Which of the following describes Birbal?

a) He was a famous merchant
b) He had lost his senses
c) He was very poor
d)He possessed good logical thinking

a) The poor man wanted to see the king
b) The poor man was well educated
c) The courtiers were sympathetic with the poor man
d)King Akbar realized his mistake
152. What was Birbals initial reaction when he heard that the
poorman would be executed?
a) He was angry because Akbar had not taken his advice
b) He laughed slightly
c) He was silent and wanted to give a change to the poor man
d) None of these
153. Choose the word that is most nearly the same meaning as the
word/phrase printed in bold as used in the passage.
Reputation
a) Character b) Respect c) Fame
d) Report
154. Choose the word that is most nearly the same meaning as the
word/phrase printed in bold as used in the passage.
Folly
a) Argument b) Mistake c) Words
d) Conflict
155. Choose the word which is the most opposite in meaning of the
Hide
a) Seek b) Show c) Go away
d) Indicate
156. Choose the word which is the most opposite in meaning of the
Exhausted
a) Consumed b) Drained c) Restless
d) Energetic
locate them while, answering some of the questions.
In the town, where Abhiram painted pictures of gods and goddesses,

everyone knew him only as a stranger, who had always painted pictures for a
living. No one knew him or his past. He would think, I was once wealthy but
its all gone now ______ and in a way it is for the better. I meditate on various
forms of God all day long now, my bread and butter comes from that. I also
place his image in all the houses. None can take away the respect and goodwill
this earns me. One day the royal Minister passed away. The King employed a
new Minister from a foreign land. The whole town was abuzz with the news but
that day Abhirams fingers stilled to a halt. Abhirams father and adopted an
orphan boy, whom he raised and trusted more than his own son, Abhiram. But
the boy had turned traitor and had stolen the old mans fortune from him. The
very same man and now come to the new kingdom as the new Minister. The
room where Abhiram painted was also his puja room. He went in, folded his
hands and queried, Is this why I have spent so many years meditating on. You
through every colour, every line? Is this how you reward me with such an
insult?
The chariot pageant was coming up. At the fairgrounds many people
from different lands thronged to buy Abhirams pictures. In that throng, there
was a little boy watched over by servants. He picked out one picture. Abhiram
turned to the childs attendant and asked, who is this boy? He replied, The
only son of our royal Minister. Abhiram covered his paintings with a cloth and
said, I will not sell my pictures. Which only made the child want the picture
even more? He came home and sulked in the corner and refused to eat. The
Minister sent a bagful of coins for Abhiram, but the bag came back to the
Minister untouched. The Minister said to himself, what audacity! The more
he was pestered, the more dogged was Abhirams refusal and he thought, This
is my victory.
Every morning the first thing Abhiram did was to paint a picture of his
own beloved deity. This was the only form of worship known to him. One day,
he realized the painting wasnt to his satisfaction. Something looked different. It
wasnt looking right. He felt tormented. As the days passed, the subtle
difference became more apparent until one day Abhiram looked up, started by
the realization ________ he could see it clearly now - the face oif his God was
beginning to look more and more like the Minister. He hurled his brush to the
ground and said, So the Ministger wins! That same day the painting to the
Minister and said, Here is the picture, give it to your son. The Minister asked,
How much? Abhiram said, You robbed me of my devotion to God I shall
gain it back by gifting you this picture. The Minister had no idea what he was
talking about.
157. Why did Abhiram paint a picture of one particular deity every
morning?
a) His paintings of this particular deity were very popular and he sold
many of them
b) He kept trying to paint the picture well but he never succeeded
c) In memory of his father, who had great devotion for the deity
d)It was his way of praying
158. Why did the Minister send a bagful of gold to Abhirams

house?
a) As penance for taking Abhirams rightful share of their fathers
property
b) He admired artists and wanted to pay his respects to Abhiram
c) As a bribe to ensure that Abhiram would keep t heir past a secret
d)He wanted to purchase a painting that his son was determined to have
159. Why was Abhiram disappointed with his most recent painting?
a) Despite his best efforts, he could not get the painting to resemble the
Minister
b) Attention to details which made his paintings so popular was missing
c)Instead of resembling, a replica of a deity, the painting looked like a
portrait of the Minister
d) Since, he was unable to paint the lighting effects properly, the deity
did not look lifelike in the portrait
160. What was Abhirams first reaction when, he heard about the
appointment of the new Royal Minister?
a) He decided not to sell his paintings at the chariot pageant
b) He stopped praying because he believed that God had abandoned him
c) He gave up his carrer as an artist
d) None of these
Audacity
a) Courage b) Fear c) Insult
d) Rudeness
Idea
a) Image b) Understanding c) Design
d) Plan
163. Choose the word, which is most opposite in meaning of the

word given in bold as used in the passage.
Gain
a) Lose b) Decrease c) Lack
d) Fail
164. Choose the word, which is most opposite in meaning of the

Dogged
a) Polite b) Weak c) Unstable
d) Soft
the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in the bold to
A goat was struggling violently and injured many people, as it was

being led away by a dozen men through the street. It was being taken away for a
sacrificial offering. But it became calm the moment it saw a saint. The saint bent
down and said something in its ear and patted it on its back. He then withdrew
covering his face and muttering How sad! My poor friend!.
The animal now tame allowed itself to be led away. The onlookers
flocked around the saint and asked him what he had whispered to the goat?
The Saint explained that the goat was a reincarnation of his good friend,
a wealthy man who instituted the sacrifice as a ritual in the village and that he
had told the goat that the game was started by it in its previous birth so why was
it complaining now when it was its time to be in the same boat. He continued
As one sows, so shall he reap.
The story spread and eventually brought an end to the ritual of animal
slaughter in the name of sacrificial offering in the village.
165. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

a) Reincarnation is a phenomenon which occurs
b)One receives as one propagates
c) Animal slaughter is now banned by law
d) Saints do have magical powers
a) The goat was not sacrificed

b)The ritual of sacrifice gradually stopped in the village
c) The Saint did not believe in reincarnation
d) The onlookers were ashamed of themselves and avoided the Saint
167. Why did the goat recognize the Saint?

a) It was the Saint who had asked people to sacrifice it
b) The Saint was wearing a robe unlike the other onlookers
c) The Saint had a peculiar look
d)The Saint had been a good friend of the goat in its previous birth
168. Why did the Saint mutter How sad! My poor friend?
a) He was against the lifestyle of his friend
b) The goat had been injured while it was being led away
c) The goat was dying from its wounds
d)He was sad because his friend was going to be killed
169. Why did the animal become docile after the Saint talked to it?
a) It was keen to be sacrificed
b) It had already injured many people and was tired
c) The priest promised that it wouldnt be sacrificed
d)It had accepted that it deserved its fate
170. Choose the word that is most nearly the same in meaning to the
Patted
a) Stroked b) Flattened c) Hit
d) Hurt
171. Choose the word that is most nearly the same in meaning to the
Flocked
a) Herd b) Together c) Gathered
d) Accompanied
172. Choose the word which is most opposite in the meaning to the
Tame
a) Spirited b) Disciplined c) Cruel
d) Insane
173. Choose the word which is most opposite in the meaning to the
End
a) Life b) Begin c) Middle

d) Start
the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to
help you locate them, while answering some of the questions.
Though the US prides itself on being a leader in the World community,

a recent report shows that it lags far behind other industrialised countries in
meeting the needs of its youngest and most vulnerable citizens. The US has a
higher infant mortality rate, a higher proportion of low birth weight babies, a
smaller proportion of babies immunised against childhood diseases and a much
higher rate of adolescent pregnancies. These findings, described as a quiet
crisis requiring immediate and far reching action, appeared in a report prepared
by a task force of educators, doctors, politicians and business people. According
to the report, a fourth of the nations 12 million infants and toddlers live in
poverty. As many as half confront risk factors that could harm their ability to
develop intellectually, physically and socially. Child immunisations are too low,
more children are born into poverty, more are in substandard care, while their
parents work and more are being raised by single parents. When taken together,
these and other risk factors can lead to educational and health problems that are
much harder and more costly to reverse.
The crisis begins in the womb with unplanned parenthood. Women with
unplanned pregnancies are less likely to seek pre natal care. In the US 80% of
teenage pregnancies and 56% of all pregnancies are unplanned. The problems
continue after birth, where unplanned pregnancies and unstable partnerships
often go hand in hand. Since 1950, the number of single parent families has
nearly tripled. More than 25% of all births today are to unmarried mothers. As
the number of single parent families grows and more women enter the work
force, infants and toddlers are increasingly in the care of people other than their
parents.
Most disturbingly, recent statistics show that American parents are
increasingly neglecting or abusing their children. In only four years from 1987-
1991, the number of children in foster care increased by over 50%. Babies under
the age of one are the fastest growing category of children entering foster care.
This crisis affects children under the age of three most severely, the report says.
Yet, it is this period from infancy through preschool years that sets the stage
for a childs future.
174. The main focus of the passage is on the plight of

a) Orphaned children
b) Teenage mothers
c) Low birth weight babies
d) None of these
175. Which of the following does not constitute quiet crisis in the
US as per the task force report?
a) Lower proportion of new born babies with normal weight
b) Higher incidence of adolescent girls becoming mothers
c) Lower rate of babies surviving childhood diseases
d)Increasing cases of teenage couples getting divorced
176. Which of the following statements is not true in the context of

the passage?
a) The number of single parent families today is approximately three
times that four decades ago
b)The number of children in the US entering foster care has decreased
after 1991
c) In the US, the number of infants living in poverty is about 3 million
d) Only 20% of all the pregnancies in the US are planned
177. The number of children born to married mothers in the US is

approximately, how many times the number of children born to unwed
mothers?
a) 1.5 times b) 2 times c) 3 times
d) 3.5 times
178. The task force report seems to be based on the data pertaining
to the period
a) 1987-91
b) 1950 onwards till data
c) 1987 onwards till data
d) 1950-91
179. Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning to
the given word given in bold as used in the passage.
Confront
a) Face b) Tolerate c) Succumb
d) Eliminate
the given word given in bold as used in the passage.
Vulnerable
a) Insecure b) Indispensable c) Risky
d) Promising
181. Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to the

given word in bold as used in the passage.
Severely
a) Drastically b) Intensely c) Minutely

d) Slightly

given word in bold as used in the passage.
Substandard
a) Impoverished
b) Compassionate
c) Excellent
d) Valuable
One day, the king came to the court and began attending to the routine
matters people had brought to him. He happened to be in a bad mood that day.
Just then, a messenger arrived out of breath, with a message that the queen
wanted to see the king in her palace. The king rose immediately and all the
courtiers respectfully got to their feet. The jester however remained seated
unaware that the king was departing. He belatedly got to his feet but while
doing so, he was noticed by the king, who perceived this behavior as an insult.
He ordered the jester to leave his kingdom with immediate effect and not set
foot on its soil under penalty of death.
The courtiers were upset and protested. The jester was amusing and
well liked. But the jester obeyed the kings commands and left the palace
promptly. Several months passed after the ing had ordered the jester to leave
his court. The kings anger had subsided. He decided to invite the jester to
return to his court. Messengers were sent to neighboring kingdoms to search for
the jester and bring him before the king. However the very next day, when the
king was standing in one of the palace balconies, he saw a horse carriage pass
outside the palace. He glanced at the carriage out of curiosity and spied the
jester sitting inside. The carriage was stopped. The king asked the jester angrily,
Why have you come back to the kingdom without my permission? Your
Majesty the jester replied politely, I left for China the day you drove me out
of your court. I returned only after I had covered the floor of my carriage with
the soil of the neighboring country. I have thus not set my foot on your soil,
The king found the jesters answer pleasing. He smiled and asked him to come
to court from the next morning.
183. Why did the king leave the court suddenly one day?
a) He was bored as the word was routine
b) He realised that he had forgotten to meet the queen that day
c) He was upset that day
d) None of these
184. Why did the king himself ask the jester to return to his court?
a) He missed the jesters wit and humour
b) The jester did not need the request, the king had sent through his
messengers
c) The courtiers throught the king was foolish for throwing out the jester
d) The king appreciated the jesters cleverness in interpreting his orders
185. Why did the jester remain seated, while the king was leaving?
a) To show he was unhappy with kings decision toi leave early
b) To get the kings attention
c) To show the king that leaving early was insulting to those, who had
come to the court
d) He did not realise that the king was leaving

a) The king was stubborn and never listened to his courtiers advice
b) The jester was quick witted
c) The kings messengers did not try very hard to find the jester
d) The jester did not return to the court till the k ing had asked
forgiveness
Spied
a) Watched b) Followed c) Stared
d) Noticed
Subsided
a) Lessened b) Failed c) Collapse
d) Calm

Promptly
a) Later b) Behind c) Relaxed
d) Lately

Pleasing
a) Sorrow b) Disliking c) Worsening

d) Hating
help you to locate them, while answering some of the questions.
It is time, we looked at the latent causes. Where does the strength of

India lie? Not in numbers, not necessarily in our moral stands on international
issues. In modern times, the strength of a nation lies in its achievements in
science and technology. This is not to say that other fields do not count.
In the five decades after independence, we have yet to demonstrate our
originality in applied science and technology. Though Japan also started like us,
yet by cultivating the technology of the West, the Japanese adapted, improved
and displayed originality in several areas of science and technology. The
generation which is at the helm of affairs in science and in our country after
independence mostly consisted of self seekers.By and large with a few
exceptions. The science and technology managers in India concentrated in
gaining power and influence. They loved publicity. Most of them stopped doing
science while they managed science. Things would have been better had they
been humble enough to acknowledge the difference between doing and
managing science. Instead they claimed they were the foremost in science and
technology, simply because they were at the helm of affairs. As a result, they
ceased to inspire the younger lot. India continues to be a borrowers of science
and technology, even though its potential for originality is substantial.
Our achievements in nuclear science and technology may be dazzling
to our people. But, in worth and originality, they are ordinary and routine. While
our own people remain ignorant the people of other countries know all about the
pretensions to knowledge of our nuclear science and technology managers. Our
subtle way of sabotaging our nuclear goals is to help hollow persons reach and
remain at the helm of affairs. International bodies come in as handy tools in that
subtle process. The veil of secrecy effectively protects the mismanagement in
our nuclear establishments. The talk of national security comes as an easy
weapon to prevent any probe into mismanagement. On nuclear matters the
media in our country, by and large avoid the mismatch between promise and
hence performance in the nuclear field does not get exposed as much as the
mismanagement in other fields.
191. What does the author mean by doing science?

a) Demonstrating exaggerated performance without achieving the
desired level
b) Managing effectively the administrative functions involved in the
power game
c) Concentrating on such researches which have very low practical

utility
d) Displaying genuine acumen and performance in scientific studies
192. Doing science and managing science are implied by the

author is analogous to
a) Set target and achieving it
b) Fact and fantasy
c) Originality and adaptability
d) Scientific inventions and disc overy of principles
193. The author of the passage has

a) Criticised the power hung Indian technocrats
b) Appreciated the Japanese scientists unduly and exorbitantly
c) Hailed Indias technological advancement in the past five decades
d) Underestimated the Japanese and Chinese scientists and t
echnologists
194. Which of the following is the commonality between the Indian

and the Japanese scientists?
a) Both have displayed originally in applied sciences
b) Both have displayed and advancement of substandard quality
c) Both have displayed greed f or influence and power
d) Both have displayed remarkable just for publicity
195. Which of the following is the correct assessment of Indias post

independence nuclear and scientific advancements?
a) Originality and adaptability is duly displayed in the field of applied
science
b) Our achievement in nuclear science and technology are dazzling
c) Our achievements are of a very ordinary quality and routine nature
d) Our scientists have done full justice to the developmental needs of
nuclear science
196. Find out the word from the given options, which is most nearly
the same in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
Latent
a) Cautions b) Hidden c) Overt
d) Brilliant
197. Find out the word from the given options, which is most nearly
the same in meaning as the word given in bold as used in the passage.
Handy
a) Silent b) Hand-rolled c) Suitable
d) Solemn
198. Find the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the
Dazzling
a) Tremendous b) Domineering c) Deafening
d) Brilliant
199. Find the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to the
Humble
a) Doctile b) Llethargic c) Stupid
d) Cunning
help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
During the reign of King, Veer, there lived a wise magistrate.

Haripants verdicts were always just and people from all over the vast kingdom
came to him in order to settle their disputes. In the city where Haripant lived,
there was a greedy ghee merchant named Niranjan. He always kept twenty
barrels of ghee. Of these, fifteen would contain good quality ghee and the
remaining would be adulterated, he would mix into and sell it. This went on for
a time, till finally the people fed up being cheated and complained to Haripant.
Haripant had the ghee examined and found it to be adulterated. He gave
Niranjan a choice of punishment drink the five barrels of adulterated ghee from
his shop or receive a hundred lashings or pay a thousand gold coins in the
treasury. Niranjan thought for a while. Losing a thousand gold coins was too
much and a hundred lashings are painful. So, he decided to drink the barrels of
ghee.
Though Niranjan adulterated goods in his shop, they made sure his own
food was of the best quality. So, after drinking one barrel of ghee, he began to
feel sick. By the second barrel, he was vomiting. At this point he decided to opt
for the lashings instead. But he was pampered and his body was unused to any
harsh treatment. After ten lashes, he started trembling and by twenty he was
giddy. Stop! He screamed I will pay the thousand gold coins! and he handed
them.
So, he ended up suffering all three punishments something he did not
forget in a hurry and the people of the city got to use only the best quality ghee
in their food from then on!.
200. Why did the people decide to go to Haripant with their

complaint?
a) He was close to the King and would get justice for them
b) Thuey knew Niranjan was afraid of Haripant, who punished people
severely
c) They were confident that he would listen to their complaint and give
a fair judgement
d) He was the only magistrate in the entire kingdom
201. Why did Haripant allow Niranjan to choose his own

punishment?
a) He felt sorry for Niranjan
b) Niranjans offence was minor
c) He did not want Niranjan to appeal of the king for leniency
d) None of these
202. Why did Niranjan decide to drink adulterated ghee for his
punishment?
a) Since the barrels were from his shop he thought he could substitute
the adulterated ghee with good ghee
b) He wanted to prove that the quality of ghee he sold was good
c) He was greedy and had a big appetite so he thought he would easily
drink the ghee
d) He considered it the easiest of the punishments as he did not realise
what effect the ghee would have on him
203. Why did Niranjan suffer three punishments?

a) He had cheated so many people that his punishment had to be severe
b) Haripant had ordered this so that Niranjan would never repat his
offence
c) Haripant wanted to make an example of him so that other merchants
would not cheat their customers
d) Niranjan could not decide which punishment to under go. So,
Haripant awarded him all three punishments.
204. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning as the word
Cheated
a) Unfaithful b) Blamed c) Exploited
d) Dodged
205. Choose the word which is most similar in meaning as the word
Suffering
a) Hardship b) Distressing c) Hurting

d) Experiencing

Best
a) Damaged b) Inferior c) Spoiled
d) Defective

Unused
a) Accustomed b) Routine c) Often
d) Normal
the questioins given below it. Certain words/phrases are given in the bold to
Many years ago, I was the chief guest at a function. This was held in a
hostel for poor students that had been built by a philanthropist. Food and shelter
were free, but students had to bear other expenses like tuition and clothing.
In my younger days, I have come across many families, who would
look after students who were economically backward but otherwise bright.
They used to help them with their fees or clothing and often with their food as
well. In those days, most colleges were located in larger towns. Many poor
students, who came to study in these towns used to stay with these families and
would be treated as a part of the family. The woman of the house considered
this a good deed and helped the poor students whole heartedly. Today, the
situation is different. Even smaller towns have schools and colleges, so this
custom has disappeared.
While I was sitting on the dais, I remembered the past and congratulated
the person, who had built the hostel. It was a good deed and of great help to
many students. The hostel secretary told me about some of the students in the
hostel, who had secured ranks but had a problem paying their tuition fees.
He said, Madam, this year we have three students from different
disciplines who have secured ranks. All of these are from extremely poor
families. They have one more year to complete their degrees. What are they
studying? One is in medicine, the second in engineering and the third in
commerce. Can I meet them after the function?
The function went on as usual. Often, at such functions too much praise
is lavished on the chief guest. Sometimes, they even make exaggerated and
false claims about the chief guest. I feel this unnecessary praising is the highest
form of corruption where people are easily fooled, and it encourages those who
are praised to develop an inflated opinion of themselves. Thats why in the

twelfth century, in Karnataka, the great revolutionary leader Basaveshwara
warned in his teaching that praise is like a golden gallows.
After the function, I met the three poor bright boys whom the secretary
had told me about. They were a little puzzled, shy and nervous. All of them had
the same story father in a small job unable to make ends meet, a large family
back in the village, no land or any other asset. Only sheer determination to excel
in studies had brought them here against all odds.
208. How did poor students manage their expenses in towns, if a

college education was not available to them in their villages?
a) They used to get regular help from the philantrhropist
b) Their fees and clothing expenses were borne by the colleges
c) Many families used to provide them facilities on payment
d) None of these
209. Why has the practice of students from villages staying with
families in towns stopped now a days?
a) Families have found education has become very expensive
b) Higher education is available to students even in smaller towns
c) There is no need for students to go in for higher education these days
d) The situation is altogether different as t he educational structure has
changed
210. What does the author dislike about functions?

a) The false or exaggerated praise showered on the chief guest
b) Selection of corrupt persons as chief guests
c) The awkward situation created by the audience
d) The shyness and nervousness of the audience
211. Which of the following was not a common factor among the
three students?
a) Subjects of study
b) Family background
c) Lack of resources
d) Intelligence
Bear
a) Tolerate b) Ensure c) Pay
d) Receive
Lavished
a) Showered b) Taken c) Abundant
d) Warranted
214. Choose the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to

Bright
a) Light b) Dark c) Unintelligent
d) Glowing
215. Choose the word which is most nearly opposite in meaning to

