Scotland

This article is about the country. For other uses, see 1 History
Scotland (disambiguation).
Main article: History of Scotland
Scotland (/skt.lnd/; Scots: [skt.lnd]; Scottish
Gaelic: Alba [alap]) is a country that is part of the
United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the is-
land of Great Britain.[16][17][18] It shares a border with 1.1 Etymology
England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the
Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the Main article: Etymology of Scotland
North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In ad-
dition to the mainland, the country is made up of more Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the
than 790 islands,[19] including the Northern Isles and the Gaels. The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels)
Hebrides. was initially used to refer to Ireland.[28] By the 11th cen-
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent tury at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-
sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to speaking) Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Al-
exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King bania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba.[29]
of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass
thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms. all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late
Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with Middle Ages.[20]
the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new
Kingdom of Great Britain.[20][21] The union also created
a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both 1.2 Early history
the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Eng-
land. In 1801, Great Britain itself entered into a political Main article: Prehistoric Scotland
union with the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United See also: Timeline of prehistoric Scotland
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[22]
Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass
has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habi-
royal symbols of statehood specic to the pre-union King- tation that may have existed before the Mesolithic pe-
dom of Scotland. The legal system within Scotland has riod. It is believed the rst post-glacial groups of hunter-
also remained separate from those of England and Wales gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as
and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct ju- the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation.[30][31]
risdiction in both public and private law.[23] The contin-
ued existence of legal, educational, religious and other
institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the
UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish
culture and national identity since the 1707 union with
England.[24]
In 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the
form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129
members, having authority over many areas of domestic
policy.[25] Scotland is represented in the United Kingdom
Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament
by 6 MEPs.[26] Scotland is also a member of the British
Irish Council,[27] and the BritishIrish Parliamentary As-
sembly.

Scara Brae. A Neolithic settlement, located on the west coast of

Mainland, Orkney.

1
2 1 HISTORY

The groups of settlers began building the rst known

permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years
ago, and the rst villages around 6,000 years ago. The
well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland
of Orkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation,
burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well
preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where
a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local
stone.[32]
The 2009 discovery in Scotland of a 4000-year-old tomb
with burial treasures at Forteviot, near Perth, the capital
of a Pictish Kingdom in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, is
unrivalled anywhere in Britain. It contains the remains of
an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz peb-
bles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the rst
time that early Bronze Age people placed owers in their
graves.[33][34]
Scotland may have been part of a Late Bronze Age mar-
itime trading culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age,
which included other Celtic nations, and the areas that be-
came England, France, Spain, and Portugal.[35][36][37][38]
In the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, caus-
ing widespread damage and over 200 deaths.[39] In the Tablet found at Bo'ness dated ca. AD 142 depicting Roman cav-
Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large alryman trampling Picts. Now at the NMS
irregular knoll, known as Skerrabra. When the storm
cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, con-
sisting of a number of small houses without roofs.[39][40]
feated the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius.
William Watt of Skaill, the local laird, began an amateur
Tacitus wrote that, before the battle, the Caledonian
excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses,
leader, Calgacus, gave a rousing speech in which he called
the work was abandoned in 1868.[40] The site remained
his people the last of the free and accused the Ro-
undisturbed until 1913, when during a single weekend
mans of making the world a desert and calling it peace
the site was plundered by a party with shovels who took
(freely translated).[41] After the Roman victory, Roman
away an unknown quantity of artefacts.[39] In 1924, an-
forts were briey set along the Gask Ridge close to the
other storm swept away part of one of the houses and it
Highland line (only Cawdor near Inverness is known to
was determined the site should be made secure and more
have been constructed beyond that line). Three years af-
seriously investigated.[39] The job was given to University
ter the battle, the Roman armies had withdrawn to the
of Edinburgh's Professor Vere Gordon Childe who trav-
Southern Uplands.[42]
elled to Skara Brae for the rst time in mid-1927.[39]
The Romans erected Hadrians Wall to control tribes on
both sides of the wall[43] so the Limes Britannicus became
the northern border of the Roman Empire; although the
1.3 Roman inuence
army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for
two short periods the last during the reign of Emperor
Main article: Scotland during the Roman Empire Septimius Severus from 208 until 210.[44]
The written protohistory of Scotland began with the ar-
rival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great The Roman military occupation of a signicant part
Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England of what is now northern Scotland lasted only about 40
and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia. years; although their inuence on the southern section
Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland of the country, occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the
were a series of brief interludes. Votadini and Damnonii, would still have been consider-
able between the rst and fth centuries. The Welsh term
According to the Roman historian Tacitus, the Hen Ogledd (Old North) is used by scholars to describe
Caledonians turned to armed resistance on a large what is now the North of England and the South of Scot-
scale, attacking Roman forts and skirmishing with their land during its habitation by Brittonic-speaking people
legions. In a surprise night-attack, the Caledonians very around AD 500 to 800.[43] According to writings from the
nearly wiped out the whole 9th Legion until it was saved 9th and 10th centuries, the Gaelic kingdom of Dl Riata
by Agricolas cavalry.[41] was founded in the 6th century in western Scotland.[45][46]
In AD 8384, the General Gnaeus Julius Agricola de- The 'traditional' view is that settlers from Ireland founded
1.4 Middle Ages 3

the kingdom, bringing Gaelic language and culture with From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the
them. However, some archaeologists have argued against River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom
this view, saying there is no archaeological or placename
acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south.
evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small groupBy the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their
of elites.[47] territories the English-speaking land in the south-east and
attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and
Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th cen-
1.4 Middle Ages tury, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern
borders. However, processes of cultural and economic
Main articles: Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland
Scotland in the High Middle Ages, and Scotland in the looked very dierent in the later Middle Ages.
Late Middle Ages
The push for this change was the reign of David I and
The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th
the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reor-
ganisation and the rst legally recognised towns (called
burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the
immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and
churchmen facilitated cultural osmosis, whereby the cul-
ture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of
the kingdoms original territory in the east became, like
the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while
the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language,
apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland,
which remained under Norse rule until 1468.[53][54][55]
The Scottish state entered a largely successful and stable
period between the 12th and 14th centuries, there was
relative peace with England, trade and educational links
were well developed with the Continent and at the height
of this cultural owering John Duns Scotus was one of
Europes most important and inuential philosophers.
The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed
by that of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Nor-
way, broke the centuries-old succession line of Scotlands
kings and shattered the 200-year golden age that began
with David I. Edward I of England was asked to arbitrate
between claimants for the Scottish crown, and he organ-
ised a process known as the Great Cause to identify the
most legitimate claimant. John Balliol was pronounced
The class I Pictish stone at Aberlemno known as Aberlemno 1 or king in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle on 17 Novem-
the Serpent Stone ber 1292 and inaugurated at Scone on 30 November, St.
Andrews Day. Edward I, who had coerced recognition
century) was the state that eventually became known as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of
as Alba or Scotland. The development of Pict- the realm, steadily undermined Johns authority.[56] In
land, according to the historical model developed 1294, Balliol and other Scottish lords refused Edwards
by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman demands to serve in his army against the French. Instead
imperialism.[48] Another view places emphasis on the the Scottish parliament sent envoys to France to negoti-
Battle of Dun Nechtain, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli ate an alliance. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23
(671693), with another period of consolidation in the October 1295, known as the Auld Alliance (12951560).
reign of engus mac Fergusa (732761).[49] War ensued and King John was deposed by Edward who
took personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and
The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th cen- William Wallace initially emerged as the principal leaders
tury, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as of the resistance to English rule in what became known
the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander I as the Wars of Scottish Independence (12961328).[57]
(11071124). However, by the tenth century, the Pic-
tish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise The nature of the struggle changed signicantly when
as Gaelic culture, and had developed a traditional story Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, killed his rival John
of an Irish conquest around the ancestor of the con- Comyn on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in
temporary royal dynasty, Cined mac Ailpn (Kenneth Dumfries.[58] He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than
MacAlpin).[50][51][52] seven weeks later. Robert I battled to restore Scottish In-
4 1 HISTORY

This period was the height of the Franco-Scottish al-

liance. The Scots Guard la Garde cossaise was
founded in 1418 by Charles VII of France. The Scots
soldiers of the Garde cossaise fought alongside Joan of
Arc against England during the Hundred Years War.[61]
In March 1421, a Franco-Scots force under John Stew-
art, 2nd Earl of Buchan, and Gilbert de Lafayette, de-
feated a larger English army at the Battle of Baug. Three
years later, at the Battle of Verneuil, the French and Scots
lost around 7000 men.[62] The Scottish intervention con-
tributed to Frances victory in the war.

