CE 312 Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I (Lab Manual)

CE 312
Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I

(Lab Manual)
Department of Civil Engineering

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Version 1, November, 2015
Preface
Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I (CE312) manual contains the analysis and design of an
industrial roof truss and a plate girder. For providing a complete guideline to the students, basic
design concepts of roof truss and plate girder are elaborated with examples and detailed drawings
in this manual. Design of support and anchorage system is also discussed for a complete
understanding of the students. The roof truss design part of the lab manual was prepared with the
help of "Design Manual of CE 312" by Md. Ruhul Amin, Department of Civil Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.
Fatema Tuz Zahura

Urmi Devi
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
INDEX
Course Content Topics covered Page no.
Design of 1. Introduction 1
Industrial Roof Truss 2. Design of Purlin for Dead Load 7
3. Design of Purlin for Live load 11
4. Analysis of Truss 16
5. Design of Truss member 22
6. Design of Bracing System 31
7. Welded Joints Design 33
8. Design of Support and Anchorage 47
Design of 1. Introduction 50
Steel Plate Girder 2. Selection of Web plate 56
3. Selection of Flange plate 58
4. Selection of Intermediate Stiffener 60
5. Selection of Bearing Stiffener 66
6. Welding Design 67
7. Girder weight 70
Appendix
Design of Steel Roof Truss
1. Introduction
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points. Planar trusses lie in
a single plane. Typically, the joint connections are formed by bolting or welding the end members together
to a common plate, called a gusset plate.
The basic building block of a truss is a triangle. Large truss are constructed by attaching several triangles
together. A new triangle can be added truss by adding two members and a joint. A truss constructed in this
fashion is known as a simple truss.
1.1 Assumptions:
The main assumptions made in the analysis of truss are:
Truss members are connected together at their ends only.

Trusses are connected together by frictionless pins.
The truss structure is loaded only at the joints.
1.2 Advantages of Truss:

Quick Installation
The primary advantage of a truss is that it can be installed quickly and cost-effectively, even without heavy
equipment to lift it into place. Most trusses are factory-built, and delivered to the job site as a complete set
for the structure to be built. A truss is traditionally leveraged to the top of the wall, and then slid into
position and pivoted upright before being fastened in place.
Increased Span
The unique properties of a triangular object allow trusses to span across longer distances. Where a square-
sided roof would tend to shift or twist, a triangular one maintains its shape, preventing shift and sag. As a
further advantage, the entire set of trusses combined becomes stable and able to support many times the
weight of a non-reinforced straight roof.
Load Distribution
The shape of a triangle allows all of the weight applied to the sides (or legs) to be redistributed down and
away from the center. In trusses, this transfers the entire weight of the roof to the outer walls, and has the
advantage of allowing the interior walls to be built arbitrarily, or even moved or omitted.
Accessibility
-1-
Since the bottom rail of a truss is typically the ceiling of the rooms below, the triangular spaces of the
trusses themselves form accessible paths for the installation of electric and other utility applications. The
central void of a truss system is generally the attic of a home, with the slope of the roof forming the legs of
the triangle.
1.4 Types of Truss:
Bowstring Truss Towne Lattice Truss
Pratt Truss Scissors Truss
Pratt Truss
Camel Back Pratt
Pratt Truss
Saw-Tooth Truss
-2-
Truss with monitor
Modified Link Truss
Knee Brace Traverse Bent
Fink or French
Traverse Bent Traverse Bent
Howe Truss
Fan Fink
-3-
Howe Truss Warren Truss
Howe (Pitch) Truss

Warren Truss
Figure 1: Different types of truss
Figure 2: Bracing System of truss
Figure 3: Building Plan

-4-
2. Roof Truss Design
Design a Pratt type roof truss from the following data:
Design Data:
Span = 40 feet
Span-to-rise ratio (pitch) = 4:1
Rise = 10 feet
Slope () = tan-1(10/20) = 26.56510 (degree)
Bay distance (truss-to-truss distance) = 25 feet.
Location: Dhaka, Basic wind speed = 210 Km/h.
Exposure category: Exposure A
Truss is supported on brick wall of height = 12 feet.
2.1 Design Loads:

(1) Dead load:
Self-weight of truss = 60 lb per ft. horizontal span of truss.
Sag rod + bracing = 1 psf. (approximately known)
C.G.I. sheet roofing = 2 psf. (known)
Purlin (self-weight) = 1.5 psf. (assumed)
(2) Wind load = according to BNBC 1993 (Bangladesh National Building Code 1993).
(3) Snow load = not applicable for our country.
2.2 Design Method:

Design method followed here is AISC/ASD
Steel to be used: A36 (Yield stress (Fy = 36 ksi))
Electrode to be used: E60XX (electrode material tensile strength (FEXX) = 60 ksi)
-5-
Figure 4: Pratt type Roof Truss
Figure 5: Truss notations (member numbering): Pratt truss (Roof)
2.3 Analysis and Design of Purlins:

Analysis and design of purlin for dead load
Analysis and design of purlin for dead load plus wind load
-6-
2.3.1 Analysis and Design of Purlin for Dead Load:
Purlins are nothing but beams. They span between the adjacent trusses, i.e. the spacing of the
trusses is the span of purlins. Purlins are placed at top chord joint.
Since the principal axes of the purlin are inclined, the dead load causes bi-axial bending in the
purlins. A component of dead load acts in the negative Y direction and the other component acts
in the X direction. For the loads acting along Y axis, the purlin acts as a simply supported beam
(see figure 7) of span 25 feet (bay distance). Due to the presence of sagrods, the midspan
deflection is restrained in the X direction. As a result the purlin act as a continuous beam (see
figure 8) for bending in the plane of the roof surface (X direction).
The dead load coming on the purlin is from the roofing material and the self-weight of the purlin
itself. Weights of the sagrods are so small compared to the other loads that we can safely neglect
it.
Calculation of total dead load on purlin:
C.G.I sheet roofing = 2 psf (known)
Self-weight of purlins = 1.5 psf (assumed but will be checked later)
Sagrod weight = negligable
Total dead load = 3.50 psf
Uniformly distributed load (UDL) on purlin, WDL= 3.50 psf purlin spacing
= 3.50 psf 7.453 ft.
= 26.0855 lb. per feet
Component of WDL in X direction, WDLx = WDL sin
= 26.0855 sin26.5650
Component of WDL in Y direction, WDLy = WDL cos
= 26.0855 cos26.5650
Purlin span = 25 feet for loading in Y direction (loading perpendicular to the plane of roof
surface).
Purlin span = 12.5 feet + 12.5 feet for loading X direction (loading in the plane of roof
surface)
-7-
Figure 6: Bi-axial loading on the purlin
Figure 7: Bending moment diagram for loading in Y direction (loading perpendicular to the
roof surface, bending parallel to the roof)
-8-
Figure 8: Bending moment diagram for loading in X direction (loading parallel to the roof
surface, bending perpendicular to the roof)
Calculation of bending moment:
w L2
DLy 23.332 25 2
M 1822.8125 ft lb 1.8228 kip - ft
xx 8 8
w L2 11.666 25 2
M DLx 227.852 ft lb 0.22785 kip - ft
yy 32 32
M = moment about X axis (moment in plane of roof surface)
xx
M = moment about Y axis (moment perpendicular to the plane of roof surface)
yy
In the design of purlin, we assume that the purlin has adequate lateral bracing due to the presence
of roofing and sagrod so that pure bending will govern the design. As our first trial, we select the
smallest available American Standard Channel C 34.1. From AISC manual
Channel S (inch3) S (inch3)

xx yy
C 34.1 1.10 0.202
S &S = Section modulus about X axis & Y axis respectively.

