Aryans

Vedic Age(1500-500BC)
Up to Bihar
Early Vedic/Rigvedic Period
Later Vedic Age/ Painted Greyware Phase
King,Sabha(House elders) & Samiti; Senani
Bali(Voluntary) & Bhaga
Varnas
 Vedas
Sruti and Smriti
Rigveda(1700BC)
Collection of hymns
10 Mandals(1028 hymn)
3rd Mandal- Gayatri Mandal(Savitri)
9th Mandal-Soma hymn
10th Purushasuktab hymn(4 varnas origin)
Deity river of Rigveda- Saraswati
Sama veda
Collection of melodies
Recited by Udgatri at Soma sacrifice
Drupad raga
Yajur Veda
Procedures of sacrifices; Beliefs & Rituals
Shukla(well arranged,clear) & Krishna Yajur
veda
Atharveda
Magical Formulae, Charms & Spells
The Upanishads/Vedarita (800-500BC)
Reveal purpose of vedas
Philosophical(Karma , atman, Brahman,Origin of universe)
108 in number of which 11 are Mukhya Upanishads
Brahmanas
Explanation or commentaries on veda
Most imp is Shatapatha Brahmana(100 sacred paths) attached to
Yajurveda
Aryankas- Concluding part of Brahmanas with magical power
Vedangas
Limbs of vedas
Work on Science and art
Vyakrana,Nirukta(Etymology),Chhanda
(Metrics),Jyotish, Kalpa(rituals)
Ashtadhyayi by Panini on vyakrana(4thBC)
Upaveda(4)
Dhanurveda(of Yajur Veda)
Gandharvaveda(of Sama Veda)
Shastrashastra(of Athar veda)
Ayurveda(of Rig veda)
Philosophy
1.Nayaya-Gautama 4.Vaisesika-Kannad
2.Yoga-Patanjali 5.Uttar mimansa-Vyasa
3.Sankhya-Kapil 6.Purva mimansa-Jaimini
Puranas
Sutra 1.Srauta(public sacrifice),2.Griha(life rituals)
3.Dharma(social customs)
Smritis/ Dharm Shastra
Law books
Manav Dharm Shastra, Vishnu dharm shastra
,Yajnavalkya smriti & Narada Smriti
Minor smriti - Mitakshara
BUDDHISM
 BUDDHISM
GautamaBudha/Sakyamuni/Tathagata/Sidhar
tha
563BC-483
Birth Place Lumbini, Kapil Vastu,Nepal
Sakya Tribe
Father Sudhodhana
Mother- Mahamaya and Gautami
Wife - Yashodhara
 Mahabhinishkramana(GreatRenunciation),
Symbol-Horse
Nirvana(Enlightment, Symbol-Bodhi Tree): Bodhi
Tree,Bodh Gaya
Dharmachakra Pravartana (8 spoked wheel) at
Sarnath,Varanasi(UP)- First sermon
Death- Kushinagar (UP)
Stupa, Chaitya and Vihara
 BUDDHA TEACHINGS
Four Noble Truths: Eight Fold Paths:
Sabbam Dukkam Right Understanding
Dwadash Nidan/Pratitya Right Thought
Samutpada Right Speech
Nirvana Right Action
Ashtangika Marga Right Means Of
Livelihood
Right Efforts
Right Mindfulness
Right concentration
Triratna: Sects Of Buddhism:
Budha Mahayana(Greater
Dhamma vehicle)
Sangha Hinayana(Lesser
vehicle)
Vajrayana
 Buddhist Literature
Tripitaka(Hinayana) in Pali
Vanaya Pitaka Rules for monks
Sutta Pitaka Budha Sermons/Lectures
Collection
Abhidhamma Pitaka Budha Philosophies
 Buddhist Council
1st Council 483 BC At Rajgriha by Ajatshatru(Haryanka
dynasty)
2nd Council 383 BC At Vaishali by Kalasoka (Shishunga
Dynasty)
3rd Council Patliputra 250 BC- At Patliputra by Ashoka (Maurya
Dynasty)
4th Council Kundalvan 72 AD Kanishka (Kushana Dynasty)
 Buddhist Scholars
Ashvaghosha
Nagarjuna
Asanga
Vasubandhu
Buddraghosha
Dimaga
Dharmakriti
 Buddhist Universities
Nalanda University
Taxila University
 Buddhist Architecture
Stupas :Sanchi (MP),
Bharhut(MP),Sarnath,Amravati,Gaya(Bihar)
Chaitya
Vihar