1.5 Early modern era

Main article: Scotland in the Early Modern Era
In 1502, James IV of Scotland signed the Treaty of Per-

The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the

13th-century Scottish hero.

dependence as King for over 20 years, beginning by win-

ning Scotland back from the Norman English invaders
piece by piece. Victory at the Battle of Bannockburn
in 1314 proved the Scots had regained control of their
kingdom. In 1315, Edward Bruce, brother of the King,
was briey appointed High King of Ireland during an ulti-
mately unsuccessful Scottish invasion of Ireland aimed at
strengthening Scotlands position in its wars against Eng-
land. In 1320 the worlds rst documented declaration of
independence, the Declaration of Arbroath, won the sup-
port of Pope John XXII, leading to the legal recognition
of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.
However, war with England continued for several decades
after the death of Bruce. A civil war between the Bruce
dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted
until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce
dynasty was successful, David IIs lack of an heir al- James VI succeeded to the English and Irish thrones in 1603.
lowed his half-nephew Robert II to come to the throne
and establish the Stewart Dynasty.[54][59] The Stewarts petual Peace with Henry VII of England. He also mar-
ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. ried Henrys daughter, Margaret Tudor, setting the stage
The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity for the Union of the Crowns. For Henry, the marriage
from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish into one of Europes most established monarchies gave
Renaissance to the Reformation. This was despite con- legitimacy to the new Tudor royal line.[63] A decade later,
tinual warfare with England, the increasing division be- James made the fateful decision to invade England in sup-
tween Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of port of France under the terms of the Auld Alliance. He
royal minorities.[59][60] was the last British monarch to die in battle, at the Battle
1.7 19th century 5

of Flodden.[64] Within a generation the Auld Alliance was With trade taris with England now abolished, trade blos-
ended by the Treaty of Edinburgh. France agreed to with- somed, especially with Colonial America. The clippers
draw all land and naval forces. In the same year, 1560, belonging to the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were the fastest
John Knox realised his goal of seeing Scotland become ships on the route to Virginia. Until the American War
a Protestant nation and the Scottish parliament revoke of Independence in 1776, Glasgow was the worlds pre-
papal authority in Scotland.[65] Mary, Queen of Scots, a mier tobacco port, dominating world trade.[73] The dis-
Catholic and former queen of France, was forced to ab- parity between the wealth of the merchant classes of the
dicate in 1567.[66] Scottish Lowlands and the ancient clans of the Scottish
Highlands grew, amplifying centuries of division.
In 1603, James VI, King of Scots inherited the thrones
of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained
and became King James I of England and Ireland, and left popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly
Edinburgh for London.[67] With the exception of a short amongst non-Presbyterians, including Roman Catholics
period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a sep- and Episcopalian Protestants. However, two major
arate state, but there was considerable conict between Jacobite Risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to
the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church remove the House of Hanover from the British throne.
government. The Glorious Revolution of 168889 saw The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United King-
the overthrow of King James VII of Scotland and II of dom and its monarchs eectively ended at the Battle of
England by the English Parliament in favour of William Culloden, Great Britains last pitched battle. This defeat
and Mary. paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous
In common with countries such as France, Norway, Swe- populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the
den and Finland, Scotland experienced famines during Highland Clearances.
the 1690s. Mortality, reduced childbirths and increased The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolu-
emigration reduced the population of parts of the country tion made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and
by between 10 and 15 per cent.[68] industrial powerhouse[74] so much so Voltaire said We
[75]
In 1698, the Company of Scotland attempted project to look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation. With
the demise of Jacobitism and the advent of the Union,
secure a trading colony on the Isthmus of Panama. Al-
most every Scottish landowner who had money to spare thousands of Scots, mainly Lowlanders, took up nu-
merous positions of power in politics, civil service, the
is said to have invested in the Darien scheme. Its failure
bankrupted these landowners, but not the burghs. Never- army and navy, trade, economics, colonial enterprises and
theless, the nobles bankruptcy, along with the threat of other areas across the nascent British Empire. Historian
an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing Neil Davidson notes after 1746 there was an entirely new
the Scots elite to back a union with England.[69][70] level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly
outside Scotland. Davidson also states far from being
On 22 July 1706, the Treaty of Union was agreed be- 'peripheral' to the British economy, Scotland or more
tween representatives of the Scots Parliament and the precisely, the Lowlands lay at its core.[76]
Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts
of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the
united Kingdom of Great Britain with eect from 1 May 1.7 19th century
1707;[21] there was popular opposition and anti-union ri-
ots in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and elsewhere.[71][72] Main article: Scotland in the modern era
The Scottish Reform Act 1832 increased the number

1.6 18th century

Shipping on the Clyde, by John Atkinson Grimshaw, 1881

of Scottish MPs and widened the franchise to include

David Moriers depiction of the Battle of Culloden more of the middle classes.[77] From the mid-century
6 1 HISTORY
there were increasing calls for Home Rule for Scot-
land and the post of Secretary of State for Scotland was
revived.[78] Towards the end of the century Prime Minis-
ters of Scottish descent included William Gladstone,[79]
and the Earl of Rosebery.[80] In the later 19th century the
growing importance of the working classes was marked
by Keir Hardie's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by-
election, 1888, leading to the foundation of the Scottish
Labour Party, which was absorbed into the Independent
Labour Party in 1895, with Hardie as its rst leader.[81]
Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world,
and known as the Second City of the Empire af-
ter London.[82] After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards spe-
cialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made
of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing ves-
sels of both the merchant eets and the battle eets of
the world. It became the worlds pre-eminent shipbuild-
ing centre.[83] The industrial developments, while they
brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing,
town-planning, and provision for public health did not
keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in
some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with
overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of
tuberculosis.[84]
Walter Scott, whose Waverley Novels helped dene Scottish iden-
tity in the 19th century.
While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally con-
sidered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th
century,[85] disproportionately large Scottish contribu-
tions to British science and letters continued for another
50 years or more, thanks to such gures as the physicists
James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Kelvin, and the engineers The Disruption Assembly; painted by David Octavius Hill.
and inventors James Watt and William Murdoch, whose
work was critical to the technological developments of After prolonged years of struggle in the Kirk, in 1834
the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.[86] In lit-
erature the most successful gure of the mid-19th cen-
tury was Walter Scott. His rst prose work, Waverley
in 1814, is often called the rst historical novel.[87] It
launched a highly successful career that probably more
than any other helped dene and popularise Scottish cul-
tural identity.[88] In the late 19th century, a number of
Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations,
such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle,
J. M. Barrie and George MacDonald.[89] Scotland also
played a major part in the development of art and ar-
chitecture. The Glasgow School, which developed in the
late 19th century, and ourished in the early 20th cen-
tury, produced a distinctive blend of inuences including
the Celtic Revival the Arts and Crafts Movement, and
Japonisme, which found favour throughout the modern
art world of continental Europe and helped dene the Art
Nouveau style. Proponents included architect and artist
Charles Rennie Mackintosh.[90]
This period saw a process of rehabilitation for High-
land culture. In the 1820s, as part of the Romantic
revival, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members
of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across
Europe,[91][92] prompted by the popularity of Macpher-
sons Ossian cycle[93][94] and then Walter Scotts Waverley
novels.[95] However, the Highlands remained very poor
and traditional.[96] The desire to improve agriculture and
prots led to the Highland Clearances, in which much
of the population of the Highlands suered forced dis-
placement as lands were enclosed, principally so that they
could be used for sheep farming. The clearances followed
patterns of agricultural change throughout Britain, but
were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing,
the lack of legal protection for year-by-year tenants under
Scots law, the abruptness of the change from the tradi-
tional clan system, and the brutality of many evictions.[97]
One result was a continuous exodus from the landto the
cities, or further aeld to England, Canada, America or
Australia.[98] The population of Scotland grew steadily in
the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to
2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901.[99] Even with
the development of industry there were not enough good
jobs. As a result, during the period 18411931, about 2
million Scots migrated to North America and Australia,
and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England.[100]
1.9 Post-World War II 7