xx yy
Allowable bending stress, F 0.66F

b y
For A36 steel, F 0.66F = 0.66 36 ksi = 23.76 ksi
b y
Calculation of actual bending stress:
M (c ) M (c )
xx y yy x
Bending stress developed on purlin section, f
I I
xx yy
M (c ) M (c )
xx y yy x
Maximum bending stress developed on purlin section, f
I I
xx yy
-9-
M M
xx yy
f
(I /c ) (I /c )
xx y yy x
M M
xx yy
f
S S
xx yy
1.8228 12 0.22785 12
f 33.421 ksi
1.10 0.202
Check of bending stress:
Actual bending stress (f = 33.421 ksi) > allowable bending stress (Fb = 23.76 ksi)
Thus, section is not OK. Select a higher section.
Table 1: Criteria for adequacy of the section
Criteria Comments
If , f F Section is OK
b
If , f F Section is not OK; select a higher
b section
If , f F Section is OK but not economical;
b select a lower section
Table 2: Purlin section selection for dead load
Actual Allowable
3
Section S 3
(inch ) S (inch ) bending stress bending stress Comments
xx yy
(f) in ksi (F ) in ksi
b
C 34.1 1.10 0.202 33.421 23.76 not OK
C 35 1.24 0.233 29.374 23.76 not OK
C 36 1.38 0.268 26.053 23.76 not OK
C 45.4 1.93 0.283 20.995 23.76 OK
OK but not
C 47.25 2.29 0.343 17.523 23.76
economical
OK but not
C 56.7 3.00 0.378 14.525 23.76
economical
OK but not
C 59 3.56 0.450 12.220 23.76
economical
Check self-weight of purlin:
- 10 -
5.4 lb/ft
For C 45.4 channel, self-weight is 5.4 lb/ft which is equivalent to = 0.7245 psf
7.4535 ft
(distributed load over the roof surface) which is smaller than previously/initially assumed
purlin self-weight 1.50 psf. So, the purlin C 45.4 is adequate for resisting bending moment
(i.e. bending stress) & its self-weight is well-below the previously/initially assumed value.
Select a C 45.4 section for purlin (mind it, this selection is done only for dead load).
2.3.2 Analysis and Design of Purlin for Dead Load plus Wind Load:
Wind Load Calculation (according to BNBC 1993):
Figure 9: Plan and elevation of roof truss
Different parameters for wind load calculation:

Truss location: Dhaka
Vb= Basic wind speed in km/h = 210 km/h (see table 2)
- 11 -
B = Horizontal dimension of the building, in meters measured normal to wind direction = bay
distance (truss-to-truss spacing) = 25 feet = 7.6219 meter.
L = Horizontal dimension of the building, in meters measured parallel to wind direction = span
of truss = 40 feet = 12.1951 meter.
H = average/mean height of the roof in meters = 17 feet = 5.1829 meter.
z = Height above the ground in meters
= Angle of the plane of roof from horizontal, degrees = 26.5651 0 (degree)
Cc= Velocity-to-pressure conversion co-efficient = 47.2 10
6
CI = Structure importance co-efficient (a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to hazard
to human life and damage to property) = 1.00 for standard occupancy structures (see table 3)
CZ = Combined height and exposure co-efficient = 0.3897 for exposure A (see table 4)
*For exposure category A, you can use the table 4 or alternatively you can use the following
equation of combined height and exposure co-efficient CZ.
Calculation of wind pressure:
C 0.1879(z)0.4435 0.368 ; z = height above ground in meters

z
Here, z = h = 5.1829 meter (17 feet)
C 0.1879(5.1829) 0.4435 0.3897 ( 0.368)

z
C = Gust response co-efficient = 1.6257 exposure A (see table 5)
G
C = External pressure co-efficient = -0.14345 for windward side, wind direction normal to
pe
ridge (see table 6)
C = External pressure co-efficient = -0.70 for leeward side, wind direction normal to ridge (see
pe
table 6)
q = Sustained wind pressure in kN/m2

z
p = Design wind pressure in kN/m2
z
q C C C V2
z c I z b
q = (47.2 10 6 ) (1) (0.3897) (210) 2

z
q = 0.81137 kN/m2
z
- 12 -
p C C q
z G pe z
Design wind pressure for windward side: p = (1.6257) (-0.14345) (0.81137)

z
p = -0.189216891 kN/m2 = -3.947747 psf (suction)
z
Design wind pressure for leeward side: p = (1.6257) (-0.70) (0.81137)
z
p = -0.923330946 kN/m2 = -19.26419306 psf (suction)
z
[Positive value of design wind pressure indicates thrust (compression) & negative value of design
wind pressure indicates suction (tension).Design wind pressure always acts normal/perpendicular
to the roof surface]
1 ksf = 47.89 kN/m2
1 kN/m2 = 20.88 psf
1 MPa = 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2 = 145 psi
-3.9477 psf -19.2642 psf
-3.9477 psf
-19.2642 psf
Figure 10: Wind direction and pressure distribution on windward side &leeward side
Calculation of UDL on purlin:
UDL on purlin on windward side = (design wind pressure on the windward side purlin spacing)
= -3.947747 psf 7.4535 feet = - 29.4247 lb/ft
UDL on purlin on leeward side = (design wind pressure on the leeward side purlin spacing)
= -19.26419 psf 7.4535 feet = - 143.5857 lb/ft
- 13 -
Since wind load acts perpendicular to the roof surface, these loads will be combined with the Y
component of the dead load (WDLy) to get the resultant load. It is clear from the above that the
leeward side will govern since its magnitude is higher.
Resultant load in Y direction, w w p

y DLy z
(i.e. resultant load perpendicular to roof surface) = +23.332 lb/ft 143.5856 lb/ft
w = 120.2536 lb/ft
y
w (L) 2
y 120.2536 25 2
M ft lb 9394.8125 ft lb
xx 8 8
M = -9.3948 kip-ft
xx
Load (w ) in X direction (in plane of roof) remains the same, so moment about Y axis
DLx
remains the same
M = 0.22785 kip-ft
yy
Allowable bending stress, F 0.66F

b y
For A36 steel, F 0.66F = 0.66 36 ksi = 23.76 ksi

b y
M (c ) M (c )
xx y yy x
Bending stress developed on purlin section, f
I I
xx yy
M (c ) M (c )
xx y yy x
Maximum bending stress developed on purlin section, f
I I
xx yy
M M
xx yy
f
(I /c ) (I /c )
xx y yy x
- 14 -
M M
xx yy
f
S S
xx yy
For previously selected channel section (for dead load) C 45.4 ( S = 1.10 inch3 & S =
xx yy
0.202 inch3)
9.3948 12 0.22785 12
f 68.075 ksi > 23.76 ksi (not OK)
1.10 0.202
Select channel C 613 ( S = 5.80 inch3 & S = 0.642 inch3)

xx yy
9.3948 12 0.22785 12
f 23.696 ksi < 23.76 ksi (OK)
5.80 0.642

13 lb/ft
For C 613 channel, self-weight is 13 lb/ft which is equivalent to = 1.744 psf
7.4535 ft
(distributed load over the roof surface) which is greater than previously/initially assumed
purlin self-weight 1.50 psf. Although the purlin C 613 is adequate for resisting bending
moment (i.e. bending stress) but its self-weight is high. So, not OK & select another section.
Select channel C 79.8 ( S = 6.08 inch3 & S = 0.625 inch3)

xx yy
9.3948 12 0.22785 12
f 22.917 ksi < 23.76 ksi (OK)
6.08 0.625

9 lb/ft
For C 79.8 channel, self-weight is 9.8 lb/ft which is equivalent to = 1.3148 psf
7.4535 ft
(distributed load over the roof surface) which is smaller than previously/initially assumed
purlin self-weight 1.50 psf. So, the purlin C 79.8 is adequate for resisting bending moment
(i.e. bending stress) & its self-weight is well-below the previously/initially assumed value.
Selected channel Check bending

Loading Check self-weight
section stress
Dead load only C 45.4 OK OK
Dead load + wind
C 79.8 OK OK
load
Finally selected channel for purlins: C 79.8

- 15 -
[Question: why we chose channel section double times (first time for dead load & second time for
combined dead load and wind load)?]
2.4 Analysis and Design of Sagrods:

Sagrods prevent the purlin to deflect in the plane of the roof surface at midspan. Thus according to
figure 8 the tensile force in the sagrods is equivalent to the midspan reaction.
5 5
Sagrod force, F w L 11.667 plf 25 feet
8 DLx 8
F = 182.28125 lb. = 0.18228125 kip. (tensile)
A round bar of 3/8 inch diameter will be adequate (this is the minimum size). Assuming that the
bolts threads will reduce the effective diameter by 1/16 inch, the net cross-sectional area will be
/4 3/8 1/162 0.076699039 inch 2 . If allowable stress in tension is Ft 0.6F
y
For A 36 steel, F 0.6F 0.6 36 ksi 21.60 ksi , then this rod will be able to carry a
t y
load of 21.60 ksi 0.076699039 inch2 = 1.656699 kip, which is well above the actual load
(=0.18228125 kip).
2.5 Analysis of the Truss: (Dead load calculation & wind load calculation)
Figure 11: Truss notations (member numbering): Pratt truss (Roof)
Dead Load Calculation:
C.G.I sheet roofing = 2 psf (known)
Self-weight of purlins = 1.5 psf (assumed but will be checked later)
Sagrod + bracing = 1psf
Total dead load = 4.50 psf

- 16 -
(Total 4.50 psf dead load) = (4.50 psf) (purlin spacing) (bay)
= 4.50 psf 7.4535 feet 25 feet
= 838.5255 lb.
Self-weight of the truss (assumed) = 60 lb/ft horizontal span of truss
The self-weight of the truss will be equally divided among the top chord and bottom chord.
Total 60 lb/ft = 30 lb/ft in top chord & 30 lb/ft in bottom chord
Point loads at the top chord joint due to self-weight = (self-weight distributed in top chord)
(panel spacing along top chord)
= 30 lb/ft 6.667 ft
= 200.01 lb.
Load in top chord joint (at ridge & internal top chord joint) = 838.5255 lb + 200.01 lb =
1038.5355 lb = 1.0385355 kip.
Load in top chord joint (at support top chord joint) = (838.5255 lb)/2 + (200.01 lb)/2 =
519.26775 lb = 0.51926775 kip.
Point loads at the bottom chord joint due to self-weight = (self-weight distributed in bottom
chord) (panel spacing along bottom chord)
= 30 lb/ft 6.667 ft
= 200.01 lb. = 0.20001 kip.
Load in bottom chord joint (at internal bottom chord joint) = 0.20001 kip
Load in bottom chord joint (at support bottom chord joint) = (0.20001 kip)/2 = 0.100005 kip
Load at support joint = 0.51926775 kip + 0.100005 kip = 0.61927275 kip.
See figure 12 for dead load on the truss.
- 17 -
Figure 12(a): Dead loads on the truss (self-weight distribution)
Figure 12(b): Dead loads on the truss (sagrod, bracing, purlin self-weight, roof weight
distribution)
Summing figure 12(a) & 12(b), gives dead load on the truss (see figure 13)
- 18 -
Figure13: Dead loads on the truss
Wind Load Calculation (wind blows from left to right):
Design wind pressure on windward side = -3.947747 psf
Wind load on interior top chord joint windward side = (design wind pressure on windward side)
(purlin spacing) (bay)
= -3.947747 psf 7.4535 feet 25 feet
= - 735.613 lb = - 0.73561 kip
Wind load on exterior & ridge top chord joint windward side = (design wind pressure on
windward side) (purlin spacing/2) (bay)
= (-3.947747 psf) (7.4535/2 feet) (25 feet)
= - 367.8065 lb = - 0.36781 kip
Design wind pressure on leeward side = -19.26419306 psf
Wind load on interior top chord joint leeward side = (design wind pressure on leeward side)
(purlin spacing) (bay)
= -19.26419306 psf 7.4535 feet 25 feet
= - 3589.641574 lb = - 3.58964 kip
Wind load on exterior & ridge top chord joint leeward side = (design wind pressure on leeward
side) (purlin spacing/2) (bay)
- 19 -
= (-19.26419306 psf) (7.4535/2 feet) (25 feet)
= - 1794.820787 lb = - 1.79482 kip
See figure 14 for wind loading on the truss (for wind blowing from left to right)
Figure 14: Wind loads on the truss for wind blowing from left to right
Wind Load Calculation (wind blows from left to right):
Mirror image of figure 14 because wind direction is change (previously left-to-right, now right-to-
left) (previous windward side is now leeward side & previous leeward side is now windward
side).
Figure 15: Wind loads on the truss for wind blowing from right to left
Note:
Truss loading for Load direction

Dead load Vertically downward See figure 13
Wind load (left-to-right & Perpendicular to roof
See figure 14 & 15
right-to-left) surface
- 20 -
2.5 Truss Analysis:
Truss analysis means determination axial force (which may be either compression or tension) of
every of its member/bar. Now, the truss is analyzed for dead load, wind load (left-to-right) & wind
load (right-to-left) (this can be done manually or by using computer software)
Manual analysis for truss: by using method of joint and/or method of section.
Computer software for truss analysis: GRASP (Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structural
Programme)
Both manual & computer analysis will have to done & check the bar force value obtained by
manual analysis with computer.
- 21 -
Chart: Design Force for truss members
Design member forces

Member Force (Kip)
Dead Dead Load Dead Load + (Kip)
Length Wind Wind Load + Wind Wind
Member Dead
(ft) (Left-to- (Right-to- only (Left-to- (Right-to- Tension Compression
Load (Kip) Right) (Kip) Left) (Kip)
Right) Left) (Kip) (Kip)
(Kip)
(Kip)+ (Kip)
L0U1 7.4535 -15.73 15.995 33.829 -15.73 0.265 18.099 18.099 -15.73
U1U2 7.4535 -12.587 17.635 24.742 -12.587 5.048 12.155 12.155 -12.587
Top Chord U2U3 7.4535 -9.438 19.255 15.631 -9.438 9.817 6.193 9.817 -9.438
U3U4 7.4535 -9.438 15.674 19.217 -9.438 6.236 9.779 9.779 -9.438
U4U5 7.4535 -12.587 24.704 17.597 -12.587 12.117 5.01 12.117 -12.587
U5L6 7.4535 -15.73 33.791 15.957 -15.73 18.061 0.227 18.061 -15.73
L0L1 6.6667 14.07 4.4 -46.737 14.07 18.47 -32.667 18.47 -32.667
L1L2 6.6667 14.07 4.4 -46.737 14.07 18.47 -32.667 18.47 -32.667
Bottom Chord L2L3 6.6667 11.255 1.979 -33.185 11.255 13.234 -21.93 13.234 -21.93
L3L4 6.6667 11.255 -13.958 -17.189 11.255 -2.703 -5.934 11.255 -5.934
L4L5 6.6667 14.07 -27.511 -14.758 14.07 -13.441 -0.688 14.07 -13.441
L5L6 6.6667 14.07 -27.511 -14.758 14.07 -13.441 -0.688 14.07 -13.441
U1L1 3.3333 0.275 0 0 0.275 0.275 0.275 0.275 0
U2L2 6.6667 1.683 1.21 -6.776 1.683 2.893 -5.093 2.893 -5.093
Verticals U3L3 10 5.902 -11.072 -11.132 5.902 -5.17 -5.23 5.902 -5.23
U4L4 6.6667 1.683 -6.777 1.216 1.683 -5.094 2.899 2.899 -5.094
U5L5 3.3333 0.275 0 0 0.275 0.275 0.275 0.275 0
U1L2 7.4537 -3.149 -2.707 15.152 -3.149 -5.856 12.003 12.003 -5.858
Diagonals/Web
U2L3 9.4286 -3.979 -3.436 19.179 -3.979 -7.415 15.2 15.2 -7.415
members U4L3 9.4286 -3.979 19.094 -3.436 -3.979 15.115 -7.415 15.115 -7.415
U5L4 7.4535 -3.149 15.153 -2.718 -3.149 12.004 -5.867 12.004 -5.867
22
2.5.1 Design of Top Chord:
From the design chart for truss member

For top chord (length, L = 7.4535 feet), maximum compressive force = 15.73 kip &
maximum tensile force = + 18.099 kip.
1 1
Select an angle section L 3 2 ; (cross sectional area, A = 1.31 inch2 & minimum radius
2 4
of gyration, r = 0.528 inch).
z
KL 0.6 7.4535 12
Check for Compression: Slenderness ratio, = 101.6386364
r 0.528
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29 10