Cave architecture :Barabar Hills (Gaya), Nasiks, West Asia

Art Pieces : Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda(Andra Pradesh)
Delhi Sultanate
 Slave Dynasty
Qutubuddin Aibak(1206-1210)
Iltutmish(1210-36)
Son in law
Greatest slave king
Capital shift fro Lahore to Delhi.
Chalisa/Chahalgani
Slave, Loyalist, Viceroy of Ghori Iqta system
Lakh Baksh
Tanka(Silver)
Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra(Ajmer)
Quwwat-ul-islam(Delhi) Jital(copper)
Qutub Minar(Khwaja Qutub-ud-din
Bakhtiyar Kaki
Patronised Fakhruddin (Tarikh-i-
Mubarak-Shahi) and Hasan-ul-
Nizami
Died while playing polo.
Raziya Sultan(1236-1240)
Crushed rebelion from
Lahore,Jhansi and
Ranthambore
Formed a group of loyalists
headed by Yakut
Got defeated by Governor of
Bhatinda-Altunia.
Subsequently married him.
Assassinated in Haryana by Defeated by Jalaluddin Khilji.
the Jats.
Ghiyasuddin Balban(1265-
1286)
Member of Chalisa
Diwan-i-Arz(Dept of
Military)
Persian etiquettes Sijda
and Paibos
Patronized Amir Khusro
Zil-i-Illahi
Kaikubad(1287-90)
 KHALJI DYNASTY
Jalaluddin Khalji (1290-96)
Policy of tolerance
Murdered by nephew and son-
in-law Alauddin Khalji.
Alauddin Khalji(1296-1316)
Captured
Gujrat,Ranthambore,Chittor,M
alwa,Madurai and
Rameshwaram in south
Sent Malik Kafur to south
Ghazi Malik was his
commander in NW.
Dagh System
Chehra System
Land reform Bishwa (Unit of
land measurement)
Mustakhraj, 50% Tax
Alai Fort(Delhi),Alai
Darwaza(Q.Minar),Hazar
Situn,Hauz Khas(Delhi)
Patronized Amir Khusro and
Mir Hasan Dehlvi
Siri(Capital)
Sikandar-i-Sahani
Last Khalji ruler Nasir-ud-din
Shah/ Qutub-ud-din Mubarak
Shah/Khusrau Khan
 TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq(1320-25)
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq(1325-51)
Jauna Khan
5 Ambitious projects:
1.Taxation in the Doab(1326)
2.Transfer of the capital-
Deogiri/Daulatabad(1327)
3.Introduction of token currency(1329)
Ghazi Malik 4.The Khurasan Expedition(1329)
5.Qarachil Expedition(1330)
Liberal administration Died in Sind during a war with Taghi.
policies
Batai system(crop sharing)
Efficient postal sysytem
Tughlagabad
Died after falling from a
raised pavillion.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq(1351-1388)
Iqta System(also army) got heriditory.
Sutlaj to Ghaggar canal
Diwan-i-Bandagon
Diwan-i-Khairat
Adha(50% Jital) Bikh(25% jital)
Jazia
Barani (Tariq-i-Firozshahi and Fatwa-i-Jahangiri)
Kharaz (50% of produce) and Zakat(2.5% tax on
property)
Built Jaunpur(UP), Hissar, Firozabad etc
Last king was Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah Tughlaq(
Faced Timur invassions).
 Sayyid dynasty
Khizr Khan(1414-21)
Founder
Governor of Lahore previously
Took title Rayat-i-Ala(Jagirdar) not king
Three successor
1.Mubarak Shah
2.Muhammad Shah
3.Alauddin Shah
 Lodhi Dynasty
Sikandar Lodhi(1489-1517)
Bahlal Lodhi(1451-1489) Son of Bahlol
Also Nizam Khan
Founder Built Agra (Capital)
Loyalists were named Muslim fanatic, damaged
as Amin 1.Nagarkot Temple(Nepal)
2.Mathura Temple
3.Jwalamukhi
Temple(Himachal)
Gulrukhi(Pen name)
Gaj-i-sikandari
 Ibrahim Lodhi(1517-1526)
Defeated by Rana Sanga

