Behavior of Post-Tensioned

Girder Anchorage Zones

William C. Stone
Research Structural Engineer
Center for Building Technology
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C.

John E. Breen*
The Carol Cockrell Curran
Chair in Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Texas
Austin, Texas

U tilization of precast and prestressed

concrete is increasing in bridge con-
struction. However, problems occurring
in both bridges and buildings indicate
that design procedures and criteria for
post-tensioned anchorage zone tensile
stresses need further examination and
refinement.'
Substantial cracking along the tendon
path has occurred in precast segmental
bridges in Texas,2 Florida,t and in a
cast-in-place box girder bridge reported
by Dilger and Ghali s In these bridges
the cable profiles had significant cur-
vature, inclination, and eccentricity in
and near the anchorage zones. In the
-Also. Director, Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engineer-
ing Laboratory. University of Texas. Currently, Chair-
man, ACI Committee 318. Building Code Require-
ments for Reinforced Concrete. Recipient of PCI's
Stato-ot-the-Art Award in 1981 (paper published in
Jan.-Feb. 1980 PCI JOURNAL).
`Personal communication between Dan Sledek (Con-
crete Construcdon Magazine, Addison. Illinois), and
Figg and Muller Engineers, Tallahassee, Florida,
1980.
case of the Texas bridge, there was ad-
ditional concern over the anchorage
hardware geometry.
Similar cracking was reported in the
construction of the Olympic Stadium in
Montreal and in post-tensioned slab
structures and other thin web applica-
tions, Significant anchorage zone
cracking experienced in preliminary
tests for a major lightweight concrete
bridge in California indicated that
lightweight concrete may he even more
vulnerable.
This anchorage zone cracking was
controlled by auxiliary reinforcement.
While these cracks do not reduce initial
strength, they provide a path for pene-
tration of moisture and salts and thus
present potential corrosion and frost
damage threats. The formation of these
cracks negates one of the major benefits
leading to the choice of prestressed con-
crete, namely, the minimization of ser-
vice load cracking.
Major and contradictory changes have
taken place in the AASHTO, ACT, and

64
PCI design specifications for anchorage
zones in recent years, based more on the
results of field experience and proprie-
tary data than on published analyses or
test procedures. Current design recom-
mendations,r e5 while vague, seem both
conservative and workable for many ap-
plications where massive end blocks
with large cover can be used with rela-
tively straight or gently curving tendons
in cast-in-place post-tensioned con-
struction. However, they do not give
sufficient guidance for the wide range of
thin web post-tensioned applications.
A study of anchorage zone tensile
stresses was undertaken at the Univer-
sity of Texas at Austin. Its goal was to
provide more specific guidance to
bridge designers and constructors in
order to better assess the requirements of
post-tensioning anchorages indepen-
dent of the recommendations of the
hardware supplier.
NATURE OF ANCHORAGE
ZONE STRESSES
Linear elastic theory indicates that if a
concentrated load is applied through a
bearing plate across the width of the fi-
nite rectangular block, compressive and
tensile stresses are set up as shown in
Fig. 1. Two important tension fields are
shown on this figure:
1. Bursting Stress: located along the
axis of loading, normal to the axis, and
away from the point of loading.
2. Spalling Stress: located on or near
the end face, parallel to the end face and
away from the point of loading.
In any post-tensioned anchorage, the
load must be applied over a finite area.
The compressive stress immediately
under the anchor is called:
3. Searing Stress: the load divided by
the net bearing area.
The role which each of these three
stresses plays in the behavior of the an-
chorage zone has not been fully under-
stood.'
PCI JOURNAL/January- February 1984
Synopsis
The post-tensioned anchorage
zones of several thin-webbed con-
crete box girders, which were de-
signed in accordance with AASHTO
and ACI requirements, have cracked
along the tendon path during stress-
ing. This cracking presents paths for
potential corrosion and frost damage.
In addition, such cracking negates a
major benefit of prestressed concrete,
namely, the minimization of service
load cracking.
This paper summarizes the major
observations from an extensive ana-
lytical and experimental study of the
behavior of post-tensioned anchorage
zones with single large tendons. The
experimental program investigated
the primary variables affecting the
formation of the tendon path crack:
tendon inclination and eccentricity,
section height and width, concrete
tensile splitting strength, anchor width
and geometry, and the effect of sup-
plementary anchorage zone rein-
forcement, both active and passive.
Three-dimensional linear elastic fi-
nite element computer analyses were
used to generalize these results. A
failure theory was developed to ex-
plain tendon path crack initiation
based upon peak spalling strains at
the edge of the anchorage. The theory
agreed well with the test data.
In the next issue of the PC! JOUR-
NAL, a companion paper will discuss
the practical implications emanating
from this study and provide design
recommendations together with a
numerical design example.
Bursting Stresses
Anchorage zone distress is signalled
by the sudden formation of a crack along
the tendon path. The cracking load de-
65
rn
SHADED AREA
INDICATES COMPRESSION

LOAD
AXIS
0/4 .

7A4Q

0/4

+ = - TENSION r
1. 2a^ - - COMPRESSION
T5 = SPALLING TENSILE STRESS
COMPRESSION TENS 3N
Tb = BURSTING TENSILE STRESS

(a) (b) (c)

Fig, 1. Transverse stresses in a rectangular block loaded by a plate.
 (a)

D E' C

A B ^lfz

Z M fr r r r r
e rN

f x = BURSTING STRESS DISTRIBUTION

FX = O : f XG + ZfxC+=O

Fig. 2. Equilibrium considerations within the lead-in zone.

pends on the relative size of the loaded
area with respect to the size of the over-
all loaded face and on the eccentricity,
inclination, and curvature of the tendon.
In addition, the anchorage device shape
and the action of supplemental rein-
forcement affect the cracking load.
St. Venant's principle, applied to a
member subjected to a concentrated
load P (see Fig. 2), indicates that a sec
-tionadsceprxmtlyquao
the depth of the section from the applied
load should exhibit an essentially uni-
form normal stress distribution. The
longitudinal stress distribution within
the lead-in zone ABCD is not uniform
and cannot be analyzed by the usual
laws of strength of materials. In fact, the
distribution of stresses on Section EE' is
very nonuniform, with very high
stresses at points near the loading axis
and very small stresses at all other
points.
Fig. 2b is a free body of the upper part
of the lead-in zone. Equilibrium of hori-
zontal forces requires a shear stress -r.
Transverse stresses ff are required for
equilibrium of moments about M. Fi-

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 67


0.6 f x (TENSi0N)
a%=0
0.4 010
N 0.25
050
x0.2
0.75
0.90
00 0/4
"2
Fig. 3. Bursting stresses for various loaded areas (Guyon, Ref. 10).
nally, vertical equilibrium of forces re-
quires the resultant transverse (burst-
ing) stress distribution to be zero.
Therefore, both tensile and compressive
stresses must occur within the lead-in
zone. However, these equilibrium con-
siderations are not sufficient for deter-
mining the transverse stress distribu-
tion. Various analytical solutions for the
anchorage zone stress distribution are
discussed in detail in Ref. 1.
In actual anchorage practice, the load
acts over a reasonably large finite area.
For this case the classical elasticity
analysis indicates that the bursting
stresses are relatively small (see Fig. 3).
Bursting stresses are plotted for a con-
stant P for various values of a'/a, where
2a is the section height and 2a' is the
anchor width. Standard design practice
provides supplementary local rein-
forcement for the total resultant tensile
force obtained by integrating the area
under such curves. Experience gained
from anchorage zone cracking problems
with the Corpus Christi Bridge, 2 in
which the anchorage zones were rein-
forced based on a similar set of experi-
mentally derived bursting curves,s indi-
cated that design based solely upon
such consideration of bursting stresses
may be unconservative.
68
2&
x
Z
^_ 2a
a 1.50 2a
Spalling Stresses
The spalling tensile stresses are max-
imum at the loaded surface and decrease
rapidly away from the surface (see Fig.
1). The total spallingtensile force is thus
relatively small. In contrast to the atten-
tion paid to bursting stresses, the spall-
ing stresses have sometimes been ne-
glected or dismissed because they are so
localized. However, the peak spalling
stress can be much higher than the
bursting stresses in almost every practi-
cal anchorage application.
This phenomenon is especially signif-
icant since in this experimental program
cracking occurred along the tendon path
with calculated bursting stresses far
below the tensile strength of the con-
crete. Like bursting stresses, the spall-
ing stress distribution is greatly affected
by geometric variables such as eccen-
tricity, inclination, and section propor-
tions. Most previous anchorage zone re-
search has been limited to straight ten-
dons and has been interpreted in the
context of bursting stresses. The advent
of comprehensive finite element pro-
grams allows more realistic modelling of
specimens with complex geometries.
These analyses (reported in Refs. 1 and
7) indicate the key role of spalling
stresses in crack formation,

