CLIMATE

Weather is the condition

of the atmosphere in a
place for a short period
of time.
Climate is the average
weather condition of a
place for a longer period
of time.
 Different Climate in the 3
zones:
Torrid Zone-------- Tropical Climate
( wet and dry seasons)
Temperate Zone Temperate
Climate(winter, spring, summer,fall)
Frigid Zone-------- Cold Climate
(very cold; snow all year)
 Monthly rainfall for Casiguran

600

500
Monthly rainfall for Laoag
400

600.0 300
500.0
200
400.0
300.0
200.0
100

0
Climate
100.0 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
0.0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Classifications:
Type I
Two pronounced season dry
from November to April and
wet for the rest of the year.
maximum rain period
coincides with the peak of
the southwest monsoon
(July to September).

Type II
No dry season with a very
pronounced maximum
rainfall from November to
April and wet for the rest of
the year.
Type III
Monthly rainfall forMactan Cebu Season not very pronounced
Monthly rainfall for Zamboanga relatively dry November to
200
180
160
200.0 April and wet for the rest of
140
120
150.0 the year
100
80
60
Type IV
40 100.0
20
0
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 50.0
Rainfall more or less evenly
distributed through out the
0.0 year
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
- Philippines is located in the Torrid Zone, with tropical climate and also with:

* 4 types of climate :
Type 1- Two pronounced and 2 season: dry from December to May, and wet
from June to September (Ilocos, Zambales, Central Luzon)
Type 2- No dry season with maximum rainfall in Dec to Jan. (Catanduanes,
Camarines Sur/Norte, Samar, Leyte, eastern Mindanao)
Type 3- Short dry season that lasts only from 1 to 3 months with no very
pronounced maximum rain period. (Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Viscaya,
Kalinga, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao)
Type 4- Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year. (Batanes,
Northeastern Luzon, western part of Camarines Sur/Norte, Albay,
western Leyte)

* 2 seasons (wet and dry)

- The Philippines has very little changes in temperature but there are great
changes in rainfall because of its topography.

* Climate Change- is a broader term that refers to long term changes in climate,
including average temperature and precipitation.
Factors Affecting Climate
altitude
latitude
rays of the sun
bodies of water
amount of rainfall
wind system
*
 1.Altitude
*Elevation

- The height of a place above sea level.

*The climate in higher places is cooler
than in lowlands.
*As height increases, air becomes thinner
or less dense (cant hold much heat)
*For every 1 000 ft increase in height, the
temperature drops by 3.5 C. ( 1 000 km -
--- decrease of 7 C)
* Example: Baguio and Tagaytay
2.Latitude
- the distance of a place North or
South of the equator.
The nearer the place is to the
equator, the hotter it is; the farther
the place is, the cooler it gets.
The equator receives direct
sunlight, thus the temperature in
places near it is high.
3. Rays of the Sun
- The amount of sunlight a place
receives
Equator: direct rays from the sun (more
heat/radiation)
Temperate zone: slanting rays from the
sun (less heat)
North/South Pole: very little heat from
the sun
 4. Bodies of Water
- Oceans, seas, and other bodies of water control the
earths temperature.
- Places near bodies of water are cooler than areas
surrounded by other land areas.
- Land absorbs and loses heat quickly, while water
absorbs and loses heat slowly.
Land Breeze (Night time) cold air comes from the
land
Sea Breeze (Day time) - cold air comes from the
water
5. Amount of Rainfall
Tropical areas are hot, with monthly temperature
above 64.4 F or 18 C and they receive large
amount of rainfall.
Temperate zone, there are differences in temperature
and precipitation patterns. Winter can be quite cold
because of heavy snowfall with at least one month,
averaging below freezing point (-3C or 26.6 F). The
warmest month has an average temperature of 50F
or 10C.
Polar areas are extremely cold. They are quite dry
although water is abundant in the form of solid ice.
 6. Wind System
- Wind is moving air. It is formed by the unequal heating of the
Earths surface.