the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assem-

bly and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congrega-
tions to reject unwanted intrusive presentations to liv-
ings by patrons. The following Ten Years Conict of
legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-
intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism
from the church by some of the non-intrusionists led by
Dr Thomas Chalmers, known as the Great Disruption of
1843. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the
North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church
of Scotland.[101] In the late 19th century growing divi-
sions between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological
liberals resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the
rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian
Church in 1893.[102] Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and
the inux of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particu-
larly after the famine years of the late 1840s, mainly to
the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a trans-
formation in the fortunes of Catholicism. In 1878, de-
Royal Scots with a captured Japanese Hinomaru Yosegaki ag,
spite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierar- Burma, 1945.
chy was restored to the country, and Catholicism became
a signicant denomination within Scotland.[102]
Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 The shipbuilding industry expanded by a third and ex-
all undermined the tradition of parish schools. From pected renewed prosperity, but instead a serious de-
1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants; then pression hit the economy by 1922 and it did not fully
from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship; recover until 1939. The interwar years were marked
and in 1872 Scotland moved to a system like that in Eng- by economic stagnation [109]
in rural and urban areas, and
land of state-sponsored largely free schools, run by local high unemployment. Indeed, the war brought with it
school boards. [103]
The historic University of Glasgow be- deep social, cultural, economic, and political dislocations.
came a leader in British higher education by providing the Thoughtful Scots pondered their declension, as the main
educational needs of youth from the urban and commer- social indicators such as poor health, bad housing, and
cial classes, as opposed to the upper class. [104]
The Uni- long-term mass unemployment, pointed to terminal so-
versity of St Andrews pioneered the admission of women cial and economic stagnation at best, or even a downward
to Scottish universities. From 1892 Scottish universi- spiral. Service abroad on behalf of the Empire lost its
ties could admit and graduate women and the numbers allure to ambitious young people, who left Scotland per-
of women at Scottish universities steadily increased until manently. The heavy dependence on obsolescent heavy
the early 20th century.[105] industry and mining was a central problem, and no one
oered workable solutions. The despair reected what
Finlay (1994) describes as a widespread sense of hope-
1.8 Early 20th century lessness that prepared local business and political leaders
to accept a new orthodoxy of centralised government eco-
Scotland played a major role in the British eort in the nomic planning when it arrived during the Second World
First World War. It especially provided manpower, ships, War.[110]
machinery, sh and money.[106] With a population of 4.8 The Second World War brought renewed prosperity, de-
million in 1911, Scotland sent over half a million men to spite extensive bombing of cities by the Luftwae. It saw
the war, of whom over a quarter died in combat or from the invention of radar by Robert Watson-Watt, which was
disease, and 150,000 were seriously wounded.[107] Field invaluable in the Battle of Britain as was the leadership at
Marshal Sir Douglas Haig was Britains commander on RAF Fighter Command of Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh
the Western Front. Dowding.[111]
The war saw the emergence of a radical movement
called "Red Clydeside" led by militant trades unionists.
Formerly a Liberal stronghold, the industrial districts 1.9 Post-World War II
switched to Labour by 1922, with a base among the Irish
Catholic working class districts. Women were especially After 1945, Scotlands economic situation became pro-
active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing is- gressively worse due to overseas competition, ine-
sues. However, the Reds operated within the Labour cient industry, and industrial disputes.[112] Only in re-
Party and had little inuence in Parliament and the mood cent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cul-
changed to passive despair by the late 1920s.[108] tural and economic renaissance. Economic factors con-
8 2 GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL HISTORY

2 Geography and natural history

Main article: Geography of Scotland

Scotlands economy has become diverse and leading in areas such

as gaming. Rockstar North, located in the countrys capital Edin- island of Little Cumbrae with Isle of Arran in the back-
burgh are responsible for the Grand Theft Auto and Lemmings ground (left). Traigh Seilebost Beach on the Isle of
trilogies Harris (right)

The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third

tributing to this recovery include a resurgent nancial of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies
services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon o the north-west coast of Continental Europe. The total
Glen),[113] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.[114] area is 78,772 km2 (30,414 sq mi),[124] comparable to the
The introduction in 1989 by Margaret Thatchers gov- size of the Czech Republic. Scotlands only land border
ernment of the Community Charge (widely known as the is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi) be-
Poll Tax) one year before the rest of the United Kingdom, tween the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and
contributed to a growing movement for a return to direct the Solway Firth in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders
Scottish control over domestic aairs.[115] Following a the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The is-
referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland land of Ireland lies only 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the
Act 1998[116] was passed by the United Kingdom Par- south-western peninsula of Kintyre;[125] Norway is 305
liament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament and kilometres (190 mi) to the east and the Faroes, 270 kilo-
Scottish Government with responsibility for most laws metres (168 mi) to the north.
specic to Scotland.[117] The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that es-
tablished by the 1237 Treaty of York between Scotland
and the Kingdom of England[126] and the 1266 Treaty of
Perth between Scotland and Norway.[21] Important ex-
ceptions include the Isle of Man, which having been lost
1.10 Education to England in the 14th century is now a crown depen-
dency outside of the United Kingdom; the island groups
Orkney and Shetland, which were acquired from Norway
The Scottish education system has always remained dis- in 1472;[124] and Berwick-upon-Tweed, lost to England
tinct from the rest of the United Kingdom, with a char- in 1482.
acteristic emphasis on a broad education.[118] In the 15th
century, the Humanist emphasis on education cumulated The geographical centre of Scotland lies a few miles from
[127]
with the passing of the Education Act 1496, which de- the village of Newtonmore in Badenoch. Rising to
creed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance 1,344 metres (4,409 ft) above sea level, Scotlands high-
should attend grammar schools to learn perfyct Latyne, est point is the summit of Ben Nevis, in Lochaber, while
resulting in an increase in literacy among a male and Scotlands longest river, the River Tay, ows for a dis-
[128][129]
wealthy elite.[119] In the Reformation the 1560 First Book tance of 190 kilometres (118 mi).
of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish,
but this proved nancially impossible.[120] In 1616 an act
in Privy council commanded every parish to establish a 2.1 Geology and geomorphology
school.[121] By the late seventeenth century there was a
largely complete network of parish schools in the low- Main article: Geology of Scotland
lands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lack- The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during
ing in many areas.[122] Education remained a matter for the Pleistocene ice ages and the landscape is much af-
the church rather than the state until the Education Act fected by glaciation. From a geological perspective, the
(1872).[123] country has three main sub-divisions.
2.2 Climate 9

of a once much larger volcano. This area is relatively

low-lying, although even here hills such as the Ochils and
Campsie Fells are rarely far from view.
The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost 200
kilometres (124 mi) long, interspersed with broad valleys.
They lie south of a second fault line (the Southern Up-
lands fault) that runs from Girvan to Dunbar.[130][131][132]
The geological foundations largely comprise Silurian de-
posits laid down some 4500 million years ago. The
high point of the Southern Uplands is Merrick with
an elevation of 843 m (2,766 ft).[20][133][134][135] The
Southern Uplands is home to the UKs highest village,
Wanlockhead (430 m or 1,411 ft above sea level).[132]