GROUT TUBE
0
BASE PLATE
0
Fig. 4. Typical anchor hardware geometry.
Bearing Stress
The maximum compressive stress de-
veloped by a post-tensioning system oc-
curs beneath the anchor, In the case of a
flat plate, or bearing-type anchor, the
average hearing stress is equal to the
post-tensioning load divided by the net
area of the anchor. Current design spec-
ifications in the United States, while
specifying the need to examine bursting
and spalling stresses, usually phrase
their strictest recommendations in terms
of allowable bearing stress. On the other
hand, most European specifications
PCI JOUANALIJanuary-February 1984
PLATE ANCHOR
TRUMPET
CONE ANCHOR
BELL ANCHOR
permit significantly higher allowable
bearing stresses in post-tensioned con-
crete design. Little study has been
given to this apparent over-conservatism
in the American codes.
In addition to the geometric effects
such as inclination, eccentricity, width,
and bearing area, the effects of friction
and normal forces along the tendon duct
for curved tendons, the effect of anchor
hardware geometry (see Fig. 4), and the
effects of other externally applied loads
such as lateral post-tensioning on the
anchorage zone stress state must all be
considered.
69
 Fig. 5a. Typical box girder details (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experimental program was bro-
ken into three interrelated phases. The
first and third phase involved the testing
of forty one-quarter scale models of thin
web anchorage zones. Full-scale thin
web anchorage sections were tested in
the second phase. The primary reason
70
for using the models was to efficiently
examine a broad spectrum of anchorage
zone geometries and reinforcing
schemes. Similitude requirements were
derived to relate the prototype and the
model specimens.
The post-tensioned anchorage zone
problem is aggravated in thin web sec-
tions such as in precast segmentally
 10 GAGE WIRE @ 3"
*2 DEFORMED BARS @ 3"
TL
Fig. 5b. Rectangular model dimensions and reinforcement (1 in. = 25,4 mm).
constructed box girder bridges. The fi-
nite element analyses (Ref. 1) indicated
that the anchorage zone stress state was
a localized phenomenon. In fact, as long
as the tendon was not anchored at the
web-flange interface, only the web sec-
tion was of primary importance.
To simplify fabrication, the first series
of models was cast so as to replicate a
rectangular web section for a typical box
girder bridge segment (Figs. 5a and 5h).
In this series of tests, the full tendon
capacity of some specimens with curved
tendons could not be developed due to
splitting off of cover concrete at the ten-
don dead-end. In order to avoid this
problem in the full-scale tests (which
dealt primarily with curved tendons), a
portion of the top and bottom flange was
retained (see Figs. 6a and 6h). In order
to verify similitude between the quar-
ter-scale models and prototype speci-
mens, the third series included models
with both rectangular and I-section de-
tails, as in the prototype specimens.
All specimens were fabricated with
the mild steel reinforcement shown. In
some specimens supplementary spirals
or orthogonal reinforcement were added
in the vicinity of the anchorages. Details
of fabrication and reinforcement are
given in Ref. 7 and briefly summarized
later in this paper in the section on fab-
rication procedures.
PCI JOURNALJJanuary-February 1984
O.6 SHEATHED
270 ksi TENDON
Specimen Design
Based upon an extensive examination
of actual box girder geometries, the re-
duced web section shown in Fig. 5 was
chosen for the prototype. The models
used a scale factor of 1/a for linear dimen-
sions and 16 for loads and areas. Details
are given in Figs. 5 and 6.
A specially designed microconcrete
was used for the models with mechani-
cal properties very similar to those of the
prototype concrete. Using this micro-
concrete with carefully selected rein-
forcing steel results in reinforced con-
crete models with material stress and
strain scale factors close to unity .9
The microconcrete indirect tensile
strength, as measured by split cylinder
tests, was usually significantly higher
than that of the prototype concrete de-
spite the fact that their compressive
strengths were nearly identical. This
trend has frequently been reported in
the literature,9 and is attributable to a
more solid bond in tension as a result of
finer aggregate.
The substantial number oftests in this
investigation indicates that normalizing
the measured tendon loads at cracking
by adjusting by the scale factor S and
by the measured split cylinder tensile
strength yields nearly identical values
in model and prototype.
71
 58"*

CROSS SECTION ELEVATION

A' 7 U STIRRUPS
@13

. 3 BARS
@ 10 1/2"

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Fig. 6a. Full-scale specimen details (1 in. = 25.4 mm).

Fabrication dons. The model anchorage hardware

Multiple sets of forms were used for
the model specimens to permit simul-
taneous casting of several models to
minimize variations in concrete
strengths, Blockouts attached to the ends
of forms provided proper geometry for
specimens with inclined curving ten-
(scaled from commercial anchors) was
bolted to the end forms. Typical
geometries used are shown in Fig. 4.
Reinforcing cages were placed into the
forms (see Figs. 7a and 7b).
In order to measure the internal
bursting strain along the tendon path,
micro-embedment strain gages ? were

72
 'i_. . . t- 11
1
/8]
1 !J2"^
i3 Ga wIRe {B1
6mm^(A}

5^= 2 S/6 'T1PJ*

!4 1/2^

3/6'
CROSS SECTION

933!/4"- 29I/a ' +;

(a)1

ELEVATION

Fig. 6b. I-section model details (1 in. = 25.4 mm).

used. Since lateral variation of the In later models these embedment

bursting strain attenuates rapidly and
nonlinearly from a maximum at the ten-
don duct towards the side faces, gages
glued to the concrete surface would not
accurately indicate the magnitude of the
maximum bursting strain. A suitable
compliant concrete embedment gage,
shown in Fig. 8, was developed.
strain gages were attached to the face of
the end forms to monitor the spalling
strain distribution. These readings ver-
ified the results of three-dimensional fi-
nite element analyses which were con-
ducted for each set test specimen.
Any supplementary anchorage zone
reinforcement was wired into place, the

PCI JOURNALJJanuary-February 1984 73

Fig. 7a. Aligning straight tendon profile prior to casting.

Fig. 7b. Aligning curved tendon profile prior to casting.

74
 0.25
I^ ^4/ao Nut
Washer

o.oa"

__-io G. Aluminum wire, 4/40 threaded ends

_
i
0.25 Heat Shrink Tubing

a) 0.0312" Foil strain gage

b) Liquid epoxy sealant
C) Butyl rubber waterproofing
d) Teflon wrap
/ Butyl rubber end seal

Lead wires

Fig. 8. Micro-embedment gage (I in. = 25.4 mm).

tendon was passed through the cage,
and the forms were sealed. Microcon-
crete was placed into the forms in sev-
eral layers with both internal and exter-
nal vibration. Twenty 3 x 6-in. (76 x 152
mm) cylinders were cast for each mix.
Specimens and cylinders were moist
cured fora days until form removal. The
curing process was then continued until
the desired compressive strength was
achieved.
Fabrication of the prototype speci-
mens was similar except for the use of
ready-mixed concrete instead of micro-
concrete. All anchors in the prototype
series were a commercial twelve-strand
bearing-type plate anchor with a light-
weight trumpet.
Test Procedure
Post-tensioning forces were applied to
the specimens using centerhole hy-
draulic rams as shown in Fig. 9. For the
model tests, the loading system con-
sisted of a hand-pumped 20-ton (178 kN)
double acting ram with two in-line load
cells for direct monitoring of the load.
For the full-scale tests, a 500-ton (4.45
mN) centerhole ram, powered by a con-
tinuous flow electric console pump, was
used with the load being sensed by two
hydraulic pressure transducers.
One of the critical aspects of the test-
ing program was to replicate the manner
in which the load was applied to the
structure during actual construction. For
this reason single multiple strand ten-
dons which passed through the speci-
men were used to transfer the load from
the ram through the specimen to a stiff
deadman anchor which was grouted into
place at the far end. The deadman
simulated the abutting face of a seg-
mental bridge unit,
Commercial strand and duct systems
were used so that realistic friction and
normal forces would develop along the

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 75

a)

8 5

r7 -- 4

2
9 6

(I) 500 TON CENTER HOLE RAM (6) TENDON BACKSTOP

(2) SPACER BLOCK [ 7) LATERAL POST- TENSIONING JACK
(3) REAR SPACER BLOCK (8) LOAD CELL FOR 7
(4) 26 STRAND ANCHOR HEAD (9) FULL SCALE CURVED TENDON SPECIMEN
(5) DEAD MAN - FRICTION LOAD CELLS

Fig. 9. Full-scale testing frame showing identification of component parts.

duct from the curvature of the tendon.
Model loads were increased in 1-kip
(4.45 kN) increments until failure. For
the prototype units, 10-kip (44.5 kN)
load increments were used. After each
load step a data scan was made of the
strain gages, pressure transducers, load
cells, and displacement transducers
using the laboratory data acquisition
system. The information was stored on
magnetic tape for subsequent analysis
and reduction.
TEST RESULTS
The following sections present the re-
sults of 50 model and prototype test
specimens. Details are given in Ref 7.
The results are compared to the findings
of an extensive series of accompanying
finite element analyses. The finite ele-
ment program PUZGAP3D is detailed
in Ref. 1.
Using an empirical cracking criterion
based on the correlation between peak
calculated spalling strains and observed
cracking loads, the finite element
method (FEM) was used to extrapolate
beyond the range of experimental data
to provide a more general comparison of
the effect of variables. Variables in-
cluded the effects of anchorage hard-
ware geometry (plate, bell, cone), ten-
don inclination and eccentricity, thick-
ness, bearing area, and the efficiency of
various types of supplemental anchor-
age zone reinforcement, both active and
passive.
As a means of non-dimensionalizing
the data presented in the following sec-
tions, the normalized cracking load P,Tlfdp
is divided by the cross sectional areas of
the web, 2at. (Note that the magnitude
of the split cylinder tensile strength, fa,
differs appreciably between prototype
and model specimens. Some of the plots
present model results while others pre-
sent prototype results. The value off,,,
used to plot the finite element analysis
results corresponds to the predominant
type of specimen plotted. Because of
PCI JOURNAUJanuary-February 1984
this there are some apparent discrepan-
cies when several figures are compared.
However, the results for a given figure
are generally consistent.)
General Concepts of Thin Web
Anchorage Zone Failure
Despite the many variables investi-
gated in the experimental program, the
post-tensioned anchors in thin web
girders tended to exhibit a generally
consistent sequence of failure. The ac-
tual loads at which various stages were
reached were affected by variables such
as inclination, ecpentricity, and supple-
mentary reinforcement, but the overall
failure sequence was generally the
same.
The failure sequence for a plate an-
chor specimen with no supplementary
reinforcement is summarized in Figs.
10a through lot. The basic stages are as
follows:
1. Initial cracking occurs along the
tendon path, beginning at a distance
about equal to the width of the bearing
plate in front of the anchor.
2. With increased load, the crack ex-
tends both towards the loaded face and
away from it.
3. Diagonal cracks form on the end
face, emanating from the four corners of
the bearing plate.
4. Diagonal cracks propagate to the
side faces of the web.
5. A generally sudden explosive-type
failure occurs, with complete destruc-
tion of the side face and the noticeable
formation of a cone of crushed concrete
ahead of the anchor.
In specimens with no supplementary
confining reinforcement, Stages 4 and 5
are often almost simultaneous. The main
justification for including the
supplementary anchorage zone rein-
forcement is to raise the initial cracking
loads and to provide a significant
amount of reserve strength between
cracking and ultimate.
77
 PROPAGATES UNDER
INCREASED LOAD