- The Philippines geographical location contributes to its

prevailing wind systems:

a. Northeast Monsoon Hanging Amihan; from Nov to March;

blows from Siberia towards the Philippines; brings the cold
temperature from northern hemisphere(winter).

b. Southwest Monsoon Hanging Habagat; from June to

October; develops because of the cold air mass coming from
the south, Australia, where it is winter. This cold front meets the
warm front in the Philippines and causes the rainy season in the
western part of the country.

c. Trade Winds from March to early May; blows from the North
Pacific Ocean and reach the Philippines from the east. It brings
rain only to the eastern part of the country.
Global Wind Flows
Global Wind Flows
Weather Causing Phenomena in the Philippines

NORTHEAST
MONSOON
(AMIHAN)

TROPICAL
CYCLONE

L
L L
L
SOUTHWEST INTERTROPICAL
MONSOON CONVERGENCE
(HABAGAT) ZONE
Tropical Cyclones tracks in the Western North Pacific (WNP)

Tracks of tropical cyclones that formed in the Western North Pacific (WNP) during the period
1948-2006 1728 TC ( 1148 entered the PAR) 66% of TC in in WNP enter or formed in the PAR
*Cinco,T.A.,et al.(2006). Updating Tropical Cyclone climatology in the PAR., Phil. Met-Hydro Congress 2006.
 Monthly frequency of T.C. entering the PAR and
crossing the Philippines (1948-2005)
200 3.3
3.2
180 3.0
Mean
160 75 62 2.6
Number of Tropical Cyclones
140 Crossing Philippines 72
Number of Tropical Cyclones

Number of Tropical Cyclones which 2.1

120 did not cross the Philippines
84
100 1.6
78 1.4
80
43
1.0 117 121
60 46
100
27
40
0.4 0.5 64
0.3
5 0.3 48 43
20 10 17
29 33
9
15 13 10
7
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Months
Peak month of T.C. activity is from July to October
Most number of T.C. crossing the Philippines are during October and
November
*Cinco,T.A.,et al.(2006). Updating Tropical Cyclone climatology in the PAR., Phil. Met-Hydro Congress 2006.
Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events
Payatas garbage-slide (July
10, 2000): Continuous moderate to
heavy monsoon rains over Metro
Manila for several days caused the
collapse of the Payatas garbage pile,
resulting in 224 deaths and 100
houses destroyed
The Ormoc catastrophic
flash flood (November 5,
1991): More than 5000 people
perished. Unusually heavy,
continuous rains brought by
Trop.Storm Uring caused
landslides and flashfloods and
dam-break-like effect at the
collapse of Anilao Bridge
Cherry Hill tragedy (August
1999): Three consecutive days of
persistent moderate to heavy
rains caused mud to cascade
into the Cherry Hill leaving 378
houses damaged and 58 people
killed
Baguio-La Trinidad
landslides (July 2001): A
record-breaking 24-hour rainfall
of 1085.8 millimeters was
registered at Baguio City
causing widespread landslides
and flashfloods, killing 85
persons in Baguio and La
Trinidad area alone. Due to
Typhoon Feria
 Extreme Weather Events: Tragedies after
tragedies
Camiguin flashfloods (November 7,
2001): Heavy continuous rains for
about 10 hours caused flashfloods
carrying landslide debris of boulders,
uprooted trees, loose soil, etc.
rushing from the mountainside
burying 134 residents alive and
damaging vegetation and structures.

Southern Leyte-Surigao disaster

(December 2003): Several landslides
and flash-floods in Mindanao and
Southern Leyte caused by days of
persistent rains resulted in 198
deaths in S. Leyte and Mindanao
(Agusan- Surigao)

Aurora-Infanta floods
(November-December 2004): Heavy
rains triggered major landslides;
cleansed the forests of its debris
resulting in heavy damage and
casualty downstream along rivers and
coastal areas in eastern Luzon (1,068
dead, damage estimate - P7,615.98M)
 Vulnerability to Extreme Weather Events

GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE
The whole island of Leyte experienced more than 300% of normal rainfall in February
These extreme weather events have one thing in common persistent torrential
rains, causing landslides and flash floods, killing people and destroying properties
along its path.