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INTRODUCTIO
N
Communication is the process whereby speech, sings or action transmit
information from one person to another. No matter the type or mechnism of
communication, every intace of communication must have a message that
being tranferred from sender to receiver. In order for communication to be
successful, that the sender and receiver must have some signs, word or signals
in common with each other so the sent message can be understood.

Carl Rogers (1952) says that, Real communication occurs...when we

listen with understanding to see the expressed idea and attitude from the
other persons pont of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame
of reference in regard to the things he is talking about

This is particularly apt in the case of oral communication as oral

communication is not just speaking and articulating our thoughts well but also
involves listening to what has been said and interpreting the messsage
accurately as intended by the speaker.

According to Elizabeth Tierney(1998), communication is a process which

begins when you have a massage that you want deliver to an audience. Your
audience receives message, reacts to it and then responds to your message.

That response may lead us to react and give another message. This process
may than go on and on. It can be any form of messages that we wish to
communicate or share to the audience or someone else. It may be an idea,
thought or our feeling on particular issue.

While Julia T. Wood (2009)describes that, Communication is a systemic

process in which people intreact with and thought symbols to create and
interpet meanings.

According to Julia, communication involves four terms. There are Process

which is ongoing, continuous and always changing, Systematic where it
happens within a system of interconnected parts that effect each other,
Symbols that is what people use to represent thing e.g. all langguage, non-

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verbal behaviours, art,and music and Meanings where any act of

communication involves two essential aspects the literal message and the
relationship between those who communicate with each other.

There are many languages spoken in the world. The first language learnt
by a baby is, his or her mother tongue. It is the language, which he or she
listens to from his or her birth. Any other language learned or acquired after
that is known as the second language.

In Malaysia, English is our second language. It is one legacy of more than

a centurys worth of British Colonial rule in Malaysia. It is the most important
foreign language in our country and it is used extensively in all aspects of daily
life. The importance of the English language as a global lingua franca has
always been a major motivating factor in the learning and working sector.
Education has increased the role of English as it is used as a vehicle to gain
knowledge and information. For example, people who further study in the
local or foreign university, can only have English as their medium of study. This
is because all the reference books are written in English. Meanwhile, in the
working sector, English is a ticket to employment. Persons who are in the
process of looking for a job, a mastery of the English language would put them
at a higher leverage compared to those who dont. Considering that,
communication is an essential component in a workplace. Persons who are able
to communicate well in English language would always have an advantage
over others. Also, English helps to build one confident and get a higher
respectation especially from rural community as it is an international
language that less people master it. Mastering English in studying and working
are really importance as without it, we will be left far behind and remain the
same way what we are. Therefore,to master this second language we need to
use it regularly, reading lots of English articles, study the grammatical rules
and learn at least one word a day. However ,the major factor to be mastered in
this language is, one must has a will and determination to learn. When there is

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a will, English can be learnt easily, no matter who you are and where you come
from.

In any other languages that we have mastered, it is normal to have

problem in communicating effectively. How to overcome this problem? First of
all, we need to know the basic principles of speaking and listening skill. In
speaking effectively, one has to master in interpreting symbol correctly as it
creates different meaning to some people. To master it, we need to read more
books and observe more people on their reactions and expression. Besides
that, one also has to know and understand the communication rules which are
not formalised or intentionally form but are unconsciously developed as we
interact with family, friends and people at work.

Then, we need to learn some terms of punctuation in speaking as it can

signal the beginning or the end of a particular interaction and also one needs to
master some of voice attributes in order to be an effective speaker.They are
volume, pitch, intonation, tone, tempo, enunciation and pronunciation. In
speaking effectively, we also needs to be a good listener too.

If not , the communication will be facing a failure. According to Devito

(2009), listening comprises five components. There are receiving,
understanding, remembering, evaluating and responding. If we can apply these
four elements in listening, we will definitely able to communicate effectively.