1st Battle of Panipat 1526

 Administration
Wazir
Ariz-i-Mamalik (Military head)
Diwan-i-Risalat
Chief Sadar or Chief Qazi
Barids
Wakil-i-dar (court maintenance)
Khut (Landlords)
Chaudhary
 Architecture
Arch and domes
Geometrical and floral design
Verses of Quran
Paintings
Arabs introduced paper in 15th century that encouraged
painting.
 Music
New instruments Rabab, Sarangi and Sitar(Amir Khusro)
Amir Khusro(1253-1325)
Tuti-i-Hind
Developed Khayal (Style of singing)
Tarikh-i-Alai(Alauddin Khilji)
Ashiqa
Nur-Siphir
Tughlaqnamah
Khazyan-ul-Futuh, Khamsah, Mifthul Futuh
Geet Govind by Jayadev in these times
Guptas
GUPTA AGE
Golden Age of Hinduism
Replaced Kushana Empire
Founder Sri Gupta (His son

Chandragupta I(AD 319-335)

Maharajadhiraj
Kumardevi type coins.(Lichchhavi princess)
Start of Gupta Era with his coronation(26 feb 320)
Captured Magadha, Prayaga, Saketa( Ayodhya)etc
 Samudragupta(335-380)
Napolean of India/ Kaviraj / Dharama Prachar
Bandhu
Empire- Kanchi (Pallavas accepted
Dominion),Java ,Sumatra & Malaya
Veena Player
Prayag Prasati (Pillars of Allahabad)-
Harisenas Poetry
Virsena(Commander-in-Chief), Vasubandhu
(Buddhist Scholars)
 Chandragupta II(380-415)
Vikramaditya / Sakari
Succeeded by Ramagupta( Dhruvadevi captured
by Saka invader)
Virasena-Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription(Delhi)
about conquest of Bengal
W.Malva, Gujrat, Ujjain(2nd capita after Patliputra)
First to issue silver coin
Fa-Hien(Chinese Pilgrim)
Navratna - Kalidas , Amarsingh,Harisen etc.
Kumargupta(415-455)
Mahendra
Nalanda University
Hunas invasions
Sakandagupta(455-467)
Vikramaditya
Last powerful King
 Gupta Administration
Decentralised & Feudal
Council of minister
Pushtapala( Kept land records)
UNITS HEAD
Bhukti Uparika
Vishya Vishyapati
Pura/Nagar Purapala/ Nagarpati
Grama Gramika
Army Standing, Senabhaktas fed army.
Judiciary Separate Civil and criminal laws
Coins Gold(Dinars) & Silver( Rupayka)
 Religion
Bhagvatism
Bhagvad Gita
Idol Worship
Vajrayanism

*Trade- With Romans and S.Asians

Architecture
Budhas Dharmachakra mudra(Sarnath,UP)
Budhas Sculpture Bamiyan(Afganistan),
Bhagalur(Bihar)
STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE
1.Nagara
2.Vesara
3.Dravida
 Literature
Literature Author
Institutes of Hindu law William Law
Nyayavratam (Jainism) Sidhsena
Abhidhama Kosha (Budhism) Dignaga
Vishudhimaga(Budhism) Buddhghosa
Mrichchakatikam Sudraka
Ritusamhara,Meghduttam
& Raghuvansham Kalidas
Sanskrit Grammer Panini & Patanjali
Panchantantra &
Hitopdesha Vishnu Sharma
Amarkosh Amar Singh
 Literature Author
Kamasutra Vatsyayna
Panchsiddhantika
Brihad Samhita Varahamihira
Aryabhatiyam,Surya Sidhanta Aryabhatiyam
Bhrahma Siddhanta Brahmagupta
Ayurveda Dhanvantri
Mahabhaskara, Laghubhaskara Bhaskar

* Vagabhatt was a Physician.