2.2 Climate

Relief map of Scotland Tiree, one of the sunniest locations in Scotland

Main article: Climate of Scotland

The Highlands and Islands lie to the north and west of
the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and
Stonehaven. This part of Scotland largely comprises an- tends to be very changeable. As it is warmed by the Gulf
cient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian, which
Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but
were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. It is cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes,
interspersed with igneous intrusions of a more recent age,
such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow re-
remnants of which formed mountain massifs such as the gion in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the op-
Cairngorms and Skye Cuillins.
posite side of Eurasia. However, temperatures are gen-
A signicant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing erally lower than in the rest of the UK, with the coldest
beds of Old Red Sandstones found principally along the ever UK temperature of 27.2 C (17.0 F) recorded
Moray Firth coast. The Highlands are generally moun- at Braemar in the Grampian Mountains, on 11 February
tainous and the highest elevations in the British Isles are 1895.[136] Winter maxima average 6 C (42.8 F) in the
found here. Scotland has over 790 islands divided into Lowlands, with summer maxima averaging 18 C (64.4
four main groups: Shetland, Orkney, and the Inner He- F). The highest temperature recorded was 32.9 C (91.2
brides and Outer Hebrides. There are numerous bodies F) at Greycrook, Scottish Borders on 9 August 2003.[137]
of freshwater including Loch Lomond and Loch Ness. The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, ow-
Some parts of the coastline consist of machair, a low lying ing to the inuence of Atlantic ocean currents and the
dune pasture land. colder surface temperatures of the North Sea. Tiree, in
The Central Lowlands is a rift valley mainly comprising the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the
Paleozoic formations. Many of these sediments have eco- country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May
nomic signicance for it is here that the coal and iron 1975.[137] Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. The
bearing rocks that fuelled Scotlands industrial revolution western highlands of Scotland are the wettest, with an-
are found. This area has also experienced intense vol- nual rainfall in a few places exceeding 3,000 mm (118.1
canism, Arthurs Seat in Edinburgh being the remnant in).[138] In comparison, much of lowland Scotland re-
10
ceives less than 800 mm (31.5 in) annually.[139] Heavy
snowfall is not common in the lowlands, but becomes
more common with altitude. Braemar has an average of
59 snow days per year,[140] while many coastal areas av-
erage fewer than 10 days of lying snow per year.[139]
2.3 Flora and fauna
A mountain hare (Lepus timidus) in Findhorn Valley, May 2004
Main articles: Fauna of Scotland and Flora of Scotland
Scotlands wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe,
although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx,
brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinc-
tion in historic times. There are important populations of
seals and internationally signicant nesting grounds for a
variety of seabirds such as gannets.[141] The golden eagle
is something of a national icon.[142]
On the high mountain tops, species including ptarmigan, main inhabited. Currently, fewer than 90 remain inhab-
mountain hare and stoat can be seen in their white colour ited. The Southern Uplands are essentially rural[162][163] in na-
phase during winter months. [143]
Remnants of the na-
tive Scots pine forest exist[144] and within these areas the
Scottish crossbill, the UKs only endemic bird species and burgh, ve new towns were created between 1947 and
vertebrate, can be found alongside capercaillie, Scottish
wildcat, red squirrel and pine marten. [145][146][147]
Vari- Cumbernauld, and Irvine.
ous animals have been re-introduced, including the white-
tailed sea eagle in 1975, the red kite in the 1980s,[148][149]
and there have been experimental projects involving the
beaver and wild boar. Today, much of the remaining
native Caledonian Forest lies within the Cairngorms Na-
tional Park and remnants of the forest remain at 84 lo-
cations across Scotland. On the west coast, remnants of
ancient Celtic Rainforest still remain, particularly on the
Taynish peninsula in Argyll, these forests are particularly
rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout Scottish
history.[150][151]
The ora of the country is varied incorporating both
deciduous and coniferous woodland and moorland and
tundra species. However, large scale commercial tree
planting and the management of upland moorland habi-
tat for the grazing of sheep and commercial eld sport
activities impacts upon the distribution of indigenous
3 DEMOGRAPHICS
plants and animals.[152] The UKs tallest tree is a grand r
planted beside Loch Fyne, Argyll in the 1870s, and the
Fortingall Yew may be 5,000 years old and is probably
the oldest living thing in Europe.[153][154][155] Although
the number of native vascular plants is low by world stan-
dards, Scotlands substantial bryophyte ora is of global
importance.[156][157]
3 Demographics
Main article: Demography of Scotland
See also: Languages of Scotland, Religion in Scotland,
and Scottish people
The population of Scotland at the 2001 Census was
5,062,011. This rose to 5,295,400, the highest ever, at
the 2011 Census.[159]
In the 2011 Census, 62% of Scotlands population stated
their national identity as 'Scottish only', 18% as 'Scottish
and British', 8% as 'British only', and 4% chose 'other
identity only'.[160]
Although Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, the largest
city is Glasgow, which has just over 584,000 inhabitants.
The Greater Glasgow conurbation, with a population of
almost 1.2 million, is home to nearly a quarter of Scot-
lands population.[161] The Central Belt is where most of
the main towns and cities are located, including Glasgow,
Edinburgh, Dundee and Perth. Scotlands only major city
outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen.
In general, only the more accessible and larger islands re-
ture and dominated by agriculture and forestry.
Because of housing problems in Glasgow and Edin-
1966. They are East Kilbride, Glenrothes, Livingston,
[164]
Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Ed-
inburgh and Dundee small South Asian communities.[165]
In 2011, there were an estimated 49,000 ethnically Pak-
istani people living in Scotland, making them the largest
non-White ethnic group.[1] Since the Enlargement of the
European Union more people from Central and Eastern
Europe have moved to Scotland, and the 2011 census in-
dicated that 61,000 Poles live there.[1][166]
Scotland has three ocially recognised languages: En-
glish, Scots, and Scottish Gaelic.[167][168] Scottish Stan-
dard English, a variety of English as spoken in Scot-
land, is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum,
with broad Scots at the other.[169] Scottish Standard En-
glish may have been inuenced to varying degrees by
Scots.[170][171] The 2011 census indicated that 63% of
the population had no skills in Scots.[172] Others speak
Highland English. Gaelic is mostly spoken in the Western
 11

placement rate of 2.1 (the TFR was 1.73 in 2011[182] ).

Shetland Islands The majority of births are to unmarried women (51.3%
of births were outside of marriage in 2012[183] ).

Orkney Islands
Life expectancy for those born in Scotland between 2012
and 2014 is 77.1 years for males and 81.1 years for
females.[185] This is the lowest of any of the four countries
of the UK.[185]
Na h-Eileanan Siar

Moray 4 Religion
Highland
Aberdeenshire

Aberdeen City
Perth and Kinross
Angus Main article: Religion in Scotland
Stirling Just over half (54%) of the Scottish population reported
Cl
ac

Dundee City
te

km
Bu

Ea

an
ns.
&

na
s
tD
ll

n
rto
gy

s.
un
Ar

ba

ba
un

rt
D

on

Fife
W.

s
hir
e

Falkirk
e
lyd
erc
Inv

No
rth
La
na
ire

rks
sh

Ea
w

We
hir

Glasgow City
fre

City of Edinburgh
st
s
e

tL
n

Lot
Re

ot

h
hia

ian
n
No
rth
Ay

Ea
r
sh

st
ire

Re
n n
fre hia
w lot
sh
ire Mid
s
er
People/ km Bo
rd
h
South Lanarkshire ottis
Sc
9- 30
East Ayrshire
40 - 100
South Ayrshire
150 - 330
400 - 720 Galloway 100,000
Dumfries and
1,200 - 3,500 10,000