In this paper work, I would like to share my personal views in

communicating English effectively though some reading and obversation on
people around me. The main purpose of producing this paper work is to share
some information about the importance of effective communication in
various situation, apply appropriate methods of communication and work
collaboratively with others, recognize that communication is a multi-
faceted process which is in an interactive process between sender and
receiver, recognize the role of culture in communication, recognize that
communication involves problem solving and decision making, consider

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various types of reasoning, consider various appeals to an audience and

consider the communicators moral and ethical reponsibilities.

HOW DOES ORAL COMMUNICATION WORK?

According to Richard A. Lanham, he wrote, if words matter too, if the whole range of
human motive is seen as animating prose discourse, then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential
questions about prose style(Lanham 10). This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally
important; they are not erros to what we actually intend to transmit. The process which we construct
and deconstru meaning deserves analysis.

While Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to
understand communication. Goffman wrote, what does seem to be reqired of the individual is that
he learn enough pieces of expression to be able to fill in and manage, more or less, any part that
he likely to be given(Goffman 73) Goffman is highlighting the significance of expression.

The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the package as one. The
construction of the message from social and historical contex is the seed as is the pre-exiting
message is for the transmission model. Therefore any look into communication theory should
include the possibilities drefted by such greta scholars as Richard A. Lanham and Erving Goffman
that style and performance is the whole process.

By using the Transactional Model oral communication, it assumes that people are connected
through communication; they engage in transaction. Firstly, it recognizes that communication
affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneos. This is how most conversation
are like. The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolize the communication
environment (how you interpret the data that you are given). Where the ellipses meet is the most
effect communication area because both communicators share the same meaning of the message.
For example talking/listening to friends. While your friend is talking you are constantly giving
them feedback on what you think through you facial expression verbal feedback without necessarily
stopping your friend from talking.

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It is the communication between several people. This form of

communication may range from the impersonal to the very personal.
Impersonal communication is when we talk with a person we do not really are
about- there is often a coldness or an indifference in our attitude when we
engage in this kind of communication. Interpersonal communication can take
place face to face as well as through electronic channels like video-
conferencing, chat rooms,e-mail and Twitter.

In order to reach a succesful interpersonal communication, we have to

consider some aspects. One of them is avoid talking about topics that can
make the other person uncomfortable. Some of the topics that have to be
avoided during conversations include the other persons personal or private
life, relationship, sexual life, etc. On the other hand, there are inumereable
topics that can lead to a good and lively conversation. Some of the topics that
can be used safely for a conversation are current affairs, music, films, books,
sports, technology, etc. Even here, make sure that the topic we have selected
is something that interests the other person. Only if he/she seems to be
interested, we should continue talking about it. If the other person seems to be
disinterested, move our conversation to some other topic to prevent him/her
from getting bored.
Listening and speaking effectively do not come naturally for everyone.
However if we able to do it greatly, it will lead us to succeeding in interpersonal
communication. Mind Tools, Ltd., reports that we typically remember 25 to 50
percent of what we hear. Listening and speaking are active process, which
mean that they require thought and effort to be executed effectively. Effective
listening and speaking skills include, listen actively and think before we speak,
avoid blame and accusation and take a break when angry or sad.

SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION

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As its name implies, a small group has a limited number of members. The
minimum number is three. (A group of two persons is called a dyad, and it
operates quite differently from a group of three or more.) There is some
difference of opinion about the maximum number of people who constitute a
small group. Most experts set the maximum number at seven or eight: some go
as high as twelve. The important point is that the group must be small enough
to allow free discussion among all members. In small-group communication, all
participants are potentially speakers and listeners.Members of small group
assembble for a specific purpose.They are not just a band of three to twelve
people who happen to end up in the same room. They gather to find solutions
for a particular problem.
Although speaking in a small group is not the same as public
speaking. It involves many similar skills. Members of small group influence one
another through communication. At times they inform their fellow members. At
other times they seek to persuade them. As a participant in asmall group, you
might influence our collegues by giving them important information, by
encouraging them to speak, by convising them to change their minds, by
leading them into a new channel of communication,even by getting them to
end a metting of the group. All other members of the group have the same
oppurtunity to influence you through effective communication.
For a group to succeed, members must allign their personal goals with
the groups goal. This sounds obvious, but it is not always easy. When we are
working with other people on a project, the group goal-and most likely the goal
of each member-is to get good grade, which should ensure a positive attitude
towards the group. There is strongincentive for members to cooperate and
commit them selves to completing the task.
Problems arise when one or more members have personal goals that
conflict with the groups goal. Here is the kind of situation than occur:
Sherri Baines is a member of the committe to buy new equipment for the
local newspapers employee cafetaria. Because the budget is very tight,the
committees goals to get the best equipment for the lowest price. But unknown
to the other members of the group. Sherris son-in-low is salesman for a

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distributor of high- priced kitchen appliences. Privately, sherri has reasoned

that if she can sway the committee toward that company,her son-in-low will get
a large commission. Sherry does not mention this fact to the group. Instead,
she argues that quality-not-price-shold be the determining factor in purchase.
The group process breaks down because Sherri will not surrender her private
goal.
Group members may have all sorts of hidden agendas. One may be
experiencing personal problems-lowered grades, a breakup with a friend,
trouble at home, or just bad day.
Another may have a commitment to a different group whose goals conflict with
those of the present group. A third may want to take charge of the group for
reasons of personal power,regardless of the groups task.
Remember that what one member of a group does effects all the other
members. We should not try to advance our own interests or boost our own ego
at the expense of the group and its goal. Beware of hidden agendas-whether
ours or someone elses-and participate with a positive spirit. If a group is to
work effectively,all members must commit themselves to the goals of the
group and cooperate to achieve them.

PUBLIC
COMMUNICATION

Throughout history people have used public speaking as a vital means of

communication. What the Greek leader Pericle said more than 2500 years ago
is still true today: One who forms a judgment on any point but cannot explain
it clearly might as well never have thought at all on the subject. Public
speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making our ideas public of sharing
them with other people and of influencing her people.
Organizing our thought logically. For example, we were teaching our
friends mathematics. We wouldnt do it this way: the problem solving of 45 +
23 6 is 62.
Instead, we would take our listener systematically, step by step, till
he/she finds the solution. We would organize our message.

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Making oral presentation

There are several methods to suceed in oral presentation. First of all, we
have to organize our ideas to present them in the most persuasive manner.
Then, we tailor our message to our audience. We must show how the issue
important to the people and tell our story for the maximum impact. We
need to demonstrate how much it has improved and show the statistic as a
prove. Then,we should also adapt the listener feedback.

Credibility of speaker and related qualities.

1. Acquire speaking experience
For most students, the biggest part of stage is fear of the unknown. The
more we learn about public speaking and the more speeches we give, the less
threatening speech making will become.
Knowledge and experiences will help us speak with confidence. Of
course, the road to confidences will sometimes be bumpy. Learning to give a
speech is not much different from learning any other skill-it proceeds by trial
and error. Therefore, we should speak frequently as it is one way to improve
and upgrading our speaking.It is normal to make mistake in speaking and its
good as we will learn from that mistakes. The mistakes that we made ,are really
the precious experiences which you will never have from others. Experiences
are the best teacher.
2. To be prepare
Another key to gaining confidence is to pick speech topics that we truly
care about-and
then we have to prepare our speeches so throughly because when know the
topics specifically or in details we will get the confident to speak and reduce
our nervous feeling in front of the audience.
3. Think Positively
Confidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking. If we
think we can do it,

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we usually can. On the other hand, if we predict disaster and doom, that is
almost always what we will get. This is especially true when it come to public
speaking.
Many psychologists believe that the ratio of positive to negative thoughts
in regard to stressful activies such as speech making should be at least five to
one. That is, for each negative thought, we should counter with a minimum of
five positive ones.