Indus Valley Civilization
 Indus Valley Civilization(3300-1300)
Bronze Age Civilizations
N.W Regions of S.Asia(N.E Afganistan,Pak, N.W India)
Contemporary to Mesopotamia & Egypt
Ghaggar and Saraswati Tributaries along with Panchnad
Neolithic age/New stone age(10000BC)
John Marshal
Site Year Founder
1.Harrapa 1921 Daya Ram Sahni
2.Mohenjodaro 1922 RD Banerjee
3.Lothal 1957 SR Rao
4.Kalibanga 1959 BB Lal
5.Sutkagendor 1931 Aurel Stein
6.Rangpur 1931 MS Vat
7.Chanhudaro 1931 MG Majumdar
8.Alamgirpur 1974 YD Sharma
9.Banawali 1974 RS Bisht
 Grid System(Systematic and Planned)
Citadel,dockyard,Granaries,Warehouses,Protective walls etc
but no large monuments
Municipal Govt
Uniform weights & Accurate measuring tools
Copper, bronze(Cu + tin),Lead, tin
Economy
Barter system, no coins
Trade with help of bullock carts, boats etc.
Seals-Unicorn , elephant , bull , Pashupati , Swastika seal etc.
Sotkagen-dor, Sokhta-koh,Balakot(Pak) & Lothal(Gujrat)
Crop- Wheat,Barley,Bajra,Jawar,mustard, peas,dates etc.
Language
Boustrophedon script(Zigzag)
Pictographic
Undeciphered
Sites and important findings:
Harappa
Lingam & yoni
2 rows of six granaries
Male & female nude dancing figure of stone
Red sandstone male figure
Mohenjodaro
Great Bath
Great Granary
Dice
Bronze dancing girl
Kalibanga:
1.Bangel Factory
2.Wells in every house
3.No Mother Goddess figure unlike others
Chanhudaro:Only city without Citadel
Amri:Actual remains of rhinoceros
Lothal:Terracotta figures,instruments for measuring angles
Ropar:Dog burried with human
Banawali: Only city with radial streets & non systematic
drainage
Deimabad: Bronze charioteer&chariot, Bronze rhinoceros
Dholavira:Only city with 3 parts, Giant water reservoir
Mehrgarh:Earliest farming site & dentistry
Religion
Mother goddess and Great Male God
Religious Bathing(Great Bath)

Crafts
Cotton,wool,ochre,red&black pottery(Ochre),
gold&silver jewellery
Jainism
 Jainism
Founder-Rishabhnath/Adinath (emblem-bull)
22nd Tirthankar- Neminath/Arishtanemi. 23rd Parsavnath
Mahavira(540-468BC)
Father-Siddhartha, Mother- Trishala
Jaina/Jitendriya/Kevalin/Nirgrantha/Arihant
Birth place Vaishali(Bihar)
Enlightment(Kaivalya)-Jimbhika (Bihar)
I Sermon(Pava)-Gandhras(11 disciples)
Died at Pavapuri
Nirgrantha sect
Belief in Karma & Transmigration of soul
Jaina Philosophy
1.Sayadvada
2.Anekantavada
Belief in Karma & Transmigration of soul
Triratnas
1.Right Faith
2.Right Knowledge
3.Right Conduct
Five Cardinal Principles
1.Ahinsa
2.Satya
3.Asteya
4.Aparigraha
5.Bhramacharya
First four by Parsavnathji and last by Lord
Mahaveera
Five Instruments of Knowledge
1.Mati Jnana 2.Avadhi Jnana 3.Shrutta Jnana
4.Manahaprayaya Jnana 5.Keval Jnana
Sects of Jainism
1.Digambar
2.Svetambaras
Prakrit and
Surseni
Language.
Marathas
 Marathas
Shivaji(1674-80):
Parents-Shahji Bhosle & Jija Bai
Samarth Ramdas
Forts Conquered- Rajgarh,Singh
Garh/Kondana,Rohind,Chakan,T
oran,Purandar,Supa, Panhala
etc.
Conquered Karnataka(1677-80)
Swarajya (Rajgarh capital)
Shaista khan(1663)
Jai Singh- Treaty of Purandar
(1665)
Haindava Dharmodharak
Ashtapradhans(Council of minister)
1.Peshwa(Mukhya Pradhan)- Gen admin & Finance
2.Majumdar(Amatya)- Revenue & Finance
3.Waqenavis(Mantri)- Home Minister
4.Dabir (Sumant)- Foreign Minister
5.Suranavis (Sachiv)-Head of royal correspondence
6.Pandit Rao(Sadar)- Head of Religious affairs
7.Sar-i-Naubat(Senapati)-Military
Commander(Symbolic)
8.Nyaydhish

