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28/06/2011

Insulation is subjected to electrical and mechanical


stresses
Electrical stresses include:
Power frequency voltage
Switching impulse voltage
Lightning impulse voltage
Mechanical stresses include:
Tension loads (suspension and tension strings)
Compressive loads (braced post insulators)
Cantilever loads (post insulators)

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

Impulse flashover strength of overhead line


insulator usually exceeds BIL of substation plant
insulation
132 kV line insulation 650 to 700 kV, 132
kV BIL of substation plant 550 kV
Line insulator is self restoring, substation
insulation may result in destructive failure
Measures need to be employed to protect substation
plant from lightning surges
Installation of OH earthwire
Low tower footing resistance close to
substation
Installation of surge arresters
Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Power frequency voltage


Normal operating 1.1 p.u
Maximum dynamic 1.4 p.u
Switching impulse overvoltages
Up to 3 p.u peak phase to ground
Can be higher with single phase auto-reclosing
Usually design for 3 p.u and when auto-reclosing is employed, install surge
arresters
Lightning performance
Overvoltages will vary depending on the lightning current (average of 30 kA)
and usually exceed line insulation
Design for acceptable lightning flashover rate insulation influences
shielding failure and backflashover rate

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

2
28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

GUIDE FOR SELECTING INSULATORS IN CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS

Minimum nominal specific


Contamination severity ESDD range(1)
creepage distance(2)

g/m mm/kV
Light 0 to1.2 16
Medium 1.2 to 2.0 20
Heavy 2.0 to 3.0 25
Very Heavy Above 3.0 31
(1) ESDD is the equivalent salt deposit density.
(2) Ratio of leakage distance measured between phase and earth over the r.m.s phase to phase
voltage of the highest voltage of the equipment.
(3) Consideration should be given to increasing the creepage distances is areas where there are long
periods without rainfall or very close to the marine coast

References
1. AS 1824.21985, Insulation coordination, Part 2: Application guide.
2. IEC 60815, Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions.
3. AS 4436 Guide for the selection
Cigre of insulatorsPanel
Australian in respect of polluted
B2- Overhead conditions. (Identical to ISO Report 815).
Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Example:

Select a suitable disc insulator string for a 132 kV line subject to heavy
contamination. Use normal or fog disc profiles where the creepage length is
292 mm normal and 432 mm for fog.

System Highest Voltage = 145 kV (1.1 p.u)


Minimum nominal specific creepage distance = 25 mm/kV for
heavy contamination
Required creepage distance for 145 kV = 3625 mm
Number of normal discs = 3625/292 = 12 discs
Number of fog discs = 3625/432 = 8 9 discs

Note: Need to check switching surge (3 p.u) and power


frequency (wet and dry) overvoltage conditions as well.
Generally pollution performance governs.

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

5
28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

TABLE CC1 - INSULATOR LOADING CONDITIONS


State Tension insulator Suspension and vee Post and pin
condition string insulator insulator condition
condition
Everyday - Weight span, 0 Pa Weight span, 0 Pa
wind wind
Serviceable - Resultant load at Resultant load with
working wind1 serviceable wind or serviceable wind or
500 Pa transverse 500 Pa transverse +
load longitudinal
unbalance load
Serviceable - Construction and Resultant load for Resultant load for
Maintenance maintenance loads construction and construction and
maintenance maintenance
Ultimate load Ultimate load Resultant load for Resultant load with
ultimate conductor ultimate transverse
wind transverse load wind + longitudinal
or failure unbalance load or
containment load failure containment
Notes:
Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
The criteria for serviceable working wind is damage or deflection limit
load
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Limit State Design

Rn > Wn + 1.1 Gs +1.25 Gc +1.25 Ft

Calculate the applied limit state loads (LST at ultimate wind)


Apply appropriate LSD multiplier (1.25 for conductor loads and 1.25 for for
tension loads)
Apply appropriate component strength factor

Porcelain or glass cap 0.95


and pin string insulator (verified from
units statistical testing)
Strength 0.8 AS 3608
(unverified)
(electro-mechanical
strength tested)
Porcelain or glass
insulators other than cap
Strength 0.8 AS 3608
and pin string insulator
units
0.5
Lon g term
Synthetic composite
suspension or strain 0.7
Strength AS 4435.1
insulators Short term ultimate
(See Note 2) (for one minute
mechanical
strength)
Synthetic composite line 0.9
post insulators Strength (maximum design AS 4435.4
(See Note 2) cantilever load)

Cigre Australian
Other synthetic Panel B2- Overhead Line
Strength
Subject to further
composite insulators research
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

Example: 132 kV Suspension Insulator

Calculate the strength of a suspension composite long rod


used to support Oxygen conductor with a weight of 0.925
kg/metre, weight and wind span of 400 metres, and strung
to everyday tension of 20% CBL. For broken conductor
condition assume a wind of 0.25 of ultimate wind (1300 Pa).