CF
"TENDON PATH CRACK"

STAGE ( I ) FIRST CRACKING

STAGE (2) CRACK EXTENSION

UPPER DIAGONAL CRACK

STAGE (3)
DIAGONAL P --~TENDON PATH CRACK
CRACKS
ON END LOWER DIAGONAL CRACK
P>PCR

END FACE STAGE (4) DIAGONAL CRACK

VIEW FORMATION ON SIDE FACE

EXPLOSIVE SIDE FACE

FAILURE

P
ULT

STAGE (5) ULTIMATE

Fig. 1Oa. Failure sequence for plate anchors.

78
Fig. 10b. Tendon path crack.

Cover and Thickness Effects

To investigate the effect of cover, a
test series was conducted in which sim-
oar
ilar anchors were used while varying the
web thickness. The cover is expressed
as the ratio of the width of the bearing
plate divided by the thickness (2u'It) or
as the cover-to-thickness ratio on a given
face.
Fig. 11 shows the non-dimensional
cracking trends with respect to cover.
The solid line,which forms a reasonable
and conservative lower hound for the
experimental data, was based on the 3D
FEM predictions discussed in Ref. 1.
Fig. 11 indicates that for specimens with
like values off, the section will crack
when approximately the same uniform
compressive stress (Fc,.12at) is applied,
regardless of the ratio of cover concrete
(Clt). It does not mean, however, that U
the absolute cracking load remains the
same as cover is increased.
Clearly, the thickness of the section is
an important variable. Since the sections
with like values of f p crack when a uni- Fig. 10c. Diagonal cracks at anchor.

PCI JOURNAUJanuary-February 1984 79

Fig. 10d. Diagonal cracks propagate.

form compressive stress (P,,.12at) is

reached, thicker sections will require
higher loads to achieve that specified
stress. The effect is illustrated by factor-
ing out the non-dimensionalizing term
(at), and plottingPP ,/f,,, in Fig. 12. Here
it can be clearly seen that, for a given
anchor size, as the thickness of the sec-
tion increases the cracking load in-
creases at an increasing (nonlinear) rate.

Inclination Effects

A summary of the observed normal-

ized cracking loads for those specimens
with inclined tendons is presented in
Fig. 13. The angle of inclination is mea-
sured from the axis normal to the end
face. In general, as the angle of inclina-
tion increases, the cracking load drops.
The solid line in Fig. 13 was generated
from the FEM predicted cracking loads.
Fig, 1 Oe. Ultimate failure.
An approximate value for the decrease

80
Fig. 1 Of. Cone of crushed concrete.

1,25
^^2a^rt

1.0 2 a,
2a
O

.75 _
Oa ^t^

50 0 MODEL DATA
a.
O PROTOTYPE DATA

3D FEM PREDICTED

2 .4 .6 .8 I.o ^
.5 .4 .3 .2 .E 0 ( COVER
THICKNESS

Fig. 11. Cover effects.

PCI JOURNAL)January-February 1984 81

 as
y
. 60
cr
0
20
40
20 HtH
0 .2 .4
.5 4 .3
Fig. 12. Thickness effects.
in the normalized cracking load is one
percent per degree of inclination.
The experimental values for 0 = 0 had
a'lt ratios from 0.71 to 0.88 and match
data shown in Fig. 11. However, there is
a discrepancy in the finite element
method results. The inclined tendons
have a re-entrant corner and the indi-
cated strains due to this notch effect
were always higher. A somewhat higher
strain criterion was needed to reflect
this change. Details are presented in
Ref, 7.
Bearing Area Effects
A summary of the seven specimens
which dealt with the effects of bearing
area on the behavior of the anchorage
zone is presented in Fig. 14. In contrast
to the cover series, the width of the
82
0 MODEL DATA
0 PROTOTYPE DATA
3D FEM PREDICTED
C _ COVER
t THICKNESS
2Q,
t
i 1
6 .8 I.0 = t
.2 .1 0
specimen remained constant and the
size of the anchor was successively re-
duced to obtain higher bearing stresses
for a given load. In general, it was ob-
served that the cracking load increased
slightly for increases in the size of the
bearing plate.
The results of the FEM analysis agree
with the test data. The relative flatness
of the curve can be seen by observing
the increase in P. r I2atff for dramatic
changes in A, /A,, where A, is the loaded
area of the bearing plate and A2 is the
area concentric with and geometrically
similar to the plate (notation used as in
the ACI Building Code).
To illustrate the above, forA,/A s = 1,
the cracking load is 40 percent above
that for the case ofA,/A2 = 0.2. Thus, the
40 percent increase in cracking load cor-
responds to a 500 percent increase in
 a-
w

U
a

10 20 30 40 50
ANGLE OF INCLINATION {6'}

Fig. 13. Inclination effects.

bearing area. It should be noted that in- Poliou = fallow 'A1

creased A1 /A2 values correspond to in-
creased a'la values which should result
in decreased bursting stresses. With
slight rearranging, the ACI equation for
bearing stress after allowance for pre-
stress losses (Section 18.13, ACI 318-77
Commentary) yields the following for-
mula:
0.6 . f, VA2 /A, <J (from ACI)
= 0.6f A2 /A 1'A,
=0.6ff\A!A1
for ff = 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) (average,
most tests), and f, = 8.3 /f (models).
Note that a lower value of around 6.
[j would be more appropriate for pro-
totype concretes.
Then, Pal row lf p = 4.57 [[AA.
For comparison, these values are

PCI JOURNALIJanuary-February 1984 83



Cal
1.14

O p O ^^
AASHTO
61
CEBFIP

3D-FEM ,^ ^
65
AC I
i^ (IMMEDIATE) ^ ACI
^/
/ ^ AFTER LOSSES)
a , /
49
0 MODEL DATA
/
0 PROTOTYPE DATA
f 3D FEM PREDICTED
.^ 20
-- \ ` A 2-
q

.16
I.t}i

4 6 8 q

A 3 /A2
Fig. 14. Bearing area effects.

plotted as a broken line labeled ACI quite conservative. Both expressions

(after losses) below the experimental
data in Fig. 14. Also plotted is a similar
curve labeled ACI (immediate) which is
based on the ACI bearing stress equa-
tion immediately after tendon anchor-
age:
f"a..= 0.8f,% V A,/A, 0.2 z 1.25f'.t
This expression is in very good
agreement with the data trends and is
follow the correct trend and are conser-
vative, since the ultimate load is gener-
ally greater than the cracking load.
Since, with certain types of supple-
mentary reinforcement, both cracking
and ultimate loads can be raised signifi-
cantly, the ACI curves are in actuality
very conservative.
A similar examination can be made of
the AASHTO anchorage bearing stress
criterion of AASHTO Section

84


O MODEL DATA
3D FEM PREDICTED
o PROTOTYPE DATA

0.BI

a E

c1

U 0
a-
al2dH-
0.49

iL
12a^

0.33
t=.3a ALL TESTS
2Q
a = 10 MODEL
a = 41 PROTOTYPE
1" = 2.54 cm
0.16

0 0.10 0.2a 0,30 0.40 0.50

ECCENTRICITY
Fig. 15. Eccentricity effects.

1.6.1(B)(4). This provision allows a Pa^zo^ = .fauaeo A = 300() A1

post-tensioned anchorage bearing stress Again, for the mode is f. = 8.3 v fT , so:
at service load of 3000 psi (20.7 MPa)
but not to exceed 0.9f . . For the model = 3000A _ 5.72 A,
series ff was about 4006 psi (27.6 MPa), fgF 8.3 v 4000
2a was 20 in. (508 mm) and t was 3 in.
(76 mm). To illustrate the effects of this By nondimensionalizing the above
criterion in Fig, 14 the following proce- quantities as in Fig. 14, since A2 = t2 , the
dure was used: following expression is obtained:
P.,.. = 5.72 A,
fog,,,,. = 3000 c 0.9 (4000) psi (where 1 t = ^'
f, 2at
5.72
psi = 6.9 kPa) 2at t A, 2a

PCI JOURNAL/January-February 1984 85



Pu /fsp r,993

Per /fsp 82.4

8Q
l sp
P y /f =Par/fsp 77.2

2a

0 6O P" 'f
20
1 }}

P
Lr/fSp 5a.2
a

a._
2o = 20" (1" = 2. 54 cm)
2a'=2" PLATE, CONE
2o'= 2.7 BELL
1=0.45a
e=0

MR28 MI-2
CONE PLATE
(extrapolated)

Fig. 16. Cracking and ultimate loads ate = 0 for different

anchor geometries (no supplementary reinforcement).