Iona Abbey, an early centre of Christianity in Scotland

Scotland population cartogram. The size of councils is in propor-
tion to their population. being a Christian while nearly 37% reported not having
a religion in a 2011 census.[186] Since the Scottish Ref-
ormation of 1560, the national church (the Church of
Scotland, also known as The Kirk) has been Protestant
Isles, where a large proportion of people still speak it; in classication and Reformed in theology. Since 1689 it
however, nationally its use is conned to just 1% of has had a Presbyterian system of church government, and
the population.[173] The number of Gaelic speakers in enjoys independence from the state.[20] Its membership is
Scotland dropped from 250,000 in 1881 to 60,000 in 398,389,[187] about 7.5% of the total population, though
2008.[174] according to the 2014 Scottish Annual Household Sur-
There are many more people with Scottish ancestry liv- vey, 27.8%, or 1.5 million adherents, identied Church of
ing abroad than the total population of Scotland. In the Scotland as their religion.[188] The Church operates a ter-
2000 Census, 9.2 million Americans self-reported some ritorial parish structure, with every community in Scot-
degree of Scottish descent.[175] Ulster's Protestant popu- land having a local congregation.
lation is mainly of lowland Scottish descent,[176] and it is
Scotland also has a signicant Roman Catholic pop-
estimated that there are more than 27 million descendantsulation, 19% professing that faith, particularly in the
of the Scots-Irish migration now living in the US.[177][178]
west.[189] After the Reformation, Roman Catholicism in
In Canada, the Scottish-Canadian community accounts Scotland continued in the Highlands and some western
for 4.7 million people.[179] About 20% of the original islands like Uist and Barra, and it was strengthened dur-
European settler population of New Zealand came from ing the 19th century by immigration from Ireland. Other
Scotland.[180] Christian denominations in Scotland include the Free
In August 2012, the Scottish population reached an all- Church of Scotland, and various other Presbyterian o-
time high of 5.25 million people.[181] The reasons given shoots. Scotlands third largest church is the Scottish
were that, in Scotland, births were outnumbering the Episcopal Church.[190]
number of deaths, and immigrants were moving to Scot- Islam is the largest non-Christian religion (estimated
land from overseas. In 2011, 43,700 people moved at around 75,000, which is about 1.4% of the
from Wales, Northern Ireland or England to live in population),[186][191] and there are also signicant Jewish,
Scotland.[181] Hindu and Sikh communities, especially in Glasgow.[191]
The total fertility rate (TFR) in Scotland is below the re- The Samy Ling monastery near Eskdalemuir, which cel-
12 5 POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

ebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, is the rst Buddhist tish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh since 1999.
monastery in western Europe.[192] The UK Parliament retains control over reserved mat-
ters specied in the Scotland Act 1998, including UK
taxes, social security, defence, international relations and
5 Politics and government broadcasting.[195] The Scottish Parliament has legislative
authority for all other areas relating to Scotland. It ini-
tially had only a limited power to vary income tax,[196]
Main articles: Politics of Scotland, Scottish Parliament, but powers over taxation and social security were sig-
and Scottish Government nicantly expanded by the Scotland Acts of 2012 and
Scotlands head of state is the monarch of the United 2016.[197]

The Scottish Parliament can give legislative consent over

devolved matters back to the UK Parliament by passing
a Legislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide
legislation is considered more appropriate for a certain is-
sue. The programmes of legislation enacted by the Scot-
tish Parliament have seen a divergence in the provision
of public services compared to the rest of the UK. For
instance, university education and care services for the
elderly are free at point of use in Scotland, while fees are
paid in the rest of the UK. Scotland was the rst country
in the UK to ban smoking in enclosed public places.[198]

Queen Elizabeth II attending the Scottish Parliament in 2011. The

Duke of Hamilton acts as Hereditary Bearer of the Crown of
Scotland.

Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952).

The regnal numbering Elizabeth II caused controversy
around the time of the Queens coronation because there
had never been an Elizabeth I in Scotland. A legal ac-
tion, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396),
was brought to contest the right of the Queen to enti-
tle herself Elizabeth II within Scotland, arguing that this
was a breach of Article 1 of the Treaty of Union. The
Crown won the case. It was decided that future British
monarchs would be numbered according to either their
English or their Scottish predecessors, whichever number
is higher.[193] For instance any future King James would
be styled James VIIIsince the last Scottish King James
was James VII (also James II of England, etc.)while
the next King Henry would be King Henry IX throughout
the UK even though there have been no Scottish kings of
that name.
The monarchy of the United Kingdom continues to use a
variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of state-
hood specic to pre-union Scotland, including: the Royal
Standard of Scotland, the Royal coat of arms used in
Scotland together with its associated Royal Standard,
royal titles including that of Duke of Rothesay, certain
Great Ocers of State, the chivalric Order of the This-
tle and, since 1999, reinstating a ceremonial role for the
Crown of Scotland after a 292-year hiatus.[194]
Scotland has limited self-government within the United
Kingdom, as well as representation in the UK Parlia-
ment. Executive and legislative powers respectively have
been devolved to the Scottish Government and the Scot-
Nicola Sturgeon, current First Minister of Scotland, meeting then-
United States Deputy Secretary of State, Tony Blinken, in 2015
The Scottish Parliament is a unicameral legislature with
129 members (MSPs): 73 of them represent individual
constituencies and are elected on a rst past the post sys-
tem; the other 56 are elected in eight dierent electoral
regions by the additional member system. MSPs serve for
a four-year period (exceptionally ve years from 2011
16). The Parliament nominates one of its Members, who
is then appointed by the Monarch to serve as First Min-
ister. Other ministers are appointed by the First Minister
and serve at his/her discretion. Together they make up the
Scottish Government, the executive arm of the devolved
government.[199] The Scottish Government is headed by
the First Minister, who is accountable to the Scottish Par-
liament and is the minister of charge of the Scottish Gov-
ernment. The First Minister is also the political leader of
Scotland. The Scottish Government also comprises the
Deputy First Minister, currently John Swinney MSP, who
deputises for the First Minister during a period of absence
of overseas visits. Alongside the Deputy First Minis-
ters requirements as Deputy, the minister also has a cab-
5.2 Administrative subdivisions 13

inet ministerial responsibility. Swinney is also currently Scottish independence, was rst elected to form the Scot-
Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills.[200] The Scot- tish Government in 2007. The new government estab-
tish Governments cabinet comprises nine cabinet secre- lished a "National Conversation" on constitutional is-
taries, who form the Cabinet of Scotland. There are also sues, proposing a number of options such as increasing
twelve other ministers, who work alongside the cabinet the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism, or a
secretaries in their appointed areas.[201] As a result, ju- referendum on Scottish independence from the United
nior ministers do not attend cabinet meetings. Kingdom. In rejecting the last option, the three main
In the 2016 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP) opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament created a
commission to investigate the distribution of powers be-
won 63 of the 129 seats available. Nicola Sturgeon,
the leader of the SNP, has been the First Minister since tween devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies.[205] The
Scotland Act 2012, based on proposals by the commis-
November 2014. The Conservative Party became the
largest opposition party in the 2016 elections, with the sion, was subsequently enacted devolving additional pow-
ers to the Scottish Parliament.[206]
Labour Party, Liberal Democrats and the Green Party
also represented in the Parliament. The next Scottish Par- In August 2009 the SNP proposed a bill to hold a ref-
liament election is due to be held on 6 May 2021. erendum on independence in November 2010. Oppo-
Scotland is represented in the British House of Com- sition from all other major parties led to an expected
[207][208][209]
mons by 59 MPs elected from territory-based Scottish defeat. After the 2011 elections gave the
constituencies. In the 2015 general election, the Scottish SNP an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, a
National Party won 56 of the 59 seats and saw elected referendum on independence for Scotland was held on
[210]
the youngest current member of the House of Com- 18 September 2014. The referendum rejected in-
mons, Mhairi Black. [202]
The next United Kingdom gen- dependence by a majority of 55.3% to 44.7%.[211][212]
eral election is scheduled for 8 June 2017. The Scotland During the campaign, the three main parties in the UK
Oce represents the UK government in Scotland on re- Parliament [213][214]
pledged to extend the powers of the Scottish
served matters and represents Scottish interests within the Parliament. An all-party commission chaired by
UK government. [203]
The Scotland Oce is led by the Lord Smith of Kelvin was formed,[214] which led to a fur-
Secretary of State for Scotland, who sits in the Cabinet of ther devolution of powers through the Scotland Act 2016.
the United Kingdom; the incumbent is David Mundell. Following the referendum on the UKs membership of
the European Union on 23 June 2016, where a UK-wide
majority voted to withdraw from the EU whilst a major-
5.1 Constitutional changes ity within Scotland voted to remain, Scotlands First Min-
ister, Nicola Sturgeon, announced that as a result a new
independence referendum was highly likely.[215][216]

5.2 Administrative subdivisions

Main article: Subdivisions of Scotland
Historical subdivisions of Scotland included the