Exaggerated
a) Narranted b) Expelled c) Stopped
d) Understand
In a reversal of the norm elsewhere, in India policymakers and

economists have become optimists while bosses do the worrying. The countrys
Central Bank has predicted that the countrys economy is likely to grow at a
double digit rate during the next 20-30 years. India has the capability with its
vast labour and lauded entrepreneurial spirit. But he private sector which is
supposed to do the heavy lifting that turns India from the worlds tenth largest
economy to its third largest by 2030 has become fed up. Business people often
carp bout Indias problems but their irritation this time has a nervous edge. In
the first quarter of 2011, GDP grew at an annual rate of 7.8%; in 2005-07 it
managed 9-10%. The economy may be slowing naturally as the low interest
rates and public spending that got India through the global crisis are belatedly
withdrawn. At the same time the surge in inflation caused by exorbitant food
prices has spread more widely, casting doubts over whether India can grow at 8-
10 % in the medium term without overheating.
In India, as in many fast growing nations, the confidence to invest
depends on the conviction that the long term trajectory is intact and it is that
which is in doubt. Big Indian firms too sometimes seem happier to invest
abroad than at home, in deals thatare often hailed as symbols of the countrys
growing clout but sometimes speak to its weaknesses purchases of natural
resources that India has in abundance but struggles to get out of the ground. In
fact a further dip in investment could be self fulfilling: if fewer roads, ports and
factories are built, this will hurt both short term growth figures and reduce the
economys long term capacity.
There is a view that because a fair amount of growth is assured the
government need to try very hard. The liberalization reforms that began in 1991
freed markets for products and gave rise to vibrant competition, at the same time
what economists call factor markets, those for basic inputs like land, power,
labour etc. remain unreformed and largely under state control, which creates
difficulties. Clearances today can take three to four years and many employers
are keen to replace workers with machines despite an abundance of labour
force. This can be attributed to labour laws which are inimical to employee
creation and an education system that means finding quality manpower a major
problem. In fact the Planning Commission, concluded that even achieving 9%
growth will need marked policy action in unreformed sectors. Twenty years
ago it was said that the yardstick against which India should be measured was
its potential and it is clear that there remains much to do.
216. .What is the state of Indias basic input sectors at present?

a) These sectors attract Foreign Direct Investment because of their vast
potential.
b) These sectors are lagging as projects are usually awarded to foreign
companies.
c) These sectors are stagnating and badly in need of reforms.
d) These sectors are well regulated as there are governed by the State
217. Which of the following can be said about the Indian economy at
present?
a) It can comfortably achieve doubel digit growth rate at present.
b) High food prices have led to overheating of the economy.
c) Citizens are affluent owing to laxity in regulation.
d) Unreformed sectors are a drag on economic growth.
218. Which of the following is most opposite in meaning to the word

MARKED given in bold as used in the passage?
a) Decreased b) Ignored c) Clear
d) Assessed
The great fear in Asia a short while ago was that the region would suffer
through the wealth destruction already taking place in the U.S. as a result of the
financial crisis. Stock markets tumbled as exports plunged and economic growth
deteriorated. Lofty property prices in China and elsewhere looked set to bust as
credit tightened and buyers evaporated. But with surprising speed, fear in Asia
swung back to greed as the regin shows signs of recovery and property and
stock prices are soaring in many parts of Asia.
Why should this sharp Asian turn around be greeted with skepticism?
Higher asset prices mean households feel wealthier and better able to spend,
which could further fuel the regions nascent rebound. But just as easily, Asia
could soon find itself saddled with overheated markets similar to the U.S.
housing market. In short, the world has not changed, it has just moved placed.
The incipient bubble is being created by government policy. In response
to the global credit crunch of 2008, Policy makers in Asia slashed interest rates
and flooded financial sectors with cash in frantic attempts to keep loans flowing
and economies growing. These steps were logical for central bankers striving to
reverse a deepening economic crisis but there is evidence that there is too much
easy money around. Its winding up in stocks and real estate, pushing prices up
too far and too fast for the undenying economic fundamentals. Much of the
concern is focused on China where government stimulus efforts have been large
and effective, Money in China has been especially easy to find. Aggreegate new
bank lending surged 201% in first half of 2009 from the same period a year
earlier, to nearly 51.1 turn on, Exuberance over a quick recovery which was
given a boost by Chinas surprisingly strong 7.9% GDP growth in the second
quarter hjas buoyed investor sentiment not just for stocks but also for real estate.
Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan argued that
bubbles could only be recognised in hand sight. But investors who have been
well schooled in the dangers of bubbles over the past decade are increasingly
wary that prices have risen too far and that the slightest bit of negative,
economic news could knock markets for a loop. These fears are compounded by
the possibility that Asias central bankers willbegin taking stops to shut off the
money. Rumours that Beijing was on the verge of tightening credit led to
Shanghai stocks plunging 5%. Yet many economists believe that, there is close
to a zero possibility that the Chinese government will do anything this year that
constitutes tightening. And without a major shift in thinking, the easy-money
conditions will stay in place. In a global economy that has produced more
dramatic ups and downs than anyone thought possible over the past two years.
Asia may beneading for another disheartening plunge.
219. What does the author want to convey through the phrase The
world has not changed it has just moved places?
a) At present countries are more dependent on Asian economies than on
the US economy
b) Economies have become interlinked on account of globalisation
c) Asian governments are implementing the same economic reforms as
developed countries
d) None of these
220. Which of the following can be said about the Chinese

governments efforts to revive the economy?
a) These were largely unsuccessful as only the housing market
improved
b) The governments only concern was to boost investor confidence in
stocks
c) These efforts were ineffectual as the economy recovered owing to the
US market stabilising
d) These were appropriate and accmplished the goal of economic
revival
221. What do the statistics about loans given by Chinese banks in

2009 indicate?
a) There was hardly any demand for loans in 2008
b) The Chinese government has borrowed funds from the US
c) China will take longer than the US to recover from the economic
crisis
d) None of these
222. What is the authors main objective in writing the passage?

a) Illustrating that Asian economies are financially more sound than
those of developed countries
b) Disputing financial theories about how recessions can be predicted
and avoided
c) Warning Asian countries about the dangers of favouring fast growth
and profits over sound economic-principles
d) Extoiling Chinas incredible growth and urging other countries to
emulate it
223. Why does the author doubt the current resurgence of Asian
economics?
a) Their economies are too heavily reliant on the American economy
which is yet to recover
b) Central banks have slashed interest rates too abruptly which is likely
to cause stock markets to crash
c) With their prevailing economic conditions they are at risk for a
financial crisis
d) Their GDP has not grown significantly during the last financial year
Delays of several months in Natioinal Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme wage payments and work sites where labourers have lost all hope of
being paid at all have become the norm in many states. How are workers who
exist on the margins of subsistence supposed to feed their families? Under the
scheme, workers must be paid within 15 days, failing which they are entitled to
compensation under the Payment of Wages Act upto Rs.3000 per aggrieved
worker. In reality, compensation is received in only a few isolated instances. It
is often argued by officials that the main reason for the delay is the inability of
banks and post offices to handle mass payments of NREGS wages. Though
there is agrain of truth in this, as a diagnosis it is misleading. The jam in the
banking system has been the result of the hasty switch to bank payments
imposed by the Central Government against the recommendation of the Central
Employment Guarantee Council which advocated a gradual transition starting
with villages relatively close to the nearest bank. However, delays are not
confined solely to the banking system. Operational hurdles include
implementing agencies taking more than fifteen days to issue payment orders,
viewing of work measurement as a cumbersome process resulting in
procrastination by the engineering staff and non maintenance of muster rolls and
job card etc. But behind these delays lies a deeper and deliberate backlash
against the NREGS. With bank payments making it much harder to embezzle
NREGS funds, the programme is seen as a headache by many government
functionaries the workload has remained without the inducements. Slowing
down wage payments is a convenient way of sabotaging the scheme because
workers will desert NREGS worksites.
The common sense solution advocated by the government is to adopt
the business correspondent model. Where in bank agents will go to villages to
make cash payments and duly record them on handheld, electronic devices. This
solution is based on the wrong diagnosis that distance separating villages from
banks is the main issue. In order to accelerate payments, clear timilines for
every step of the payment process should be incorporated into the system as
Programme Officers often have no data on delays and cannot exert due pressure
to remedy the situation. Workers are both clueless and powerless with no
provision for them to air their grievances and seek redress. In drought affected
areas the system of piece rate work can be dispensed with where work
measurement is not completed withinn a week and wages may be paid on the
basis of attendance. Buffer funds can be provided to gram panchayats and post
offices to avoid bottlenecks in the flow of funds. Partial advances could also be
considered provided wage payment are meticulously tracked. But failure to
recognise problems and unwillingness to remedy them will remain major threats
to the NREGS.
224. What impact have late wage payments had on NREGS

workers?
a) They cannot obtain employment till their dues are cleared
b) They have benefited from the compensation awarded to them

c) They have been unable to provide for their families
d) None of these
225. Which of the following factors has not been responsible for
untimely payment of NREGS wages?
a) Communication delays between agencies implementing the scheme
b) Improper record keeping
c) Behind schedule release of payments by banks
d) Drought conditions prevalent in the country
226. What has the outcome of disbursing NREGS wages through

banks been?
a) Theft of funds by administratioin officials responsible for the scheme
has reduced
b) Increased work load for local government officials
c) Protests by workers who have to travel long distances to the nearest
bank to claim their wages
d) Time consuming formalities have to be completed by workers
227. To which of the following has the author attributed the delay in
wage payments?
a) Embezzlement of funds by corrupt bank staff
b) Lack of monitoring by the Central Employment Guarantee Council
c) An attempt to derail the NREGS by vested interests
d) Overworked bank staff deliberately delay payments to protest against
extra work
228. Which of the following can be considered a deficiency in the

NREGS?
a) Lack of co-ordinatioin among Programme Officers
b) Local officials are unaware of correct operational procedures
c) Workers have no means of obtaining redressal for untimely wage
payments
d) Disbursing wages through banks instead of readily accessible post
offices
Directions (Q. 229-233) In the following questions, you have one brief
passage with five questions. Read the passage carefully and choose the best
answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Although Indians spend less money on allopathic medicines than people

in most Asian Countries, more than 40,000 drugs formulations are available
here. All manufacturers are required by law to provide information about their
product either on the packaging or in a pamphlet inside. But, in many cases, this
information is very meagre and hard to understand. Many doctors, too do not
tell their patients anything about the drugs they prescribe.
What should we be concerned about when we take drugs? There are two
areas: (1) Side effects. Many people taking a drug will notice an undesirable
reaction, usually minor. But even the mildest drugs can do harm if taken
improperly, long enough or in excessive doses. And everyone responds to a
drug differently. (2) Failyre to follow directions. Many of us disobey
prescription instructions on how much to take and when. It is eady to fall into
thinking that more of the drug will speed up the healing. It is more common,
however, for people to stop taking a drug when they begin to feel better. This,
too, can be dangerous.
What are the steps to be taken for safety? Take a drug only as
recommended on the label or by the doctor. (2) If you feel ill after taking a drug,
check it with a doctor. (3) Do not mix drugs. (4) Check whether any food or
activities are to avoided.
229. Which one of the following statements is true?

a) Indians use more than 40,000 allopathic drugs
b) Indians hate allopathic medicines
c) Other Asian countries do not have allopathic medicines
d) Indians cannot afford allopathic drugs
230. How are drug users to be instructed by the manufacturers?

a) Doctors should give a manual of instructions.
b) The Chemist should issue an instruction manual.
c) Information should be printed on the carton or in a pamphlet kept
inside it.
d) Patients should keep in touch with drug manufactuters.
231. Only one of the following sentences is right identify it.

a) All medicines produce reactions of various degrees in their users
b) Even mild drugs are not always safe
c) Medicines should be discontinued as soon as we feel better
d) More than the prescribed dose brings quicker recovery
232. Drug manufacturers _______

a) do not give instructions
b) give all necessary instructions
c) give very little and unintelligible information
d) give information only when asked
233. Which one of the following is true?

a) Throw away the drug that produces side effects and try another
b) Drugs may be taken with all kinds of foods

c) Drugs do not inhibit our normal life style
d) Drugs should be used only according to prescription
the given questions. Certain words have been given in bold to help you
locate them while answering some of the questions.
On attending a conference, which focused on the role of the services

sector in Indian economy I was amazed. The conference gave a very interesting
perspective on the role of the service sector in the growth of Indian economy in
relation to growth rates in agriculture and industry. The current situation in
India is that the growth rate of services has overtaken both agriculture and
industry and is now contributing to more than 50% of GDP. The services sector
has the highest growth rate and is the least volatile sector. Growth is
particularly marked in public services, IT and financial services. In some areas,
the growth rate of the services sector is 40-50% due to increased use of mobile
technologies. India, therefore has, a services oriented economy. It hasnt
followed traditional growth models as in China. However, in the process of
doing so it has skipped the manufacturing stage and has jumped straight from
the agriculture stage to service stage which is also the main reason for the
expansion of the service sector. In fact, the situation now is such that the growth
in the service sector can and will support in the agriculture and industrial
sectors.
However, the only setback for Indian economy is the lack of growth in
the manufacturing sector, which causes dependence on other coutnries, which is
not so desirable in terms of job creation and increased prosperity.
Population is also a major concern of the Indian economy. As the
population of India grows so also does the number of dependents in the
population in both the lower and higher age groups. In such a scenario of
increasing population, especially in an economy which still recovering from
crisis, growth becomes difficult. For such an economy to grow it has to invest.
Currently, the public sector invests more than it saves. The household
sector saves in surplus, but it is not increasing so it cannot continue to support
private and public sectors. There is a massive need to spend on agriculture and
infrastructure development of the country. Apart from that health and
educatiopn should also be the priority of the government particularly the
education of women in order to reduce the birth rate.
234. Choose the word which is most opposite in meaning to word

given in bold as used in the passage.
Volatile
a) Erratic b) Impatient c) Stable
d) Solid
235. What does the author mean by the statement, a growth

window for India will open.?
a) In the coming years, the Indian economy will grow as the service
sector of the country would be booming due to the focus of the
government in that sector.
b) In the next two decades, Indian economy will have an
opportunity to grow as the working population of India will be high
as compared to the dependent population.
c) There would be only a small period of time in which the economy of
India has to grow and if it fails to do so it will never be able to recover
from the economic downfall.
d) Only upto the next two decades would Indian people be interested in
finding jobs in the country beyond which they would search for jobs
abroad thus hampering the growth of Indian economy.
Prerequisites
a) Requirements b) Instincts c) Prohibitions
d) Acknowldgements
237. What does the author mean by the statement, to change the bad
sectors to good sectors.?
a) In order to deal with the problem of poverty it is important to
distinguish between good and bad sectors and encourage people to start
searching fro jobs in the good sectors.
b) The government should make efforts to improve the sectors that are
not functioning well in order create greater job opportunities in those
sectors and in turn eradicate poverty
c) Poverty alleviation is possible only if the government understands the
importance of good sectors and provides it with necessary opportunities
d) The bad sectors of the country should be identified and such jobs
should be outsourced to other underprivileged countries in order to
eradicate poverty from those countries.
given in bold as used in the passage?
Perspective
a) View point b) Prospect c) Attitude
d) Agreement

239. Which of the following is true as per the passage?

a) India has not followed the conventional model of growth and has
moved directly from the agriculture sector to the service sector.
b) The service sector of the country is yet to make a mark on the IT and
financial sectors of the country.
c) With availability of labour and growth in human skills, the service
sector of Indian economy is booming limitlessly as there is no
restriction on movement of labour.
d) India has become self reliant and does not have to depend on other
countries because of the development in the manufacturing sector
240. According to the author, which of the following can be said

about the growth of service sector in India?
a) India is essentially an agrarian economy and is not yet ready to shift
forcus from agriculture sector to service sector
b) The expansion of service sector in India was seen mainly because of
the growth in the agricultural sector
c) Indian economy cannot run only on the basis of service sector i.e.,
without further development in the agriculture and the industrial sector
d) The growth of service sector in India is facilitated by the
improvement in technology

word given in boldas used in the passage.
Massive
a) Prominent b) Proactive c) Short
d) Little
the given questions. Certain words/phrases are given in bold to help you to
We should never confuse education with training or the tools that

educators use. Education is no more a computer or an online class than it is a
chalkboard-those are simply tools. Additionally, precious few new and relevant
findings have been added to out into the learning process; much of what many
proclaim to be insightful turns out to be faddish and misguided. What we need
for learning to occur are well prepared and motivated teachers, students who are
willing and able to learn and a social system that values educational attainment.
Many might take exception to these assertions, raising a host of ancillary social,
economic, nutritional and sociological issues. However, decades of data from
failed public experiments aimed at mitigating these problems argue to the
contrary.

What are we to do? Create a wave of educational entrepreneurship?

Despite all of the hype and media attention, no one currently knows the best
way forward. We must incentivise educationalists, technologists, and classroom
teachers to experiment and innovate. Such partnerships should truly explore
alternatives as we seek to define the blended face to face and online class rooms
of the future. Some approaches will fail, but that is part of the change process.
There will be no one size fits all experience success will vary by
discipline and educational objectives. Unless everyone involved in this process
is inspired to take risks, we will not enjoy the full potential these new
approaches represent. Also, we should not forget the extent to which those who
most benefit from the current system will attempt to hijack this change process
for their own purposes.
With these issues in mind, consider the following vision of the change
process to the classroom of tomorrow a vision that leverages technology to
create a more personalised learning experience. With the onset of this vision the
professor student relationship will change. What is not likely to survive is the
large class in which every one progress at the same pace.
That paradigm will be replaced by a more customised and colloborative
learning process. The reality of a technology enabled personalised learning
environment is till evolving. What seems clear is that at its heart is a more
collaborative and student mapped and paced process. The function of the
professor, aided by educationalists, will also change.
Student professor collaboration will then determine both what content
can be assigned to practice methods and how the student demonstrates mastery
of that content. In such cases, timing issues will most likely be left entirely in
the students hands, while technology specialists recommend the best hardware
and software solutions.
Critical thinking or application ideas will involve more specialised, face
to face and interactive online approaches geared to the real time needs and
progress the students is making.
Thus, the professor, with the students help, will vigilantly mix and
blend the learning ingredients to produce a new learning environment. How this
process plays out in reality will be the result of educational entrepreneurship but
is will surely entail both successes and some failures.
The administration and accreditation of education will also have to
change. As more education occurs outside the bricks and mortar framework and
is more centred on the student professor interaction, the role of all non-teaching
staff will need to be reassessed. As students and faculty increase their use of
technology to personalise their formal and informal learning, educational
technologists must be on hand to facilitate the effective use of that technology.
Also, the current hierarchical and standardised outcomes formulas for
administration and accreditation of colleges and universities are no longer
tenable. Realistically, they are an impediment to the change needed.

Finally, we must address one of the most serious challenges facing

online education cheating, simply put, cheating is rampant and we are turning
a blind eye to the problem. Cheating threatens the integrity of the educational
process and the value added of the degree. Solutions must be found and
implemented or all changes will be for naught.
242. Which of the following is most nearly the same in meaning as

the word given in boldas used in the passage?
Entail
a) Limit b) Occasion c) Involve
d) Subject
243. Which of the following can be the most suitable title for the
passage?
a) Educating through technology what the future can be
b) Teachers An obsolete future
c) The hype around technology aided education
d) Limitations of technology
244. Which of the following is most OPPOSITE in meaning to the

word given in bold as used in the passage?
Mitigating
a) Aggravating b) Irritating c) Annoying
d) Frustrating
245. Which of the following is most nearly the same is meaning in

the word given is bold as used in the passage?
Personalise
a) Customise b) Cause c) Sensible
d) Own
246. Which of the following is most OPPOSITE is meaning word

given in bold as used in the passage?
Impediment
a) Freedom b) Advantage c) Extravagancy
d) Luxury
247. What does the author mean when he uses the words will be for
naught?
a) will be in trouble
b) will face complications
c) will not be allowed
d) will come together

248. According to the author, which of the following is not true

about cheating?
a) It is one of the gravest problems faced in education
b) It undermines the value of the credential obtained through education
c) Not much is being done to curtail it at present
d) It is quite prevalent at present
the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases in the passage are
printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the
questions.
Indra foresaw that a supreme contest was inevitable between his son
Arjuna and Karna; and he put on the garb of a Brahmana and came to Karna,
who was reputed for his charity, and begged of him his earrings and armour.
The Sun god had already warned Karna in a dream that Indra would try to
deceive him in this manner. Still, Karna could not bring himself to refuse any
gift that was asked of him. Hence he cut off the earrings and armour with which
he was born and gave them to the Brahmana.
Indra, the king of gods, was filled with surprise and joy. After accepting
the gift, he praised Karna as having done what no one else would do, and
shamed into generosity, bade Karna ask for any boon he wanted.
Karna replied: I desire to get your weapon, the Sakti which has the
power to kill enemies. Indra granted the boon, but with a fateful proviso. He
said : You can use this weapon against but one enemy, and it will kill him
whosoever he may be. But this killing done, this weapon will no longer be
available to you but will return to me. With these words Indra disappeared.
Karna went to Parasurama and became his disciple by representing to
him that he was a Brahmana. He learnt of Parasurama the mantra for using the
master weapon known as Brahmastra. One day Parasurama was reclining with
the head on Karnas lap when a stinging worm burrowed into Karnas thigh.
Blood began to flow and the pain was terrible, but Karna bore it without tremor
lest he should disturb the masters sleep. Parasurama awoke and saw the blood
which had poured from the wound. He said: Dear pupil, you are not a
Brahmana. A Kshatriya alone can remain unmoved under all bodily torments.
Tell me the truth.
Karna confessed that he had told a lie in presenting himself as a
Brahmana and that he was in fact the son of a charioteer. Parasurama in his
anger pronounced this curse on him: Since you deceived your guru, the
Brahmastra you have learnt shall fail you at the fated moment. You will be
unable to recall the invocatory mantra when you hour comes.
It was because of this curse that at the crisis of his last fight with
Arjuna, Karna was not able to recall the Brahmastra spell, though he had
remembered it till then. Karna was the faithful friend of Duryodhana and

remained loyal with the Kauravas until the end. After the fall of Bhishma and
Drona, Karna became the leader of the Kaurava army and fought brilliantly for
two days. In the end, the wheel of his chariot stuck in the ground and he was not
able to lift it free and drive the chariot along. While he was in this predicament,
Arjuna killed him. Kunti was sunk in sorrow, all the more poignant because she
had, at that time, to conceal it.
249. How did Parasurama find that Karna was not a Brahmana?
a) Karna himself confessed his identity before Parasurama.
b) Karna bore the sting of a worm without any tremor
c) Parasurama had acquire3d the ability to know everything through his
third eye.
d) He asked Karnas father about his identity.
250. Why did Karna decide toi become Parasuramas disciple on the
pretext that he was a Brahmana?
a) Because Parsurama was a Brahmana.
b) Parasurama hated Kshatriyas and Sudras.
c) Parasurama was a man who believed in strict notions of castes.
d) Not given in the passage
251. Why could Karna not refuse the demands for his earrings and
armour made by Indra?
a) Because Karna was the son of Indra
b) Because Karna was known for his charity.
c) Karna, being the son of a charioteer, could not refuse Indra, the King
of Gods.
d) Karna was deceived by Indra in the guise of a Brahmana.
252. Why did Parasurama curse Karna?

a) Because Karna decided to use the Brahmastra on Parasurama.
b) Because Karna failed to learn the techniques of a Kshatriya.
c) Because Karna concealed his identity and betrayed his master.
d) Because Karna had vowed to destroy the hermitage of Parasurama.
253. What would be the effect of the curse?

a) That Karna would not be able to recall the Brahmastra spell when his
hour came.
b) That the invocatory mantra would cease to act on the person targeted.
c) That he would not be able to pass the spell to his friends.
d) That he would be killed by his own invocatory mantra of the
Brahmastra.