9.Pratinidhi(delegate)- Added by Rajaram

Administration
Four Provinces (Mamlatdar)
Prant(Prantapati)
Prangana(Pranganpati)
Village(Patel)
Revenue Administration
Kathi Unit of land measuremet
Tax raised from 33% to 40%
Chauth(25%)- Six Deccan provinces
Sardeshmukhi- Additional 10% levy
 Anglo Maratha War
I Anglo-Maratha War(1775-82) :
Treaty of Salbai 1782
Victory of Marathas
II Anglo Maratha War(1803-06):
Treaty of Bassien 1802
Victory of British
III Anglo Maratha War(1817-18)
Victory of British
Mauryas
 Mauryan Dynasty
Chandragupta Maurya(321-298BC)
Founder
Overthrew Dhanananda of Nanda Dynasty in 321 BC
Ruled entire North India(Welfare state)
Embraced Jainism with Bhadrabahu
Sandrocottus/ Androcottus (by Greeks)
Defeated Selucus Nicator in 305BC
Bindusara (298-273BC)
Extended kingdom to Mysore
Taranath (Budhist Monk)
Ambassador Deimachus(Syria) and Dionysius(Egypt)
 Ashoka(273-232BC)
Devnampiyadasi(servant of God)
Empire included Afghanistan ,Baluchistan, Kashmir,
Valleys of Nepal, except extreme south.
Kalinga War 261BC
Dhamma Ghosha against Bherighosha
Took up Buddhism under Upagupta
Son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra
Organised Dhammayatras by Mahamatras
Ashokas Dhamma
14 major Rock Edicts in Odisha(p-24)
 Ashoka was replaced by
Dashratha,Samprati,Shalisheka,Devavarman,
Shatadhanvam & Brihadratha
Brihadratha- Last ruler , assassinated by Pushyamitra
Shunga(184)
Administration
1.Mantri Parishad Yuvraj,Gopa & Senapati
Sculpture
Single Lion Capital( Nandangarh , Bihar)
Four Lion Capital( Sarnath , Sanchi)
Carved and engraved elephant at Dhauli(Odisha) &
Kalsi( Uttarakhand )
Literature
Arthashastra( Kautilya)
Kalpasutra (Bhadrabahu)
Buddhist text- Kathavastu
Jain Text Bhagwati Sutra,Acharanga Sutra &
Dasavalik
Mughals
 Mughal Empire
Babur(1526-1530)
Title Ghazi(Muslim fighter)
Ferghana (Afganistan)
1ST Battle of Panipat 1526
Battle of Khanwa 1527(Rana
Sangha)
Battle of
Ghaghra1529(Muhammad
Lodhi,Afgan)
Tuzuk-i-Babri or
Babarnama(Tarkish)
Used gunpowder and artillery
Died of illness
Humayun(1530-40 & 1555-56)
Battle of Chausa 1539
Shershah(Rupiah, GT Road)
Dinpanah(2nd Capital after
Agra)
Humayun Nama by Begum
Gulband(sister)
Fell from stairs and died
Bairam Khan (Loyalist)
 Akbar(1556-1605)
Kashmir,Sind,Kandhar upto
Godavari.
Hamida Bano(Mother)
2nd Battle of Panipat 1556
Ended Masham Anga
(Petticoat govt) domination
Capital- Fatehpur sikri(Buland
darwaza, Ibadat Khana)
Man Singh conquered
Bihar,Bengal and Odisha
Battle of Haldighati 1576
Abolished Jazia, Pilgrimage tax
Sulh-i-kul (peace for all)
Mazarnamah 1579 (Mujtahid-Iman-
i-adil)
Din-i-Illahi
Titles Amir-ul-Momin (leader of
faithful)
Amir-i-adil(Just ruler)
Ralph Fitch(1585)
Mansabdari system
Killed in Battle with Yusufzai tribe