4. Use the Power of Visualization

Visualization is closely related to positive thinking. It is a technique used
by many people-
athletes, musicians, actor, speakers, and oters-to enchance their perfomance in
stressful situastions.
The key to visualization is creating a vivid mental blueprint in which we
see ourself succeeding in our speech. Imagine our sense of achivement as we
conclude the speech knowing we have done our very best.

5. Know That Most Nervousness Is Not Visible.

In addition to being anxious about giving a speech, many novise speakers
are worried about
appearing nervous to the audiens. We should control our nervourness by
making it invisible from the audiens.
Even though your palms are sweating and your hearth is pounding, your
listeners probably wont realize how tense you are especially if you do best to
act cool and confident outside.

6. Dont Expect Perfection

It may also help us to know that there is no such thing as a perfect
speech. At some point
in every presentation, every speaker says or does something-no matter how
minor-that does something-no matter how minor-that does not come across
exactly as he or she had planned. If we momentarily lose our place, reverse the

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order of a couple statements, or forget to pause at a certain spot, no one need

be the wiser.
One of the biggest reasons people are concerned about making a mistake
in a speech is that they view speechmaking as kind of performance rather than
as an act communication.

7. Dealing with nervousness

a. Be at our best physically and mentally. A good nights sleep will serve
us better.
b. As we are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax our leg muscles,
or squeeze our hands together and then release them. Such actions
help us to reduce tension by providing and outlet for our extra
adrenaline.
c. Take a couple slow, deep breaths before we start to speak. Deep
breathing breaks this cycle of tension and helps calm for our nervous.
d. Work especially hard on our introduction.
e. Make eye contact with members our audiens.
f. Concetrate on communicating with our audiens rather than or
worrying about our stage fright.
g. Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attension away from us,
and make us feel less self-conscious.
Audiens Analysis For Effective Communication
This kind of verbal give-and-take is unusual in public speaking. Still there
is always plenty of feedback to let us know how our message is being received.
Do our listeners lean forward in their seats, as if paying close attension? Do
they apploud in approval? Do they laugh at our jokes? Do they have quizzical
looks on their faces? Do they shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock? The
message sent by these reactions could beI am fascinated, I am bored, I
agree with you,or any number of others. As a speaker, we need to be alert to
these reaction and adjust our message accordingly.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, effective communication is very important in our daily

lives, especially communication in English. This is because if the message is
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blurred, it indirectly brings confusion to the listener and as a result, the listener
is not getting the accurate information. When the listener misinterpreted the
conversation, it will cause to misunderstanding.
Therefore, it is important that the message we want to convey to the
listener, can be received correctly.
In addition, mastering English is also important because it is the
universal language, and has been used in various levels of society in the world.
It is a critical requirement to succeed in all jobs today. Thats why we are
learning English as well as on how to speak this language perfectly today.

3333 Words

REFERENCES

Chua Eok Keng, Chong Poh Wan,Norazlina Mohamad & S

Sivagnanchelvi.2011 .OUM1303 English for Oral Communication.
Meteor Doc Sdn Bhd. Selangor.

Camp, S.C,& Satterwhite, M.L.(2002). College English And communication

(8th ed.)USA:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.

Devito, J.A. (2009).Human Communication: The Basic Course(11th ed.)

.Boston: Pearson.

Matthews, C. (1994). Speaking solutions,USA:Longman

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Tierney, E. (1998).101 Ways to better communication.Great Britain:

Kogan Page

Wood, J.T.(2009).Communication in our lives. Boston:Wadsworth Cengage

Learning

http://jurnal-sdm.bil

http://en.wilkipedia.org/wiki/interpersonal_communicationogspot.com/20
10/01

http://www.abacon.com/commstudies/interpersonal/indefinition.html

http://www.publicspeakingskills.com/

http://egate.oum.edu.my/pdf/oumh1303_eng_for_oral_comm.pdf

www.managementstudyguide.com/oral-communication.htm

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