The debating chamber within the Scottish Parliament Building

A policy of devolution had been advocated by the three

main UK parties with varying enthusiasm during recent
history. A previous Labour leader. John Smith, de-
scribed the revival of a Scottish parliament as the set-
tled will of the Scottish people.[204] The devolved Scot-
tish Parliament was created after a referendum in 1997
found majority support for both creating the Parliament Glasgow City Chambers, seat of Glasgow City Council
and granting it limited powers to vary income tax. The
constitutional status of Scotland is nonetheless subject to mormaerdom, stewartry, earldom, burgh, parish, county
ongoing debate. and regions and districts. Some of these names are still
The Scottish National Party (SNP), which supports sometimes used as geographical descriptors.
14 6 LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending Wales.[221] Prior to 1611, there were several regional law
on the purpose. In local government, there have been 32 systems in Scotland, most notably Udal law in Orkney and
single-tier council areas since 1996,[217] whose councils Shetland, based on old Norse law. Various other systems
are responsible for the provision of all local government derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws survived in
services. Community councils are informal organisations the Highlands until the 1800s.[222]
that represent specic sub-divisions of a council area. Scots law provides for three types of courts responsi-
In the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 constituencies andble for the administration of justice: civil, criminal and
eight regions. For the Parliament of the United King- heraldic. The supreme civil court is the Court of Ses-
dom, there are 59 constituencies. Until 2013, the Scot- sion, although civil appeals can be taken to the Supreme
tish re brigades and police forces were based on a system Court of the United Kingdom (or before 1 October 2009,
of regions introduced in 1975. For healthcare and postal the House of Lords). The High Court of Justiciary is the
districts, and a number of other governmental and non- supreme criminal court in Scotland. The Court of Ses-
governmental organisations such as the churches, there sion is housed at Parliament House, in Edinburgh, which
are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland was the home of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland
for the purposes of administration. with the High Court of Justiciary and the Supreme Court
City status in the United Kingdom is conferred by letters of Appeal currently located at the Lawnmarket. The
patent.[218] There are seven cities in Scotland: Aberdeen, sheri court is the main criminal and civil court, hear-
Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Stirling and ing most cases. [223]
There are 49 sheri courts throughout
Perth.[219] the country. District courts were introduced in 1975
for minor oences and small claims. These were gradu-
ally replaced by Justice of the Peace Courts from 2008 to
2010. The Court of the Lord Lyon regulates heraldry.
6 Law and criminal justice
For many decades the Scots legal system was unique for
being the only legal system without a parliament. This
Main article: Scots law
ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament, which
Scots law has a basis derived from Roman law,[220] com-
legislates for Scotland. Many features within the system
have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots le-
gal system is unique in having three possible verdicts:
guilty, not guilty and "not proven".[224] Both not
guilty and not proven result in an acquittal, typically
with no possibility of retrial in accordance with the rule
of double jeopardy. There is however the possibility of
a retrial where new evidence emerges at a later date that
might have proven conclusive in the earlier trial at rst
instance, where the person acquitted subsequently admits
the oence or where it can be proved that the acquittal
was tainted by an attempt to pervert the course of jus-
tice see the provisions of the Double Jeopardy (Scot-
land) Act 2011. Many laws dier between Scotland and
the other parts of the United Kingdom, and many terms
dier for certain legal concepts. Manslaughter, in Eng-
land and Wales, is broadly similar to culpable homicide
in Scotland, and arson is called wilful re raising. Indeed,
some acts considered crimes in England and Wales, such
as forgery, are not so in Scotland. Procedure also dif-
fers. Scots juries, sitting in criminal cases, consist of f-
teen jurors, which is three more than is typical in many
countries.[225]
The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) manages the pris-
ons in Scotland, which collectively house over 8,500
High Court of Justiciary, Edinburgh prisoners.[226] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is re-
sponsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scot-
bining features of both uncodied civil law, dating back tish Government.
to the Corpus Juris Civilis, and common law with medieval
sources. The terms of the Treaty of Union with England
in 1707 guaranteed the continued existence of a sepa-
rate legal system in Scotland from that of England and

7 Health care
Main article: Healthcare in Scotland
Healthcare in Scotland is mainly provided by NHS
NHS Scotland's Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow
Scotland, Scotlands public health care system. This
was founded by the National Health Service (Scotland)
Act 1947 (later repealed by the National Health Service
(Scotland) Act 1978) that took eect on 5 July 1948
to coincide with the launch of the NHS in England and
Wales. However, even prior to 1948, half of Scotlands
landmass was already covered by state funded health
care, provided by the Highlands and Islands Medical Ser-
vice.[227] Healthcare policy and funding is the responsi-
bility of the Scottish Governments Health Directorates.
The current Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing
is Alex Neil and the Director-General (DG) Health and
chief executive, NHS Scotland is Paul Gray.[228]
In 2008, the NHS in Scotland had around 158,000 sta
including more than 47,500 nurses, midwives and health
visitors and over 3,800 consultants. In addition, there
are also more than 12,000 doctors, family practitioners
and allied health professionals, including dentists, opti-
cians and community pharmacists, who operate as inde-
pendent contractors providing a range of services within
the NHS in return for fees and allowances. These fees
and allowances were removed in May 2010, and pre-
scriptions are entirely free, although dentists and opti-
cians may charge if the patients household earns over a
certain amount, about 30,000 per annum.[229]
8 Economy
Main article: Economy of Scotland
The Economy of Scotland had an estimated nominal
gross domestic product (GDP) of up to 152 billion in
2015. In 2014, Scotlands per capita GDP was one of the
highest in the EU.[230] Scotland has a Western-style open
mixed economy closely linked with the rest of the UK
and the wider world. Traditionally, the Scottish economy Scotlands shipbuilding industry produces world-class ships, in-
has been dominated by heavy industry underpinned by cluding Queen Elizabeth 2 (pictured).
shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and steel industries.
Petroleum related industries associated with the extrac- Edinburgh is the nancial services centre of Scotland,
15
A drilling rig located in the North Sea
tion of North Sea oil have also been important employers
from the 1970s, especially in the north-east of Scotland.
In February 2012, the Centre for Economics and Busi-
ness Research concluded that Scotland receives no net
subsidy from the UK, as greater per capita tax gener-
ation in Scotland balanced out greater per capita public
spending.[231] More recent data, from 201213, show that
Scotland generated 9.1% (53.1bn; this included a geo-
graphical share of North Sea oil revenue without it, the
gures were 8.2% and 47.6bn) of the UKs tax revenues
and received 9.3% (65.2bn) of spending.[232] Scotlands
public spending decit in 201213 was 12bn, a 3.5bn
increase on the previous year; over the same period, the
UKs decit decreased by 2.6bn.[233] Over the past thirty
years, Scotland contributed a relative budget surplus of
almost 20billion to the UK economy.[234]
In the nal quarter of 2016, the Scottish economy con-
tracted by 0.2%;[235] the UK as a whole grew by 0.7% in
the same period.[236] As of September 2015, the Scot-
tish unemployment rate of 5.9% was above the UK
rate of 5.5%, while the Scottish employment rate of
74.0% was higher than the UK gure of 73.5%.[237]
De-industrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw a
shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more service-
oriented economy.
16
with many large nance rms based there, including: 9 Military
Lloyds Banking Group (owners of HBOS); the Govern-
ment owned Royal Bank of Scotland and Standard Life. Main article: Military of Scotland
Edinburgh was ranked 15th in the list of world nancial Of the money spent on UK defence, about 3.3 billion
centres in 2007, but fell to 37th in 2012, following dam-
age to its reputation,[238] and in 2016 was ranked 56th out
of 86.[239]
In 2014, total Scottish exports (excluding intra-UK trade)
were estimated to be 27.5 billion.[240] Scotlands pri-
mary exports include whisky, electronics and nancial
services.[241] The United States, Netherlands, Germany,
France and Norway constitute the countrys major export
markets.[241] Scotlands Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
including oil and gas produced in Scottish waters, was es-
timated at 150 billion for the calendar year 2012.[8] If
Scotland became independent, it would hold 95% of the
UKs current oil and gas reserves if they were split geo-
graphically using a median line from the English-Scottish
border. If the reserves were split by population, that g-
ure would be reduced to 9%.[242]
Whisky is one of Scotlands more known goods of
economic activity. Exports increased by 87% in the
decade to 2012[243] and were valued at 4.3 billion in
2013, which was 85% of Scotlands food and drink
exports.[244] It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and
25,000 indirectly.[245] It may contribute 400682 mil-
lion to Scotland, rather than several billion pounds, as
more than 80% of whisky produced is owned by non-
Scottish companies.[246]
A brieng published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament
Information Centre (SPICe) for the Scottish Parliaments
Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee stated that
tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7.5% of
employment.[247]
8.1 Currency
A 100 Sterling RBS note
Main article: Banknotes of the pound sterling Scotland
Although the Bank of England is the central bank for
the UK, three Scottish clearing banks issue Sterling
banknotes: the Bank of Scotland; the Royal Bank of
Scotland; and the Clydesdale Bank. The value of the
Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 was 3.8 bil-
lion; underwritten by the Bank of England using funds
deposited by each clearing bank, under the Banking Act,
(2009), in order to cover the total value of such notes in
circulation.[248]
10 EDUCATION
A Challenger 2 main battle tank of the Royal Scots Dragoon
Guards
can be attributed to Scotland as of 2013. Although Scot-
land has a long military tradition predating the Treaty
of Union with England, its armed forces now form part
of the British Armed Forces, with the exception of the
Atholl Highlanders, Europes only legal private army. In
2006, the infantry regiments of the Scottish Division
were amalgamated to form the Royal Regiment of Scot-
land. Other distinctively Scottish regiments in the British
Army include the Scots Guards, the Royal Scots Dragoon
Guards and the 154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, an Army
Reserve Regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps.
Because of their topography and perceived remoteness,
parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence
establishments.[249][250][251] Between 1960 and 1991, the
Holy Loch was a base for the US eet of Polaris ballistic
missile submarines.[252] Today, Her Majestys Naval Base
Clyde, 25 miles (40 kilometres) north-west of Glasgow,
is the base for the four Trident-armed Vanguard class
ballistic missile submarines that comprise the UKs nu-
clear deterrent. Scapa Flow was the major Fleet base for
the Royal Navy until 1956.
A single front-line Royal Air Force base is located
in Scotland. RAF Lossiemouth, located in Moray,
is the most northerly air defence ghter base in the
United Kingdom and is home to three fast-jet squadrons
equipped with the Euroghter Typhoon.
10 Education
Main article: Education in Scotland
The Scottish education system is distinct from the rest of
the United Kingdom. The "Curriculum for Excellence"
provides the curricular framework for children and young
people from age 3 to 18.[253] All 3- and 4-year-old chil-
dren in Scotland are entitled to a free nursery place. For-
mal primary education begins at approximately 5 years
old and lasts for 7 years (P1P7); children in Scotland