254. Choose the word/group of words which is MOST SIMILAR in

passage.
Tremor
a) Fear b) Trembling c) Offering
d) Sorrow

passage.
Poignant
a) Defile b) Straight c) Foul
d) Painful

passage.
Predicament
a) Difficulty b) Fancy c) Hurry
d) Emergency
257. Choose the word/group of words which is MOST OPPOSITE

in meaning of the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the
passage.
Reclining
a) Resting b) Standing c) Waiting
d) Thinking
258. Choose the word/group of words which is MOST OPPOSITE

in meaning of the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the
passage.
Torments
a) Suffering b) Pain c) Anxiety
d) Comfort
the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you to
locate them, while answering some of the questions.
The wakeup call that China represents to India is not limited to its
showpiece urban centres or that New Delhi hopes India will experience the
benefits that the Olympic Games have brought to Beijing. More pertinent is the
comparison of the agricultural sectors of the two countries. Why and how has
China managed to outstrip India in agriculture when 25 years ago the two

countries were on par on most parameters? Both have traditionally been

agrarian economies and over half their populations continue to depend on the
land for their livelihood. With large populations and histories of famine, India
and China share concern on issues such as food security, however, while
Indias agricultural sector is projected to grow by about 2.5% this year a slide
from the previous years growth. Chinas has been steadily growing at between
4% and 5% over the last fifteen years. The widest divergence between India and
China is in the profitable horticultural sector with the production of fruits and
vegetables in China leaping from 60 million tonnes in 1980 compared to Indias
55 million tonnes at the same time, to 450 million tonnes in 2003 ahead of
Indias corresponding 135 million tonnes. Chinas added advantage lies in the
more diversified composition of its agricultural sector with animal husbandry
and fisheries which account for close to 45% of growth compared to 30% for
India.
According to the latest report by Economic Advisory Council the
traditional excuses for Indias substandard is placed favorably when compared
to China in terms of quantity of arable land, average farm size, farm
mechanization etc. The reasons for China having outperformed India are
threefold : technological improvements accruing from research and
development (China has over 1000 R and D centres devoted to agriculture),
Investment in rural infrastructure and an increasingly liberalized agricultural
policy moving away from self-sufficiency to leveraging the competitive
advantage with a focus on efficiency as much as equity. Investment in rural
infrastructure, roads, storage facilities, marketing facilities are also crucial but
government support in India has been mainly been through subsidies, not
investment. There has been much debate about subsidies and their utility, the
opposing view being that subsidies are against the market reforms and distort
the market as well as reduce resource efficiency. In contrast to the 2046
applications for the registration of new plant varieties in China over the past few
years data reveals that despite India having the largest number of agricultural
scientists in the World Indias current research track record is abysmal,
equivalent to what China achieved in the 1908s. Far from developing new
strains, the number of field crop varieties fell by 50% between 1997 and 2001
despite the fact that there was sharp and sustained increase in funding. One
reason is that majority of the budget is eaten up by staff salaries with only 3%
being allotted for research. In contrast, most agricultural research centres in
China must use Central Government funding purely for research. Funds relating
to salaries and other administrative incidentals must be generated by the centres
themselves. The centres and scientists are thus, encouraged to engage in joint
ventures with private sector companies to form commercial signoffs from their
research. In fact research staff is now being hired on a contract basis with pay
based on performance and salaries raised proportionately for those who perform
well. India needs to learn from Chinas example and adopt a pragmatic
approach if it has to meet its targets of the Eleventh five year plan.

259. What has been the major area of difference in the development
of the agricultural sectors of India and China?
a) Quantity of arable land in China is far greater than in India
b) Food security is not a concern for China as the country is basically
self sufficient
c) China has experienced substantial growth in production in allied
agricultural activities like horticulture
d) Indias agricultural sector is too diversified so it is difficult to
channel funds for development
260. How is Chinese agricultural research facilities governed?

a) Salaries of staff are linked to performance which hampers productive
research
b) Their funding comes from the government alone to prevent private
companies from manipulating the direction of their research
c) A fixed proportion of government grants is allotted to be utilized for
administrative incidentals which cannot be exceeded
d) None of these
261. Which of the following is an advantage that India holds over

China with respect to the agricultural sector?
a) Lack of diversification of the agricultural sector
b) Superior technology and farming practices
c) Greater prevalence of farm mechanization
d) Provision of fertilizer and power subsidies
262. Why was there a drop in development of new crop varieties for
five years from 1997?
a) Government funding for research fell during that period
b) Funds were diverted during this period to agricultural mechanization
c) The private sector was not allowed to fund research
d) None of these
a) Agricultural status of China and India was equivalent a quarter of a
century ago
b) Indias current economic growth rate is half that of China
c) China is traditionally an agrarian economy
d) Agricultural research in India is inadequate

the questions given.
It is difficult to imagine the extraordinary number of controls on Indian

industry before 1991. Enterpreneurs needed permission to invest and could be
penalized for exceeding production capacity. Even with the given investment
capacity they had, entering certain areas was prohibited as these were reserved
for the public sector. If they had to import anything, they required licences. To
get these licences was tough, they had to persuade a bureaucrat that the item
was required but even so permission was unavailable if somebody was already
producing it in India.
The impact of the reforms was not instantaneously and permanently
wonderful. In Indias case it began to show after about a year and a half. After
1993 there came three years of rapid industrial growth of about 8% or so. But,
in the second half of the 90s, there had an impact on the Indian industry. But, in
the last few years there has been a tremendous upturn. With the rise of
investment industrial growth has reached double digits or close.
However, even during the period when industrial growth was not that
rapid, there is a lot of evidence that positive results of the reforms were seen.
There were companies that didnt look at all internally but instead performed
remarkably in the highly competitive global market. For instance, the software
sectors performance was outstanding in an almost totally global market.
Reliance built a world class refinery. Tatas developed an indigenously designed
car. The success of the software sector has created much higher expectations
from and much higher confidence in what Indian industry can do. On the
governments side its a vindication that liberalization of both domestic and
external policies, including the increased inflow of Foreign Direct Investment,
has created an environment in which industry can do well, has done well and is
preparing to do even better. What they need is not sops, but good quality
infrastructure. For the 11th plan an industrial growth rate of around 12% is
projected. It will have methods of developing infrastructure, which will close
the deficit. This can be done through increased investment in public sector for
those infrastructure areas, which cannot attract private investment, and through
efforts to improve private participation in different ways of public private
participation.
In the early stages of reforms, the liberalization of trade policies and a
shift to a market determined exchange rate had the effect of removing constrains
on agriculture in terms of depressed prices. The removal of protection on
industry helped to produce a more level playing field, because the earlier system
was extremely unfair to agriculture. The lesson to be learnt from the reforms
process is to persevere in reforming the strategic parts of the economy, which
will lead to even higher growth rate. India has to do better than its current
average growth rate of 8% and ensure that benefits from this higher growth go
beyond industry and urban areas and extend to agriculture.

264. Which of the following factors was responsible for the fall in
Indias growth rate in the late 1990s?
a) The implementation of economic reforms was too rapid
b) It was expected after achieving a high growth at 10%
c) There was a slowdown in the global economy
d) There were sanctions against East Asian countries by WTO
265. Which of the following can be said about the reforms of 1991?
a) They benefited Indian industry immediately
b) All Indian companies began to focus on indigenous development
instead of looking for opportunities abroad
c) They were targeted only at the software sector
d) They encouraged Foreign Direct Investment in India
266. What was the impact of the flourishing Indian software sector?
a) Other companies were unable to be competitive in the global market
b) It fulled expectations of a good performance from the Indian
economy
c) Growth rate rose to 12%
d) It created cut throat competition among software companies which
would hinder the sector in the long run
267. Why was investment by private business disallowed in certain

sectors?
a) To ensure proper development in these sectors
b) To prevent corruption in key sectors like infrastructure
c) To ensure steady not inconsistent growth in key sectors
d) To protect the interest of the public sector in these sectors
268. What is the authors opinion about the governments decision to

liberalize the economy in 1991?
a) It was beneficial because it created confidence in the Indian economy
b) The timing was wrong since the economy experienced a slowdown in
growth rate
c) It led to a focus on software and other sectors were neglected
d) Foreign companies took advantage of the new policies and exploited
certain sectors
269. How did software companies deal with slow industrial growth
in an open Indian economy?
a) They focused on strengthening their position in the domestic market
b) They campaigned for infrastructure development
c) They diversified into different sectors

d) They targeted global markets
270. What does the author recommend to ensure that the industrial
sector continues to perform better?
a) Subsidies should be provided in infrastructure development
b) Government should keep control of and monitor all infrastructure
projects
c) Wipe out any infrastructure deficit by transferring responsibility of
these projects to the private sector
d) Ensure a combination of public and private sector involvement in
developing infrastructure
271. How did the economic reforms affect the agriculture sector?
a) A system of market determined exchange rate was introduced
b) Constraints in agriculture increase
c) Prices were depressed because there was a removal of protection on
the sector
d) Agriculture growth rate doubled
the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you
Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz, described globalization as a

double edged sword. For those willing to seize the opportunities and manage
globalization on their own terms, it has provided the basis of unprecedented
growth. Taking full advantage of globalization India has managed a
historically unprecedented growth rate for more than a decade and half.
Following the Washington consensus in the last quarter of 20th century,
international institutions including the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund mounted a sustained campaign to push liberalization of
national economies and privatization of their public sector. Empirical studies
have amply demonstrated that the benefits of the globalization have not been
shared by all the countries. Even in the same country, the benefits arising out of
globalization have not filtered to the various strate of the population and
disparities have widened. Thus, there are transparent inequalities amongst the
countries as also within the same country. India is no exception to the latter. In
most of the poorer countries in Africa growth rates have not registered any
improvements and the number of people below poverty line has in some cases
doubled. Moreover there is reluctance of developed countries in removing the
trade distorting subsidies in agriculture and giving duty-free market access to
the least developed countries with very limited exportable products.
The issue is how has India reaped benefits of globalization? To assume
that economic, fiscal, trade and allied policies initiated by the government

created an environment which facilitated economic advancement on these fronts

will amount to manipulation of ground realities. The foremost factor which
engineered the growth in India was emergence of a self-reliant middle class
equipped with strong knowledge base with technical qualifications. They
pursued innovative businesses requiring managerial and technical skills in the
upcoming sectors like information technology and other allied fields. Instead of
the traditional industry led growth path followed by the west and other
developing countries India opted for services-led growth which had visible,
tangible results. In the manufacturing sector, technological innovation, low-cost
production, ability to quickly adapt to changes, establishing word class R and D
facilities etc., greatly helped in successfully meeting global competition. The
automobile industry is a classic example, Strong presence of non-resident
Indians in the developed countries occupying senior management positions in
several multinational corporations built confidence in Indian managerial
competence and leadership. This promoted MNCs networking with India (as
also in China) with its expanding domestic market which in the present
circumstances remained the only viable option for their sustained growth in
future. The success stories of businesses controlled by NRIs in the western
markets established Indias reputation as dependable and disciplined
businessmen. Well established democratic political framework, large young
population ingrained with absorption capaicty of new technologies have all
created a responsive realization that India is marching ahead. The initiative
largely of its private sector in expanding connectivity by improved
telecommunications, low-cost air transportation and vast press, TV and other
media penetration ignited awareness amongst all sections of its people of a
bright future and thus radically changed their perception, thinking and actions.
Furthermore the entire world took note of unexploited potentials of India in
becoming a competitive centre of excellence and cost efficiency.
272. According to the author, which of the following was primarily

responsible for Indias growth?
a) Well developed and implemented economic, fiscal and trade policies
b) Detailed microlevel analysis of the economy
c) A workforce with managerial rather than technical qualification
d) None of these
273. What was the fallout of improvement in connectivity?

a) Decline in travel by traditional modes like road and rail
b) Optimism was created among the Indian public about the future of
the Indian economy
c) Youth in urban areas mainly benefited from the exposure to western
styles of management and business.
d) It made Indian entrepreneurs realize that they should concentrate on
domestic not global markets.

274. What does the example of the auto industry indicate?

a) Indian cars were too expensive for the Indian market but were
competitively priced for global markets.
b) Investment by multinationals in Indian firms boosted the Indian auto
industry.
c) Collaboration with foreign scientists reduced time needed for
research and development
d) NRIs were responsible for the success of the automobile industry
Mounted
a) Increased b) Grew c) Organized
d) Climbed
Tangible
a) Valuable b) Complex c) Touch
d) Concrete
Manipulation
a) Distortion b) Calculation c) Utilization
d) Indication

Viable
a) Indirect b) Impractical c) Unsatisfied
d) Unpleasant

Amply
a) Slowly b) Intensively c) Least
d) Hardly
the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been printed in
bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.

Rural India faces serious shortages power, water, health facilities,

roads, etc. these are known and recognized. However, the role of technology in
solving these and other problems is barely acknowledged and the actual
availability of technology in rural areas is marginal. The backbone of the rural
economy is agriculture, which also provides sustenance to over half the
countrys population. The green revolution of the 1970s was, in fact, powered
by the scientific work in various agricultural research institutions. While some
fault the green revolution for excessive exploitation of water and land resources
through overuse of fertilizers, it did bring about a wheat surplus and prosperity
in certain pockets of the country.
In rural India today, there is a dire inadequacy of both science (i.e.
knowledge) and technology (which derives from science and manifests itself in
physical form). The scope to apply technology to both farm and non-farm
activities in rural areas is huge, as are the potential benefits. In fact, crop yields
are far lower than what they are in demonstration farms, where science and
technology are more fully applied. Technologies that reduce power consumption
of pumps are vital, unfortunately, their use is minimal, since agricultural power
is free or largely subsidized. Similarly, there is little incentive to optimize
through technology or otherwise water use, especially in irrigated areas ( a third
of total arable land), given the water rates, post harvest technologies for
processing and adding value could greatly enhance rural employment and
incomes but at present deployment of technology is marginal. Cold storage and
cold chains for transportation to market is of great importance for many
agricultural products particularly, fruits and vegetables, but are non-existent.
These are clearly technologies with an immediate return on investment, and
benefits for all, the farmer, the end consumer, the technology provider.
However, regulatory and structural barriers are holding back
investments.
Power is a key requirement in rural areas, for agricultural as well as
domestic uses. Technology can provide reliable power at comparatively low
cost in a decentralized manner. However, this needs to be upgraded and scaled
in a big way, with emphasis on renewable and non-polluting technologies,
Reliable and low cost means of transporting goods and people is an essential
need for rural areas. The bullock-cart and the tractor-trailer are present vehicles
of choice. Surely, technology can provide a better, cheaper and more efficient
solution? Information related to commodity prices, agricultural practices,
weather etc. are crucial for the farmer. Technology can provide these through
mobile phones, which is a proven technology however the challenge to ensure
connectivity remains. Thus, there is a pressing need for technology as currently
economic growth though skewed and iniquitous has created an economically
attractive market in rural India.

280. Which of the following is not an impact of the green

revolution?
a) Over utilization of water resources
b) Application of scientific research only in demonstration farms
c) Wealth creation restricted to creation areas
d) Damage caused to land by inordinate use of fertilizers
281. Why is there no motivation to reduce power consumption?

a) Freely available sources of energy
b) Government will have to subsidize the cost of technology required to
reduce power consumption
c) Power distribution has been decentralized
d) None of these
282. What effect will the implementation of post harvest

technologies such as cold storages have?
a) Regulatory procedures will have to be more stringent.
b) Prices of commodities like fruits and vegetables will fall since there
is no wastage from spoilage
c) Incomes of rural population will fall
d) Pollution of the environment
283. The authors main objective in writing the passage is to

a) Censure scientists for not undertaking research
b) Criticize farmers for not utilizing experimental low cost post
harvesting technology
c) Exhort the government subsidize the cost of utilizing technology
d) Advocate broadening the scope of research and use of technology in
agriculture
Marginal
a) Austere b) Severe c) Detrimental
d) Insignificant
Fault
a) Defect b) Offend c) Imperfect
d) Blame

Dire
a) Pessimistic b) Alarming c) Futile
d) Frightened

Potential
a) Unlikely b) Incapable c) Unable
d) Ineffective

Iniquitous
a) Immoral b) Godly c) Victatious
d) Just
help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Giving loans to impoverished women to make ceramics or to farmers to

buy milk cows were not seen as great business. Microfinance was an industry
championed by antipoverty activists. Today it is on the verge of a revolution,
with billions of dollars from big banks, private equity shops and pension funds
pouring in, driving growth of 30% to 40% this year alone. In 1998, a nonprofit
microfinance organization in Peru, converted into a bank (called Mibanco). This
demonstrated that the poor are good risks who repay loans on time and getting
them together, not only chips away at poverty but also turns a profit. The
success of Mibanco has piqued the interest of commercial banks, which had
previously shunned the countrys poor. Now big banks are going after
Mibancos clients with low-rate loans and realising it takes special know how to
work with the unbanked are hiring away Mibancos staff.
But with the emergence of players who are only out for profit,
microfinance schemes could end up milking the poor. This could happen in
countries where lenders dont have to disclose interest rates. When a Mexican
microfinancier went public, revealing its loans had rates of about 86% annually,
the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor criticised it for putting shareholders
ahead of clients. The pressure to turn a profit also forces microfinanciers to
change their business models in ways that depart from the industrys core
mission, to help poor people lead better lives. Such shifts have caused the
average loan size to triple. Moreover smaller loans being costlier to service, a
lower percentage of loans go to women because they tend to take out smaller

sums, According to CGAP, with the flood of new large entities there is the risk
that a large percentage of cross border funds go to Latin America and Eastern
Europe, the Worlds most developed microfinance markets. The poorest of the
Worlds poor, who are predominantly in Asia and Africa get left out, says the
CEO of the nonprofit Grameen Foundation, which helps develop microfinance
institutions.
Segementing the industry, might be worthwhile if it allows more of the
poor to get access to credit. Multinational corporations could take the top
microfinance institutions to the next level, and the remainder could be the
responsibility of development groups and regional banks. Yet making loans to
poor people is hardly a poverty cure. Property rights and the rule of law matter
too. One cannot overidealize what microfinance alone can do. Most nonprofits
started with lending simply because local laws prohibited nonbanks from
offering deposit accounts. With an increase in competition and marketing
efforts, poverty alleviation experts are concerned that people will be talked into
loans they wouldnt otherwise want. For example, organisations like Mibanco
are providing consumer loans. There is nothing wrong with buying. TVs and
microwaves on credit, but certain markets, like Mexico, have been flooded with
loans that have nothing to do with providing capital to aspiring entrepreneurs
just increasing household debt.
289. Why did most microfinance institutions initially provide only

credit services?
a) They were unable to compete with the interest rates offered on
deposits by commercial banks
b) They have to operate purely on a nonprofit basis
c) Government restrictions prevented them from offering additional
services
d) To ensure the poor have access to modern necessities like
microwaves
290. What was the impact of the non-disclosure of their interest rates
by lending institutions?
a) The Government issued sanctions against such firms
b) Shareholders interests were not protected
c) More microfinance institutions were motivated to go public
d) The poor were exploited
291. What is CGAPs fear with respect to new entities providing

microfinance?
a) NGOs will be unable to survive in an environment of cut throat
competition
b) The poor will hesitate to take advantage of credit facilities because of
the formalities involved

c) The poor in the developed world will be overlooked

d) The interests of the most deserving among the poor will be neglected
292. What is the authors opinion about the competition for

customers among microfinanciers?
a) It benefits the poor by providing them with loans they would have
otherwise not had access to
b) It is futile since the poor have to pay high rates of interest on
property loans
c) It is not beneficial since firms waste their profits on marketing rather
than helping the poor
d) None of these
Depart
a) Absent b) Retirement c) Divide
d) Vary
Piqued
a) Provoked b) Irritated c) Disturb
d) Offended
Verge
a) Tend b) Crossroad c) Ascent
d) Slope