For 2a = 20 in., t = 3 in. (76 min) between the ACI expressions.

PaU A'
=O86
fp 2at A2
The AASHTO values for A 1 1Ap ratios
are shown on Fig. 14, The AASHTO
procedures become increasingly con-
servative as smaller hearing plates are
used in a constant thickness web and
also severel y penalize small anchors in
high strength concrete. The CEB-FIP
expression:
P- = fdJ A^ A -_3.3f^dAZ
is shown in roughly comparable terms:
P=0.67ff AEA,-_22ffA,
in Fig. 14. It is similar to and falls in on Fig. 14.
The general trend of the ACI and
CEB expressions is much more in
agreement with the experimental and
analytical results than are the AASHTO
expressions, Remembering that all ex-
perimental and analytical data are for
specimens with no supplementary an-
chorage zone reinforcement, the sug-
gested design expressions for bearing
stress for post-tensioned anchorages
could be liberalized significantly. The
AASHTO expression should be changed
to reflect cover effects.
A reasonable expression would be:
fn=0.8f { v^A, 1,33f,
which is shown as a "suggested" curve

86


+ ULT 100ULTIMATE
LOAD

2a

HH
4
a I a = IQ..
0 = I -PLATE, CONE
60
0 = 1.37 BELL
a1 - '45a CR 484CRACKING
t
or ULT 49.5 LOAD
.30 465
a e = .60 CR 4a$[^
n 44 .4

ULT

CR

M18-4 M2B -4 MIA-4 M88-4 M2A-4 MR3

CONE CONE PLATE PLATE PLATE BELL
f=3" t=4.5" t=3 t =3' t=4.5' t=4.5"

Fig. 17. Cracking and ultimate loads ate = 0.6a for different anchor
geometries (no supplementary reinforcement) (1 in. 25.4 mm).

Eccentricity Effects The trend appears to be fairly linear.

A series of nine tests dealt with the
effect of eccentricity of the anchorage in
aweb. The general trend, shown in Fig.
15, indicates that increased eccentricity
results in a decrease in the cracking
load. As a measure of this, an anchor lo-
cated one-third of the distance from the
centroidal plane toward the edge will
crack at a load 25 percent below that for
centroidal loading. An anchor located
two-thirds of the way towards the edge
will crack at it load approximately 50
percent below the centroidal loading.
The superimposed solid line represents
the finite element analysis predicted
cracking load. If the anchor is so eccen-
tric that it is located within the flange
region, these results may not be mean-
ingftil.
Comparison of Anchorage Types
Tests were run with the three types of
anchorages shown in Fig. 4. The general
trend apparent from Figs. 16 and 17 was
that conical anchorages cracked at loads

PCI JOURNALJJanuary-February 1984 87

30 to 50 percent lower than those for
plate anchors tested under identical cir-
cumstances. The somewhat larger but
equivalent bell anchors cracked at loads
7 to 9 percent above those observed for
plate anchors.
Ultimate load data indicated that for
plate and conical anchors without sup-
plemental anchorage reinforcement,
specimens failed at loads at or only
slightly above the cracking load. The
bell anchors which in effect include
supplemental anchorage reinforcement
in their basic design developed sub-
stantially higher loads beyond cracking:
20 percent higher for an eccentricity of
e = 0, and 106 percent higher for an ec-
centricity ofe = 0.6 a.
Passive Reinforcement
Effects Spirals, Orthogonal
Grids
There are basically two reasons for
adding supplementary reinforcement to
the post-tensioned anchorage zone. The
most important reason is to prevent
complete failure in the event that
cracking should occur, and thus to en-
sure that the safety of the structure is
unimpaired. However, in most cases,
the addition of supplementary rein-
forcement will also tend to raise the
cracking load, due to the confinement of
the concrete. Thus, the second reason
for adding supplementary reinforce-
ment is to increase the surface crack
formation Ioad, adding to the resistance
to corrosion and to the aesthetics of the
post-tensioned application.
The reinforcing schemes tested dur-
ing the rectangular model series' indi-
cated that spiral reinforcement was far
superior to conventional orthogonal or
grid-type reinforcement. However, in
some cases it may be impractical to use
spiral reinforcement because of conges-
tion in the anchorage zone. For such
situations, orthogonal reinforcement,
while less efficient, will provide some
increase in the cracking load and a sub-
88
stantial increase in the ultimate capac-
ity. General trends for both types ofpas-
sive reinforcement are discussed below.
Spiral Reinforcement
Confinement reinforcement in the
form of a spiral placed concentrically
around the duct and extending along the
duct from the face of the anchor bearing
surface proved very effective. A typical
spiral in the prototype would be 8 in.
(203 mm) in diameter, have a 2-in. (51
mm) pitch, and be fabricated from ^ or
' in. (9.5 or 12.7 mm) diameter GR 40 or
GR 60 wire. Lengths varied from 13 to
26 in. (330 to 660 mm). Model spirals
were scale replicas. Test results for spi-
rally reinforced specimens (summarized
in Fig. 18) indicate the following trends:
1. For a given volumetric percentage
of spiral reinforcement, the spirals fabri-
cated from smaller diameter bar stock [ %
in. (9.5 mm) versus in. (12.7 mm) for
the prototype tests] were observed to
perform better than equivalent spirals
fabricated from larger bar stock. While
this trend may not be a general rule, it
indicates that for a given required
quantity of reinforcement, greater effi-
ciency is achieved through the use of
spiral fabricated from smaller bars at a
closer pitch, rather than from large bars
at a greater pitch.
2. Within the range investigated in the
full-scale tests, long spirals [26 in. (660
mm) in length affixed to the anchor]
performed no better than the short spi-
rals [ 13 in. (330 mm) in length] . For the
case of the inclined, curved, multiple
strand tendons, however, careful atten-
tion must be paid to the possibility of
cracking along the tendon path at the
point of maximum tendon curvature (see
Fig. 26).
In most practical applications that
point would be well-removed from the
anchorage zone, and from the influence
of any spiral reinforcement in the an-
chorage zone. While continuing anchor-
age zone reinforcement into the zone of
n_
L
0
C
3)
Z
>-
a
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
m / (STRAIGHT TENDON)

f
c
200
T
CDC
Q

co
W 1 90 SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
150 60 kpa LPT 6' FRCMI LOADED FACE
A U (INCLINED, MULTIPLE STRAND
o 0
(STRAIGHT TENDONS

Z _
24 0 --
IAJ
ORTHOGONAL REINFORCEMENT
X00 _ 100
a , r (STRAIGHT TENDON
-
2 IQ_ 1 -- ORTHOGONAL REINFORCEMENT SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
U I 0 (STRAIGHT TENDONS) I {INCLINED MUP
LTI
ONI
STRAND

a 50 __ 50-

4 30 Q5 60 lays LPT AT 6" FROM LOADED FACE

30 INCLINED, CURVED
MULTIPLE STRAN D TENDON
0 ,S-^- SPIRAI. REINFORCEMENT
0 50 0 50 100 150
100 150 200
A S f y /l0000 lb.
A s fy /10000 lb.

1a)PERCENT INCREASE IN CRACKING LOAD ABOVE (b) PERCENT INCREASE 1N ULTIMATE LOAD ABOVE
UNREINFORCED SECTION CRACKING LOAD FOR UNREINFORCED SECTION

Fig. 18. Supplementary reinforcement efficiency.