6 psi = 29000 ksi
F = yield stress of the steel = 36 ksi (for A 36 steel)

y
2E 2 29 103
C = = 126.0992836
c F 36
y
F = allowable stress in compression (ksi)

a

2
1 KL/r
F 1
y 2 C
c
F KL
if C
a 3 r c
5 3 KL/r 1 KL/r

3 8 C 8 C
c c
1 101.6386364 2
36 1
2 126.0992836 KL
F if C
a 5 3 101.6386364 1 101.6386364 3 r c

3 8 126.0992836 8 126.0992836
F = 12.769265 ksi
a
23
Allowable force in compression, P = F A = 12.769265 ksi 1.31 inch2 = 16.72773715
a a
1 1
kip. (which is greater than design compressive force 15.73 kip). The L 3 2 section is
2 4
OK for compressive force.
KL 0.6 7.4535 12
r 0.528
(which is less than 300).
F = allowable stress in tension (ksi)

t
F = 0.6F = 0.6 36 ksi = 21.6 ksi

t y
Allowable force in tension, P = F A = 21.6 ksi 1.31 inch2 = 28.296 kip. (which is
t t
1 1
greater than design tensile force 18.099 kip). The L 3 2 section is OK for tensile
2 4
force.
1 1
Top chord L 3 3
2 4
2.5.2 Design of Bottom Chord:
For bottom chord (length, L = 6.6667 feet), maximum compressive force = 32.667 kip &
5
Select an angle section L 43 ; (cross sectional area, A = 2.09 inch2 & minimum radius
16
of gyration, r = 0.647 inch).
z
KL 0.6 6.6667 12
r 0.528

6 psi = 29000 ksi

y
24
2E 2 29 103
C = = 126.0992836
c F 36
y

a
2
1 KL/r
F 1
y 2 C
c
F KL
if C
a 3 r c
5 3 KL/r 1 KL/r

3 8 C 8 C
c c
1 74.1885626 2
36 1
2 126.0992836 KL
F if C
a 5 3 74.1885626 3 r c
1 74.1885626

3 8 126.0992836 8 126.0992836
F = 15.988919 ksi
a

a a
5
kip. (which is greater than design compressive force 32.667 kip). The L 43 section is
16
KL 0.6 6.6667 12
Check for Compression: Slenderness ratio, = 74.1885626 (which
r 0.528
is less than 300).

t
F = 0.6F = 0.6 36 ksi = 21.6 ksi

t y
25
t t
5
16
force.
5
Bottom chord L 4 3
16
2.5.3 Design of Verticals:
For verticals U L (length, L = 10 feet), maximum compressive force = 5.23 kip &
3 3
1 1 3
Select an angle section L 2 2 ; (cross sectional area, A = 0.902 inch2 & minimum
2 2 16
radius of gyration, r = 0.495 inch).
z
KL 0.6 10 12
r 0.495

6 psi = 29000 ksi

y
2E 2 29 103
C = = 126.0992836
c F 36
y

a
12 2 E 149000 KL
F if C
a 2 2 r c
KL KL
23
r r
26
12 2 E 149000 KL
F if C
a
KL
2 145.45454552 r c
23
r
F = 7.042578121 ksi
a
Allowable force in compression, P = F A = 7.042578121 ksi 0.902 inch2 =

a a
1
6.352405465 kip. (which is greater than design compressive force 5.23 kip). The L 3 2
2
3
section is OK for compressive force.
16
KL 0.6 10 12
Check for Compression: Slenderness ratio, = 145.4545455 (which is
r 0.495
less than 300).

t
F = 0.6F = 0.6 36 ksi = 21.6 ksi

t y
t t
1 3
2 16
force.
1 1 3
Verticals L 2 2
2 2 16
2.5.4 Design of Diagonals / Web Members:
For diagonals U L / U L (length, L = 9.4286 feet), maximum compressive force =

2 3 4 3
7.415 kip & maximum tensile force = + 15.2 kip.
27
1 3
2 16
z
KL 0.6 9.4286 12
r 0.533

6 psi = 29000 ksi

y
2E 2 29 103
C = = 126.0992836
c F 36
y

a
12 2 E 149000 KL
F if C
a 2 2 r c
KL KL
23
r r
12 2 E 149000 KL
F if C
a
KL
2 127.36570362 r c
23
r
F = 9.185044616 ksi
a
Allowable force in compression, P = F A = 9.185044616 ksi 0.996 inch2 =

a a
1
9.148304438 kip. (which is greater than design compressive force 7.415 kip). The L 3 2
2
3
section is OK for compressive force.
16
28
KL 0.6 9.4286 12
r 0.533

t
F = 0.6F = 0.6 36 ksi = 21.6 ksi

t y
t t
1 3
greater than design tensile force 15.2 kip). The L 3 2 section is OK for tensile force.
2 16
1 3
Check whether the selected L 3 2 section for diagonal member U L & U L is
2 16 2 3 4 3
OK or not for the other diagonal members U L & U L
1 2 5 4
For diagonals U L / U L (length, L = 7.4537 feet), maximum compressive force =

1 2 5 4
5.867 kip & maximum tensile force = + 12.004 kip.
1 3
2 16
z
KL 0.6 7.4537 12
r 0.533

6 psi = 29000 ksi

y
2E 2 29 103
C = = 126.0992836
c F 36
y

a
29

2

F 1
1 KL/r
y 2 C
c
F KL
if C
a 3 r c
5 3 KL/r 1 KL/r

3 8 C 8 C
c c
1 127.3657036 2
36 1
2 126.0992836 KL
F if C
a 5 3 127.3657036 1 127.3657036 3 r c

3 8 126.0992836 8 126.0992836
F = 9.2018618 ksi
a

a a
1 3
kip. (which is greater than design compressive force 5.867 kip). The L 3 2 section is
2 16
KL 0.6 9.4286 12
r 0.533

t
F = 0.6F = 0.6 36 ksi = 21.6 ksi

t y
t t
1 3
2 16
force.
1 3
Diagonals L 3 2
2 16
30
Table: Design summary for truss members
Member type Design section
1 1
Top chord L 3 3
2 4
5
Bottom chord L 4 3
16
1 1 3
Verticals L 2 2
2 2 16
1 3
Web member / Diagonals L 3 2
2 16
2.5.5 Design of Bracing Systems:
2.5.5.1 Vertical Bracing:
The members of the vertical bracing will be tied to each other at their crossing point.
KL
Therefore, half of their length will be considered in determining slenderness ratio .
r
We will assume that, effective length factor, K = 0.70. The length of member of the vertical
10 2 252
bracing (L) = feet = 13.46291202 feet = 13.46291202 12 inch.
2
KL
400
r
minimum
0.7 13.46291202 12
400
r
minimum
0.7 13.46291202 12
r
minimum 400
r > 0.2827211524 inch

minimum
31
1 1 1
From AISC chart for angles we select L 1 1 for which r = r = r =
2 2 4 z minimum
0.292 inch.
2.5.5.2 Top Chord Bracing:
Similar to the vertical bracing, the members of the top chord bracing will also be tied to each
other at their crossing point. Therefore, half of their length will be considered in determining
KL
slenderness ratio . We will assume that, effective length factor, K = 0.70. The length
r
(2 7.453) 2 252
of member of the top chord bracing (L) = feet = 14.55325424 feet =
2
14.55325424 12 inch.
KL
400
r
minimum
0.7 14.55325424 12
400
r
minimum
0.7 14.55325424 12
r
minimum 400
r > 0.3056183391 inch

minimum
3 3 1
From AISC chart for angles we select L 1 1 for which r = r = r =
4 4 4 z minimum
0.341 inch.
2.5.5.3 Bottom Chord Bracing:
KL
If we consider the length of the struts equal to the bay distance, the ratio criterion will
r
result too large section. To economize our design, we will use a lateral tie at the midspan of
the struts very similar to the sagrods used for purlins (see figure below). For these lateral ties,
we use steel rods same as the rods. The presence of the ties at the midspan will reduce the
unsupported length of the struts by 50%. We will assume that, effective length factor, K =
32
25
0.70. The length of member of the bottom chord bracing (L) = feet = 12.5 feet = 12.5
2
12 inch.
KL
300
r
minimum
0.7 12.5 12
300
r
minimum
0.7 12.5 12
r
minimum 300
r > 0.350 inch

minimum
5
From AISC chart for angles we select L 2 2 for which r = r = r = 0.390
16 z minimum
inch.
1
Ties for the bottom chord struts are arbitrarily chosen to be round steel bars of inch
2
1
diameter. These will connected to the bottom chord struts using standard inch nuts in a
2
manner similar to the sagrods.
Table: Design summary for bracing systems
Bracing type Design section