Aspiring
a) Uninterested b) Ungrateful c) Anxious
d) Miserable

Core
a) Clear b) Unnecessary c) Crust
d) Besides

Sixty years after independence, India remains one of the unhealthiest

places on earth. Millions of people still suffer from disease that no longer exist
almost anywhere else on the planet. What makes the picture even bleaker is the
fact that Indias economic boom has so far had, little impact on health standards.
Between 2001 and 2006 Indias economy grew almost 50%, the countrys
biggest expansion in decades. Meantime, its child malnutrition rate, dropped
just a single percentage point, to 46%. This is worse than in most African
countries. The incredible economic growth is having an impact in other ways by
driving up rates or rich world diseases such as obesity and encouraging high end
health services, some of which offer world class care but remain far beyond the
reach of the vast majority of Indians. The country brags about the skill of
Indias world class doctors when its marketers sell India as a medical tourism
destination and emerging health service giant. The truth behind the glossy
advertising that : India is the sick man of Asia, malnourished and, beset by
epidemics of AIDS and diabetes and with spending levels on public health that
even its Prime Minister has coinceded are seriously lagging behind other
developing countries in Asia.
Part of the reason for sorry state of Indias medical services is the
crumbling public health infrastructure not fancy hospitals or equipment but
basic services such as clean water, a functioning sewage system, power. The
World Health Organisation estimates that more than 900000 Indians die every
year from drinking bad water and breathing bad air. Public health experts
believe that Indias vast population adds to the burden, overloading systems
where they do exist and aiding the spread of disease in many places they dont.
Moreover, for the past decade or so, funding for preventive public health
initiatives such as immunization drives and programmes to control the spread of
communicable diseases has been cut. Experts also blame policies that
concentrate on the latest scientific techniques and not enough on basics for the
fact that millions of people in India are suffering and dying. Especially in rural
India, health services are poor to non-existent. Current staff often doesnt turn
up for work, clinics are badly maintained and people end up seeking help from
pharmacists who are not sufficiently trained. India need more than a million
more doctors and nurses. The government has also promised more money for
rural health through its ambitious National Rural Health Mission. It will
increase public health spending from the current 1% of Indias GDP to upto 3%
by 2010, but thats still just half the rate at which countries with comparable per
capita incomes such as Senegal and Mongolia fund their health sectors. If that is
to change, we must realise that the link between wealth and good health isnt
clear cut. Poor states that have made efforts in child immunization over the past

few years now have better coverage than rich states, where immunization has
actually slipped.
India needs to stop being complacent and prepare to spend on health
but whenever it is mentioned there is always this debate about cost. Why dont
we have the same debate when we spend tens of billions on new arms? Its hard
to be an economic superpower if youre too sick to work.
298. What can be inferred from the statistics given for 2001-2006?
a) India has made strides in reducing its malnutrition rate
b) During this period India managed to achieve a growth rate equivalent
to that of developed countries
c) India managed to achieve high standards both in economic growth
and in healthcare
d) Though India achieved a high economic growth rate this did not
positively impact the healthcare sector to a great extent
299. What is the authors main objective in writing the passage?

a) Comparing India and Africa in terms of economic growth
b) Cautioning India to improve its healthcare system
c) Exhorting India to have higher growth rate which will benefit the
healthcare sector
d) Criticising medical practitioners for their lack of concern for the
health of the weaker sections of society
300. Which of the following cannot be seen as a cause for the state
of Indias healthcare system?
a) Vast population
b) Lack of basic services like water, power etc.
c) Inadequate waste management facilities
d) Lack of funding from the World Health Organisation
301. Choose the word/phrase which is most nearly the same in

Sorry
a) Forgiveness b) Apology c) Repentant
d) Miserable
302. Choose the word /phrase which is most nearly the same in
Complacent
a) Pleasing b) Self-satisfied c) Conforming
d) Willing

303. Choose the word /phrase which is most nearly the same in
Reach
a) Extend b) Span c) Grasp
d) Distance

Bleaker
a) Hopeful b) Warm c) Cozy
d) Sheltered

Non-existent
a) Hypothetical b) Active c) Realistic
d) Available
the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold in the passage
to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.
It is difficult to compare countries because various factors such as size,

culture, history, geography, natural endowments, geopolitics and internal polity
comes into play. There are some goals which can be achieved by smaller
countries, but sometimes smaller countries find it difficult to mark upon certain
big technological plans even if they have the funds, because the size of the
domestic market is too small. If we consider the bigger countries, the closest
comparison to India is China, though there are many crucial differences.
The Chinese vision is to prepare the country for entry into the ranks of
mid level developed nations by the middle of the twenty first century.
Acceleration of the nations economic growth and social development by
relying on advances in science and technology is pivotal in this.
Documents describing the Chinese vision state that science and
technology constitute premier productive forces and represent a great
revolutionary power that can propel economic and social development. It is
interesting to note that the main lessons the Chinese have drawn from their past
performance is their failure to promote science and technology as strategic tools
for empowerment. They also point to the absence of mechanisms and
motivations in their economic activity to promote dependence on science and
technology. Similarly, they hold that their scientific and technological efforts
were not oriented towards economic growth. As a consequence they conclude,
a large number of scientific and technological achievements were not converted
into productive forces as they were too far removed from Chinas immediate

economic and social needs. The Chinese vision is therefore aimed at exploiting
state of art science and technology to enhance the nations overall power and
strength, to improve the peoples living standards, to focus on resolving
problems encountered in large scale industrial and agricultural production and
to effectively control and alleviate pressures brought on by population,
resources and the environment. By the year 2000, China had aimed at bringing
the main industrial sectors upto the technological levels achieved by the
developed countries in the 1970s or 80s, and by 2020 to the level they would
have attained by the early twenty first century. The aim is to bridge the overall
gap with the advanced World. There is a special emphasis on research and
development of high technologies that would find defence applications. Some of
these technologies are critical for improving the features of key conventional
weapons. Some technologies are meant for enhancing future military
capabilities. Other efforts are aimed at maintaining the momentum to develop
capabilities for cutting edge defence technologies. They call for unremitting
efforts in this regard with the aim of maintaining effective self defence and
nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable parity in defence, science and
technology with the advanced world.
306. Why cant smaller countries take up big technological

planning?
a) They have other goals to achieve
b) They have smaller domestic market size
c) Smaller countries lack technological know how
d) Bigger countries do not permit them to do so
307. What is the goal of China to be accomplished by the middle of

21st Century?
a) To become one of the most developed nations
b) To surpass the level of all middle level developed nations by a good
margin
c) To be the most influential super power
d) None of these
308. What according to the Chinese vision can boost socio-economic

development?
a) Science and technology
b) Minds united with revolutionary powers
c) Premier productive forces
d) A vision which propels development

Endowments
a) Powers b) Measures c) Habitats
d) Gifts
Oriented
a) Stated b) Tempting c) Deciding
d) Leaning
Conventional
a) Functional b) Activist c) Deliberate
d) Traditional
312. Choose the word which is opposite in meaning of the word

Crucial
a) Central b) Trivial c) Decisive
d) Fundamental
313. Choose the word which is opposite in meaning of the word

Parity
a) Impropriety b) Impartiality c) Inequality
d) Inauspicious
Directions (Q. 314-317) In the sentence below, a word is printed in bold.

Below the sentence, five words /group of words are suggested, one of which
can replace the bold word, without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Find out the appropriate word/group of words in each case.
314. If you familiarize yourself with the culture of that area, you
will be able to enjoy life there.
a) Submit b) Acquaint c) Associate
d) Look after
315. For such a gigantic task, there should be some special task
force.
a) Trivial b) Important c) Huge
d) Gallantry

316. If you are required to handle things under stress, mistakes are
inevitable.
a) Correctable b) Detectable c) Unpardonable
d) Unavoidable
317. People who trespass this gate will be fined.

a) Cross without permission
b) Climb up and cross over
c) Break unlawfully
d) Pass on
Directions (Q. 318-322) Below the four words are given. One of these four
words may be wrongly spelt. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt, if
there is any. The number of that word is your answer. If all the words are
correctly spelt mark All correct as the answer.
318. Below the four words are given. One of these four words may
be wrongly spelt. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt, if there is
any. The number of that word is your answer. If all the words are
a) Adventure b) Demonstration c) Environment
d) Innosent
a) Limitasion b) Dependable c) Miniature
d) Qualitative e) All correct
a) Lucrative b) Ancestral c) Performanse
d) Incidentally e) All correct
a) Futility b) Separasion c) Embarrassment
d) Positively e) All correct

a) Tournament b) Enhancement c) Amazingly
d) All are correct
Directions (Q. 323-326) In the following sentence, an idiomatic expression

or a proverb is highlighted. Select the alternative which best describes its
use in the sentence.
323. Mrs.Nayak opened the discussion on the alarming rate of

poverty in India.
a) Started the discussion
b) Gave her opinion in the discussion
c) Did not agree on the discussion
d) Welcomed the people to the discussion
324. The course of events made it necessary for Joseph to start

working.
a) Events that were planned
b) Long list of future events
c) A succession of unexpected events
d) Nature of events that followed after Joseph joined work
325. The new law on 'Right to Food Safety' will come into force
next month.
a) Be forced upon the people
b) Be associated from next month onwards
c) Be implemented next month
d) Be withdrawn next month
326. When the girl wanted to stay out past midnight, her father put
his foot down.
a) Gave in to her request
b) Walked away disapprovingly
c) Obstructed her from leaving the house
d) Requested her to be home on time
Directions (Q. 327-331) Which of the phrases given below should be

replaced the phrase given in bold in the sentence to make the sentence
grammatically meaningful and correct?

327. There are lot many opportunities for young IT graduates today.
a) Lot many of
b) Very many of
c) Lots of
d) No correct required
328. Along the course off his carrer, he has established a reputation
for efficiency.
a) In the course off
b) During the course of
c) While the course of
329. It is much likely his train has been delayed due to bad weather.
a) Quite likely that
b) Mostly like that
c) Much likely that
330. He answered every question put on him frankly.

a) Put for him
b) Put to him
c) Put by himself
d) Putting on him
331. The engineers have been working overtime, but have been not
able to locate the fault.
a) Have not been unable
b) Are not unable
c) Have been unable
Directions (Q. 332-335) Choose the word/group of words which is most

similar in meaning to the word /group of words printed in bold
332. Galloped
a) Hurtled b) Stumbled c) Slumbered
d) Jumped
333. Revered
a) Remembered b) Feared c) Talked
d) Respected

334. Reveal
a) Stop b) Conceal c) Present
d) Pending
335. Elated
a) Afraid b) Door c) Happy
d) Depressed
Answers:
1. Option D
2. Option D
3. Option C
4. Option E
5. Option C
6. Option B
7. Option A
8. Option A
9. Option E
10. Option E
11. Option C
12. Option B
13. Option B
14. Option A
15. Option B
16. Option A
17. Option B
18. Option A
19. Option E
20. Option C
21. Option C
22. Option D
23. Option C
24. Option B
25. Option A
26. Option D
27. Option A
28. Option B
29. Option E
30. Option B
31. Option A
32. Option D
33. Option C
34. Option D

35. Option A
36. Option E
37. Option B
38. Option B
39. Option A
40. Option D
41. Option D
42. Option B
43. Option E
44. Option B
45. Option E
46. Option D
47. Option E
48. Option B
49. Option C
50. Option A
51. Option B
52. Option E
53. Option C
54. Option D
55. Option B
56. Option A
57. Option E
58. Option E
59. Option C
60. Option B
61. Option B
62. Option C
63. Option E
64. Option D
65. Option B
66. Option D
67. Option A
68. Option B
69. Option A
70. Option D
71. Option D
72. Option C
73. Option C
74. Option B
75. Option D
76. Option C
77. Option B
78. Option D

79. Option D
80. Option C
81. Option D
82. Option A
83. Option B
84. Option D
85. Option D
86. Option D
87. Option D
88. Option B
89. Option D
90. Option D
91. Option C
92. Option A
93. Option A
94. Option B
95. Option B
96. Option A
97. Option A
98. Option C
99. Option D
100. Option C
101. Option D
102. Option D
103. Option A
104. Option D
105. Option B
106. Option C
107. Option A
108. Option C
109. Option D
110. Option B
111. Option D
112. Option D
113. Option D
114. Option B
115. Option C
116. Option B
117. Option D
118. Option A
119. Option C
120. Option D
121. Option C
122. Option D

123. Option B
124. Option B
125. Option C
126. Option A
127. Option C
128. Option D
129. Option D
130. Option A
131. Option C
132. Option D
133. Option C
134. Option B
135. Option C
136. Option B
137. Option C
138. Option D
139. Option B
140. Option D
141. Option D
142. Option C
143. Option D
144. Option D
145. Option C
146. Option A
147. Option B
148. Option D
149. Option D
150. Option D
151. Option D
152. Option D
153. Option D
154. Option B
155. Option B
156. Option D
157. Option D
158. Option D
159. Option C
160. Option D
161. Option A
162. Option B
163. Option A
164. Option B
165. Option B
166. Option B

167. Option D
168. Option D
169. Option D
170. Option A
171. Option C
172. Option D
173. Option D
174. Option D
175. Option D
176. Option B
177. Option C
178. Option D
179. Option A
180. Option A
181. Option D
182. Option C
183. Option D
184. Option D
185. Option D
186. Option B
187. Option D
188. Option A
189. Option A
190. Option D
191. Option B
192. Option C
193. Option A
194. Option D
195. Option B
196. Option D
197. Option B
198. Option C
199. Option A
200. Option C
201. Option D
202. Option D
203. Option D
204. Option D
205. Option D
206. Option B
207. Option A
208. Option D
209. Option B
210. Option A

211. Option A
212. Option C
213. Option A
214. Option C
215. Option D
216. Option C
217. Option D
218. Option B
219. Option D
220. Option D
221. Option D
222. Option C
223. Option C
224. Option D
225. Option D
226. Option B
227. Option C
228. Option C
229. Option A
230. Option C
231. Option B
232. Option C
233. Option D
234. Option A
235. Option B
236. Option D
237. Option C
238. Option A
239. Option D
240. Option D
241. Option D
242. Option C
243. Option C
244. Option C
245. Option A
246. Option B
247. Option B
248. Option B
249. Option B
250. Option D
251. Option B
252. Option C
253. Option A
254. Option B

255. Option D
256. Option A
257. Option B
258. Option D
259. Option C
260. Option D
261. Option C
262. Option D
263. Option C
264. Option C
265. Option D
266. Option B
267. Option D
268. Option A
269. Option D
270. Option D
271. Option A
272. Option D
273. Option B
274. Option D
275. Option C
276. Option D
277. Option A
278. Option B
279. Option C
280. Option B
281. Option D
282. Option B
283. Option D
284. Option D
285. Option D
286. Option B
287. Option A
288. Option D
289. Option C
290. Option D
291. Option D
292. Option D
293. Option D
294. Option C
295. Option D
296. Option C
297. Option C
298. Option D

299. Option B
300. Option D
301. Option D
302. Option B
303. Option C
304. Option A
305. Option C
306. Option B
307. Option D
308. Option A
309. Option D
310. Option D
311. Option D
312. Option B
313. Option A
314. Option B
315. Option C
316. Option D
317. Option A
318. Option D
319. Option A
320. Option C
321. Option B
322. Option D
323. Option A
324. Option C
325. Option C
326. Option C
327. Option C
328. Option B
329. Option A
330. Option B
331. Option C
332. Option A
333. Option D
334. Option B
335. Option D

Chapter 3
Antonyms
Absence Presence
Abundant Scarce
Accept Refuse
Accurate Inaccurate
Admit Deny
Advance Retreat, Retire
Advantage Disadvantage
Agree Disagree
Alive Dead
Ally Enemy
Always Never
Ancient Modern
Answer Question, Query
Approached Receded, Departed
Approval Disapproval
Arrival Departure
Artificial Natural
Ascend Descend
Asleep Awake
Attack Defence
Attention Inattention
Attractive Repulsive
Backward Forward, Onward
Bad Good
Beautiful Ugly
Beginning Ending
Below Above
Bend Straighten
Best Worst
Better Worse
Big Small, Little
Bitter Sweet
Blame Praise
Bless Curse
Blunt Sharp
Bold Timid, Meek
Borrow Lend
Bravery Cowardice

Bright Dull
Broad Narrow
Build Destroy, Demolish
Calm Troubled
Capable Incapable
Captivity Freedom, Liberty
Careful Rush, Careless
Cellar Attic
Cheap Dear, Expensive
Clear Vague, Cloudy
Clever Stupid
Clockwise Anti-clockwise
Close Distant
Cold Hot
Combine Separate
Come Go
Comfort Discomfort
Common Rare
Conceal Reveal
Correct Incorrect
Courage Cowardice
Courteous Discourteous, Rude
Cruel Kind
Cunning Simple
Dainty Clumsy
Danger Safety
Dark Light
Decrease Increase
Deep Shallow
Definite Indefinite
Demand Supply
Despair Hope
Disappear Appear
Discourage Encourage
Disease Health
Dismal Cheerful
Doctor Patient
Dry Wet
Dull Clear, Bright
Dusk Dawn
Early Late
East West
Easy Difficult
Ebb Flow

Economise Waste
Employer Employee
Empty Full
Encourage Discourage
Entrance Exit
Excited Calm
Expensive Inexpensive, Cheap
Export Import
Exterior Interior
External Internal
Fail Succeed
False True
Famous Unknown
Fast Slow
Fat Thin
Feeble Sturdy, Strong, Powerful
Few Many
Find Lose
First Last
Fold Unfold
Foolish Wise
Forelegs Hindlegs
Forget Remember
Fortunate Unfortunate
Found Lost
Frank Secretive
Freedom Captivity
Frequent Seldom
Fresh Stale
Full Empty
Gather Distribute
Generous Mean
Gentle Rough
Giant Dwarf, Pygmy
Glad Sorry
Gloomy Cheerful
Granted Refused
Great Minute, Small, Little
Guardian Ward
Guest Host
Guilty Innocent
Harmful Harmless
Hasten Dawdle
Hate Love

Healthy Unhealthy
Heavy Light
Here There
Hero Coward
Hill Valley
Hinder Aid, Help
Honest Dishonest
Horizontal Vertical
Humble Proud
Hunger Thirst
Imitation Genuine
Immense Tiny, Minute
Imprison Free
Include Exclude
Inferior Superior
Inhabited Uninhabited
Inhale Exhale
Inside Outside
Intelligent Unintelligent, Stupid
Intentional Accidental
Interesting Uninteresting, Dull
Interior Exterior, Outside
Internal External
Join Separate
Junior Senior
Junstice Injustice
Knowledge Ignorance
Land Sea
Landlord Tenant
Large Little, Small
Last First
Laugh Cry
Lawful Unlawful
Lazy Energetic
Leader Follower
Lecturer Student
Left Right
Lender Borrower
Lengthen Shorten
Less More
Light Dark, Heavy
Like Dislike, Unlike
Likely Unlikely
Loyal Disloyal

Mad Sane
Magnetize Demegnetize
Master Servant
Mature Immature
Maximum Minimum
Minority Majority
Miser Spendthrift
Misunderstand Understand
Noisy Quiet
Odd Even
Offer Refuse
Open Shut
Optimist Pessimist
Parent Child
Past Present
Patient Impatient
Peace War
Permanent Temporary
Please Displease
Plentiful Scarce
Poetry Prose
Possible Impossible
Poverty Wealth
Powerful Feeble, Weak
Private Public
Prudent Imprudent
Rapid Slow
Regularly Irregularly
Rich Poor
Rigid Pliable, Soft
Rough Smooth
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Scatter Collect
Second-hand New
Security Insecurity
Sense Non-sense
Serious Trivial
Shopkeeper Customer
Simple Complicated
Singular Plural
Slim Thick, Stout
Sober Drunk
Solid Liquid
Sour Sweet

Speaker Listener
Straight Crooked
Sunny Cloudy
Vacant Occupied
Valuable Valueless
Victory Defeat
Virtue Vice
Visible Invisible
Voluntary Compulsory
Vowel Consonant
Wax Wane
Wisdom Folly
Within Without

Chapter 4
Synonms
About Approximately
Abstract Summary
To accomplish To achieve
To accumulate To build up
To administer To manage
Almost Nearly
Animated Lively
To annoy To irritate, to bother
To answer To reply
Anyway Besides
Apparent Obvious
To appear To seem
Applicable Relevant
Appreciable Considerable
Ardour Passion
Arise Occur
Aromatic Fragrant
To arrive To reach
Artful Crafty
Association Organization
To assure To guarantee
Attractive Appealing
Backbone Spine
Backside Behind, Bottom
Bad Poor, Naughty
Ballot Poll
To beat To defeat
To behave To act
Believable Plausible
Bendy Flexible
Beneficiant Generous
Beneficial Favourable
Bid Tender
Blameless Innocent
Bloodbath Massacre
Bloodless Cold
Branch Department
Brave Courageous

Brow Forehead
Bum Backside, Behind, Bottom
Business Commerce, Trade
To categorize To classify
Charter Constitution
Cheesy Corny, Tacky
To chop To cut
Chorus Refrain
Citation Quotation
To cite To quote
Class Lesson, Course
Clerk Receptionist
Clever Intelligent
To close To shut
Coiffure Hairstyle
To collapse To break down
To collect To gather
Comfort Consolation
Comic Comedian
Commencement Graduation
Complete Total
Concord Harmony
To condemn To sentence
Confederate Accomplice
To confine To restrict
Conflict Clash
To conform To comply
To confuse To mix up
To connect To associate
Considerate Thoughtful
Constancy Fidelity
Constant Fixed
Constitution Structure
Construction Interpretation
To consult To refer to
Contemporary Modern
Continuous Continual
Contrary Opposite
Convention Conference
To convey To communicate
To cope To manage
Correct Right
Couch Sofa
Crook Criminal

Crusade Campaign
Cube Dice
Curative Healing
Curler Roller
Cussed Stubborn
Dash Sprint
Daybreak Dawn
Deceptive Misleading
Decontrol Deregulate
Dedicated Committed
To deduce To infer
Defective Faulty
Deliberate Planned
Deliberately Intentionally
Delicate Fragile
To demostrate To protest
Denims Jeans
To denote To indicate
To deprave To corrupt
Depraved Wicked
To desert To abandon
Deserted Abandoned
Destiny Fate
Detached Indifferent
Devil Satan
Dicy Risky
To differentiate To distinguish
To diminish To decrease
Disadvantaged Deprived
Disagreeable Unpleasant
To disappear To vanish
Disaster Catastrophe
To disclaim To deny
To disclose To reveal
Discount Reduction
Disgrace Shame
Domesticate Cultivate
Dossier File
Dubious Doubtful
Dull Stupid
Eager Keen
Earth Soil
Economic Profitable
Egocentric Selfish