w
maximum curvature would seem logical
in such situations, calculations indicate
that the reinforcement required to resist
such multistrand effects is much smaller
than that required for confinement in
the anchorage zone.
At first cracking, all spiral confine-
ments tested in the prototype specimens
series maintained crack widths below
the maximum 0.013 in. (0.33 nim) cur-
rently implicitly specified by the ACI
Code .5
A measure of the spiral's effectiveness
in delaying surface cracking and in in-
creasing the ultimate anchorage capac-
ity can be clearly seen in Fig. 18. In
straight tendon specimens the spiral
reinforcement raised the cracking load
by 100 percent (i.e., more than twice the
cracking load) over that witnessed in
companion tests with no supplementary
anchorage zone reinforcement. Ultimate
loads were increased more than 200
percent above the cracking load for the
unreinforced section. These results
would apply to both single and multiple
strand tendons.
However, for specimens with 30-deg
inclined, curved, multiple strand ten-
dons, supplementary spirals in the an-
chorage zone raised cracking loads by
only 7 percent. Part of the reason for this
was due to the fact that first cracking for
the specimens in this series occurred
beyond the zone of spiral reinforcement,
in the area of maximum tendon curva-
ture. The anticipated rise in cracking
load with the addition of the spiral is
thus counterbalanced by the tendency
for cracking which occurs due to the
multistrand effects discussed later in
this paper. However, model tests of
single strand tendons indicate that if
cracking were prevented in the region of
maximum curvature (say, by the proper
use of spiral reinforcement in that zone),
first cracking would occur in the anchor-
age zone at a load approximately 14 per-
cent above that for a specimen without
reinforcement.
Fig. 18 clearly indicates that passive
90
supplementary reinforcement is signifi-
cantly Iess effective in raising cracking
loads for inclined, curved, multiple
strand tendon applications than for
straight tendons. however, the ultimate
load can be substantially raised by the
addition of spiral reinforcement, al-
though again not as much as for straight
tendon applications. For supplementary
spiral confinement with inclined ten-
dons at 30 deg, the ultimate loads were
61 and 77 percent above the cracking
load for the unreinforced section for
multiple strand tendons and single
strand tendons, respectively. It may be
possible to raise the ultimate capacity of
multiple strand tendons still further by
the addition of supplementary spiral
reinforcement in the region of maximum
curvature, but no experimental verifica-
tion of this is available at present. The
design of such reinforcement is dis-
cussed in a companion paper. 12 For ten-
dons inclined at angles other than 30
deg, it would seem reasonable, pending
further experimental study, to assume a
linear variation in the increases in
cracking and ultimate loads between the
sets of values given for straight and 30-
deg inclined tendons.
The percentage increases above re-
flect the observed mean less two stan-
dard deviations for each grouping. Spi-
ral reinforcement is assumed to be de-
signed in accordance with the method
described in Ref. 12 which suggests a
minimum confinement similar to a col-
umn spiral designed by the ACI Code .5
Design procedures and recommenda-
tions for spirally reinforced zones will
be summarized in a companion paper.
Fig. 18 also indicates the strength gain
to be flat-topped for increasing amounts
of spiral reinforcement.
Orthogonal Reinforcement
While spiral reinforcement is the most
efficient means of providing passive
reinforcement in anchorage zones, it
may not always be feasible to use it due
 Fig. 19. Anchorage zone reinforcement design as per Guyon (Ref. 10).
to problems of congestion. For such
cases, orthogonal reinforcement in the
form of closely spaced stirrups, or mats
similar to those recommended by
Cuyont and shown in Fig. 19, is an ac-
ceptable remedial method of raising the
cracking and ultimate loads.
In this study, widely varying amounts
of passive reinforcement were used in
the form of closely spaced additional
stirrups surrounding the anchor and
tendon and extending along the tendon
For a distance equal to the depth of the
member. The percentage of steel cross-
ing the tendon axis in the bursting re-
gion varied from 0.5 to 2.0 percent. Full
details are given in Ref. 7. Heavily re-
inforced specimens exhibited only
nominally higher cracking and ultimate
loads than those with fairly light
amounts of reinforcement.
As shown in Fig. 18, for straight ten-
don applications orthogonal reinforce-
ment raises the cracking load by 60 per-
cent above the observed cracking load
in companion specimens with no rein-
forcement. Ultimate failure occurred at
loads at least 70 percent above the
cracking load for the unreinforced sec-
tion. No tests were done to investigate
the performance of orthogonal rein-
forcement for inclined tendon applica-
tions because the spiral was so clearly
superior.
Fig. 20 shows the ultimate load trends
for spiral and orthogonally reinforced
anchorage zones. These substantiate the
non-productivity of using large amounts
of supplemental reinforcement and
PCI JOURNAt,Uanuary-February 1984
show the pronounced benefit of the spi-
ral confinement.
Active Reinforcement Effects
For most practical situations, the in-
elusion of passive reinforcement in the
form of spirals will be the most effective
method of anchorage zone reinforce-
ment. However, in situations where
minimization of cracking is desirable,
the use of lateral prestress in the an-
chorage zone offers the designer a pow-
erful tool. The use of lateral prestress
can significantly raise the cracking load.
Laboratory tests of two full-scale spec-
imens and the results of the three-di-
mensional finite element analysis indi-
cated the following:
1. The optimum location for the lateral
prestress load is as close to the loaded
face as possible, as shown in Fig. 21.
2. For a lateral post-tensioning pre-
compression of 100 psi (690 kPa)[nomi-
nal lateral precompression force over an
area equal to one-half of the section
depth times the web width (see Fig.
21 a)] placed at the optimum location,
the cracking load was observed to be 33
percent higher than that for an identical
specimen without supplementary rein-
forcement (active or passive). Cracking
occurred on a plane following the ten-
don path, but slightly above it and ex-
tended from the loaded face to the
web-flange junction. Crack width mea-
surements indicated the crack initiated
in the region of maximum curvature.
Thus, first cracking appeared at a load
91
 N

TOTAL As fs (kips)

Fig. 20. Normalized ultimate loadsreinforcement series.

somewhat lower than that predicted by though no lateral post-tensioning tests

the program.
3. Given that the inclined, curved,
multiple strand tendon appears to be the
worst case for design, it can be seen in
Fig. 18 that lateral post-tensioning offers
the most effective means of raising both
the cracking and ultimate loads. Al-
were done for straight tendons, it ap-
pears reasonable to assume that its per-
formance relative to the spiral will be
similar.
Several additional important points
should be made concerning the imple-
mentation of lateral post-tensioning in

92
 PLPT

3/2aLPT- MIN COVER TO LOAD

a ^\

A \\B

a /I

2a'= ANCHOR WIDTH

(a) LATERAL COMPRESSIVE STRESS ALONG

AB - LPT /a-t

i1 I

TWIN GROUTED TENDONS

SYMMETRICAL ABOUT DUCT
SO THAT NO MOMENT WILL
BE SET UP IN WEB SECTION.

(b) TYPICAL IMPLEMENTATION IN ACTUAL BOX SECTION

WEB TO AVOID MOMENT

Fig. 21. Lateral post-tensioning details.

practical situations. Upon first consider-
ation it might be assumed that shrink-
age, creep, and anchor set losses would
be a severe deterrent to the use of lateral
post-tensioning, owing to the short
length of the tendon. For the case of a
segmental bridge using precast box sec-
tions (one of the most likely situations to
need lateral post-tensioning), three con-
siderations make lateral post-tensioning
highly practical and easy to implement:
1. Since most segmental bridges are
now built using industrialized proce-
dures, the precast box segments are con-
structed well before they are erected.
This reduces shrinkage problems to a

PCI JOURNALJJanuary-February 1984 93

minimum, since nearly all losses due to
shrinkage occur in the first 100 days
from the date of casting.
2. A lateral prestress load capable of
raising the cracking load by 33 percent
only required 100 psi (690 kPa) com-
pression across the web section. At this
pressure, creep losses are small.
3. Losses at the lateral post-tensioning
anchorage due to slip associated with
seating the chucks can be minimized by
using a positive seating method such as
a secondary jack for pressing the wedges
in before the load is released from the
stressing jack. Alternatively, threaded
bar-type tendons with lock-off nuts can.
be used.
Grouted tendons are recommended to
prevent possible loss of the tendons
should a failure occur at the anchorage
sometime after stressing as well as to
provide corrosion protection and to
minimize the danger of water freezing
in the ducts.
The Bearing Stress Role
The cracking load is fairly insensitive
to appreciable changes in the bearing
area. The two full-scale tests designed to
investigate the effect of bearing stress
had differences in normalized cracking
loads of only 12 percent, despite a 73
percent difference in anchorage bearing
area. Furthermore, these tests were
conducted on straight tendon, concen-
trically loaded specimens. Cracking
loads for inclined and eccentric tendons
with no supplementary anchorage rein-
forcement are substantially less than
those for a straight concentric tendon,
given identical anchors.
While bearing stress should be a fac-
tor in a design equation, results indicate
it should be a minor one. Present speci-
fications which base anchorage design
principally on bearing stress are not
only overconservative for straight ten-
don, concentric load applications, but
inapplicable and generally unconserva-
tive for inclined and eccentric tendon
94
situations. A more accurate general in-
dicator of cracking trends is thus
needed.
The Bursting Stress Role
Since most previous research as sum-
marized in Ref. 1 focused on a bursting
stress design criterion it is important to
have a clear understanding of the
bursting stress variation for all geomet-
ric variables studied. One measure of
this is the peak tensile bursting stress
developed for a given load. Since the
analytically computed bursting and
spalling stresses (strains) were in gen-
eral agreement with the physical test
strainmeter data it will simplify compar-
isons to use the three-dimensional finite
element method analytical solution re-
sults.
Reference will be made to specific
measured data where important trends
were observed. Table 1 provides a
summary of all three-dimensional finite
element studies pertinent to the physi-
cal test program. Data are provided for a
1-kip (4.45 kN) load. Since the solution
is linear, comparable data for any tendon
load can be obtained by multiplying the
indicated results by the load. Values
corresponding to specific test specimens
at their measured cracking loads are
presented later in this paper.
For concentric straight tendon speci-
mens with varying thicknesses, column
orb in Table 1 indicates that the rnaxi-
mum bursting stress decreases expo-
nentially with increasing thickness.
This is expected, and the trend is illus-
trated in Fig. 22. The solid line in this
figure represents the predicted peak
bursting stress at the model tendon de-
sign load of25 kips (111.3 kN)1400 kips
(1.78 mN) prototype] = 0.8f,,,.
Even at the higher loads which actu-
ally caused cracking in the test speci-
mens the measured peak bursting
stresses are insufficient to explain why
cracking occurred, since the split cylin-
der tensile strength of the concrete
 Table 1. Summary of Results Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis.