Limit state condition - everyday load

Conductor weight load = 0.925 * 9.806* 400 N = 3628 N


Conductor weight multiplier = 1.25
Limit state conductor weight load = 4535
Assume no longitudinal load due to free swinging insulator
Component strength factor for long rod insulator = 0.5 (Table
6.2 and long term strength)

Insulator specified mechanical load = 4535 / 0.5 = 9070 N


Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Example: 132 kV Suspension Insulator


Limit state condition - ultimate strength state under 1300 Pa wind

Conductor weight = 0.925 * 9.806* 400 N = 3628 N


Conductor weight multiplier = 1.25
Limit state conductor weight load = 4535
Assume no longitudinal load due to free swinging insulator
Transverse load = 0.0238 * 1300 * 400 = 12376 N
Tension load multiplier = 1.25
Limit state transverse load = 15470 N
Resultant load = SQRT (4535^2 + 15470^2) = 16120 N
Component strength factor for long rod insulator = 0.7 (Table 6.2 and short
term strength)
Insulator specified mechanical load = 16120 / 0.7 = 23028 N

Limit state condition - failure containment load under broken conductor

Longitudinal load = 18600 N (at 325 Pa wind)


Residual Static Load = 0.7
Longitudinal load with load relief = 13000 N
Tension load multiplier = 1.25
Limit state tension load = 16300 N
Component strength factor for long rod insulator = 0.7 (Table 6.5 and short
term strength)
Insulator specified mechanical load = 16300
Cigre Australian Panel B2-/Overhead
0.7 = 23300
Line N
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

Example: 132 kV Suspension Insulator

Comments:

1. The determining state is the ultimate strength state under 1300 Pa wind or
broken conductor condition

2. The minimum recommended size for the suspension insulator is 111 kN


(specified mechanical load). The SML is a one minute withstand load.

3. If a ceramic disc insulator would be used, then the recommended minimum


size is 70 kN (minimum breaking load).

4. The minimum recommended strengths are based on the requirement to


achieve a design life comparable to other line components

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

9
28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Example: 132 kV Post Insulator


Calculate the strength of a composite line post insulator used to support
Oxygen conductor in a clamp top with a weight of 0.925 kg/metre, weight
span of 200 metres, and strung to everyday tension of 20% CBL.
Servicable wind is 500 Pa and Failure Containment 1300 Pa.

Limit state load condition - everyday load

Conductor weight force = 0.925 * 9.806* 200 = 1814 N


Conductor load multiplier = 1.25
Limit State Vertical Load = 2270 N
Longitudinal load for 3:1 adjacent span ratio, and max operating
temperature of 75 deg C = 5200 N
Conductor tension multiplier = 1.25
Limit state longitudinal design load = 6500 N
Resultant bending moment load = SQRT (2270^2 + 6500^2) = 6900 N
Component strength factor for composite post insulator = 0.9 (Table 6.2)
Insulator ultimate design cantilever load = 6900 / 0.9 = 7650 N

Note: The maximum design cantilever load of a post insulator is typically


40 to 50% of the ultimate strength.
Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

10
28/06/2011

Example: 132 kV Post Insulator

Limit state condition - serviceable wind load at 500 Pa

Conductor weight force = 0.925 * 9.806* 200 = 1814 N


Conductor load multiplier = 1.25
Limit State Vertical Load = 2270 N
Longitudinal load for 3:1 adjacent span ratio, and max operating temperature of
75 deg C = 5200 N
Conductor tension multiplier = 1.25
Limit state longitudinal design load = 6500 N
Resultant bending moment load = SQRT (2270^2 + 6500^2) = 6900 N
Component strength factor for composite post insulator = 0.9 (Table 6.2)
Insulator ultimate design cantilever load = 6900 / 0.9 = 7650 N

Transverse compressive load = 0.0238*500*200 = 2380 N


Compression load multiplier = 1.0
Limit state transverse compressive load = 2380 N
Combining bending and compressive loads - simplified method:
Compressive strength of 2.5 inch line post = 50 kN
Need for derating for combined bending and compression loads
Derating factor = 1-2380 / 50000 = 0.95
Insulator ultimate design cantilever load with transverse load = 7650 / 0.95 =
8050 N Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Example: 132 kV Post Insulator

Limit state condition - failure containment or ultimate load at 1300 Pa

Conductor weight force = 0.925 * 9.806* 200 = 1814 N


Conductor load multiplier = 1.25
Limit State Vertical Load = 2270 N
Longitudinal load for 3:1 adjacent span ratio, and max operating temperature of
75 deg C = 5200 N
Conductor tension multiplier = 1.25
Limit state longitudinal design load = 6500 N
Resultant bending moment load = SQRT (2270^2 + 6500^2) = 6900 N
Component strength factor for composite post insulator = 0.9 (Table 6.2)
Insulator ultimate design cantilever load = 6900 / 0.9 = 7650 N

Transverse compressive load = 0.0238*1300*200 = 6188 N


Compression load multiplier = 1.00
Limit state transverse compressive load = 6188 N
Combining bending and compressive loads - simplified method:
Compressive strength of 2.5 inch line post = 50 kN
Derating factor = 1- 6188 / 50000 = 0.88
Insulator ultimate design cantilever load = 7650 / 0.88 = 8690N
Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line
Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

11
28/06/2011

Example: 132 kV Post Insulator

Comments:

The determining state is the failure containment load where the


factored ultimate design cantilever load is 8690 N.

A 2.5 inch post insulator is typically rated at 12.5 kN ultimate


cantilever strength and is recommended for this ultimate load

For spans much higher than 200 metres, the combined loads may
exceed the 12.5 kN ultimate design cantilever strength. Design
options to support the failure containment load for the long spans
include:

Brace 2.5 inch post with a long rod insulator


Limit the line layout to an adjacent span ratio of 2 or less
Use a 3 inch post which has a MDCL of around 9 kN

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Braced Post

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

13
28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

14
28/06/2011

Cigre Australian Panel B2- Overhead Line


Seminar - AS/NZS7000:2010 Design of
Overhead Lines
Sydney 28-29 March 2011

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