To elevate To raise
To encounter To come across
To enquire To investigate
Equity Fairness
Especially Particularly
Essential Fundamental
To establish To set up
To evaluate To assess
Everlasting Eternal
Exactly Precisely
Except Apart from
To expire To run out
To explode To blow up
Extra Additional
To Fabricate To manufacture
Famous Renowned
Fanatic Enthusiast
Fantastic Great, Brilliant
To float To drift
Fool Idiot
Foolish Silly
To foretell To predict
Formerly Previously
Fortunate Lucky
Foxy Cunning
Foyer Lobby
Fragrance Perfume
French dressing vinaigrette
To function To operate
Garbage Rubbish
Gay Homosexual
To glitter To sparkle
To grab To seize
Grasping Greedy
Gratis Free of charge
Gratuity Tip
Gravestone Headstone
To grouse to grumble
Gut Intestine
Hall Corridor
Hang-out Haunt
Happily Fortunately
Hard Tough
Hashish Cannabis

To hawk To peddle
To hazard To endanger
Hearsay Rumour
Hermetic Airtight
Highbrow Intellectual
Hint Trace
Hole Gap
Home Domestic
Homicide Murder
Hunger Starvation
To hurry To rush
Hypothesis Speculation
If Whether
To ignore To disregard
Illiberal Intolerant
To illuminate To clarify
To illustrate To demonstrate
To imagine To suppose
To imitate To mimic
Immediate Instant
Immobile Motionless
Immoderate Excessive
Immodest Conceited
To impact To affect
Impartial Neutral
Impasse Deadlock
Impassive Emotionless
To impeach To question
Impediment Obstacle
Imperative Vital
Impolite Rude
Incidentally By the way
Inconsiderate Thoughtless
Indisputable Indeniable
Infamous Notorious
Infantile Childish
To infect To contaminate
Inflexible Rigid
Inflow Influx
Informal Casual
Infrequent Rare
Inheritor Heir
Innocent Harmless
Insolvent Bancrupt

To inspect To examine
Instruction Direction
Insufferable Unbearable
Insufficient Inadequate
Insupportable Intolerable
Insurgent Rebel
Intellectual Mental
To intend To mean
To intensify To heighten
Interplay Interaction
Inventory Stock
Invoice Bill
Jealous Envious
Joy Delight
Knowingly Deliberately
Lacking Missing
Last Final
Leading Main
To learn To memorize
Legitimate Valid
Lethal Deadly
Liveable Habitable
Loopy Crazy
Lucid Clear
Madness Insanity
Magican Conjuror
Magistrate Justice of the Peace
To magnify To exaggerate
To maintain To preserve
Mannequin Model
Material Fabric
Matters Things
May be Perhaps
In the meantime Meanwhile
Measure Degree
Meeting Assembly
Mendacity Lying
Merciless Cruel
Middleman Intermediary
Midway Halfway
To migrate Emigrate
Mild Gentle
To mimic To imitate
Mind Intellect

Mindless Senseless
To minimize To play down
To mirror To reflect
To misconceive To misunderstand
Miserable Depressing
Misery Distress
Misread Misinterpret
Missing Lost
Mistrust Distrust
Moderately Reasonably
Modern Contemporary
More and More Increasingly
Moreover In addition
Movie Film
Murderer Assassin
Naked Bare
Nameless Anonymous
Napkin Servoette
To narrate To relate
A narrative A story
A native A local
To near To approach
Necessary Essential
Nightfall Dusk
Nobility Aristocracy
To nominate To appoint
Non-stop Continuous
Noon Midday
Noted Famous
To notify To inform
Notwithstanding however
Nugatory Worthless
Numerous Many
Obdurate Stubborn
Object Thing
Obligatory Compulsory
Oblique Indirect
Obsolete Out of date
To operate To function
Organic Biological
Ornament Decoration
Outside External
To overhaul To overtake
To overlook To miss

Overseas Abroad
To oversee To supervise
Painting Portray
Paper money Notes
Particular Specific
Passable Satisfactory
Pattern Sample
Peaceable Peaceful
Perception Insight
Phantasm Illusion
Poisonous Toxic
Possibility Opportunity
Post-mortem Autopsy
Practically Virtually
Praise Compliment
Precedence Priority
Precept Principle
Precis Summary
Pressing Urgent
Previous Preceding
Prompt Immediate
Prosperous Affluent
To provide To supply
To quake To tremble
Quite Fairly
Reasonable Fair
To receive To get
Refrain Chorus
Reliable Dependable
Religious Devout
Remainder Rest
Remark Comment
Reminiscence Memory
Remorse Regret
Remoted Isolated
Removable Detachable
To renew To resume
To renounce To give up
Repute Reputation
To respond To reply
Revolting Disgusting
Rubbish Nonsense
Rude Impolite
Sacristy Vestry

Satisfied Convinced
Scarcity Shortage
Scrumptious Delicious
Second Moment
To select To choose
Selection Choice
Self-assured Confident
Signal Sign
Significant Meaningful
Silly Foolish
Sincere Honest
Skull Cranium
Soiled Dirty
Spotlight Highlight
Substantially Considerably
Suggest Propose
Sure Certain
Surroundings Environment
To survive To outlive
To symbolize To represent
Temper Mood
Terror Terrorism
Testament Testamony
Today Nowadays
Torpid Lethargic
Touchy Sensitive
To transform To convert
Transitority Temporary
Transparent Obvious
Trustworthy Reliable
Twister Tornado
Twosome Pair
Ultimate Final
Uncommon Unusual
Uncooked Raw
Undeniable Indisputable
Unforeseen Unexpected
Unfortunate Unlucky
Unhurt Unharmed
Uninjured Unhurt
Unlawful Illegal
Unmarried Single
Unstated Unspoken
Untimely Premature

Untrue Unfaithful
Unvoiced Voiceless
Uprising Rebellion
Usually Generally
Vacancy Emptiness
To vacuum To hoover
Vague Indistinct
Vain Useless
Valueless Worthless
To vanquish To conquer
To vary To differ
Vast Huge
Virtue Advantage
To visualize To imagine
Warrantly Guarantee
Well mannered Polite
Well timed Timely
Winery Vineyeard
To withstand To resist
Zenith Peak

Chapter 5
Sentence Arrangements
Directions (Q. 1-5): Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D),
(E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and
then answer the questions given below.
A. The researchers in these companies claim that they could do better by

allowing their employees to doze off at work place.
B. The dreams, while at work, are thus helpful to solve crucial problems.
C. Would you believe that some UK based companies are arranging for
bed at the work place?
D. The reason, they claim, could be that dreams produce creative solutions.
E. We only hope that these crucial problems in UK are different from
those of ours.
F. But it is true and is considered as a step to improve quality of their
products.
1. Which of the following should be the First sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
2. Which of the following should be the Third sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
3. Which of the following should be the Fourth sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
4. Which of the following should be the Fifth sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
5. Which of the following should be the Sixth sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E

Directions (Q. 6-10): Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C),
(D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph
and then answer the questions given below.
A. The reasons for their happiness was that they had come to the Vithal
temple of Pandharpur to see their beloved Lord.
B. There were rich, poor men, women, children, blind, handicapped among
them.
C. They were all in a very happy state of mind, as was apparent from their
glowing faces.
D. They would worship and seek the Divine blessings while in Pandharpur.
E. It was an auspicious day and many people had assembled in the temple.
F. Though different there was one commonality among.
6. Which of the following should be the Fourth statement after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
7. Which of the following should be the Fifth statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
8. Which of the following should be the Sixth statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
9. Which of the following should be the First statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E
10. Which of the following should be the Second statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
A. Besides, they get a lot of exposure to novel things through media.

B. Therefore, their mental development did not show any extraordinary

signs.
C. Children of the present generation appear to be smarter than their earlier
counterparts.
D. Thus, the environment of present days has brought out these changes.
E. This is probably because there are lots of opportunities for their indirect
learning.
F. Children of yester years did not have these facilities.
11. Which of the following will be the Third sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
12. Which of the following will be the First sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
13. Which of the following will be the Sixth sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
14. Which of the following will be the Second sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E
15. Which of the following will be the Fifth sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D
(A) Special care needs to be taken to reform the other State taxes, viz state
excise, motor vehicles tax, passengers and goods tax, and stamp duty
and registration fee.
(B) The introduction of GST in the indirect tax system of the Union and the
State Governments and the DTC in the direct taxes of the Union
Government will help establish an economically efficient, cost-effective
and transparent tax system.
(C) That would make the Indian tax system suitable for taking the country
towards a new horizon of future growth and prosperity.

(D) It would make the Indian tax payer competitive at home as well as in
the international market.
(E) Also, the other taxes at the state level need to be further reformed.
(F) It is, however, important to remove the bumps and road blocks in its
introduction.
16. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after

rearrangement?
a) F b) E c) B
d) A e) C
17. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) D
18. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after

rearrangement?
a) E b) F c) D
d) C e) B
19. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after

rearrangement?
a) B b) D c) F
d) E e) C
20. Which of the following should be the LAST (SIXTH) sentence after
rearrangement?
a) C b) A c) B
d) D e) F
A. With all the bid information being available and tracked online,
corruption has Considerably reduced.
B. Today, most i.e., over 95% household, in the city enjoy broad band
connection.
C. All city contracts are now bid for online.
D. Over 20 years ago the City Government, Central Government and the
Private Sector made a concerned effort to shift the economy to include
IT.

E. As our cities to expand and become more complex, such a system will
make Governance more manageable.
F. This level of connectedness has changed not only the citys economy,
but also how it is governed and how business is conducted.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
22. Which of the following should be the Second sentence after

rearrangment?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
25. Which of the following should be the Last (Sixth) sentence after
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. While these disadvantages of biofuels are serious, they are the only
alternate energy source of the future and the sooner we find solutions to
these problems the faster we will be able to solve the problems we are
now facing with gasoline.
B. This fuel can also help to stimulate jobs locally since they are also much
safer to handle than gasoline and can thus have the potential to
turnaround a global economy.
C. These include dependence on fossil fuels for the machinery required to
produce biofuel which ends up polluting as much as the burning of

fossil fuels on roads and exorbitant cost of biofuels which makes it very
difficult for the common man to switch to this option.
D. This turnaround can potentially help to bring World peace and end the
need to depend on foreign countries for energy requirements.
E. Biofuels are made from pnlant sources and since these sources are
available in abundance and can be reproduced on a massive scale they
form an energy source that is potentially unlimited.
F. However, everything is not as green with the biofuels as it seems as
there are numerous disadvantages involved which at times overshadow
their positive impact.
26. Which of the following sentence should be the Third sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
27. Which of the following sentence shouldbe the Fifth sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
28. Which of the following sentence should be the Sixth (Last) sentence
after rearrangement?
a) A b) C c) D
d) E e) F
29. Which of the following sentence should be the Second after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F
30. Which of the following sentence should be the First sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. According to it, organized retail stores are not wolves at the doors of
friendly neighborhood grocery stores as there is room for expansion of
both.

B. Many have been crying foul over the entry of organized retail stores
expressing concern over their impact on small store owners.
C. The final winner in the competition, however, is the common man who
gets to choose between the most suitable options and in turn fights with
the runaway inflation in prices of essential commodities.
D. In spite of this potential for expansion, it is doubtless that the small
store owns face a decline in profit in initial years if organized retailers
set up stores in the vicinity.
E. But a study conducted over a period of two years goes a long way
towards allying these fears.
F. This impact, however, wears off once they learn to take on the
competition which in turn enhances efficiency all around.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
33. Which of the following should be Third sentence after rearrangement?

a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C
34. Which of the following sentence should be the Fifth after

rearrangement?
a) D b) B c) C
d) E e) F
35. Which of the following should be the Sixth (Last) sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
A. However if this happens it will cause problems for the elderly who
mainly use cheques.
B. The use of cheques has fallen dramatically in the past few years.

C. Thus cheques may be phased out gradually making sure that the needs
of all consumers including the elderly are met.
D. This is because more and more consumer are transferring money
electronically by direct debit or credit cards.
E. Without cheques they are likely to keep large amounts of cash in their
homes making them vulnerable to theft.
F. British banks have thus voted to phase cheques out in favor of these
more modern payment methods.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C d) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. However, many people may not be aware of the numerous other areas
where it has been applied.
B. Today, even, those who have little knowledge about the production of
virtual reality are now most likely aware of its use in video games.
C. Similarly, medical students have substituted a cadaver for a fibeglass
mould of a body and a headset when training to perform surgery.

D. Virtual reality was an unfamiliar concept to many people till the early
90s.
E. Introducing virtual reality to the real World, thus, has already proven to
be beneficial for every industry it encounters.
F. For example, astronaut trainees have recently used virtual reality to
simulate to trip to space.

rearrangement?
a) E b) F c) A
d) D e) B

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. If tomorrows children meet these two crucial criteria they are likely to
have the opportunity both to pursue work to fulfill their dreams and
make an impact on the World around.
B. In the 21st Century however this no longer holds true as the expectations
of organizations have changed.
C. The concept of the job in the 20th Century was often equated with toil.
D. In order to meet these changed expectations employees need
commitment and access to continuous learning.

E. Jobs were acquired, learned and performed until retirement and did not
have to be rewarding.
F. They demand more creativity and expertise and want employees to be
responsible for both outputs and outcomes.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
A. This decision on which force is to be maximised lies with every

individual.
B. This belief comes from the fact that science reflects the social forces
prevailing at a particular time.
C. We must maximise the constructive forces of science and the
destructive ones should be minimised.
D. Contrary to popular belief, the greatest enemy of mankind is not science
but war.

E. She/he must understand that science can only help us in providing ways
to reach at either war or peace and is actually not responsible for
causing these.
F. During peaceful times science is constructive and during war, science is
perverted to destructive ends.
51. Which of the following sentence should be the Sixth (Last) after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
52. Which of the following sentence should be the Third after

rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) F
d) D e) C
53. Which of the following sentence should be the Fifth after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
54. Which of the following sentence should be the First after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F
A. Voluntary measures such as codes of conduct have failed to address

these issues and deliver change.
B. However they can also cause serious problems with their irresponsible
behavior.
C. Companies are a powerful force for good.
D. There are several instances of companies undermining workers rights
and damaging the environment.

E. The Companies Bill 2009 is thus a means to address issues of corporate

governance and ensure companies are accountable for their financial
performance and social impact.
F. They provide jobs, boost economies and aid social and environmental
development.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) B b) C d) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. The blame for lacking creativity is, however, put on the present
generation by the modern educationists.
B. The concept of home work began so that the pupils could revise that
was being taught in the class.
C. By doing so, most of the schools took away the leisure time of the
children.
D. Instead, these educationists should suggest lowering of burden of
homework to the commission for educational reforms.

E. The purpose of this concept was, however, defeated when the schools
started overburdening students with so called homework.
F. Lack of such leisure time does not allow the children to develop
creative pursuits.

rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
A. A group of media persons have now taken the responsibility of

educating people regarding the reality shows.
B. This is because these shows are said to be staged, fabricated and
directed to improve TRPs.
C. The reality shows on TV have been attracting a huge viewership
recently.
D. Owing to their efforts, the public has now realized the truth behind
reality shows and such shows are fast losing their hold.
E. Though the name infers real viewers are being exposed to a lot of
unreal content.

F. The public however is drawn to such contents of the reality shows

unaware of this fabrication.

rearrangement?
a) C b) B c) E
d) F e) D
rearrangement?
a) B b) D c) C
d) E e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) C c) D
d) E e) F
69. Which of the following should be the sentence after rearrangement?

a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) F
d) D e) A
Directions (Q. 71-75) In each of the following questions, rearrange the

given sentences A, B, C and D and indicate the correct sequence in which
these sentences must appear so as to make a meaningful paragraph.
71. A. By increasing these connections the intelligence is also increased.

B. Classical music has been proved to be very helpful in child
development.
C. Many doctors now-a-days use it for therapeutic purposes which are
based upon the findings of this research.
D. The research has demonstrated that listening to classical music
increases the rate of nervous connections in brain.
a) BDCA b) DBAC c) ACBD
d) BDAC e) BCAD
72. A. This right however comes along with the responsibility which the
press is forced to work with.

B. It means that the pressmen have every right to expose matters related
to public and national interest.
C. Such responsibilities include not broadcasting matters related to
national security and other sensitive issues.
D. Freedom of press is symbolic of democracy.
a) DBCA b) DBAC c) ABCD
d) BDAC e) BCDA
73. A. A popular example of this damage is the Taj Mahal whose marble
has been corroded due to acid rain.
B. It changes the acidic content of water bodies thus affecting the lives
of the living organisms of this habitat.
C. Acid rain has been a major factor responsible for the degradation of
the environment.
D. Along with affecting the living beings, it is also responsible for the
corrosion of several heritage building thus causing irreparable damages
to them.
a) CBAD b) CDBA c) BADC
d) BDAC e) CBDA
74. A. Along with missing their education these children also face life
threatening dangers by working in hazardous chemical factories.
B. Child labor has been interfering with the education of millions of
children across India.
C. However, there is a dire need to reinforce these laws strictly
throughout the country.
D. Many laws have been framed in order to curb this evil.
a) BADC b) CBAD c) DBAC
d) BDAC e) BACD
75. A. Their invention has been proved to be a boon to the society since
many diseases caused by the microbes could be cured by these
anibiotics.
B. The scientists therefore face a continuous challenge to keep
inventing new drugs to counter this problem.
C. A major hurdle in the use of antibiotics, however, is that the
microbes develop resistance to the antibiotics thus rendering these
ineffective.
D. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microbes which are
capable of inhibiting the growth of other microbes.
a) BACD b) CBAD c) DABC
d) DACB e) ABDC

A. Had it been not for them, Indian banks would have had their hands tied
down.
B. Today, almost all the countries are facing the heat of recession.
C. One of these is the strict RBI and SEBI rules which regulated banking
sector very efficiently.
D. This could have led to massive losses to them, which could have
percolated to other sectors as well.
E. However, there are a few things which help India in bouncing back
from the state of recession.
F. Like others, India too has not remained immune to the epidemic.

rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) B e) F

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) A
d) E e) F

A. However while reading they would not know when to pause and what to
emphasize.
B. Since then their use has been regularized and the punctuation rules have
been followed by all.
C. In earlier days, people learnt by reading out loud.
D. But not everybody used the same punctuations for the same thing.
E. To address this problem, various signs depicting various punctuations
were introduced.
F. Thus firmer guidelines regarding punctuations were framed so that
everyone used them in similar way.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) A
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) C b) E c) D
d) B e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
(D) and (E) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and
A. For instance, if we measure the room temperature continuously and plot

its graph with time on X-axis and temperature on the Y-axis, we get a
continuous waveform, which is an analog signal. Analog is always
continuous.

B. The absence or presence of something can be used to plot a digital

signal.
C. An analog signal is a continuously varying signal, similar to a
sinusoidal waveform.
D. Any signal can be classified into one of the two types: analog and
digital.
E. In contrast, a digital signal takes the form of pulses, where we have
something or nothing.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. Moreover salaries in public sector enterprises are not as competitive as

those offered by private or foreign corporates.
B. This trend should be a wake up call for stakeholders to examine why
employees are seeking better opportunities with private companies in
India and abroad.

C. Public Sector Enterprises have been experiencing severe challenges in

attracting, motivating and retaining their key staff.
D. Having identified these as the reasons employees leave PSEs it is
important to empower stakeholders to find ways to remedy the
situation.
E. One reason is that young employees lured away to private firms are
more willing to undertake professional risks.
F. Employees in specialist roles especially have become increasingly
difficult to retain.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. Assuming that all these reasons are true, the fact remains that there is an
urgent need to check the accelerated costs and initiate suitable
measures.
B. Some people attribute it to the increasing greediness among the
medicos.

C. The impact of these measures will be visible only after a considerable

passage of time.
D. Health care costs have been skyrocketing in our country.
E. The measures include yoga classes with emphasis on physical and
mental exercises and also change in food habits.
F. Certain others feel that it is because of drastic changes in peoples
lifestyle and eating habits.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
97. Which of the following should be the sentence after rearrangement?

a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. However this is too narrow a definition for India.

B. Most often economic refer to opening the economy in terms of trade
and investment and tax cuts.
C. The sooner action is initiated the faster India will be able to attain its
targeted growth rate.
D. This is a standard definition of economic reforms and may be applicable
to most countries.

E. Economic reforms in India have to extend to reforming the public

sector, transport, power, agriculture and infrastructure among other
sectors.
F. To identify these sectors and the necessary reforms required, there is a
need for new thought leadership.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. Irrespective of hierarchical level, he would give undivided attention to

those who voiced ideas.
B. He would then ask him some probing questions and turn to his senior
most manager to get these ideas implemented.
C. What set him apart from other industrialists was that he was not
interested in demonstrating his power over his employees.
D. This is a prime example of how he fostered the participation of
everyone in the organisation.

E. For example he would typically look intently at a young engineer

presenting his ideas.
F. Instead he thought of himself as one of the team.

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. In fact, he believed that customers are the origin, the source of the
money we have.
B. The customer thus has the power to fire everybody in the company from
the Chairman on down.
C. Management can ensure this doesnt happen by motivating employees
to cultivate meaningful relationships with customers.
D. Sam Walton built his Walmart business empire knowing there was only
one boss the customer.
E. So it is not the company which pays us but the customer.
F. He can achieve this by simply spending his money elsewhere.


rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. There are various ways to reduce this gap.

B. However as the success of the telecom, airline and banking industries
shows it is not these but competition among educational institutions
which is the solution.
C. Today, there is a huge demand in industry for taltnted youth with
certain skill sets.
D. Feedback from industry indicates that the reason for this trend is a huge
gap between the skill sets required in the market and the education
system output.
E. Many recommend privatization or corporatisation of the education
system.
F. Despite this there is a trend of many graduates including engineers
being unemployed.


rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) F e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. He, then hid nearby to watch and see who would remove it.
B. He saw a purse full of gold lying in the middle of the road. It was the
kings reward to the person who did something about the problem.
C. The king was tired of his subjects only complaining but doing nothing
to solve their problems.
D. A youth on his way to market saw the stone, put down his produce and
rolled the stone to the side of the road.
E. Many people passed by but dodged their duty of moving the stone
instead blaming the king for not keeping the highways clear.
F. One day he placed a heavy stone in the middle of the road.