Geometric variables Maximum values at 1-kip load

Spalling Spalling Bursting Bursting
t 2a e 2a 0 strain ( ) stress (psi)' strain ^,u,e) stress (psi)
Parameter (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (deg.) a,r, Qra e,. 0-ra Notes

3 20 0 2 0 5.04 19.2 2.88 6.48

Eccentric- 3 20 4 2 0 13.72 51.2 2.8 5.76 *
ity 3 20 6 2 0 16.48 123.0 2.8 4.72
3 20 8 2 0 22.9 171.0 2.0 3 36

3 20 0 3 0 3.92 19.2 2.48 5.84

Bearing 3 20 0 2.62.5 0 424 16.48 2.8 6.0
stress 3 20 0 2.125 0 4.88 18.76 2.56 5.68
3 20 0 2 0 5.04 19.2 2.72 6.1 *
3 20 0 1.5 0 5.84 22.0 2.48 5.3 *

1 20 0 1 0 10.4 39.6 8.0 20.6

2 20 0 2 0 7.6 28.8 4.0 10.1
Width 3 20 0 2 0 5.04 192 2.88 6.48
4 20 0 2 0 4.4 18.4 2.0 4.64
5 20 0 2 0 3.8 13.08 1.6 3.68
6 20 0 2 0 3.12 9.68 1.28 32

3 20.5 0 2.625 0 8.04 34.0 5.02** 13.9** t

3 20.5 0 2.625 15 40.32 164.0 3.76** 115** 1'
Inclina- 3 20.5 0 2.625 30 57.76 229.0 2.87** 9.12** t
tion 6.72tt 23.911 t
3 20.5 0 2.625 45 80.8 325.0 3.16 * * 9.52 ** t
8.72tt 323}t t

Lateral 3 20.5 0 2.625 30 24.1 94.4 1.68** 2.99** f, t

post- 5.5211 19.4tt t, l
tensioning 3 20.5 0 2.625 30 5024 197.6 -0.856** -7.04** t,
4.3211 13.611 t,

CD Metric (SI) conversion factors: I in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kit, - 4.45 kN. `Tendon duct not included in finite element method mesh.
50.3 kip lateral post-tensioning at 0.780a from loaded face. tOuet, friction and normal (radial) forces included in mesh.
*Peak bursting stress (strain) at 4a' from loaded face along tendon duct. tO.3 kip lateral post-tensioning at 0.146a from loaded Face.
ttPeak transverse stress (strain) at point of maximum tendon curvature (nut a conventional bursting stress).
 CONCRETE TENSILE STRENGTH

PEAK BURSTING STRESS

vrs.
SECTION WIDTH

a
U)
U)
w
I- \O.
U) =MEASURED

U) PEAK BURSTING STRESS

rr 0'
0 AT OBSERVED CRACKING
m 3D-FEM LOADS FOR TESTS
Y O PREDICTED MI-2, M2-2, M3-2
w
a-

PEAK BURSTING
STRESS AT DESIGN LOAD
=25 kips (3D-FEM)

MODEL SPECIMEN THICKNESS (in.}

Fig. 22, Peak bursting stress as a function of section thickness.

(which is shown on Fig. 22) is consider- The experimentally measured values

ably in excess of the highest bursting
stress expected or measured. For exam-
ple in the first line of Table 1 with t = 3
in. (76 mm), e = 0, 6 = 0, the calculated
peak bursting stress at a 1-kip (4.45 kN)
load would be 6.48 psi (44.7 kPa).
The cracking load for the corre-
sponding test specimen (M2-2) was 34
kips (151.3 kN). Thus, at cracking, the
calculated peak bursting stress is 6.48
(34) = 220 psi (1.5 MPa) as plotted on
the dashed line of Fig. 22. This value is
well below the measured tensile capac-
ity of the concrete for that particular
specimen Lf p = 627 psi (4.3 MPa)I .
showed peak bursting stresses at crack-
ing based on measured strains to be ap-
proximately 30 to 50 percent higher than
those predicted by the computer analy-
sis, as also shown in Fig. 22. These val-
ues are plotted above the three-dimen-
sional finite element method predicted
values and again clearly fall well below
the measured tensile strength of the
concrete, The observed bursting strains
at cracking were generally well below
the 150 microstrain recommended by
REisch" as the lowest limiting strain
which would cause cracking.
The most important evidence that the

96
 z
rr
u)
0
U

2a

Fig. 23. Experimental bursting strain distributioninclination series t1 in. = 25.4 mm).

bursting stress is not the propercriterion
for anchorage zone cracking behavior
comes from eccentric straight tendon
tests.
Two different analytical approaches
(the Guyon symmetrical prism method'o
and a three-dimensional finite element
analysis) both indicate that the peak
bursting stress decreases significantly
with increased tendon eccentricity. This

PCI JOURNAUJanuary-February 1984 97

trend was substantiated experimentally.
The test results shown in Fig. 15, how-
ever, also showed that cracking load was
appreciably reduced with increasing ec-
centricity.
Thus, there is a direct conflict be-
tween the experimental results and pre-
dictions using a critical bursting stress
theory. However, the finite element
analysis indicated a good correlation
between peak spalling stress values and
cracking loads. As indicated in Fig. 15,
the finite element method analysis
based on spalling (not bursting) stress
results is in good agreement with test
observations.
For inclined tendon specimens, Table
1 shows that the computed bursting
stress also decreases with increased
angle of inclination. Fig. 23 shows clear
experimental verification that the mea-
sured bursting stress (strain) decreased
with increase in the tendon inclination.
Again, a critical bursting stress criterion
directly contradicts the experimentally
observed cracking trend of Fig. 13
which showed that cracking loads de-
crease with increasing inclination. Once
again, the three-dimensional finite ele-
ment predictions in Fig. 13 based on
peak spalling (not bursting) stress re-
sults are in good agreement.
Spalling Stress Role
When these major contradictions were
noted between the bursting stress vari-
ation and the actual cracking load
trends, a detailed examination was un-
dertaken of the state of stress in the an-
chorage zone using the three-dimen-
sional finite element program. It was
found that the computed tensile spalling
stress along the end face increased
rapidly with increasing eccentricity.
The maximum value calculated was lo-
cated near the edge of the plate anchor.
While no evidence was seen in any test
specimens of external cracks due to
spalling stresses, the variation in mag-
nitude of the computed spalling stress
98
also correlated with the observed
cracking load variations in the inclined,
bearing stress, and cover series speci-
mens.
Studies of the role of the spalling
stresses in anchorage zone behavior led
to the formulation of a failure hypothe-
sis. Since the spalling stress (strain) ap-
pears to be the best indicator of tendon
path crack initiation, even though
"spalling cracks" do not occur, a method
of predicting first cracking through the
use of analytically derived spalling
stresses (strains) was developed.
Anchorage Failure Mechanism
Detailed comparison of analytical and
experimental data for a wide range of
variables indicated that several key
phases were common in the overall be-
havior of plate (bearing) type anchor-
ages under load as shown in Figs. 24a
through 24d. These phases suggested a
general failure mechanism which could
also he adapted to cone and bell an-
chors. The key phases were:
1. Appearance of the longitudinal
tendon path crack on the side faces, usu-
ally beginning at a distance approxi-
mately equal to the width of the anchor
plate from the loaded face.
2. Appearance of tipper and lower di-
agonal cracks on both the end faces and
the side faces emanating from the cor-
ners of square anchors or of radial cracks
from circular anchors.
3. Ultimate failure consisting of an
explosive side face blow out, usually oc-
curring shortly after formation of the di-
agonal cracks.
4. After failure a cone (pyramid) of
crushed concrete was observed (see Fig.
10f) beneath the anchor plate with the
telltale presence of powdered concrete
along its edges indicative of a shear fail-
ure.
To further investigate the shear type
failure noted in Phase 4, a study was
made of both the calculated spalling
tensile stress (strain) and maximum


SPALLING
STRESS

^. -ANCHORAGE BURSTING
+ STRESS

'* -TENDON
1

2o

'LATERAL DUE TO FRICTION

_.. ^ DUE TO
POST- TENSIONING
LOAD

fi
Fig. 24a, Spalling initiated shear failure theory, indicating development of high direct bearing stresses beneath the plate.
c0
cn
 MOHR CIRCLE
LATERAL
Fig. 24b. As lateral confining stress is reduced, shearing stress increases, as
shown by the increase in diameter of Mohr's circle.
shearing stress (strain) in the vicinity of
the anchor plate edge. The shearing
stress values offered no direct correla-
tion which would explain the cracking
behavior.
This phenomenon may be because
the analytical program could not accu-
rately model the lateral friction forces
developed beneath the anchor plate.
The spalling stress values, however,
followed a definite trend which indi-
cates that the following sequence is the
probable mechanism leading to the an-
chorage zone failure for plate bearing
anchors and with minor modifications
for cone and bell type anchors:
1. Due to large friction forces devel-
oped directly beneath the anchor plate,
Poisson ratio type lateral expansion of
the Concrete in this vicinity is con-
strained.
2. A complex, triaxial compressive
stress state is thus set up which permits
development of extremely high ,direct
bearing stresses (up to 3ff) beneath the
plate (see Fig. 24a).
3. The confining lateral forces at the
edge of the plate are reduced by the
presence of the spalling tensile stress
(strain). As this reduction in lateral con-
fining stress takes place, the effect on
the state of stress would he to increase
the shearing stress, as can be seen from
the increase in diameter of'Mohr's circle
as illustrated in Fig. 24h.
T
4. At some level of applied load the
confining stress is sufficiently reduced
(though still in compression) so that an
internal shear failure occurs along the
plane of maximum shear stress.
5. The maximum shearing stress
plane occurs at an angle of 45-deg
counterclockwise from the primary
stress a axis and thus propagates to
form the 45-deg pyramidal "cone" seen
for all plate-type anchors (see Fig. 24c).
6. Simultaneous with the formation of
the cone, a tendon path crack propagates
from the tip of the cone, as shown in Fig.
24d. (Note that Phases 5 and 6 can be
delayed by the presence of supplemen-
tary anchorage zone reinforcement. This
delay can be substantial when spirals
and lateral post-tensioning which en-
hance confinement are used.)
7. The cone is forced into the anchor-
age zone, setting up large lateral forces
which eventually produce the upper
and lower diagonal cracks (see Fig. 10b).
8. Increases in load above that re-
quired for formation of diagonal cracks
lead to ultimate explosive failure of the
side faces, bounded by the upper and
lower diagonal cracks (Figs. 24d and l0e).
Multistrand Side Face Failure
Mechanism
For thin web post-tensioning applica-
tions where significant tendon curva-