1 1 1
Vertical bracing L 1 1
2 2 4
3 3 1
Top chord bracing L 1 1
4 4 4
5
Bottom chord strut L 2 2
16
2.5.6 Design of Truss Joints (Welded Connections):
There are two types of joints in the truss joints where all members ends (such as L0, U3 &
L6) and joints where there are one continuous members (such as L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, U1, U2,
U4 & U5).
33
Gusset plate thickness (for a joint) = maximum thickness of the angle sections meeting at that
joint + 1/8 inch.
Weld length for a member =
maximum tensile or compressive force at that member (kip)

= ? inch
allowable weld shear (ksi) effective throat size (inch)
2.5.6.1 Weld Design of Joint L0:
1 1 5
Here, two members L0U1 ( L 3 3 ) & L0L1 ( L 4 3 ) meets.
2 4 16
5
Gusset plate thickness (for joint L0) = maximum thickness of the angle sections ( inch)
16
1 7
meeting at that joint + inch = inch.
8 16
Figure 16: Joint Lo of roof truss
2.5.6.2 Weld for L0L1:
5 7
L 4 3
Consider, L0L1 ( 16 ) & gusset plate ( 16 inch)
7 5
t inch and t inch
max 16 min 16
34
7
Maximum thickness of the part being connected, t inch . So, Minimum fillet
max 16
3
weld size, s inch (from table 1, chapter: welded connections)
min 16
5
Minimum thickness of the part being connected, t inch . So, Maximum fillet weld
min 16
5 1 4
size, s inch inch (from table 2, chapter: welded connections)
max 16 16 16
3 4 3
You can choose either inch or inch. Choose inch fillet weld.
16 16 16
Figure 17: Weld design for L0L1
Electrode: E60XX (i.e., electrode material tensile strength (FEXX) = 60 ksi).
Allowable shear in weld ( F ) = 0.3 F = 0.3 60 ksi = 18 ksi.

v E60XX
3
Fillet weld size chosen, s = inch
16
3
Effective throat size, ( t ) = s cos 450 = cos 450 inch.
e 16
Weld length required for member L0U1,
P
maximum tensile or compressive 32.667 kip
L = =
L U
1 0 F t 3
18 ksi cos450 inch
v e
16
35
L = 13.68833 inch
L U
1 0
L +L =L = 13.68833 inch
1 2 L U
1 0
Taking moment about L ,
2
( L t F ) (4//) = (32.667 kip) (2.74//)
1 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (4//) = (32.667 kip) (2.74//)
1 16
L = 9.376506 inch 9.50 inch

1
1
( L t F ) (4//) = (18.099 kip) (1.26//)
2 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (4//) = (32.667 kip) (1.26//)
2 16
L = 4.311824 inch 4.50 inch

2
3
Minimum weld length, L =4s=4 = 0.75 inch
minimum 16
Both L & L >L ; OK
1 2 minimum
L 2.74 inch
Alternatively, L + L = 13.68833 inch & 1 = ; from which, L = 9.376506
1 2 L 1.26 inch 1
2
inch & L = 4.311824 inch.
2
2.5.6.3 Weld for L0U1:
1 1 7
Consider, L0U1 ( L 3 3 ) & gusset plate ( inch)
2 4 16
36
7 1
t inch and t inch
max 16 min 4
7
max 16
3
min 16
1
min 4
1 1 3
max 4 16 16
3
Use inch fillet weld.
16
Figure 18: Weld design for L0U1

v E60XX
3
16
3
e 16
37
P
L = =
L U
0 1 F t 3
18 ksi cos450 inch
v e
16
L = 7.583955 inch
L U
0 1
L +L =L = 7.583955 inch
1 2 L U
0 1
2
( L t F ) (3.5//) = (18.099 kip) (2.46//)
1 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3.5//) = (18.099 kip) (2.46//)
1 16
L = 5.330437 inch 5.50 inch

1

1
( L t F ) (3.5//) = (18.099 kip) (1.04//)
2 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3.5//) = (18.099 kip) (1.04//)
2 16
L = 2.253518 inch 2.50 inch

2
3
minimum 16
Both L & L >L ; OK
1 2 minimum
L
Alternatively, L + L = 7.583955 inch & 1 = 2.46 inch ; from which, L = 5.330437
1 2 L 1.04 inch 1
2
inch & L = 2.253518 inch.
2
38
Figure 19: Weld design of joint L0
2.5.6.4 Weld Design of Joint U1:

1 1 1 1 3
L 3 3 L 2 2
Here, two members L0U1 ( 2 4 ), U1L1 ( 2 2 16 ) & U1L2 (
1 3
L 3 2
2 16 ) meets.
1
Gusset plate thickness (for joint L0) = maximum thickness of the angle sections ( inch)
4
1 6
meeting at that joint + inch = inch.
8 16
39
Figure 19: Weld design of joint U1
2.5.6.5 Weld for L0U1U2:
1 1 6
Consider, L0U1U2 ( L 3 3 ) & gusset plate ( inch)
2 4 16
6 1
t inch and t inch
max 16 min 4
6
max 16
3
min 16
1
min 4
1 1 3
max 4 16 16
3
16
We are designing top chord as a continuous member. The length of weld required to hold the
bottom chord with the gusset plate at joint L1 depends on the resultant (absolute value) of the
axial forces in members L0U1 and U1U2. We have to consider three possible equilibrium
conditions to determine the resultant force for design. These three equilibrium conditions are
40
(1) Dead load only, (2) DL + Wind (LR) and (3) DL + Wind (RL). The process of
finding the resultant for design is shown in tabular form below
L0U1 (member U1U2 (member Magnitude of the resultant, kip

Equilibrium force, kip) force, kip)
condition F F F F
L U U U L U U U
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
15.73 ( 12.587)
DL 15.73 12.587
= 3.143
+ 0.265 (+ 5.048)
DL + W (LR) + 0.265 + 5.048
= 4.783
+ 18.099 (+ 12.115)
DL + W (RL) + 18.099 + 12.115
= 5.984
Observing the last column, we find that the design force is 5.984 kip. This force will be used
to determine the weld length required to hold the top chord member with the gusset plate at
joint U1.
Figure 20: Weld design of member L0U1 and U1U2

v E60XX
3
16
3
e 16
Weld length required for member L0U1U2,
41
P
L = =
L U U
0 1 2 F t 3
18 ksi cos450 inch
v e
16
L = 2.507453 inch
L U U
0 1 2
L +L =L = 2.507453 inch
1 2 L U U
0 1 2

2
( L t F ) (3.5//) = (5.984 kip) (2.46//)
1 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3.5//) = (5.984 kip) (2.46//)
1 16
L = 1.762381 inch 2 inch
1

1
( L t F ) (3.5//) = (5.984 kip) (1.04//)
2 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3.5//) = (5.984 kip) (1.04//)
2 16
L = 0.745071 inch 1 inch
2
3
minimum 16
Both L & L > L ; OK
1 2 minimum
L 2.46 inch
Alternatively, L + L = 2.507453 inch & 1 = ; from which, L = 1.762381
1 2 L 1.04 inch 1
2
inch & L = 0.745071 inch.
2
2.5.6.6 Weld for L1U1:
1 1 3 6
2 ) & gusset plate (
Consider, L1U1 ( L 2 inch)
2 2 16 16
6 3
t inch and t inch
max 16 min 16
42
6
max 16
3
min 16
3
min 16
3
size, s inch (from table 2, chapter: welded connections)
max 16
3
16
Figure 21: Weld design of member L1U1

v E60XX
3
16
3
e 16
43
P
L = =
L U
1 1 F t 3
18 ksi cos450 inch
v e
16
L = 0.1152322 inch
L U
1 1
L +L =L = 0.1152322 inch
1 2 L U
1 1