1586
Razma Namah(Persian Mahabharat)
Navratna :
1.Abul Fazal- Wazir(Akbarnama)
2.Faizi Abul- Historian & mathematician
.Wrote Lilavati.
3.Tansen- Meghmalhar and Deepak
4.Birbal- Mahesh Das
5.Raja Todarmal- Diwan(Bandobast)
6.Raja Maan Singh- General
7.Abdul Rahim Khan-e-khana Poet(Bairam
Khans son)
8.Faqir Azio Din Sufi saint
9.Mullah Do Piaza Chief Advisor
Jahangir(1605-27
Nurrudin Muhammad Jahangir
Two sons Khusro and Khurram
Executed Arjun Dev
Badshah Begum- Nurjahan
( Mehrunisa)
Portugese bought & started tobacco
production.(Prohibited)
Zanzir-i-Adil
Captain Hawkins (1608-11)
Sir Thomas Roe (1615-16)
Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri
Shahjahan(1628-58)
Born in Lahore
Married Arjumand Bano
Begum(Mumtaz Mahal)
Added Deccan
Golden age of Mughals
French Travellers - Bernier &
Tavenier
Itallian traveller Nicolo
Manucci
Sons:
Dara Shikoh(Gov of Punjab)
Shuja(Gujrat)
Aurangjzeb(Afganistan)
Murad(Gujrat)
Battle of Dharmat(1658)
Battle of Samugarh(1658)
Battle of Khajwa(1658)
Aurangzeb(1658-1707
Title Alamgir/zinda pir
Empire- Kashmir to Jinji
Hindukush to Chittagong
Mutasibs(Moral code)
Reimposed Jazia (1679)
Bibi- ka- Mkbara
Guru Tegh Bahadur executed
Khalsa was formed by Guru Govind Singh,
continued by Banda Bairagi.
Arrested Shivaji
Dar-ul-Harb/ Dar-ul-Islam(Coversion of India
into Islam)
 Later Mughals
Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712)
Real name Muazzam/Shah Alam I/Shah Bekhabar
Peace with Guru Govind Singh
Released Sahu
Granted Sar Deshmukhi
Defeated Bandabahadur(Lohagarh)
Jahandar Shah(1713-1719)
Abolished Jazia
I puppet ruler
Title Mirja raja sawai to Jai Singh.
Farukhsiyar(1713-1719)
Army General Sayyid brothers ( Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha
and Syed Hussain Ali Khan Barha )
Surmon Commission(Christianity)
Murdered
Muhammad Shah(1719-1748)
Rangeela
Invassions:
1.Nadir Shah(1739)- Takht-i-Taus, Kohinoor.
2.Ahmed Shah Abdali(1748-54)
Alamgir II (1754-59)
Reoccupied Delhi
Alam Shah II(1759-1806)
Battle of Panipat(1761)
Battle Buxar(1764)
Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha
Akbar II(1806-37)
Title of Raja to Ram Mohan Roy
Sovereignty of Mughal taken away by Lord
Hasting
Bahadur Shah II(1837-1862)
Pen name Zafar
Deported to Rangoon(1857 Mutiny)
Economy
Trade and commerce with Europeans.
Cottan,Indigo,Opium and Tobacco etc
Ports- Surat,Cambay(Gujrat),Cochin,
Masulipatnam(Andra)
Administration
1.Subas(12) Subedar Provincial Diwan
2.Sarkars Fauzdar(Kotwal) Amil/Amalguzar
3.Prangana Siqdar Amin/Qanungo
4.Gram Lambardar Patwari
 Administration
Important Officers
Wakil(Deputy of king)
Wazir(PM)
Diwan
Mir Bakshi
Mir Saman or Khan Saman(Royal Hosehold)
Sadr-us-Sudur
Chief Qazi
Barids
Mustafi (Auditor General)