45

PCR III

11/NDON PATH
CRACK
SHEAR
CONE
Fig. 24c. The maximum shearing stress plane occurs at an angle of 45 deg
counterclockwise from the primary stress axis.

)NE

P
ULTIMATE TH

RUPTURE
LATE

`LEVIER DIAGONAL CRACK

Fig. 24d. The ultimate explosive failure of the side faces is bounded by the
upper and lower diagonal cracks.

tares are required and multiple strand normal force components over the ele-
tendons are used, a second mechanism mental length ds. The normal force ap-
may govern the failure of the section. plied to the tendon duct per unit length
Any time a loaded tendon follows a is thus:
curved path, normal and friction forces
will be set up as shown in Fig. 25. p = Nlds (3)
Equilibrium of'torces in the vertical (x)
Also, from small angle theory:
direction yields:
do do
Psin 2
dH
+(P+dp)sin 2
dO
N=0 (1)
sm _
2 2

Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (2)

(4)

2P sin + dP sin 2^2 =N (2)

yields:

where N represents summation of all

2P dO 20
+dP =N (5)

PCI JOURNAL1January-February 1984 101

 -- P

P +dP
Lz

^f ds

P
P +dP

11l
Fig. 25. Radial and friction forces due to tendon curvature.

From calculus:
ButdPCIO-,0
2 x(d'\2]3/2
+
Thus, Pd6 = N (6) R = ^^TJ (8)
Substituting Eq, (3) into Eq. (6)
yields: dz1

Most curved tendon profiles can be

p=P
do
= R (7) described by the polynomial equation:
X =Azs +Bz2 +Cz+D (9)
where
P = post-tensioning load (kips)
R = radius ofcurvatureata given point Substitution into Eq. (8) yields:
(in.)
p = normal load on tendon duct per R = [1 + (3AZ2 + ZBz + C)2]'5
(10)
unit length (kips per in.) ^6Az+2B^

102
 If the value of R is relatively small,
very large normal components of the
post-tensioning force are set up which
can cause tendon path cracking at loads
below those which would initiate
cracking in the anchorage zone proper.
In these cases the multiple strand bun-
dle tries to flatten out because of the
normal force components.
This action creates large lateral forces
on the tendon duct and the side walls.
Figs. 26 and 27 illustrate this failure se-
quence which was observed in the full-
scale tests. This is more likely to occur
when the anchorage zone is well-rein-
forced and the point of maximum
curvature occurs well away from the an-
chorage and does not have supplemen-
tary reinforcement.
This same tendency also can occur
whenever multiple strand tendons pass
around a close radius and can occur at
substantial distances from the anchorage
zones. An empirical design method to
control this effect will be presented in a
subsequent paper.12
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
General
At the inception of this study the
common American practice for post-ten-
sioned anchorage zone reinforcement
design was for the structural designer to
specify tendon force and location and to
allow the contractor to choose a post-
tensioning system. Both contractor and
designer then usually relied on the
hardware supplier to furnish detailed
advice on the use of the system. Often
the supplier's knowledge was based on
limited tests, on practical experience
(generally with enlarged cast-in-place
end blocks), and on the published work
of such investigators as Guyon'' or Zie-
linski and Rowe 13 who relied on the
classical bursting stress approach for the
design of supplementary reinforcement.
PCI JOtJRNAUJanuary-February 1984 103
Although these designs usually
worked well for straight tendon appli-
cations with little eccentricity, they
were insufficient to control anchorage
zone cracking in some thin member ap-
plications such as in precast segmental
box girder bridge web sections. In these
applications, the tendons were often not
only eccentric, but also highly inclined
in order to pick tip a portion of the dead
load shear. Because of the highly pro-
prietary nature of the industry, those
companies which did have experience
with such problems were often reluctant
to publish this knowledge in the public
literature. American specifications such
as AASHTO and the ACI Building Code
were framed in very limited terms of
allowable bearing stresses, and did not
reflect the effects of section aspect ratio,
of tendon eccentricity, curvature, and
inclination, nor of the effect of supple-
mentary reinforcement.
This investigation provides a starting
point for the practicing engineer to ad-
dress many common thin web post-ten-
sioning applications as well as a sepa-
rate method to check and evaluate the
recommendations of the hardware sup-
plier. The results of this study reflect a
composite formed from three sources.
These include physical tests of forty
quarter-scale microconcrete models,
physical tests of nine full-scale proto-
type concrete specimens designed to
replicate post-tensioning conditions
found in thin web sections, and results
of an extensive series of three-dimen-
sional linear elastic finite element com-
puter analyses.
The model test results were found to
match the prototype behavior when
scaled properly through the use of the
geometric scale factor and the measured
split cylinder tensile strength of the
concrete.
Various reinforcing schemes (both ac-
tive and passive) were investigated. Ex-
perimental data from the prototype tests
revealed an interesting additional fail-
ure mechanism due to "multistrand"
 P D - I
B 5

(a) UNSTRESSED TENDON

D O ^' a

0
a

o. 0 I. b . P r
v .

e .^

p D,
p..b
9 o a

, b '. p
LEDGE'S

^ O 1
(b) TENDON AT STRESSING LOAD
LARGE RADIAL FORCES DUE TO
11 FLATTENING OUT" OF TENDON

BUNDLE INITIATE CRACKING IN

VICINITY OF SHARPEST CURVATURE
a
I

a 4 * y

0.

o
(c) FAILURE
SIDE FACE RUPTURE AT
POINT OF SHARPEST
CURVATURE

a p p
D

Fig. 26. Multistrand failure in a curved tendon.

104
Fig. 27a. Failure due to multistrand effect in Specimen FS3B, at ultimate load 590 kips
(2624 kN). Shown above: side face rupture at point of maximum curvature.
effects. Sections with significant tendon chorage zone shear failure was con-
curvature and with multiple strands in firmed experimentally.
the same duct generated large lateral 5. Tendon path cracks can occur at
splitting forces at the point of minimum points well removed from the anchorage
radius of curvature due to the flattening zone in sections where the tendon pro-
out of the multiple strands within the file has significant curvature and multi-
con fines of the duct. ple strand tendons are used. This is due
In the test program and analytical in- to the tendency for the bundle to flatten
vestigations, the scope was restricted to out within the confines of the duct, thus
the anchorage of single large tendons in creating lateral forces sufficiently high
an anchorage zone. Both studies should to cause not only cracking but side face
be expanded to cover the practical case rupture as well.
of multiple tendons anchored in close 6. The failure mechanism for plate
proximity. type anchors is:
(a) The large friction forces developed
Major Conclusions beneath the anchor plate locally con-
strain the lateral expansion of the con-
The design recommendations result- crete due to Poisson's ratio effect.
ing from this study will he presented in (b) A complex, triaxial compressive
a companion paper.'2 stress state is set up which permits de-
The results of this study indicate a velopment of extremely high direct
radical departure from previous meth- bearing stresses (up to 3ff) beneath the
ods of analyzing the anchorage zone plate.
cracking problem. Former solutions (c) The confining lateral forces at the
were basically limited to anchors for a edge of the plate are reduced by the
concentric, straight tendon. For the presence ofthe spalling tensile stresses.
general range of variables investigated, (d) At some load level which depends
the major conclusions are: on the section and tendon geometry, the
1. Design of anchorage zone rein- confining stress is sufficiently reduced
forcement using the bursting stress cri- that a shear failure occurs along the
terion is erroneous when the tendon is plane at approximately 45 deg, and thus
inclined or eccentric. the shear crack propagates to form a 45-
2. Bearing stresses as high as 2.5ff deg pyramidal "cone" beneath the an-
were routinely achieved before ultimate chor.
failure. Specifications limiting allow- (e) Simultaneous with the formation of
able bearing stresses to less than f are the cone, a tendon path crack propagates
overly conservative and inappropriate from the tip of the cone. The cone is
for controlling anchorage zone cracking. then forced into the anchorage zone set-
3. While anchorage zone design ting up large lateral forces which even-
based upon the ACI Building Code tually produce a set of "upper and
Commentary formula using the square lower" diagonal cracks which typically
root of relative bearing areas will be form at the corners of the anchor and
conservative tinder certain cir- propagate away from the tendon path at
cumstances, it cannot be relied upon to angles of approximately 45 deg.
he conservative when the tendon is (fl Increases in load above that re-
highly eccentric or inclined, or when quired for formation of the diagonal
very thin web sections are used. cracks lead to ultimate explosive failure
4. A new failure theory which recog- of the side faces, bounded by the upper
nizes the complex role of the end face and lower diagonal cracks.
spalling stress in the vicinity of the an- 7. Anchor geometry can affect the
chor as the trigger mechanism for an an- cracking load. Tests using plate-, bell-,