2
( L t F ) (2.5//) = (0.275 kip) (1.76//)
1 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (2.5//) = (0.275 kip) (1.76//)
1 16
L = 0.081123 inch 0.50 inch
1

1
( L t F ) (2.5//) = (0.275 kip) (0.74//)
2 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (2.5//) = (0.275 kip) (0.74//)
2 16
L = 0.034108 inch 0.50 inch
2
3
minimum 16
Both L & L > L ; OK
1 2 minimum
L 2.46 inch
Alternatively, L + L = 0.1152322 inch & 1 = ; from which, L =
1 2 L 1.04 inch 1
2
0.081123 inch & L = 0.034108 inch.
2
2.5.6.7 Weld for U1L2:
1 3 6
Consider, U1L2 ( L 3 2
) & gusset plate ( inch)
2 16 16
6 3
t inch and t inch
max 16 min 16
44
6
max 16
3
min 16
3
min 16
3
size, s inch (from table 2, chapter: welded connections)
max 16
3
16
Figure 22: Weld design of member U1L2

v E60XX
3
16
3
e 16
P
L = =
L U
1 1 F t 3
18 ksi cos450 inch
v e
16
45
L = 5.029571 inch
L U
1 1
L +L =L = 5.029571 inch
1 2 L U
1 1

2
( L t F ) (3//) = (12.003 kip) (2.112//)
1 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3//) = (12.003 kip) (2.112//)
1 16
L = 3.540818 inch 4 inch
1

1
( L t F ) (3//) = (12.003 kip) (0.888//)
2 e v
3
(L cos 450 inch 18 ksi) (3//) = (12.003 kip) (0.888//)
2 16
L = 1.488753 inch 1.5 inch
2
3
minimum 16
Both L & L > L ; OK
1 2 minimum
L 2.112 inch
Alternatively, L + L = 5.029571 inch& 1 = ; from which, L =
1 2 L 0.888 inch 1
2
3.540818 inch & L = 1.488753 inch.
2
46
Figure 23: Weld design of joint U1
2.5.7 Design of Anchorage and Support :
The truss is supported by reinforced concrete columns and footings, their reactions having
been calculated earlier for point dead load and wind loads. The connections between the truss
and support are designed in this section for the combined design loads.
Combination of Support Reactions from Dead Load and Wind Load:
The calculation for the design support reactions is carried out in the following tabular form.
2.5.7.1 Design of Base plate and Anchorage:

Since the truss is supported on base plates on concrete pedestals supported by masonry
columns, the design in this study deals mainly with the connections between the truss and the
columns. The column forces are nominal, therefore a 10X20 masonry column is chosen.
The maximum tensile stress on the column = 29.29/(10*20) = 0.146 ksi, which is within the
allowable limit (Tensile strength 300 psi).
Assuming the base plate area = Ap and bearing pressure = 0.35 fc = 1.05 ksi
47
1.05Ap = 14.73
Ap = 14.73/1.05
Ap = 14.03 in2
Provide 7X14 base plate (since the bottom cord members are 4 + 4 wide)
Since the free portion of the base plate is nominal, a thickness of 0.5 is more than adequate.
L0U1(3.5"X3"X1/4")
Gusset Plate(0.75"
thickness)
L0L1(4"X3"X5/16")
Bolt
7"X14" Base Plate (0.5" thickness)
8" 6" Anchorage

Concrete Pedestal
Masonry Column
Hinge Support L0
Figure 24: Design of anchorage at hinge support L0
The base plate is supported on a 10x20 concrete pedestal and connected to the column by
four reinforcements to resist the entire tensile and shear force.
Allowable tensile stress = 0.5 fy = 20 ksi and allowable shear stress = 0.3 fy = 12 ksi
Required area (based on tensile force) = 29.29/(4*20) = 0.366 in2
Required area (based on shear force) = 3.34/(4*12) = 0.07 in2
Provide 4 #6 (i.e., diameter) anchor bolts (Area = 0.44 in2 each).
Allowable tensile force per anchor = 0.44*20 = 8.8 kips
Allowable bond force per unit length = 35fc = 353000 lb/in = 1.92 k/in
Development length = 8.8/1.92 = 4.59
48
Provide anchorage of 6 for each bolt.
The base plate will be connected to the gusset plate by the section similar to the bottom cord
(i.e., a 4X3X5/16 double angle section), also with diameter bolts to transfer the maximum
support reaction (= 29.29 kips) by shear.
Required area = 29.29/12 = 2.44 in2, i.e., provide 3-3/4 diameter bolts in double shear.
L6U5(3.5"X3"X1/4")
Gusset Plate(0.75"
thickness)
L5L6(4"X3"X5/16")
6" Roller
8"
Roller Support L6
Figure 25: Design of anchorage at rollar support L6
49
Design of Steel Plate Girder
3. Introduction
When a member is required that is larger than that is available in rolled beams, it is necessary
to build up a section which for the sake of economy has a general shape of an I-beam. This
built up I-beam is called plate girder in which Section modulus is greater than any available
rolled beam. The moment-resisting capacities of plate girders lie somewhere between those
of deep standard rolled wide-flange shapes and those of trusses. Plate girders can be welded
(figs. 27(a) to 27(d)), riveted, or bolted (Fig. 27(e)). Riveted plate girders are practically
obsolete. Very few bolted plate girders are designed nowadays. Therefore, in this manual
design of welded plate girders has been covered.
Figure 26: Plate girder in a multistory building
Fig.27(a): Welded plate girder Fig. 27(b): Plate girder with Fig. 27(c): Built-up girder with T
cover plate sections
50
Fig. 27(d): Welded box girder Fig. 27(e): Riveted or bolted
plate girder
4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plate girder:

Plate girders are used in both buildings and bridges. In buildings, when large column-free
spaces are designed to be used as an assembly hall, for example, the plate girder is often the
economical solution. In such cases, the designer must choose between a plate girder and a
truss. Plate girders, in general, have the following advantages over trusses:
Connections are less critical for plate girders than for trusses.
Fabrication cost of plate girders is less than that of trusses.
Plate girders can be erected more rapidly and more cheaply than trusses.
Depth of a plate girder is less than the height of a comparable truss. Consequently,
plate girders need less vertical clearance than trusses. This makes them very attractive
for multilevel highway bridges.
Plate girders generally vibrate less than trusses under moving loads.
Painting of plate girders is easier than painting of trusses. This means less
maintenance cost for plate girders.
In contrast, plate girders in general are heavier than trusses, especially for very long spans.
5. Types of Plate Girder:

There are different types of plate girder that are used in buildings and bridges.
Box Girder: Providing improved torsional stiffness for long span bridges.
Hybrid Girder: Providing variable material strength in accordance with stresses. In
order to reduce the girder weight and possibly achieve maximum economy, hybrid
plate girders are sometimes used. In a hybrid girder, flange plates are made of higher
strength steel than that of the web. Or, in a tee-built-up plate girder, as shown in Fig.
27(c), the two T sections are made of higher-strength steel than the connecting web
plate. Allowable bending stress for hybrid girders is limited to 0.60Fy (ASD F1).
51
Delta girder: Providing improved lateral rigidity for long length of lateral unsupport.
High strength flange
Low strength web
Box girder Hybrid girder Delta girder
Figure 28: Types of plate girder

Fig. 1 Types of plate girder
6. Essential Elements of I-section Plate Girder:

In a built-up I section, there are some elements that need to be designed.
Top flange
Bottom flange
Web
Intermediate stiffener
Bearing stiffener
Welding
(a)
Top and bottom flange plate: Plate girders basically carry the loads by bending. The
bending moment is mostly carried by flange plates.
Web: A web plate is needed to unify the two flange plates and to carry the shear.
Intermediate Stiffener: In addition to flange plates and a web plate, a plate girder often
consists of stiffeners. Thin web plates are susceptible to unstable behavior. Thick web plates
make the girder unnecessarily heavy. A relatively thin web plate strengthened by stiffeners
often yields the lightest plate girder. Therefore, intermediate stiffeners are provided to stiffen
the web plate against buckling and to resist compressive forces transmitted from the web
during tension-field action.
52
Bearing Stiffener: Bearing stiffeners should always be provided in pairs at the ends of plate
girders and if required at points of application of concentrated loads. These bearing stiffeners
should extend roughly to the edges of the flange plates.
C
B
EP ITS ITS ITS ITS ITS EP
C
B
(b)
LS LS LS LS LS LS
EP ITS ITS ITS ITS ITS EP
D
(c)
LS
Flange plate ITS