Mansabdari System (Zat & Sawar)

Departments:
Diwan-i-Wazarat(R & F)
Diwan-i-Ariz
Diwan-i-Insha
Diwan-i-Risalat(religion)
Diwan-i-Qaza
Diwan-i-Mustakhraj
Revenue Administration
Dashala System
Zabti System
Bigha
Ijara System
Mughal Paintings:
Peacock blue and Indian red
Zenith (Jahangir)
Rajputs
 Rajputs
Group Founder
1.Chauhan (Ajmer,Delhi) Vasudev
2.Guhil/Sisodiya (Mewar) Bappa Rawal
3.Rathore Rao Siha
(Jodhpur,Bikaner&Kannauj)
4.Kachhwaha(Amer & Alwar) Dhaularai
5.Parmars/Pawar (Ujjain) Upendra
6.Maurya (Chittorgarh) ChitrangadMaurya
7.Pratiharas(Kannauj,Avanti ) Nagbhatt I
8.Tomar (Haryana & Delhi) Anangpal Singh
9.Chandela(MP,Khajuraho) Nannuk Chandela
10.Rashtrakuta Dantidurg
(Malkhand,Karnataka)
11.Haihaya(Chedi/Klchuri) Kokkala I
 Groups fighting over
Palas(750-1150)
Founder-Gopala
Dharmpala(770-810):
Revived Nalanda University
Founded Vikramshila University

Gurjar Pratiharas(730-1036)
Founder Nagbhatt I
Mihir Bhoja(836-882): Adivarah

The Rashtrakutas (AD 6th to 10th )

Founder- Dantidurg
Krishna I(756-774): Rock Cut Temple of Kailash(Ellora)
Govinda III (793-814): Great ruler
Amoghvarsha (814-878): Kavirajamarga(Knnad book)
 Important Rajput Rulers
1.Prithviraj Chauhan(1178-92)
Delhi, Agra, Ajmer
I Battle of Terrain(1191)
II Battle of Terrain(1192)
Prithviraj Raso(Chand Bardai)
2.Jaichand Rathore(1169-94)
Battle of Chandawar(1194)s
3.Maharana Kumbha(133-68)
Sisodiya Dynasty/Guhil
Victory Tower-War of Sarangpur(Defeated Md.
Khilji,Malva)
Ekling Mahatmaya
32/84 forts
3.Maharana Sanga(1509-28)
Sangram Singh
Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi
at Bundi(1517) & Badi 1518
Title Hindu Pat
Battle of Bayana(1526) Defeated Babars forces
Battle of Khanwa(1527) Defeated by Babar
4.Maharana Pratap(1572-1597)
Battle of Haldighati 1576
(Raj Dharmpalli,War ofKhamnor,
Gogunda War)
South Dynesty
 South Indian Kingdom
Chalukya(543-755)
Capital Vatapi/Badami/Vadami/Bijapur
Founder- Pulakesin I
Pulakesin II (609-642)
1.Aihole inscription (by Ravikirti poet)
2.Defeated by Narsimhavarman (Pallava king),
who accepted title of Vatapikonda.
Populasrised Vesara style
Cholas(850-1279)
Capital-Tanjore(Gangaikondacholapuram)
Founder-Vijayalaya(Feudatory of Pallavas)
1.Rajaraja(985-1014):
Built Vrihadeshwar/Rajarajeshvar
temple(Tanjore)
2.Rajendra I (1014-1044):
Conquered Odisha,Bengal,Burma,Andaman &
Nicobar(Cholas at Zenith)
3.Rajendra III: Last Chola ruler
Chola Administration
1.Mandalam
2.Valanadu
3.Nadu
4.Kurram
Architecture
Dravida Style:
a)Viman
b)Gopuram
c)Sanctum Sanctorum
Literature
Kambana(Ramavtaram/Kambas Ramayana)
Kuttana
Pugalendi
 Pallava(5th to 8th century)
Capital- Kanchi(TN & S.Andra Pradesh)
Founder-Simha Vishnu
Replaced Satvahana
1.Mahendravarman(571-630)
Defeated by Pulakesin II
2.Narsimhavarman(630-668)
AlsoMamalla(Mamallapuram/Mahabalipuram
Conquered Vatapi(Vatapikonda)
Note:Pallavas spread Dravida style in SE Asian Nations.
Sculptures of Buddhist tradition.
Pandyas in south(Rivals)
Vrdhan Dynesty
 Vardhan Dynasty
Thaneshwar(Kurukshetra)
Founder-Pushyabhuti
Feudatory of Guptas
Prabhakarvardhan(580-605)
Rajyavardhan(605-606)
Harshavardhan(606-647):(Harsha Era)
Siladitya
Kannauj captured and made capital
Conquered Magdha
Mission to China
Hiuen Tsang(635-643)
Kannauj Assembly(643)
Prayag Assembly(643)