University of the West of Scotland, Ayr Campus
study Standard Grades, or Intermediate qualications be-
tween the ages of 14 and 16. These are being phased
out and replaced by the National Qualications of the
Curriculum for Excellence. The school leaving age is
16, after which students may choose to remain at school
and study for Access, Intermediate or Higher Grade and
Advanced Higher qualications. A small number of stu-
dents at certain private, independent schools may follow
the English system and study towards GCSEs and A and
AS-Levels instead.[254]
There are fteen Scottish universities, some of which are
amongst the oldest in the world.[255][256] These include
the University of St Andrews, the University of Glasgow,
the University of Aberdeen and the University of Edin-
burghmany of which are ranked amongst the best in the
UK.[257][258] Proportionally, Scotland had more universi-
ties in QS' World University Rankings top 100 in 2012
than any other nation.[259] The country produces 1% of
the worlds published research with less than 0.1% of the
worlds population, and higher education institutions ac-
count for 9% of Scotlands service sector exports.[260][261]
Scotlands University Courts are the only bodies in Scot-
land authorised to award degrees.
Tuition is handled by the Student Awards Agency Scot-
land (SAAS), which does not charge fees to what it de-
nes as Young Students. Young Students are dened
as those under 25, without children, marriage, civil part-
nership or cohabiting partner, who have not been outside
of full-time education for more than three years. Fees
exist for those outside the young student denition, typ-
ically from 1,200 to 1,800 for undergraduate courses,
dependent on year of application and type of qualica-
tion. Postgraduate fees can be up to 3,400.[262] The sys-
tem has been in place since 2007 when graduate endow-
ments were abolished.[263] Labours education spokesper-
son Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for fail-
ing to address student poverty.[264] Scotland has fewer
disadvantaged students than England, Wales or Northern
Ireland and disadvantaged students receive around 560
a year less in nancial support than their counterparts in
17
England do.[265]
Scotlands universities are complemented in the provision
of Further and Higher Education by 43 Colleges. Col-
leges oer National Certicates, Higher National Cer-
ticates and Higher National Diplomas. These Group
Awards, alongside Scottish Vocational Qualications,
aim to ensure Scotlands population has the appropri-
ate skills and knowledge to meet workplace needs. In
2014, research reported by the Oce for National Statis-
tics found that Scotland was the most highly educated
country in Europe and among the most well-educated in
the world in terms of tertiary education attainment, with
roughly 40% of people in Scotland aged 1664 educated
to NVQ level 4 and above.[266] Based on the original data
for EU statistical regions, all four Scottish regions ranked
signicantly above the European average for completion
of tertiary-level education by 25- to 64-year-olds.[267]
11 Culture
Main articles: Culture of Scotland and National symbols
of Scotland
See also: Scottish people, Music of Scotland, Scottish
literature, Scottish art, Media of Scotland, and Scottish
cuisine
Scottish music is a signicant aspect of the nations cul-
ture, with both traditional and modern inuences. A fa-
mous traditional Scottish instrument is the Great High-
land Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three
drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are
fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. Bagpipe
bands, featuring bagpipes and various types of drums,
and showcasing Scottish music styles while creating new
ones, have spread throughout the world. The clrsach
(harp), ddle and accordion are also traditional Scottish
instruments, the latter two heavily featured in Scottish
country dance bands. There are many successful Scot-
tish bands and individual artists in varying styles includ-
ing Annie Lennox, Amy Macdonald, Runrig, Boards of
Canada, Cocteau Twins, Deacon Blue, Franz Ferdinand,
Susan Boyle, Emeli Sand, Texas, The View, The Fratel-
lis, Twin Atlantic and Biy Clyro. Other Scottish mu-
sicians include Shirley Manson, Paolo Nutini and Calvin
Harris.[268]
Scotland has a literary heritage dating back to the early
Middle Ages. The earliest extant literature composed
in what is now Scotland was in Brythonic speech in
the 6th century, but is preserved as part of Welsh lit-
erature.[269] Later medieval literature included works in
Latin,[270] Gaelic,[271] Old English[272] and French.[273]
The rst surviving major text in Early Scots is the 14th-
century poet John Barbour's epic Brus, focusing on the
life of Robert I,[274] and was soon followed by a se-
ries of vernacular romances and prose works.[275] In the
16th century the crowns patronage helped the develop-
ment of Scots drama and poetry,[276] but the accession of
18
A Pipe Major playing the Great Highland Bagpipe
James VI to the English throne removed a major centre
of literary patronage and Scots was sidelined as a liter-
ary language.[277] Interest in Scots literature was revived
in the 18th century by gures including James Macpher-
son, whose Ossian Cycle made him the rst Scottish
poet to gain an international reputation and was a ma-
jor inuence on the European Enlightenment.[278] It was
also a major inuence on Robert Burns, whom many
consider the national poet,[279] and Walter Scott, whose
Waverley Novels did much to dene Scottish identity in
the 19th century.[280] Towards the end of the Victorian
era a number of Scottish-born authors achieved interna-
11 CULTURE
tional reputations as writers in English, including Robert
Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie and
George MacDonald.[281] In the 20th century the Scottish
Renaissance saw a surge of literary activity and attempts
to reclaim the Scots language as a medium for serious
literature.[282] Members of the movement were followed
by a new generation of post-war poets including Edwin
Morgan, who would be appointed the rst Scots Makar
by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004.[283] From
the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major re-
vival, particularly associated with a group of writers in-
cluding Irvine Welsh.[282] Scottish poets who emerged in
the same period included Carol Ann Duy, who, in May
2009, was the rst Scot named UK Poet Laureate.[284]
As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland and Scottish cul-
ture is represented at interceltic events at home and
over the world. Scotland hosts several music festi-
vals including Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the
Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway). Festivals cele-
brating Celtic culture, such as Festival Interceltique de
Lorient (Brittany), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), and
the National Celtic Festival (Portarlington, Australia),
feature elements of Scottish culture such as language, mu-
sic and dance.[285][286][287][288][289][290][291]
Saint Andrew depicted on a 16th-century coat of arms of the
burgh of St. Andrews
The image of St. Andrew, martyred while bound to an
X-shaped cross, rst appeared in the Kingdom of Scot-
land during the reign of William I.[292] Following the
death of King Alexander III in 1286 an image of An-
drew was used on the seal of the Guardians of Scotland
 19