ITS
EP
Web plate
4tw
4tw
Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C Section D-
D
Figure
Fig.29: Forms
1Forms of plate
of plate girder
girder
7. Post-Buckling Behavior of the Web Plate:

A relatively thin web plate strengthened by stiffeners often yields the lightest plate girder.
Stiffened plate girders are designed on the basis of the ultimate strength concept. As the
magnitude of the load on the girder is increased, the web panels between adjacent vertical
53
stiffeners buckle due to diagonal compression resulting from shear. If the plate girder has
properly designed stiffeners, the instability of the web plate panels, bounded on all sides by
the transverse stiffeners of flanges, will not result in its failure. In fact, after the web panels
buckle in shear, the plate girder behaves like the Pratt truss shown in Fig. 30(a). It will then
be able to carry additional loads. A stiffened plate girder has considerable post-buckling
strength.
Figure 30: Analogy between a truss and a stiffened plate girder
The Pratt truss of Fig. 30(a) is subjected to a concentrated load applied at its midspan. In this
truss, the vertical members are in compression and the diagonals are in tension. The post-
buckling behavior of the plate girder is analogous to the behavior of this truss. As shown in
Fig. 30(b), after the shear instability of the web takes place, a redistribution of stresses
occurs; the stiffeners behave like axially compressed members, and shaded portions of the
web behave like tension diagonals in the truss of Fig. 30(a). This truss-like behavior is called
tension-field action in the literature. The post-buckling strength of the web plate may be three
or four times its initial buckling strength. Consequently, designs on the basis of tension-field
action can yield better economy.
54
8. Design of a Simple Homogeneous Plate Girder:
8.1 Problem Description:
In a simply supported plate girder,
Span length, L = 150 ft
Uniformly distributed load, w = 4 kip/ft
Concentrated load, P = 500 kips applied at a distance of 100 ft from the left support
Steel used = A36 (Fy = 36 ksi)
Electrode: E70 (for welding)
Lateral support is provided at supports, at the point of application of concentrated load, and at
point D located at a distance of 50 ft from the left support A. Since the compression flange
carries a uniform load, assume that it is restrained against rotation.
Figure 31: Plate girder to be designed
8.2 Shear force diagram (SFD) and Bending moment diagram (BMD):
Reactions at support A and B (Fig. 31) are:
Bending moment over the girder:

For 0 ft < x < 100 ft:
55
There is no maximum between A and C.
For 100 ft < x < 150 ft:
There is no maximum between C and B. Therefore, the maximum bending moment over
the girder is at point C under the concentrated load.
The shear force and bending moment diagrams are shown in figs 32 and 33.
Figure 32: Shear Force Diagram
Figure 33: Bending Moment Diagram
8.3 Selection of Web Plate:
Depth of web plate:

At the outset, we must initially choose a value for the depth h of the web plate. As a general
guideline, experience shows that the ratio of the depth of the web plate h to span length L
varies from 1/25 to 1/6.
Assume, depth of girder web, h = L/12 = (150)(12)/12 = 150 in.
Thickness of web plate:

The web thickness is chosen based on the following two criteria:
The web plate should have sufficient buckling strength to prevent vertical buckling of
the compression flange into the web.
The web plate should carry all the shearing force.
56
In calculating the shear strength of the web, it is assumed that the shear stress distribution is
uniform throughout the web depth.
During the post-buckling behavior of the web plate, the bending curvature of the plate girder
produces compressive forces in the web plate, as shown in Fig. 34. This figure shows a
portion of the plate girder located between two neighboring sections. Due to the deflected
shape of the girder, the compressive force F1, acting on the top compression flange and the
tension force F2 acting in the bottom tension flange create compressive forces F3 on the web
plate. This plate should have sufficient buckling strength to resist the compressive forces F3.
To satisfy this requirement, according to ASD G1, the web depth-thickness ratio should not
be greater than 1, which is a decreasing function of the yield stress of the compression
flange Fyf.
Figure 34: Squeezing of the web due to bending of the girder during tension-field action
Figure 35: Variation of 1 and 2 with yield stress (Fy)
57
The variation of 1 with Fyf is shown in Fig. 35. This equation is derived from a stability
analysis of the web plate, taking into account the effect of residual stresses but without
including the transverse stiffeners. For closely spaced stiffeners that is, when spacing of the
transverse stiffeners a is not greater than 1.5 times the distance between flanges the limiting
ratio 1 is increased to 2.
Therefore,
And for closely spaced stiffeners, that is, when a 1.5 d,
Try tw = 0.5 in. or PL150 in.x0.5 in. for the web plate.
PL150in.0.5 in.
8.4 Selection of Flange Plate:
Assume, allowable bending stress, Fb =0.60Fy = 22 ksi 20 ksi

The required flange area, Af,
The minimum flange thickness in order to prevent flange local buckling:
58
Try PL38in.2.5in. for each flange, Af = 95 in2
From Fig. 36:
To find the allowable bending stress:
Figure 36: Cross Section of plate girder
Where, rT = radius of gyration of the flange plus one-sixth of the web area about the y-axis
For region AD and CB of the girder the ratio of the smaller to larger end moments, M1/M2, is
zero (Figs. 31 and 33). This ratio for region DC is equal to
Region DC is the critical region, so we find the allowable bending stress for this region.
59
Reduction of allowable bending stress:
Check if reduction of the allowable bending stress is required.
Allowable bending stress must be reduced.

Reduced allowable bending stress,
Check of bending stress:
Actual bending stress,
8.5 Selection of Intermediate Stiffener:
8.5.1 Check if intermediate stiffeners are required.
Stiffeners are required.
8.5.2 Loaction of first stiffener from each end.

(a) At the left end:
Substitute for Fv = fv = 6.22 ksi and solve for Cv
60
Tentatively, place the first intermediate stiffener at a distance of 50in. from the left end A.
(b) At the right end:
Tentatively, place the first intermediate stiffener at a distance of 40in. from the left end B.
8.5.3 Spacing of remaining intermediate stiffener
We choose to use uniform spacing between point E (at the location of the first stiffener away
from the left end) and point C (at the location of the concentrated load) and also between
point C and F (at the location of the first stiffener away from the right end) (Fig. 38).
61
(a) Spacing of the stiffeners between points E and C (Fig. 38):
Try a = 105 in. and change the spacing of the first stiffener away from end A from 50 in. to
45 in.(Fig.38).
Allowable shear stress,
Figure 37: Equivalent areas for bearing stiffeners at A and C

62
Figure 38: Final design
(b) Spacing of the stiffeners between points C and F (Fig.38):
Try a = 110 in. and change the spacing of the first stiffener away from end B from 40 in. to
50 in. (Fig. 38).
63
Check of Allowable Shear stress:
Spacing of the stiffeners over the girder span is shown in Fig.38.
Check combined shear and bending in the web:

The critical section for this check is either at point C, where the bending moment has the
largest value and the shear force is considerable, or somewhere close to but to the right of
this point, where the bending is slightly smaller than the maximum value but the shear
force is larger than that at point C (Figs. 32 and 33).
Let us first check the combined shear and bending at point C under the concentrated load.
The allowable bending tensile stress in the web:
The maximum bending tensile stress in the web (at the junction of web and flange):
Note that if this condition is not satisfied, the spacing of the intermediate stiffeners is
normally reduced. Also, because fb/Fb =0.90 is considerably less than one, we do not need to
check the other locations to the right of point C. Whenever fb/Fb is close to one, such a check
may be necessary.
8.5.4 Select the size of intermediate stiffener
Spacing of the stiffeners between E and C is a = 105 in. and between C and F is a = 110 in.
(Fig. 38). The cross-sectional area of a pair of stiffeners,
(a) For region EC
64
Again,
Substituting for bs = 15.8ts will yield the minimum thickness required for the intermediate
stiffeners.
Try 2PL6 in. x 7/16 in. for intermediate stiffeners from E to C (excluding C).
Check of moment of inertia requirement:
Use 2PL6 in. x 7/16 in. for intermediate stiffeners from E to C (excluding C).
Intermediate stiffeners need not be extended to the tension flange (Fig. 38) and their length h1
can be four times the web thickness shorter than the depth of the web.
(b) For region CF
Minimum thickness,
Use 2PL7 in. x 9/16 in. for intermediate stiffeners from C to F (excluding C). Moment of
inertia check is not needed, because these plates are larger than those used in region EC.
Length of stiffeners:
65
8.6 Selection of Bearing Stiffener:
Bearing stiffeners should extend roughly to the edges of the flange plates. Noting that the
width of the flange plates is 38 in. and the thickness of the web is 0.5 in., we choose a width
of bbs = 18 in. for the three pairs of bearing stiffeners (Fig. 38).
8.6.1 Bearing stiffeners at the left support
Check buckling (width-thickness ratio):
Try 2PL18 in. x 13/16 in. for the left support. Abs = 21.375 in.2
Check axial compressive stress due to reaction RA = 466.67 Kips.
Moment of inertia of the equivalent area about the x-axis:
Radius of gyration about the x-axis:
66
Allowable axial stress:
Actual axial stress:
Use 2PL18 in. x 13/16 in. x 12 ft 6 in. for the bearing stiffeners at the left support.
Sometimes the height of the bearing stiffeners is chosen slightly, say in., less than the
depth of the web plate. The bearing stiffener, however, should be in contact with the flange
receiving the concentrated load.
8.6.2 Bearing stiffeners at the right support
Reaction at the right support:
Try 2PL18 in. x 13/16 in. the same as for the left support.
Use 2PL18 in. x 13/16 in. x 12 ft 6 in. for the bearing stiffeners at the right support.
8.6.3 Bearing stiffeners at the concentrated load
Because the axial load for these stiffeners, P = 500 Kips, is less than RB, and the effective
area (Fig. 37) is larger than that of the end bearing stiffeners, we can use the same 2PL18 in.
x 13/16 in. x 12 ft 6in. for bearing stiffeners at the location of the concentrated load.
8.7 Weld Design
8.7.1 Web-to-Flange Fillet Weld

We design the web-to-flange connection based on the maximum shear over the girder length.
We use intermittent SMAW welds. The relation between the width of the fillet weld ww, the
length of weld segment L1, and the spacing a1 is given by
67
Minimum weld size for a 2.5-in. flange plate is 5/16 in. (ASD Table J2.4).
Try ww = 5/16 in. Substituting this value into the previous equation, we obtain
a1 = 2.51 L1
The minimum length of a segment of intermittent weld is larger of four times the weld size
(4ww = 1.25 in.) and 1.5 in. (ASD J2b).
L1min = 1.5 in.
The maximum longitudinal spacing of the intermittent weld is the smaller of 24 times the
thickness of the thinner plate and 12 in. (ASD D2).
Thickness of the thinner plate = 0.5 in.

amax = 12 in.
Try 5/16-in. weld, 4 in. long. Therefore, we obtain
a1 = 10.04 in.
Use 5/16-in. weld, 4 in. long, 10-in. spacing.
8.7.2 Stiffener-to-Web Fillet Weld
(a) For segment EC
We use intermittent welds
The minimum weld size for a -in.-thick plate is 3/16 in. The maximum weld spacing is
68
Try a 3/16-in. fillet weld with a spacing of 10 in. Hence we obtain L1 = 2.90 in.
Minimum length of the weld segment = 4ww or 1.5 in. = 1.5 in.
Use 3/16-in. weld, 3.0 in. long, 10-in. spacing.
(a) For segment CF
The minimum weld size for a 9/16-in.-thick plate is in.

amax 12 in.
L1min 1.5 in.
Try a -in. intermittent fillet weld with a spacing of a1 = 12 in. and L1 = 3.63 in.
Use -in. weld, 4 in. long, 12-in. spacing.
8.7.3 Bearing Stiffener Fillet Weld
We use 2PL18 in. x 13/16 in. x 12 ft 6 in. for each pair of bearing stiffeners.
Minimum weld size: 5/16 in.
Try ww = 5/16 in. Use continuous welds on both sides of each stiffener plate.
Shear strength of 5/16-in. fillet weld = 0.707(21) = 4.64 K/in.

Total strength of four lines of weld = 4(150)(4.64) = 2784 Kips
Vmax 633.33 Kips O.K.
and
hfvs (150)(4.50) 675Kips O.K.
Use 5/16-in. weld continuously on both sides of all bearing stiffeners.
69
8.8 Girder Weight
= specific gravity of steel = 0.490 Kips/ft 3

Weight of the flange plates = 2Af L= 2(95/144)(150)(0.49) = 96.89 Kips
Weight of the web plates = htwL= (150/12)( 0.5/12 )(150)(0.49) = 38.28 Kips
Weight of the flange and web plates = 135.26 Kips
Weight of the stiffeners
= [3(2)(18)(19/16)(150) + 11(2)(6.5)( 7/16 )(148.0)
+ 5(2)(7)(9/16)(148.0)](0.49/123) = 9.73 Kips
Total weight of the plate girder = 135.26 + 9.73 = 145.0 Kips
Note that the weight of the stiffeners is 6.7 percent of the total weight of the plate girder.
70

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CE 312

Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I

Department of Civil Engineering

Fatema Tuz Zahura

Course Content Topics covered Page no.

Truss members are connected together at their ends only.

1.2 Advantages of Truss:

1.4 Types of Truss:

Bowstring Truss Towne Lattice Truss

Pratt Truss Scissors Truss

Camel Back Pratt

Knee Brace Traverse Bent

Traverse Bent Traverse Bent

Howe (Pitch) Truss

Figure 1: Different types of truss

Figure 2: Bracing System of truss

Figure 3: Building Plan

Span-to-rise ratio (pitch) = 4:1

Slope () = tan-1(10/20) = 26.56510 (degree)

Bay distance (truss-to-truss distance) = 25 feet.

Location: Dhaka, Basic wind speed = 210 Km/h.

Exposure category: Exposure A

Truss is supported on brick wall of height = 12 feet.

2.1 Design Loads:

Self-weight of truss = 60 lb per ft. horizontal span of truss.

Sag rod + bracing = 1 psf. (approximately known)

C.G.I. sheet roofing = 2 psf. (known)

Purlin (self-weight) = 1.5 psf. (assumed)

(3) Snow load = not applicable for our country.

2.2 Design Method:

Steel to be used: A36 (Yield stress (Fy = 36 ksi))

Electrode to be used: E60XX (electrode material tensile strength (FEXX) = 60 ksi)

Figure 5: Truss notations (member numbering): Pratt truss (Roof)

2.3 Analysis and Design of Purlins:

Calculation of total dead load on purlin:

C.G.I sheet roofing = 2 psf (known)

Self-weight of purlins = 1.5 psf (assumed but will be checked later)

Sagrod weight = negligable

Total dead load = 3.50 psf

= 3.50 psf 7.453 ft.

= 26.0855 lb. per feet

Component of WDL in X direction, WDLx = WDL sin

= 11.666 lb. per feet

Component of WDL in Y direction, WDLy = WDL cos

= 23.332 lb. per feet

Calculation of bending moment:

Channel S (inch3) S (inch3)

S &S = Section modulus about X axis & Y axis respectively.

Allowable bending stress, F 0.66F

Check of bending stress:

Table 2: Purlin section selection for dead load

Check self-weight of purlin:

Wind Load Calculation (according to BNBC 1993):

Figure 9: Plan and elevation of roof truss

Different parameters for wind load calculation:

Calculation of wind pressure:

C 0.1879(z)0.4435 0.368 ; z = height above ground in meters

C 0.1879(5.1829) 0.4435 0.3897 ( 0.368)

q = Sustained wind pressure in kN/m2

q = (47.2 10 6 ) (1) (0.3897) (210) 2

Design wind pressure for windward side: p = (1.6257) (-0.14345) (0.81137)

1 ksf = 47.89 kN/m2