106
and cone-type anchors indicate the fol- 3. For a given volumetric percentage
lowing factors should be applied to cal- of spiral reinforcement, the spirals fabri-
culated cracking loads for plate anchors: cated from smaller wires performed
P late: 1.00 P,.,. plate better than spirals fabricated from larger
Bell: 1.08 P, r plate wires, This indicates that spirals should
Cone: 0.61 P,,. plate be fabricated with as short a pitch dis-
The three anchor types are shown in tance as possible while permitting ag-
Fig. 4. The "cone" type anchor has stiff gregates to pass freely.
bearing walls in the conical section. A 4. Within the range investigated, long
thin-walled transition trumpet on a platespirals (2t to 2.5t in length affixed to the
anchor would not be classified as a anchor, where t is the web width of the
"cone" type anchor. anchor zone) performed no better than
These values are for sections without short spirals.
supplementary anchorage zone rein- 5. With inclined, curved, multiple
forcement. Ultimate loads for unrein- strand tendons, careful attention must
forced plate- and cone-type anchors oc- be paid to the possibility of cracking
curred at loads only nominally above the along the tendon path at the point of
cracking load. Unreinforced hell an- maximum curvature. in most practical
chors exhibited ultimate failure at loadsapplications that point would he well
approximately 25 percent above those removed from the anchorage zone, and
which cause cracking. from the influence of any short spiral
Tests of spirally reinforced plate and reinforcement in the anchorage zone.
cone anchorages indicate nearly identi- Continuing anchorage zone reinforce-
cal factors were still applicable but ment into the zone of maximum curva-
applied to ultimate loads. No tests were ture is logical in some cases. However,
done on spirally reinforced bell anchors.calculations indicate that the required
Since the bell action somewhat simu- reinforcement ratio is usually much
lates the spiral action, it was concluded smaller than that required in the an-
further confinement was redundant. chorage zone. A secondary calculation
method is presented in a subsequent
paper to design the additional rein-
Reinforcement Conclusions
torcement required for curved tendon
1, When using passive reinforcement, applications.
spirals exhibit much better performance 6. Active reinforcement (lateral
than standard orthogonal reinforcement post-tensioning) is the most efficient
both for increasing cracking and ulti- means of controlling anchorage zone
mate loads, and for controlling crack cracking. A relatively small precompres-
widths. Spiral reinforcement has the sion of 100 psi (690 kPa) across the an-
effect of changing the cracking pattern chorage zone of a section with an in-
from a single tendon path crack to a se- clined, curved, multiple strand tendon
ries of parallel cracks which exhibit a raised the cracking load 33 percent
reduction in the average crack width. above that for an unreinforced section.
The spiral advantage is greater for thin- The optimum location for the lateral
ner web sections, making it the pre- prestress is as close to the loaded face as
fi:rred choice of passive reinforcement. possible.
2. The ultimate load for anchorages
with spiral reinforcement is as much as Similitude Conclusions
45 to 60 percent higher than that for an-
chorages with orthogonal reinforcement 1. The tensile strength of the micro-
(bar grid) with ten times the reinforce- concrete used for constructing the mod-
ment ratio of the spiral. els was found to he substantially higher

PCI JOUR NAUJanuary-February 1984 107

 than that for the corresponding proto-
type concrete,
2. Cracking and ultimate loads must
be normalized with respect to the indi-
rect tensile strength (f,) when using
model results for prediction of cracking
in corresponding prototype structures.
3. When adjusted for geometric scale
factor and split tensile strength, excel-
lent reliability (10 percent) can be ex-
pected for model tests using straight
tendons, including the effects of cover,
eccentricity, and bearing area.
4. Specimens with inclined tendons
can also be accurately modeled; how-
ever, careful attention must be made to
detailing the model tendon when
sharply curved multiple strand proto-
type sections are to be modeled. Due to
the importance of multistrand effects in
full-scale strictures, the model tendon
should be a precise scaled-down version
of the prototype tendon and duct sys-
tem.
5. Crack patterns observed in proto-
type specimens can be accurately re-
produced in the models. However, crack
widths in the models (after adjustment
REFERENCES
1. Stone, W. C., and Breen, J. E., "Analysis
of Post-Tensioned Girder Anchorage
Zones," Research Report 208-1, Center
tier Transportation Research, The Uni-
versity of Texas at Austin, August 1980.
2. Breen, J. E., Cooper, R. L., and Calla-
way, T. M., "Minimizing Construction
Problems in Segmentally Precast Box
Girder Bridges," Research Report No.
121-6F, Center for Highway Research,
The University of Texas at Austin, Au-
gust 1975.
3. Dilger, W. H., and Ghali, A., "Remedial
Measures for Cracked Webs of Pre-
stressed Concrete Bridges," PCI JOUR-
NAL, V. 19, No, 4, July- August 1974, pp.
76-85.
4. AASHTO, Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges, 12th Edition, Ameri-
106
by the scale factor) were on the average
40 percent smaller than those observed
in the full-scale specimens,
6. As with the full-scale tests, the
formation of upper and lower diagonal
cracks around the anchor act as a visual
indicator of the proximity of ultimate
failure. For unreinforced plate anchors a
cone of crushed concrete was observed
beneath the anchor at failure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This paper is based on results of Re-
search Project 208 "Design Criteria for
Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zone
Bursting Stresses," conducted for the
Texas Department of Highways and
Public Transportation in cooperation
with the Federal Highway Administra-
tion by the University of Texas at Austin
Center for Transportation Research at
the Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engi-
neering Laboratory. The contents of this
paper reflect the views of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect the views
or policies of the sponsoring agencies.
can Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, Washington,
D.C., 1977.
5. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
and Commentary (ACI 318-77)," Ameri-
can Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michi-
gan,1977.
6. Rhodes, B., and Turner, F. H., "Design
of End Blocks for Post-Tensioned Ca-
bles," Concrete, December 1962.
7. Stone, W. C., Paes- Filho, W., and Breen,
J. E., "Behavior of Post-Tensioned Gir-
der Anchorage Zones," Research Report
208-2, Center for Transportation Re-
search, The University of Texas at Aus-
tin, August 1980.
8. CEB-FIP Committee, Model Code for
Concrete Structures, Comit@ Euro-In-
 ternational du Beton and the Federation
Internationale de ]a Precontrainte, En-
glish Translation, 1978.
9. AC! Committee 444, "Models of Con-
crete StructuresState-of-the-Art," Con-
crete Inte rn atumal, V. 1, No. 1, January
1979, pp. 77-95.
10. Guyon, Y., The Limit State Design of
Prestressed Concrete, V. II: The Design
of the Member, Translated by F. H.
Turner, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1974.
11. Ruseh, H., Grasser, E., and Rao, P. S.,
"Fundamentals of Design for Uniaxial
Stress Conditions in Concrete Mem-
APPENDIX NOTATION
2a = section height, in.
2a' = width of anchor plate (assumed
square), in.
A area
A, = bearing area of anchor plate, sq
in.
AQ = area of anchorage surface con-
centric with and geometrically
similar to anchor plate, sq in.
A, = area of supplementary rein-
forcement which crosses ten-
don path perpendicularly in an-
chorage zone of length 6a' from
loaded face
CIt = ratio of cover concrete to section
thickness
ds = elemental length
e = tendon eccentricity, in.
f = Stress
I; = allowable bearing stress, ksi
= compressive strength of con-
crete at time of stressing, ksi
(except when used as f,'; when
units must he in psi)
}ca = CEB effective concrete com-
pressive strength
= specified tensile strength of
f,^I
post-tensioning tendon, ksi
= split cylinder tensile strength,
J;P
ksi
Is = transverse stress
PCI JOURNALIJanuary-February 1984 109
bers," Munich, August 1961. (Translation
from German, October 1963, by J. V.
McMahon and J. E. Breen, University of
Texas at Austin.)
12. Stone, W. C., and Breen, J. E., "Design of
Post-Tensioned Girder Anchorage
Zones" (to be published in March-April
1984 PCI JOURNAL).
13. Zielinski, T., and Rowe, R. E., "An In-
vestigation of the Stress Distribution in
the Anchorage Zones of Post-Tensioned
Concrete Members,"Cement and Con-
crete Association, Research Report No. 9,
London, September 1960.
h = height
LPT = lateral post-tensioning
M = moment
N = summation of all normal force
components over element
length ds
p = normal load on tendon duct per
unit length (kips per in.)
P = post-tensioning load, kips
= allowable post-tensioning load,
kips
P,, = cracking load, kips
Pu = ultimate load, kips
R = radius of curvature at a given
point, in.
t = section thickness, in.; web width
of anchor zone
Tb = bursting tensile stress
T, = spalling tensile stress
x = vertical direction
z = horizontal direction
exb = bursting strain
e,.e = spalling strain
O = angle of tendon inclination, de-
grees
cr,, = normal stress due to post-ten-
sioning load
r ib = bursting stress
C
= spalling stress
r = shear stress