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. Moreover salaries in public sector enterprises are not as competitive as

those offered by private or foreign corporates.
B. This trend should be a wake up call for stakeholders to examine why
employees are seeking better opportunities with private companies on
India and abroad.
C. Public Sector Enterprises have been experiencing severe challenges in
attracting, motivating and retaining their key staff.
D. Having identified these as the reasons employees leave PSEs it is
important to empower stakeholders to find ways to remedy the
situation.
E. One reason is that young employees lured away by private firms are
more willing to undertake professional risks.
F. Employees in specialist roles especially have become increasingly
difficult to retain.
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. But it is normal for rates to vary somewhat.

B. The rate at which these actions emerge is sometimes a worry for
parents.
C. As a child grows, his or her nervous system becomes more mature.
D. Having said that variation is normal, nearly al children begin to exhibit
certain motor skills at a fairly consistent rate unless some type of
disability is present.
E. As this happens, the child becomes more and more capable of
performing increasingly complex actions.
F. Hence, they frequently fret about whether or not their children are
developing these skills at a normal rate.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F
rearrangement?

a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) F
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) D c) B
d) F e) E
A. If China is the Worlds factory, India has become the Worlds

outsourcing centre-keeping in line with this image.
B. But, Indias future depends crucially on its ability to compete fully in
the creative economy not just in tech and software, but across design
and entrepreneurship; arts, culture and entertainment and the knowledge
based professions of medicine, finance and law.
C. While its creative assets outstrip those of other emerging competitors,
India must address several challenges to increase its international
competitiveness as the World is in the midst of a sweeping
transformation.
D. This transformation is evident in the fact that the World is moving from
an industrial economy to a creative economy that generates wealth by
harnessing intellectual labor, intangible goods and human creative
capabilities.
E. Its software industry is the Worlds second largest, its tech outsourcing
accounts for more than half of the $300 bn global industry, according to
a technology expert.
F. If the meeting of World leaders at Davos is any indication, India is
rapidly becoming an economic rock star.
rearrangement?

a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) F e) E

rearrangement?
a) F b) B c) C
d) A e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
(D), (E), (F) and (G) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
paragraph and then answer the questions given below.
A. But seriously, how much would you pay to know what thoughts are
swimming around in someone elses head?
B. In most fictional movies thus, the idea of reading minds of seeing the
private intentions of another, and the possibility of intervening in those
plans has always been highly attractive.
C. Such fantastical questions have long been the bread and butter of
fiction.
D. Today, more than four centuries since the phrase, A penny for your
thoughts?, was first recorded, inflationary accounting makes that
ancient penny worth more than $40.
E. The going rate for a thought a probe into the thinking of another
was once quite a bargain.
F. And if you could really know their truthfulness how much more would
you pay?
G. Even with the sliding value of the dollar, this still seems quite a bargain.


rearrangement?
a) F b) D c) C
d) G e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) G
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) E b) G c) C
d) B e) A
144. Which of the following should be the Seventh (Last) sentence

a) A b) B c) F
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. Therefore, it is important to source a large part of economic growth in

agriculture, in rural non-agricultural activities and in productive
expansion of the informal sector which all have high employment
elasticities, as well as in an export strategy based on labor intensive
exports.
B. It is important because it creates more resources and has the potential of
creating more space for the involvement of the poor.
C. If the growth is sourced upon those sectors of the economy or those
activities that have a natural tendency to involve the poor in their
expansion, such growth helps poverty eradication.
D. Economic growth is important.
E. But this involvement depends on the sources of growth and the nature
of growth.


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. What a waste of my tax money, I thought, walking past the people

having free Californian Chardonnay.
B. Speak to her, he said, Shes into books.
C. The friend who had brought me there noticed my noticing her.
D. In late 2003, I was still paying taxes in America, so it horrified me that
the US Consulate was hosting a Gallo drinking appreciation event.
E. Behind them, a pianist was playing old film tunes, and a slim short
woman was dancing around him.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
153. Which of the following should be the Fifth (Last) sentence after
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter its
society.
B. Indias strategic community comprises two distinct circles with little
overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to
their discourse, concentrating on high politics, the latter is more internal
oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the
state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer,
and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the mainstream and the other
alternate.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept while one is
enamoured of Indias rise and place in the global order, the other is
more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F
A. Building of these structures requires a lot of fuel to be burnt which

emits a large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
B. The major source of carbon dioxide is power plants.
C. Another 20% of carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes from
burning of gasoline in the engines of vehicles.
D. Buildings, both commercial and residential represent a larger source of
global warming pollution than the said cars and trucks.
E. The major cause of global warming is the emission of green house gases
like carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. into the atmosphere.
F. These power plants emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced
from burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation.

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) E b) D c) C
d) B e) A
A. Increased competition, globalization and the need which once held the
fort.
B. In order to achieve these hype and sensationalism is put in to spice up
the newswhich have robbed news stories of credibility.
C. This is only possible if a lot more thought is put into the gathering and
presentation of the daily news and delivering it much more sensitively
to its receivers/users.
D. Technological innovation and economic change have transformed the
news industry to the extent where its original definition as a public
service no longer holds good.
E. In order to win it back, the media should make full use of the
tremendous power that the democracy blesses it with.
F. These included public good and social responsibility. But sadly, today,
these have made way for a business target of commercial viability and a
chase of viewership.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F


rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) E
d) C e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F
A. The Reserve Bank of India which had last intervened in the foreign
exchange market in June 2009, was seen buying dollars to stem the
rupees runaway appreciation.
B. The bank had for so long resisted a rate increase, but finally toed the
line of other banks as its cost of funds has gone up.
C. The local currency recently rose to a 25 month high against the dollar
on sustained capital inflows.
D. Some interesting things have happened in the Indian financial system in
the past few weeks.
E. The RBI also announced a Rs.12000 Crore buy back of government
bonds from the market to infuse money into a liquidity starved banking
system.
F. Finally, the State Bank of India, the nations largest lender, has raised
its minimum lending rate, or base rate, by 10 basis points. (One basis
point is one-hundredth of a percentage point)

rearrangement?
a) B b) A c) D

d) E e) F
172. Which of the following should be the Sixth (last) sentence after
rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) A

rearrangement?
a) A b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) A e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
A. It is therefore, a contributing factor to the growth of landfills and

waterway pollution, both of which are costly and energy intensive to
solve.
B. Making an effort to use those resources and avoid polystyrene ones can
help to decrease your environmental impact.
C. Non-biodegradable essentially means that any polystyrene that makes
its way into a landfill will stay there indefinitely, never breaking down
and returning to the earth.
D. Polystyrene, as a product, is very convenient to use, but it has some
important effects we should consider when making choices as
consumers.
E. While recycling polystyrene material can cushion the environmental
blow of its use, alternatives are available that are created from
renewable resources and biodegrade more readily.
F. For example, while polystyrene has some excellent uses and is,
technically, recyclable, it is not a substance that biodegrades.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) E b) F c) A
d) D e) B

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
A. In fact according to mainstream economists it is inevitable and a

necessary evil in any economy.
B. It is thus important for every nation to maintain this reserve of labor
force to maintain an optimal level of unemployment.
C. Unemployment is popularly believed to be an index which measures the
economic condition of a nation.
D. This is because it helps avert inflation by providing a reserve army of
labor which keeps wages in check.
E. The problem, however, only emerges when governments indirectly
facilitate unemployment in order to curb inflation through various
policies and frameworks, depriving a large population of its
fundamental rights.
F. But contrary to popular belief unemployment is not always
disadvantageous to the economy of a state.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) E c) D
d) F e) C
(D), (E), (F), (G) and (H) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
A. During the examination the invigilator noticed the chits and despite
Rajeshs plea for innocence asked him to leave the examination hall.
B. At this point Ravish realised his mistake and felt guilty, so he
immediately confessed his misdeed to the invigilator and left the
examination hall.
C. Rajesh forgave Ravish because Ravish had not only accepted his
mistake on time but also had not let Rajesh be punished for the wrong
reason.
D. Ravish and Rajesh were in college and had been friends since
childhood. However, Ravish did not trust Rajesh.
E. Another student Satish who had seen Ravish hiding something in
Rajeshs desk stood up and informed the invigilator of what he had
seen.

F. One day Ravish decided to test Rajeshs friendship and so during one of
the college examinations Ravish went early to class and hid some chits
in Rajeshs desk.
G. Rajesh did not believe Satish, instead was furious that Satish had falsely
blamed his friend and agreed that he would leave his examination only
if Ravish was kept out of the matter.
H. After the examination was over Ravish apologized to Rajesh and
promised that he would be a good friend from then onwards.

rearrangement?
a) G b) H c) E
d) D e) C

rearrangement?
a) C b) D c) E
d) F e) G
188. Which of the following should be the Eighth (Last) sentence

a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) G
d) F e) E
(D), (E), (F) and (G) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful
A. Japanese toys, for instance, are in great demand despite the heavy
import duty.
B. The toys that they produce are almost without exception of the poorest
quality.
C. Their manufacturers here need to be reminded of this.
D. The two toy libraries in Mumbai also rely largely on foreign made toys.

E. But making them is no childs play.

F. Toys are meant for children.
G. Not surprisingly, many parents prefer to buy the imported variety even
though these are usually much more expensive.

rearrangement?
a) C b) B c) D
d) E e) G
192. Which of the following should be the Last sentence after

rearrangement?
a) C b) B c) D
d) E e) G

rearrangement?
a) E b) G c) A
d) F e) B

rearrangement?
a) B b) E c) C
d) D e) A

rearrangement?
a) F b) E c) C
d) D e) B
A. I, therefore, contacted him, found out his fees and that he wanted to
study at a Teachers Training College.
B. He sent me a letter of thanks but I was surprised also to find some
currency notes in the envelope.
C. While reading the newspaper, I saw an interview with a boy who had
ranked eighth in the SSC exams.
D. He knew I did not expect any account of the money, yet he had returned
the balance of the amount I had sent, as his expenditure was less.
E. He was unable to study further because his father earned only forty
rupees a day.

F. I, accordingly, sent Rs.1800 to cover his expenses for six months.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E

rearrangement?
a) B b) C c) D
d) E e) F
rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) E
Answers:
1. Option C
2. Option A
3. Option D
4. Option B
5. Option D
6. Option C
7. Option D
8. Option B
9. Option D
10. Option A
11. Option A
12. Option C
13. Option D
14. Option D

15. Option B
16. Option C
17. Option E
18. Option B
19. Option D
20. Option A
21. Option D
22. Option B
23. Option E
24. Option A
25. Option D
26. Option C
27. Option B
28. Option C
29. Option E
30. Option E
31. Option B
32. Option D
33. Option A
34. Option E
35. Option C
36. Option E
37. Option A
38. Option D
39. Option B
40. Option E
41. Option B
42. Option D
43. Option E
44. Option A
45. Option C
46. Option C
47. Option E
48. Option A
49. Option A
50. Option D
51. Option C
52. Option C
53. Option D
54. Option D
55. Option B
56. Option C
57. Option E
58. Option A

59. Option A
60. Option D
61. Option E
62. Option B
63. Option D
64. Option C
65. Option A
66. Option D
67. Option B
68. Option B
69. Option E
70. Option A
71. Option D
72. Option B
73. Option E
74. Option A
75. Option D
76. Option B
77. Option B
78. Option E
79. Option C
80. Option C
81. Option A
82. Option B
83. Option E
84. Option D
85. Option C
86. Option D
87. Option A
88. Option C
89. Option E
90. Option B
91. Option C
92. Option E
93. Option E
94. Option B
95. Option D
96. Option D
97. Option B
98. Option A
99. Option E
100. Option C
101. Option B
102. Option E

103. Option C
104. Option A
105. Option D
106. Option D
107. Option C
108. Option B
109. Option E
110. Option C
111. Option C
112. Option A
113. Option A
114. Option C
115. Option D
116. Option E
117. Option C
118. Option A
119. Option D
120. Option E
121. Option E
122. Option B
123. Option C
124. Option A
125. Option C
126. Option D
127. Option C
128. Option B
129. Option E
130. Option A
131. Option B
132. Option A
133. Option C
134. Option E
135. Option B
136. Option D
137. Option E
138. Option C
139. Option D
140. Option E
141. Option B
142. Option A
143. Option C
144. Option B
145. Option E
146. Option D

147. Option C
148. Option E
149. Option D
150. Option A
151. Option C
152. Option D
153. Option B
154. Option A
155. Option E
156. Option C
157. Option D
158. Option A
159. Option B
160. Option A
161. Option B
162. Option A
163. Option E
164. Option C
165. Option D
166. Option C
167. Option D
168. Option C
169. Option D
170. Option A
171. Option B
172. Option A
173. Option B
174. Option E
175. Option C
176. Option B
177. Option C
178. Option D
179. Option E
180. Option E
181. Option B
182. Option C
183. Option A
184. Option C
185. Option B
186. Option A
187. Option C
188. Option C
189. Option D
190. Option D

191. Option A
192. Option C
193. Option D
194. Option E
195. Option E
196. Option C
197. Option D
198. Option A
199. Option E
200. Option D

Chapter 6
Grammatical Errors
Directions (Q. 1-5) Read this sentence to find out whether there is any
grammatical mistake/error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the
sentence. Mark the part with the error as your answer. If there is no error,
mark No error as your answer. (Ignore the errors of punctuation if any).
1. Attributing rise in inflation partly for withholding of food stocks by

traders/the minister said that/he was committed/to easing this supply
side bottleneck.
a) Attributing rise in inflation partly for withholding of food stocks by
traders
b) The minister said that
c) He was committed
d) To easing this supply side bottleneck.
e) No error
2. Indias largest utility vehicle and tractor maker/is again in the race to
acquire/for stake in Swedish company/which is a premium car maker.
a) Indias largest utility vehicle and tractor maker
b) Is again in the race to acquire
c) For stake in Swedish company
d) Which a premium car maker
e) No error
3. With sale of branded or premium petrol becoming almost nil/due to

high duties,/a government appointed panel has recommended/slashing
excise duty to make them at par with regular fuel.
a) With sale of branded or premium petrol becoming almost nil
b) Due to high duties
c) A government appointed panel has recommended
d) Slashing excise duty to make them at par with regular fuel
e) No error
4. Keeping in mind/that power cuts are on different days in different

areas/the change in the factory law would enable individual factories
within an area/to determining their own weekly holidays.
a) Keeping in mind
b) That power cuts are on different days in different areas
c) The change in the factory law would enable individual factories
within an area

d) To determining their own weekly holidays

e) No error
5. Police officers have refused on identify the bystander,/who is the only

eyewitness to the crime,/but have said that the investigating team would
explore/if he could be a witness in the case.
a) Police officers have refused on identify the bystander
b) Who is the only eyewitness to the crime
c) But have said that the investigating team would explore
d) If he could be a witness in the case
e) No error
6. Mangal Pandey was well known (a) / because he was involved (b) / in
the initial stages (c) / of the Indian rebellion. (d) / No error (e)
7. Most of the Indian populations still lives (a) / in its villages and thus the
contribution of (b) / agriculture to Indian economy (c) / becomes very
important. (d) / No error (e)
8. Catherines grandfather always (a) / lost his balance while walking (b) /
and would be found fallen (c) / on the road. (d) / No error (e)
9. Her doctor was (a) / annoyed because she (b) / ignore her health (c) /
even after being hospitalised twice. (d) No error (e)
10. Raghav was worry (a) / about telling his parents (b) / that he wanted to
move out (c) / and live independently. / (d) No error (e)
11. (a) France is one of the wealthiest economy in the world, (b) home to
leaders in aviation, insurance, banking, tourism (c) and retail and is
known for its (d) fine cuisine and appellation-controlled wines. (e) No
error
12. (a) The fashion is becoming a global game now, (b) where the label
may originate in one country, (c) chief designer from another country,
(d) the owner investor from third nation (e) No error

13. (a) In India, for over a decade now, (b) Ermenegildo Zegna has had a
successful (c) run with its stand alone stores (d) In Delhi, Mumbai and
Hyderabad. (e) No error
14. (a) The final outcome of Indias first environmental referendum is not
yet known (b) but the very fact that it is taking place (c) in the thick
forested and remote region of Niyamgiri (d) provides a small glimmer
of hope. (e) No error
15. (a) The court ordered the seizure of his properties (b) and gave him (c)
an additional 10 years in jail (d) for misuse of power. (e) No error
16. I am grateful to you (a) / and all your friends (b) / for they showed
sympathy (c) / and kindness towards me. (d) / No error (e)
17. While he was (a) / walking along the road (b) / a speeding car (c) /
knocked down to him. (d) No error (e)
18. Though none of his, (a) / so-called well-wishers forwarded to help (b) /
I helped him by (c) / completing his work on time. (d) / No error (e)
19. From the way he was talking (a) / it was clear (b) / that he had (c) / no
control on himself. (d) No error (e)
20. Your over-dependent on (a) / others even for (b) / trivial matters may
(c) / prove disadvantageous. (d) / No error (e)
21. He was awfully dissatisfy (a) / with the arrangements (b) / made for him
(c) / by the security guards. (d) / No error (e)
22. I wanted to be (a) / out of the way (b) / when she was (c) / likely for
receiving the letter. (d) / No error (e)
23. We have rarely come (a) / across any programme, (b) / which does not
show (c) / violent in some from. (d) / No error (e)
24. A lot of people (a) / have involved in (b) / the national mission (c) / to
eradicate illiteracy. (d) / No error (e)
25. They failed in (a) / their plan only because (b) / they could not (c) / give
timely attention to it. (d) / No error (e)

26. Development of the (a) / agriculture sector being (b) / agricultural sector
being (b) / the main focus of (c) / the government today. (d) / No error
(e)
27. Every citizen is (a) / required to follow scrupulous (b) / all the rules and
regulations (c) / prescribed by the government. (d) / No error (e)
28. They have donated (a) / large sums of money (b) / for the welfare of (c)
/ the poor and the underprivileged. (d) / No error (e)
29. He asked me what (a) / my role in conducting (b) / the seminar for the
(c) / participants of different countries was. (d) / No error (e)
30. Mr.Arya who is a (a) / renowned economist has (b) / been appointed to
(c) / an advisor to the minister. (d) / No error (e)
31. The principle that (a) / a pen is mightier (b) / then a sword (c) / was
known to early Greeks. (d) No error (e)
32. Martha missed her dog (a) / who died of a (b) / skin infection at a (c) /
very young age. (d) No error (e)
33. There was such (a) / a crowd that (b) / he would not (c) / find his
brother. (d) No error (e)
34. Having managed the (a) / team of two (b) / years, he knew (c) / his
players well. (d) No error (e)
35. Because of heavy (a) / rains the trains (b) / are disable to (c) / run on
time. (d) No error (e)
36. The revised governments (a) / guidelines have reduced (b) / the number
of mergers (c) / taking place among banks. (d) No error (e)
37. I do not know (a) / who of the (b) / new trainees should (c) / be
confirmed. (d) No error (e)
38. To promote India as (a) / a tourist destination (b) / the government has
organized (c) / many cultural programmes. (d) / No error (e)

39. Banks in India (a) / cannot open ATMs (b) / except obtaining (c) /
approval from RBI. (d) No error (e)
40. Today the success of (a) / companies depends on the (b) / quality of
their products and (c) / efficient managing staff. (d) / No error (e)
41. Some of our staff is worried (a) / that as soon as (b) / the project is over
they (c) / will lose their jobs. (d) No error (e)
42. If you decide to hold (a) / the function in Kolkata (b) / not much of us
(c) / will be able to attend. (d) No error (e)
43. In case you need five people (a) / to run a branch you (b) / should be
selected (c) / ten since some may leave. (d) No error (e)
44. Although he approached (a) / many private businesses to invest (b) / in
his printing business (c) / nobody of them was interested. (d) No error
(e)
45. How can you give up (a) / this job when you are (b) / just about to be (c)
/ appointed for General Manager. (d) No error (e)
46. Governments and businesses must reduce (a) / its own energy use (b) /
and promote conservation (c) / to their citizens and employees. (d) No
error (e)
47. If the allegations (a) / made against him (b) / are found to be true (c) /
he could face rigorous imprisonment. (d) No error (e)
48. Having acquired some experience (a) / she is no longer (b) / one of
those who believes (c) / every explanation she is given. (d) No error (e)
49. On discovering that (a) / it was a forgery (b) / he torn up the agreement
(c) / he had signed. (d) No error (e)
50. With regard to implementation the (a) / details of the proposal (b) / the
committee was divided (c) / in its opinion. (d) / No error (e)

51. She considered herself (a) / very fortunated to (b) / have had a (c) / very
good education. (d) No error (e)
52. A lot number of people (a) / donate money to the organisation (b) / at
this time (c) / of the year. (d) No error (e)
53. The leader of the opposition (a) / is in the danger (b) / of lost his seat (c)
/ in the next elections. (d) No error (e)
54. He is the same (a) / ice-cream vendor (b) / which sold ice-creams (c) /
when we were kids. (d) No error (e)
55. The police received (a) / tremendous support from (b) / the general
public (c) / over that issue. (d) No error (e)
56. Farmers will be (a) / entitled to fresh (b) / agricultural loans (c) / from
July onward. (d) No error (e)
57. Today there is (a) / over one billion (b) / people living in poverty (c) / in
developing countries. (d) No error (e)
58. There is no need (a) / to import maize (b) / since there is (c) / any
demand for it. (d) No error (e)
59. Accordingly their policies (a) / banks write off (b) / banks write off (c) /
outstanding amounts (c) / in NPA accounts. (d) No error (e)
60. In order to (a) / be profitable (b) / a company needs (c) / to control its
costs. (d) No error (e)
61. Our housing society comprises (a) / six block and thirty flats (b) / in an
area of (c) / about thousand square metres. (d) No error (e)
62. Still remaining in the ancient castle (a) / are the Dukes collection of
early Dutch paintings (b) / which will be (c) donated to a museum. (d)
No error (e)
63. Computer education (a) / in universities and colleges today (b) / leaves
much (c) / to be desired. (d) No error (e)
64. Everyone knows (a) / that the tiger (b) / is faster (c) / of all animals. (d)
No error (e)
65. When he (a) / had got what (b) / he wanted (c) he has gone home. (d)
No error (e)

66. One of the basics of good writing (a) / is to have a (b) / clear
understanding of the target audience (c) / and its requirements. (d) No
error (e)
67. Radha with (a) / her brothers (b) / and sisters (c) / are present here. (d)
No error (e)
68. The language used for writing text books (a) / differs from other forms
of writing (b) / in its preference on (c) / simplicity over style. (d) No
error (e)
69. He is one of the (a) / most intelligent (b) student (c) / I have every
taught. (d) No error (e)
70. This road is (a) / worst than (b) / any other road (c) / of the city. (d) No
error (e)
71. Governments and businesses must reduce (a) / its own energy use (b) /
and promote conservation (c) / to their citizens and employees. (d) No
error (e)
72. If the allegations (a) / made against him (b) / are found to be true (c) /
he could face rigorous imprisonment. (d) No error (e)
73. Mangal Pandey was well known (a) / because he was involved (b) / in
the initial stages (c) / of the Indian rebellion. (d) / No error (e)
74. On discovering that (a) / it was a forgery (b) / he torn up the agreement
(c) / he had signed. (d) No error (e)
75. Our housing society comprises (a) / six block and thirty flats (b) / in an
area of (c) / about thousand square metres. (d) No error (e)
76. Mr.Singhs son has applied (a) / to the post (b) / of Assistant Manager
(c) / in a construction company. (d) No error (e)
77. He submitted (a) / the request for compensation (b) / of time but (c) / it
was denied. (d) No error (e)

78. Unfortunately today many (a) / parents cannot afford (b) / to send its (c)
children to school. (d) No error (e)
79. He was convinced (a) / that he (b) / loss the account (c) / because of bad
luck. (d) No error (e)
80. In his opinion (a) / every senior citizens (b) / will benefit (c) / from the
new rule. (d) No error (e)
81. I was pretty sure that (a) / he would support me (b) / for changing the
age-old (c) / and static structure of our organization. (d) No error (e)
82. The interrogation made by (a) / him hardly yield (b) / any can create
conclusion (c) / about the crime. (d) No error (e)
83. Jayesh loved his Guru immensely (a) / and gave him fullest loyalty, (b) /
yet he had his own (c) / independent way of thinking. (d) No error (e)
84. I caught him (a) / from the hand (b) / and began (c) / to plead. (d) No
error (e)
85. If you have good (a) / control over breathing (b) / you can float (c) / on
water effortlessly. (d) No error (e)
86. Such an act of cruelty (a) / had never (b) / be committed (c) / before. (d)
No error (e)
87. The girl said (a) / that she preferred (b) / the blue gown (c) / than the
black one. (d) No error (e)
88. Being a very cold day (a) / I would (b) / not go out for (c) / a morning
walk. (d) No error (e)
89. The principle that (a) / a pen is mightier (b) / then a sword (c) / was
known to early Greeks. (d) No error (e)
90. During the course of the exhibition, (a) / the old man who was (b) /
looking usually cheerful (c) / kept on take notes. (d) No error (e)

91. No country can long endure (a) / if its foundations (b) were not laid
deep (c) / in the material prosperity. (d) No error (e)
92. I went to the liberarian and Cashier (a) / and they gave me (b) / all
facilities required (c) / to complete the project. (d) No error (e)
93. When she comes (a) / to see us (b) / she usually were bring (c) /
somethings with her. (d) No error (e)
94. Why did you (a) / not told me (b) / that the meeting (c) / was postponed.
(d) No error (e)
95. He picked up (a) / the books (b) / and put it (c) / on the table. (d) No
error (e)
96. Many multinational companies (a) / have not been as (b) / successful in
India (c) / than we expected. (d) No error (e)
97. He has ruined (a) / his eyesight (b) / by not using (c) / his spectacles
regularly. (d) No error (e)
98. Mostly of the (a) / newly recruited officers (b) / have no experience (c) /
in the banking sector. (d) No error (e)
99. The resignation of (a) / one of our Directors (b) / have caused the price
(c) / of shares to fall. (d) No error (e)
100. There are many (a) / ways of which (b) / inflation can (c) / be
measured. (d) No error (e).
101. Base on the research (a) / we have conducted in (b) / different

parts of the country (c) / this scheme will be successful. (d) No error (e)
102. I want to share (a) / my experience with you (b) / though you
will (c) / benefit from it. (d) No error (e)
103. He used to advise (a) / his students to do (b) / their work serious
if they (c) / wanted to achieve their goals. (d) No error (e)
104. Any of these branches do (a) / not require more than (b) / two
employees since they (c) / have been recently established. (d) No error
(e)
105. He encouraged us to (a) / think but none of the (b) / suggestions
we made was (c) / discussed at the meeting. (d) No error (e)

106. Our countrys performance (a) / in the last few national and
international games (b) / is fairly ordinary (c) / and below our stature.
(d) No error (e)
107. We have (a) / fairly standard accounting procedures (b) / that
are on the line (c) / with the internationally accepted norms. (d) No error
(e)
108. The company is negotiating (a) / new store launches (b) / at
nearby (c) / half the rent (d) No error (e)
109. Intense fear blocks (a) / both to the generation (b) / and
expression (c) / of ideas (d) No error (e)
110. The Government officials have been met (a) / heads of
commercial Banks later this week (b) / to get their views on liquidity (c)
/ and growth in deposits (d) No error (e)
111. The Government has asked individuals (a) / with income of

over Rs.10 Lakh to (b) / electronic file tax returns for the year 2011-12,
(c) / something which was optional till last year. (d) No error (e)
112. The power tariff had already (a) / been increased twice in (b) /
the last 15 months and the Electricity Board had also (c) / levied
additionalmonthly charges to consumers. (d) No error (e)
113. Despite of curfew (a) / in some areas, minor (b) / communal
incidents were reported (c) / from different areas of the walled city. (d)
No error (e)
114. This comes (a) / at a time (b) / when fund allocation (c) / is
been doubled (d) No error (e)
115. As the prison will get (a) / an official telephone facility soon,
the prisoners (b) / wont have to make calls in discreet manner (c) /
through smuggled mobile phones. (d) No error (e)

116. The ban of Indian hockey today is (a) / lack of interest by the
part of the public (b) / which in turn is fuelled by the perception that (c)
/ it doesnt pay to take up the sport as a career. (d) No error (e)
117. Illegal sand mining has become (a) / a boom business fuelled
(b) / by the ever-increasing demand (c) / of the construction industry.
(d) / No error (e)
118. Much is the inflow of travelers that (a) / it is tough to book an
air ticket (b) / to Ahmedabad and the international flights (c) / too are
almost over-booked. (d) No error (e)
119. Experts believe that a (a) / gradually decreasing infant mortality
rate (b) / is lead to a proportionate (c) / decrease in the size of our
brains. (d) No error (e)
120. In just two months after having (a) / planted these, most of the
plants have (b) / either dried up and are suffering (c) / due to lack of
maintenance. (d) No error (e)
121. Inception of regional rural banks can be (a) / seen as a unique

experiment as well as (b) / an experience in improvement the efficacy of
(c) / rural credit delivery mechanism in India. (d) No error (e)
122. In rural areas, often (a) / on small family farms, it is (b) /
difficulty to improve ones standard of (c) / living beyond basic
sustenance. (d) No error (e)
123. People, especially the elderly, (a) / are often forced to move to
cities (b) / where there are hospitals that can (c) / cater for their health
needs. (d) No error (e)
124. In modern times industrialization of agriculture (a) / has
negative affected the economy (b) / of small and middle-sized farms
and has strongly (c) / reduced the size of the rural labour market. (d) No
error (e)
125. A national survey of rural health care providers (a) / was
undertaken to identify (b) / their perceptions of the (c) / environmental
health issues faced their constituents. (d) No error (e)

126. The President has denied (a) / that the economy is in recession
(b) / or was go into one (c) / despite a spate of downcast reports. (d) No
error (e)
127. The angry at being (a) / left out of the bonanza (b) / is palpable
among (c) / employees of the organization. (d) / No error (e)
128. His comments came after (a) / the research group said that its
(b) / consumer confidence index were (c) / slumped to its lowest level.
(d) No error (e)
129. If all goes well (a) / the examination scheduled for next month
(b) / is all set to be completely free (c) / from annoying power cuts and
disruptions. (d) No error (e)
130. There are just too few trains (a) / for the ever-grow (b) number
of passengers (c) / in the city. (d) No error (e)
131. The Director prefers (a) / your plan than (b) / that given by (c) /
the other members of the committee. (d) No error (e)
132. I always prefer (a) / working in a relaxed atmosphere (b) / than
one full of (c) / tension and anxiety. (d) No error (e)
133. You should not discuss (a) / about a matter (b) / with friends
who are likely (c) / to find it offensive. (d) No error (e)
134. Having to stay (a) / in the jungle that night, (b) / they had
nothing (c) / to feed at. (d) No error (e)
135. The student (a) / answered to (b) / the question (c) / asked by
the inspector of school. (d) No error (e)
136. Dress in black (a) / several students from the Univesity took
part (b) / in a protest march in the city on Thursday as part (c) / of a
campaign against female infanticide. (d) No error (e)
137. On the second day of the workshop, (a) / participants does a
situational analysis of the state (b) / and spoke about their plan of action
(c) / for implementing the Act. (d) No error (e)
138. The Court has asked the authorities (a) / to take appropriate
steps to restore natural water resources (b) / so that the water shortage
problem (c) / in the state can be solved. (d) No error (e)

139. The poor experience in (a) / neighbouring countries which have

implemented (b) / food stamp programmes should serve as (c) / a
deterrent on our country (d) No error (e)
140. The Government has warned (a) / that air pollution from
vehicles and power stations (b) / is reducding life expectancy in the
country (c) / in an average of six months. (d) No error (e)
141. The right to adequate food (a) / and clean drinking water (b) /
should be regarded as a (c) / basic right of all citizens of India (d) No
error (e)
142. A sharp fall in (a) / international prices of tea (b) / have lead
Tea plantation workers (c) / in Kerala to face starvation. (d) No error (e)
143. In spite freedom of the press is vital to democracy (a) / the thin
line between reporting facts (b) / and expressing opinions on them (c) /
is being increasingly crossed. (d) No error (e)
144. In India, the teacher has been elevated (a) / to a position of
power (b) / and a part of that power has been (c) / to assuming the right
to punish the students (d) No error (e)
145. In the flying game, there are a host of (a) / new low-cost airlines
that dare to roar, (b) / providing a glimmer of hope of (c) / more
cheapper air transport to millions. (d) No error (e)
146. Sugar sweetened drinks does not (a) / pose any particular health
risk, and (b) / are not a unique risk factor (c) / for obesity or heart
disease. (d) No error (e)
147. Airline managements should note (a) / that the ultimate
passenger unfriendliness (b) / is to have their planes crash (c) / due to
the adopted of unsafe procedures. (d) No error (e)
148. Celebrating its ten long years (a) / in the industry, a private
entertainment channel (b) / announce a series of (c) / programmes at a
press conference. (d) No error (e)
149. The award ceremony ended (a) / on a note of good cheer (b) /
with audiences responding warmly (c) / to its line up of films. (d) No
error (e)

150. The actress was ordered for (a) / wear an alcohol monitoring
bracelet and (b) submit to random weekly drug testing after (c) / she
failed to appear for a court date last week. (d) No error (e)
Answers:
1. Option A
2. Option B
3. Option A
4. Option E
5. Option A
6. Option A
7. Option A
8. Option C
9. Option C
10. Option A
11. Option A
12. Option D
13. Option E
14. Option C
15. Option D
16. Option C
17. Option D
18. Option B
19. Option E
20. Option A
21. Option A
22. Option D
23. Option D
24. Option B
25. Option E
26. Option B
27. Option B
28. Option E
29. Option E
30. Option C
31. Option C
32. Option B
33. Option C
34. Option B
35. Option B
36. Option A
37. Option B

38. Option C
39. Option C
40. Option D
41. Option A
42. Option C
43. Option C
44. Option D
45. Option D
46. Option B
47. Option E
48. Option C
49. Option C
50. Option A
51. Option B
52. Option A
53. Option C
54. Option C
55. Option C
56. Option D
57. Option A
58. Option D
59. Option A
60. Option E
61. Option B
62. Option B
63. Option E
64. Option D
65. Option D
66. Option E
67. Option D
68. Option C
69. Option D
70. Option B
71. Option B
72. Option D
73. Option A
74. Option C
75. Option B
76. Option B
77. Option C
78. Option C
79. Option D
80. Option B
81. Option C

82. Option B
83. Option D
84. Option B
85. Option E
86. Option B
87. Option A
88. Option B
89. Option C
90. Option B
91. Option C
92. Option B
93. Option C
94. Option B
95. Option C
96. Option D
97. Option E
98. Option A
99. Option C
100. Option B
101. Option A
102. Option C
103. Option C
104. Option A
105. Option E
106. Option C
107. Option C
108. Option C
109. Option B
110. Option A
111. Option C
112. Option D
113. Option A
114. Option D
115. Option A
116. Option B
117. Option B
118. Option A
119. Option C
120. Option C
121. Option C
122. Option C
123. Option E
124. Option C
125. Option D

126. Option C
127. Option A
128. Option C
129. Option A
130. Option B
131. Option B
132. Option C
133. Option B
134. Option D
135. Option B
136. Option A
137. Option B
138. Option E
139. Option D
140. Option D
141. Option D
142. Option C
143. Option A
144. Option D
145. Option A
146. Option A
147. Option D
148. Option C
149. Option E
150. Option A

Chapter - 7
Phrases and Idioms
1. A big cheese an important or a powerful person in a group or family

2. A boon in disguise a benefit in loss
3. A bull in a China shop an awkward person
4. A but under the weather falling ill
5. A dead letter an argument or law not followed by anyone
6. A dish fit for Gods something of very high quality
7. A house of cards a poor plan
8. A nine days wonder pleasure for a short time
9. A queer fish a strange person
10. A red letter day an important day
11. A wakeup call an event done to warn someone
12. A witch hunt an attempt to find and punish those who have options
that are believed to be dangerous
13. A worms eye view having very little knowledge about something
14. Afraid of ones own shadow to become easily frightened
15. Against the clock to be in a hurry to do something before a particular
time
16. Air ones dirty laundry to make public something embarrassing that
should be kept secret
17. All systems go everything is ready
18. An arm and a leg a large amount of money
19. An educated guess - a guess which was likely to corrected
20. Appear out of now here to appear suddenly without warning
21. Apple of someones eye someone loved very much
22. As the crow flies measuring distance between two places in a straight
line
23. Ask for the moon to ask for too much
24. Asleep at the switch not to be alert on opportunity
25. At an arms length to keep at a distance
26. At sixes and sevens to be lost and bewildered
27. At someones beck and call to be always ready to serve
28. At the eleventh hour be too late
29. At the heels of to follow someone
30. Back to the salt mines back to something that you dont want to do
31. Bad blood feelings of hate between two families
32. Ball of fire active and energetic
33. Bark up the wrong tree to make a wrong assumption
34. Battle down the hatches prepare for difficult times

35. Be above board to be honest and legal

36. Be at each others throat two persons arguing angrily
37. Be at the drum to speak eagerly about something you support
38. Be bouncing off the walls excited and full of nervous energy
39. Be in seventh heaven extremely happy
40. Be in the doldrums not very successful or nothing new is taking
place
41. Be on cloud nine be very happy
42. Be on the edge to be nervous or worried about something
43. Be tailor made to be completely suitable for someone
44. Beat ones brain out to work hard
45. Beat ones head against the wall to try to do something that is
hopeless
46. Begin to see the light to begin to understand
47. Behind closed doors done in secret
48. Bend your ears to talk to someone for a very long time about
something boring
49. Bent on doing to be determined to do something
50. Bite off more than one can chew to do more than ones ability
51. Bite the bullet to face a difficult situation bravely
52. Bite your tongue to stop yourself from saying something because it
would be better not to
53. Bitter pill to swallow an unpleasant fact that must be accepted
54. Black and blue full of bruises
55. Black sheep of the family worst member
56. Blessing in disguise something that turns out to be good which earlire
appeared to be wrong
57. Blind leading the blind someone who does not understand something
but tries to explain it to other
58. Blow ones own horn to praise one
59. Blow someones mind excite someone
60. Blue blood belonging to high social class
61. Brass monkey weather extremely cold weather
62. Break the back of reduce the power of something
63. Break the ice to make more comfort or relaxed with a person whom
you have not met earlier, to break the silence
64. Bring home the bacon to earn money to live
65. Burn a hole in ones pocket to spend money quickly
66. Burn the midnight oil to study till late of night
67. Bushmans holiday a holiday where you spend doing same thing as
you did at working days
68. Buttons one lip to keep quite
69. Cap it all to finish
70. Cards are stacked against luck is against you

71. Carrot and sticks you use both awards as well as punishments to
make someone do something
72. Carry coals to new castle to take something to a place or a person
that has a lot of that thing already
73. Cast a long shadow something or someone that casts a long shadow
has considerable influence on other people or events
74. Change horses in midstream to change plans
75. Cloak and dragger when people behave in very secret manner
76. Crack a book to open book to study
77. Cried with eyes out cried a lot
78. Cross a bridge before one comes to it worry about the future in
advance
79. Dances to the tune to always do what someone tells you to do
80. Dark house one who was previously unknown and is not prominent
81. Dont court your chickens before they hatch do not rely on
something you are not sure of
82. Down to Earth Practical or humble, unpretentious
83. Dressed up to the nines wearing fancy clothes
84. Drink like a fish To drink very heavily
85. Drive a wedge between to break relationship between the two
86. Elephant in the room ignoring a large, obvious problem or failing to
address an issue that stands out in a major way
87. Every cloud has a silver lining To be optimistic, even in difficult
times
88. Face the music-to accept punishment for something you have done.
89. Fall on your own sword- to be cheated by someone you trust.
90. Feather in ones cap- something that you achieve and proud of.
91. Feel the pinch- to have problems with money.
92. Follow your nose- When giving directions, telling someone to follow
their nose means that they should go straight ahead.
93. Fool's paradise- A fool's paradise is a false sense of happiness or
success
94. French leave- absent without permission, to take French leave is to
leave a gathering without saying goodbye or without permission.
95. From cradle to grave- during the whole span of your life.
96. Get a raw deal- not treated equally
97. Get off the hook- free from all obligations
98. Gift of the gab- talent of speaking, if someone has the gift of the gab,
they speak in a persuasive and interesting way
99. Give someone a bird- make fun
100. Gives cold shoulder- to ignore
101. Give-up the ghost- to die
102. Go tell it to birds- This is used when someone says something
that is not credible or is a lie

103. Go under the hammer- If something goes under the hammer,

it is sold in an auction
104. Got the slap on the wrist- got light punishment
105. Got the wind up- to be scared
106. Graveyard shift- If you have to work very late at night, it is the
graveyard shift
107. Grease monkey- A grease monkey is an idiomatic term for a
mechanic
108. Hand to mouth- Someone who's living from hand to mouth, is
very poor and needs the little money they have coming in to cover their
expenses
109. Have a big mouth- one who gossips more or tells secret
110. Have a one track mind- think only of one thing
111. Have an egg on the face- be embarrassed
112. Have ants in your pants- not be able to keep still because you
are very excited or worried about something.
113. Have clean hands- be guiltless
114. Have eyes bigger than stomach- desiring more food than one
can eat
115. Have no truck with- If you have no truck with something or
someone, you refuse to get involved with it or them
116. Having a whole of a time- to enjoy very much
117. Heart in the right place- good natured
118. Heart missed a beat- very excited
119. Himalayan blunder- a serious mistake
120. Hit the bull's-eye- If someone hits the bull's-eye, they are
exactly right about something or achieve the best result possible.
121. Hold ones horse- be patient
122. Hold water- When you say that something does or does not
'hold water', it means that the point of view or argument put forward is
or is not sound, strong or logical. For e.g. 'Saying we should increase
our interest rates because everyone else is doing so will not hold water.
123. If the shoe fits, wear it- This is used to suggest that something
that has been said might apply to a person
124. In droves- When things happen in droves, a lot happen at the
same time or very quickly
125. In the doghouse- If someone is in the doghouse, they are in
disgrace and veryUnpopular at the moment.
126. In cahoots within a partnership usually for a dishonest reason
127. Jack Frost - If everything has frozen in winter, then Jack Frost
has visited.
128. Jack the Lad - A confident and not very serious young man
who behaves as he wants to without thinking about other people is a
Jack the Lad.

129. Jack-of-all-trades- A jack-of-all-trades is someone that can do

many different jobs.
130. Jam on your face - If you say that someone has jam on their
face, they appear to be caught, embarrassed or found guilty.
131. Jam tomorrow - This idiom is used when people promise good
things for the future that will never come.
132. Jersey justice - Jersey justice is very severe justice.
133. Jet set - Very wealthy people who travel around the world to
attend parties or functions are the jet set.
134. Jet-black - To emphasise just how black something is, such as
someone's hair, we can call it jet-black.
135. Job's comforter - Someone who says they want to comfort, but
actually discomforts people is a Job's comforter.
136. Jobs for the boys - Where people give jobs, contracts, etc, to
their friends and associates, these are jobs for the boys.
137. Jockey for position - If a number of people want the same
opportunity and are struggling to emerge as the most likely candidate,
they are jockeying for position.
138. Joe Public - Joe Public is the typical, average person.
139. Jog my memory- If you jog someone's memory, you say words
that will help someone trying to remember a thought, event, word,
phrase, experience, etc.
140. Johnny-come-lately - A Johnny-come-lately is someone who
has recently joined something or arrived somewhere, especially when
they want to make changes that are not welcome.
141. Join the club - Said when someone has expressed a desire or
opinion, meaning "That viewpoint is not unique to you". It can suggest
that the speaker should stop complaining since many others are in the
same position. Example: "If this train doesn't come, I'll be late for
work!" "Join the club!"
142. Joined at the hip - If people are joined at the hip, they are very
closely connected and think the same way.
143. Judge, jury and executioner - If someone is said to be the
judge, jury, and executioner, it means they are in charge of every
decision made, and they have the power to be rid of whomever they
choose.
144. Juggle frogs - If you are juggling frogs, you are trying to do
something very difficult.
145. Jump on the bandwagon - If people jump on the bandwagon,
they get involved in something that has recently become very popular.
146. Jump ship - If you leave a company or institution for another
because it is doing badly, you are jumping ship.
147. Jump the broom - To jump the broom is to marry.

148. Jump the gun - If you jump the gun, you start doing something
before the appropriate time.
149. Jump the track - Jumping the track is suddenly changing from
one plan, activity, idea, etc., to another.
150. Jump through hoops - If you are prepared to jump through
hoops for someone, you are prepared to make great efforts and
sacrifices for them.
151. Jump to a conclusion - If someone jumps to a conclusion, they
evaluate or judge something without a sufficient examination of the
facts.
152. Jungle out there - If someone says that it is a jungle out there,
they mean that the situation is dangerous and there are no rules.
153. Jury's out - If the jury's out on an issue, then there is no
general agreement or consensus on it.
Just around the corner- If something is just around the corner, then it is
expected to happen very soon.
154. Just coming up to - If the time is just coming up to nine
o'clock, it means that it will be nine o'clock in a very few seconds.
You'll hear them say it on the radio in the morning.
155. Just deserts - If a bad or evil person gets their just deserts, they
get the punishment or suffer the misfortune that it is felt they deserve.
156. Just for the record - If something is said to be just for the
record, the person is saying it so that people know but does not
necessarily agree with or support it.
Just in the nick of time - If you do something in the nick of time, you
just manage to do it just in time, with seconds to spare.
157. Just off the boat - If someone is just off the boat, they are
naive and inexperienced.
158. Just what the doctor ordered - If something's just what the
doctor ordered, it is precisely what is needed.
159. Keep ones eye on the ball- be ready for something
160. Kick up a row- to start a fight, to create disturbance
161. Know which way the wind blows- This means that you should
know how things are developing and be prepared for the future
162. Left to your own devices- If someone is left to their own
devices, they are not controlled and can do whatever they want
163. Let someone slide- neglect something
164. Let the cat out of the bag- reveal the secret
165. Like a shag on a rock- completely alone.
166. Like a sitting duck- totally unaware
167. Lions share- a major share
168. Loaves and fishes- done for material benefits
169. Make a bee line for- to go directly towards something.
170. Make a dry face- show disappointment

171. Make a monkey of someone- If you make a monkey of

someone, you make them look foolish
172. Make castles in the air- plans or hopes that have very little
chances of happening.
173. Make ones bed and lie on it- to be responsible for what you
have done and accept the results
174. Man of his word- A man of his word is a person who does
what he says and keeps his Promises
175. Meet ones waterloo- meet ones final end
176. Needle in a haystack- If trying to find something is like
looking for a needle in a haystack, it means that it is very difficult, if not
impossible to find among everything around it
177. Never-never land- ideal best place.
178. New brush sweeps clean- 'A new brush sweeps clean' means
that someone with a new perspective can make great changes. However,
the full version is 'a new brush sweeps clean, but an old brush knows
the corners', which warns that experience is also a valuable thing
179. No love lost between- dislike
180. Nobodys fool- one who can take care of himself
181. not having a leg to stand for- not having proof
182. Old flames die hard- It's very difficult to forget old things
183. On pins and needles- If you are on pins and needles, you are
very worried about something
184. On its last legs- in a bad condition and will not last long
185. On the bandwagon- doing something because others are also
doing it
186. On the hook- If someone is on the hook, they are responsible
for something.
187. Once in a blue moon- very rarely
188. Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches- This means
that it's hard to know how much someone else is suffering.
189. Open Pandoras box- to discover more problems
190. Over the moon- being too happy
191. Paper over the cracks- to try to hide something
192. Pick someone to pieces- to criticize sharply
193. Pull up the shocks- do things in the right manner and correctly
194. Put the cart before the horse- doing things in a wrong manner
195. Queer fish- A strange person is a queer fish
196. Quiet as a cat- If somebody is as quiet as a cat they make as
little noise as possible and try to be unnoticeable
197. Quiet as a mouse- If someone's as quiet as a mouse, they make
absolutely no noise
198. Rack and ruin- If something or someone goes to rack and ruin,
they are utterly destroyed or wrecked

199. Rain on your parade- If someone rains on your parade, they

ruin your pleasure or your plans
200. Rake someone over the coals- If you rake someone over the
coals, you criticize or scold them severely
201. Read between the lines- read hidden meanings
202. Recipe for disaster- A recipe for disaster is a mixture of people
and events that could only possibly result in trouble
203. Red carpet- If you give someone the red-carpet treatment, you
give them a specialWelcome to show that you think they are important
204. Red herring- If something is a distraction from the real issues,
it is a red herring
205. Red letter day- A red letter day is a one of good luck, when
something special happens to you
206. Round the houses- If you go round the houses, you do
something in an inefficient way when there is a quicker, more
convenient way
207. Run into the sand- If something runs into the sand, it fails to
achieve a result
208. Salt on the earth- fundamental good people
209. Shake a leg- to go fast, hurry
210. Snake in the grass- a hidden army
211. Snake in the shoes- to be in a state of fear
212. Spill the beans- to expose a secret
213. Tables are turned- When the tables are turned, the situation
has changed giving the advantage to the party who had previously been
at a disadvantage
214. Take a back seat- choose to decrease involvement
215. Take someone under your wing- If you take someone under
your wing, you look after them while they are learning something
216. Take the cloth- to become a priest
217. Take your medicine- If you take your medicine, you accept
the consequences of something you have done wrong
218. Taking to a brick wall- taking with a no response
219. Talking to a brick wall- If you talk to someone and they do
not listen to you, it is like talking to a brick wall
220. Taste of your own medicine- If you give someone a taste of
their own medicine, you do something bad to someone that they have
done to you to teach them a lesson
221. The apple does not fall far from the tree- Offspring grow up
to be like their parents
222. Though thick and thin- under all conditions
223. Threaded his way out- walked carefully through
224. Tit for tat- an action done to revenge against a person who has
done some wrong to you

225. To bell the cat- to take great risks

226. To blow a fuse- to turn someone angry
227. To crow over- to triumph over someone
228. To look through colored glasses- to look the things not as they
are
229. Uncharted waters- If you're in uncharted waters, you are in a
situation that is unfamiliar to you, that you have no experience of and
don't know what might happen
230. Under a cloud- If someone is suspected of having done
something wrong, they are under a cloud
231. Under fire- If someone is being attacked and criticized heavily,
they are under fire
232. Under lock and key- If something is under lock and key, it is
stored very securely
233. Up a river without a paddle- If you up a river without a
paddle, you are in an unfortunate situation, unprepared and with none of
the resources to remedy the matter
234. Up for grabs- If something is up for grabs, it is available and
whoever is first or is successful will get it
235. Up to the neck- If someone's in something up to the neck, they
are very involved in it, especially when it's something wrong
236. Upset the apple cart- to create difficulty
237. Vale of tears- This vale of tears is the world and the suffering
that life brings.
238. Vent your spleen - If someone vents their spleen, they release
all their anger about something.
239. Vicar of Bray - A person who changes their beliefs and
principles to stay popular with people above them is a Vicar of Bray
240. Vicious circle - A vicious circle is a sequence of events that
make each other worse- someone drinks because they are unhappy at
work, then loses their job... 'Vicious cycle' is also used.
241. Vinegar tits - A mean spirited women lacking in love or
compassion.
242. Virgin territory - If something is virgin territory, it hasn't been
explored before.
243. Voice in the wilderness - Someone who expresses an opinion
that no one believes or listens to is a voice in the wilderness,especially
if proved right later.
244. Volte-face - If you do a volte-face on something, you make a
sudden and complete change in your stance or position over an issue.
245. Vultures are circling - If the vultures are circling, then
something is in danger and its enemies are getting ready for the kill.

246. Wait for a raindrop in the drought- When someone is

waiting for a raindrop in the drought, they are waiting or hoping for
something that is extremely unlikely to happen
247. Walking on broken glass- When a person is punished for
something
248. Weight ones word- be careful to what one says
249. Wet behind the ears- Someone who is wet behind the ears is
either very young or inexperienced

Chapter - 8
One Word Substitutions

1. A speech delivered without any previous preparation Extempore
2. One who has no money Pauper
3. A place for sick people who need long period of treatment or rest
Sanatorium
4. A great lover of books Bibliophile
5. One who breaks into a house to commit theft Burglar
6. The killing of human beings Homicide
7. The Science which studies the crust of the earth Geology
8. A study of man Anthropology
9. A paper written by hand Manuscript
10. One who collects coins Numismatists
11. One who is skilled in the study of celestial bodies Astronomer
12. Work for which no salary is paid Honarary
13. A writing or speech in praise of someone Eulogy
14. Person who talks a lot Garrulous
15. The meat of deer Venison
16. One who goes on foot Pedestrian
17. Exclusive possession of the trade in some commodity Monopoly
18. A person who regards the whole World as his country Cosmopolitan
19. One who believes in fate Fatalist
20. Someone who knows a lot about the subject Scholar
21. Loss of money Amnesia
22. A person having deep study in a language Philologist
23. One who is free from all mistakes and failures Infallible
24. A person difficult to please Fastidious
25. The home of a large fierce wild animal Den
26. A long pole used for rowing a boat Oar
27. The original inhabitants of a country Aborigines
28. The Science dealing with the motion of projectile like rockets bombs
and shells Ballistics
29. Emblem of medical profession and US army medical corps Caduceus
30. One who is sued by the plaintiff Defendant
31. Persons with unusual or odd personality Eclectric
32. Sworn allegance to a lord Fealthy
33. International distriuction of racial groups Genocide
34. Curve with two distinct and similar branches Hyperbola
35. A line on a map connecting points having the same amount of rainfall in
a given period Isohyets
36. One who is out to subvert a government Anarchist

37. One who murder ones mother Matricide

38. A lover of God Philotheist
39. The Science relating to the formation and development of words
Elymology
40. A shed for motor car Garage
41. One who is easily deceived Gullible
42. Vehicle to carry dead bodies Hearse
43. Person having no knowledge of any happening Ignorant
44. A planned rout or journey, details of travel Itinerary
45. The area over which an official has control Jurisdiction
46. A school for small children Kindergarten
47. The science of reasoning Logic
48. Purely fictitious narrative usually involving supernatural being etc.
Myth
49. A person with an evil reputation Notorious
50. One who looks at the bright side of things, somebody positive
Optimist
51. A supposed cure for all diseases or problems Panacea
52. Stanza of four lines Quatrain
53. Direct decision by a general vote on the single question Referendum
54. Write hurriedly or carelesslyin regard to hand writing Scribble
55. A writing which end in death or sorrow Tragedy
56. A state of highest perfection Utopia
57. Repetition of word by word Verbatim
58. A man devoid of kind feeling and sympathy Callous
59. Act or art of rhetorical exercise Declamation
60. Sure to produce desired results Efficacious
61. One who thinks only of welfare of women Feminist
62. An animal story with a moral Fable
63. Custom of having many wives Polygamy
64. Group of three novels Trilogy
65. Just punishment for wrong doing Nemesis
66. Man having the qualities of woman Effeminate
67. List of explanation of words Glossary
68. Member of a band of robbers Brigand
69. Old age when a man behaves like a fool Dotage
70. One who cuts precious stones Lapidist
71. One who fights for the sake of money Mercenary
72. One who is more interested in himself Introvert
73. One who lends money at high rate Usurer
74. One who sacrifices his life for country Martyr
75. One who travels from place to place Itinerant
76. Person pretending to be somebody he is not Imposter
77. Person who is against ordinary society especially dressing Hippy

78. Person who regards the whole World as his country Cosmopolitan
79. Places where government records are kept Archives
80. Public building where weapons are made and stored Arsenal
81. Send unwanted person out of the country Deport
82. Stage between boyhood and youth Adolescence
83. Study of statistics of birth, death and diseases Demography
84. Things that cannot be understood Unintelligible
85. Walking in sleep Somnambulism
86. One who is all powerful Omnipotent
87. A place for housing aero planes Hanger
88. One who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in religious
matters Fanatic or Bigot
89. One who runs away from justice or the law Fugitive
90. Words which are inscribed on the grave or the tomb in the memory of
the buried Epitaph
91. A fault that may be forgiven Venial
92. One who acts against religion Heretic
93. That which can be seen through Transparent
94. A place where money is made Mint
95. Murder of infant Infanticide
96. Able to adapt oneself readily to many sitations Versatile
97. A person who is womanish in his habits Effeminate
98. One who talks continuously Loquacious
99. Animals which live in water Aquatic
100. The life history of a person written by himself Autobiography
101. The art of elegant speech of writing Rhetoric
102. To cut off a part of a persons body which is infected
Amputate
103. A published collection of poems from different poets
Anthology
104. A list of books representing some scholarly work for reference
Bibliography
105. A person who eats human flesh Cannibal
106. The Government of people Democracy
107. The practice or custom of marrying only within a local
community Endogamy
108. The time or date, when the day and night are of the same length
Equinox
109. Destruction of red blood cells Haemolysis
110. A person who talks excessively Loquacious
111. Destructive of the kidney Nephrotoxic
112. Extreme fear from strangers Xenophobia
113. A book published after the death of its author Posthumas
114. Belonging to the middle ages Medieval

115. Hard but liable to be easily broken Brittle

116. Misappropriation of money Embezzlement
117. One who dies without a Will Intestate
118. Persons who work together Colleagues
119. Something that cannot be imitated Inimitable
120. That which cannot be conquered Invincible
121. World written on the tomb of a person Epitaph
122. A study of the body Physiology
123. A strong desire to return home or home-sickness Nostalgia
124. One who hates women Misogynist
125. One who questions everything Cynic
126. A study of races Ethnology
127. Murder of self Suicide
128. Violating the sanctity of a church Sacrilege
129. A school boy who cuts classes frequently Truant
130. Politicians are notorious for doing undue favour to their
relatives Nepotism

Chapter 9
Cloze Test
Directions (Q. 1-4) In the sentence below, a word is printed in bold. Below the
sentence, five words/group of words are suggested, one of which can replace the
bold word, without changing the meaning of the sentence. Find out the
appropriate word/group of words in each case.
1. If you familiarize yourself with the culture of that area, you will be able
to enjoy life there.
a) Submit b) Acquaint c) Associate
d) Look after e) None of these
2. For such a gigantic task, there should be some special task force.
a) Trivial b) Important c) Huge
d) Gallantry e) None of these
3. If you are required to handle things under stress, mistakes are

inevitable.
a) Correctable b) Detectable c) Unpardonable
d) Unavoidable e) None of these
4. People who trespass this gate will be fined.

a) Cross without permission
b) Climb up and cross over
c) Break unlawfully
d) Pass on
e) None of these
Directions (Q. 5-9) Below the four words are given. One of these four words
may be wrongly spelt. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt, if there is any.
The number of that word is your answer. If all the words are correctly spelt
mark All correct as the answer.
5. Below the four words are given. One of these four words may be
wrongly spelt. Find out the word which is wrongly spelt, if there is any.
The number of that word is your answer. If all the words are correctly
spelt mark All correct as the answer.
a) Adventure b) Demonstration c) Environment
d) Innosent e) All Correct

a) Limitasion b) Dependable c) Miniature
d) Qualitative e) All Correct
a) Lucrative b) Ancestral c) Performanse
d) Incidentally e) All Correct
a) Futility b) Separasion c) Embarrassment
d) Positively e) All Correct
a) Tournament b) Enhancement c) Amazingly
d) Continuation e) All Correct
Directions (Q. 10-14)

A. The researchers in these companies claim that they could do better by
allowing their employees to doze off at work place.
B. The dreams, while at work, are thus helpful to solve crucial problems.
C. Would you believe that some UK based companies are arranging for bed at
the work place?
D. The reason, they claim, could be that dreams produce creative solutions.
E. We only hope that these crucial problems in UK are different from those of
ours.
F. But it is true and is considered as a step to improve quality of their products.

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) D e) None of these


rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
d) E e) None of these
Directions (Q. 15-18) In the following sentence, an idiomatic expression or a

proverb is highlighted. Select the alternative which best describes its use in the
sentence.
15. Mrs.Nayak opened the discussion on the alarming rate of poverty in

India.
a) Started the discussion
b) Gave her opinion in the discussion
c) Did not agree on the discussion
d) Welcomed the people to the discussion
16. The course of events made it necessary for Joseph to start working.
a) Events that were planned
b) Long list of future events
c) A succession of unexpected events
d) Nature of events that followed after Joseph joined work
17. The new law on 'Right to Food Safety' will come into force next
month.
a) Be forced upon the people
b) Be associated from next month onwards
c) Be implemented next month
d) Be withdrawn next month

18. When the girl wanted to stay out past midnight, her father put his foot
down.
a) Gave in to her request
b) Walked away disapprovingly
c) Obstructed her from leaving the house
d) Requested her to be home on time

A. The reasons for their happiness was that they had come to the Vithal temple
of Pandharpur to see their beloved Lord.
B. There were rich, poor men, women, children, blind, handicapped among
them.
C. They were all in a very happy state of mind, as was apparent from their
glowing faces.
D. They would worship and seek the Divine blessings while in Pandharpur.
E. It was an auspicious day and many people had assembled in the temple.
F. Though different there was one commonality among.
19. Which of the following should be the Fourth statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
20. Which of the following should be the Fifth statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
21. Which of the following should be the Sixth statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
22. Which of the following should be the First statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
23. Which of the following should be the Second statement after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C

Directions (Q. 24-28) Which of the phrases given below should be replaced the
phrase given in bold in the sentence to make the sentence grammatically
meaningful and correct?
24. There are lot many opportunities for young IT graduates today.
a) Lot many of
b) Very many of
c) A lot many
25. Along the course off his carrier, he has established a reputation for
efficiency.
a) In the course off
b) During the course of
c) While the course of
26. It is much likely his train has been delayed due to bad weather.
a) Quite likely that
b) Mostly like that
c) Much likely that
27. He answered every question put on him frankly.

a) Put for him
b) Put to him
c) Put by himself
d) Putting on him
28. The engineers have been working overtime, but have been not able to
locate the fault.
a) Have not been unable
b) Are not unable
c) Have been unable

A. Besides, they get a lot of exposure to novel things through media.
B. Therefore, their mental development did not show any extraordinary signs.
C. Children of the present generation appear to be smarter than their earlier
counterparts.
D. Thus, the environment of present days has brought out these changes.
E. This is probably because there are lots of opportunities for their indirect
learning.

F. Children of yester years did not have these facilities.

29. Which of the following will be the Third sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
30. Which of the following will be the First sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
31. Which of the following will be the Sixth sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
32. Which of the following will be the Second sentence after

rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
33. Which of the following will be the Fifth sentence after rearrangement?
a) A b) B c) C
Answers:
1. Option B
2. Option C
3. Option D
4. Option A
5. Option D
6. Option A
7. Option C
8. Option B
9. Option E
10. Option E
11. Option A
12. Option D
13. Option B
14. Option D
15. Option A
16. Option C
17. Option C
18. Option C
19. Option C

20. Option D
21. Option B
22. Option D
23. Option A
24. Option C
25. Option B
26. Option A
27. Option B
28. Option C
29. Option A
30. Option C
31. Option D
32. Option D
33. Option B

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Chapter 1................................................... English Grammar

#2. She is an intelligent girl.

#3. she gave me an* information .

Where to use 'a' and 'an'

Use of indefinite article

1. With Proper Noun :

Example: This book is written by a Chetan .

This book is written by Chetan .

2. The Case of so , as , too :

Example : 1. It is too heavy a parcel for me to carry.

2. She is as beautiful a girl as you are ever likely to me.

3. A mid wave of shouting was flowing in the party.

#1. You are the man who helped me.

#2. These are the girls whom are I have invited.

#3. The water of this well is polluted.

#1. He goes to school daily.

#3. He went to church to offer prayers. [general act]

Words with which 'the' is not used in general cases:

Church for prayers

Use of ' little', 'a little', 'the little'

=>little means negligible

Rule- All of these are used with uncountable noun.

#2. He attempted two question in the exam as he had a little knowledge of

Use of Few , A Few , The Few

It is used before the uncountable nouns.

#1. In an hours* time, he reached Mumbai.

#3. Thanks to an insight and persistence of the local doctors, thousands of

#4. There are a hundred of partially built houses in the town.

Note:- 'a' is not used before the noun if it followed by 'of'

Other words are

Proper Noun : Name of specific person, place or thing.

Abstract Noun :Whom we cannot touch like happiness, sadness etc.

Further classifications are:

Hair Scenery Information Mischief

Children are prone to making mischiefs if they have nothing to

I saw beautiful sceneries in painting exhibition.[Correct:scenery]

Mathematics Statistics Some Diseases: Mesals

scissors trousers jeans pants, shorts

Numerical Adjective Noun Case

When in a sentence there is a numerical adjective with a noun,we cannot

Correct:He is a twenty year old boy.

Twenty kms are a long distance.[Correct:is]

Noun - Preposition - Noun Case

Rows upon Rows of pink marbles are to the eyes.[Correct:Row upon

Use of Apostrophe 's' : ('s)

The Ram House of ram = Ram's house

Ram and sham's house

[Correct:John and Marry's]

Correct : Mother of his wife's secretary has died.

Used in place of 'Noun'.

Examples He, she, his ,they ,we , us , me , my , mine , I , you , it ,

1. Nominative : Used as a subject in the sentence.

2. Objective : Used as an object in the sentence on which work is going

Examples me , him , her , it etc.

3. Possessive : Pronouns which show possessiveness.

Difference Between ' my ' & ' mine '

' my ' is used before the noun.

' mine ' is used after the noun.

Difference Between ' your ' and ' yours '

' Your ' used before the ' noun '.

' Yours ' used after the ' noun '.

Rule 1: After Preposition we have to use objective pronoun.