who assumed control of the kingdom during the subse-

quent interregnum.[293] Use of a simplied symbol asso-
ciated with Saint Andrew, the saltire, has its origins in the
late 14th century; the Parliament of Scotland decreeing
in 1385 that Scottish soldiers should wear a white Saint
Andrews Cross on the front and back of their tunics.[294]
Use of a blue background for the Saint Andrews Cross
is said to date from at least the 15th century.[295] Since
1606 the saltire has also formed part of the design of the
Union Flag. There are numerous other symbols and sym-
bolic artefacts, both ocial and unocial, including the
thistle, the nations oral emblem (celebrated in the song,
The Thistle o' Scotland), the Declaration of Arbroath, in-
corporating a statement of political independence made
on 6 April 1320, the textile pattern tartan that often signi-
es a particular Scottish clan and the royal Lion Rampant
ag.[296][297][298] Highlanders can thank James Graham,
3rd Duke of Montrose, for the repeal in 1782 of the Act
of 1747 prohibiting the wearing of tartans.[299]
Although there is no ocial national anthem of Scot-
land,[300] Flower of Scotland is played on special oc-
casions and sporting events such as football and rugby
matches involving the Scotland national teams and since
2010 is also played at the Commonwealth Games af-
ter it was voted the overwhelming favourite by partici-
pating Scottish athletes.[301] Other currently less popular Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the rst working
television system on 26 January 1926.[304]
candidates for the National Anthem of Scotland include
Scotland the Brave, Highland Cathedral, Scots Wha Hae
and A Mans A Man for A' That. tries. Scottish entrants have won many awards since the
[306]
St Andrews Day, 30 November, is the national day, al- festival began in 1980.
though Burns Night tends to be more widely observed, Television in Scotland is largely the same as UK-wide
particularly outside Scotland. In 2006, the Scottish broadcasts, however the national broadcaster is BBC
Parliament passed the St. Andrews Day Bank Holi- Scotland, a constituent part of the British Broadcast-
day (Scotland) Act 2007, designating the day an ocial ing Corporation, the publicly funded broadcaster of the
bank holiday.[302] Tartan Day is a recent innovation from United Kingdom. It runs three national television sta-
Canada. tions, and the national radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland
The national animal of Scotland is the unicorn, which and BBC Radio nan Gaidheal, amongst others. Scotland
has been a Scottish heraldic symbol since the 12th also has some programming in the Gaelic language. BBC
century.[303] Alba is the national Gaelic-language channel. The main
Scottish commercial television station is STV.

11.1 Cuisine
13 Sport
Irn-Bru is the most common Scottish carbonated soft
drink, often described as Scotlands other national
Main article: Sport in Scotland
drink (after whisky).
Scotland hosts its own national sporting competitions
and has independent representation at several interna-
tional sporting events, including the FIFA World Cup,
12 Media the Rugby Union World Cup, the Rugby League World
Cup, the Cricket World Cup, the Netball World Cup and
National newspapers such as the Daily Record, The Her- the Commonwealth Games. Scotland has its own national
ald, and The Scotsman are all produced in Scotland.[305] governing bodies, such as the Scottish Football Associa-
Important regional dailies include the Evening News in tion (the second oldest national football association in the
Edinburgh The Courier in Dundee in the east, and The world)[307] and the Scottish Rugby Union. Variations of
Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north.[305] football have been played in Scotland for centuries, with
Scotland is represented at the Celtic Media Festival, the earliest reference dating back to 1424.[308] Associa-
which showcases lm and television from the Celtic coun- tion football is the most popular sport and the Scottish
20 14 INFRASTRUCTURE

The Old Course at St Andrews Bilingual (Gaelic/English) roadsigns are found throughout the
Highlands and the Hebrides.

Cup is the worlds oldest national trophy.[309]

14.2 Road
Scotland contested the rst ever international football
game in 1872 against England.[310] The match took place The Scottish motorways and major trunk roads are man-
at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, home of the West of aged by Transport Scotland. The remainder of the road
Scotland Cricket Club. Scottish clubs have been suc- network is managed by the Scottish local authorities in
cessful in European competitions with Celtic winning the each of their areas.
European Cup in 1967, Rangers and Aberdeen winning
the UEFA Cup Winners Cup in 1972 and 1983 respec-
tively, and Aberdeen also winning the UEFA Super Cup 14.3 Air
in 1983.
With the modern game of golf originating in 15th cen- Scotland has ve main international airports (Glasgow,
tury Scotland, the country is promoted as the home of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Glasgow Prestwick and
golf.[311][312][313] To many golfers the Old Course in the Inverness), which together serve 150 international
Fife town of St. Andrews, an ancient links course dat- destinations with a wide variety of scheduled and
ing to before 1574, is considered a site of pilgrimage.[314] chartered ights.[319] GIP operates Edinburgh airport
In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at and BAA operates (Aberdeen and Glasgow Interna-
St Andrews when members modied the course from 22 tional), while Highland and Islands Airports operates 11
to 18 holes.[315] The worlds oldest golf tournament, and regional airports, including Inverness, which serve the
golfs rst major, is The Open Championship, which was more remote locations.[320] The Scottish Government
rst played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, owns Glasgow Prestwick, having purchased the airport
in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the from Infratil for a nominal sum.[321]
earliest majors.[316] There are many other famous golf
courses in Scotland, including Carnoustie, Gleneagles,
14.4 Rail
Muireld, and Royal Troon. Other distinctive features of
the national sporting culture include the Highland games,
curling and shinty. In boxing, Scotland has had 13 world
champions, including Ken Buchanan, Benny Lynch and
Jim Watt.
Scotland has competed at every Commonwealth Games
since 1930 and has won 356 medals in total91 Gold,
104 Silver and 161 Bronze.[317] Edinburgh played host to
the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1986, and most
recently Glasgow in 2014.[318]

14 Infrastructure
Domestic rail services are operated by Abellio ScotRail.
14.1 Transport
Network Rail Infrastructure Limited owns and oper-
Main article: Transport in Scotland ates the xed infrastructure assets of the railway sys-
tem in Scotland, while the Scottish Government retains
 21

overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in operate a freight-only service from Rosyth, near Edin-
Scotland.[322] Scotlands rail network has around 350 rail- burgh, to Zeebrugge, Belgium.
way stations and 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of track. Additional routes are operated by local authorities.
Over 89.3 million passenger journeys are made each
year.[323]
The East Coast and West Coast main railway lines con- 15 See also
nect the major cities and towns of Scotland with each
other and with the rail network in England. Virgin Celtic languages
Trains provides inter-city rail journeys between Glasgow,
Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Inverness to London. Domes- Celts
tic rail services within Scotland are operated by ScotRail.
During the time of British Rail the West Coast Main Line Ethnic groups in Europe
from London Euston to Glasgow Central was electried Outline of Scotland
in the early 1970s, followed by the East Coast Main Line
in the late 1980s. British Rail created the ScotRail brand.
When British Rail existed, many railway lines in Strath-
clyde were electried. Strathclyde Passenger Transport
16 Notes
Executive was at the forefront with the acclaimed largest
electried rail network outside London. Some parts of 17 References
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18 Further reading
Devine, T. M. [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation
17002000 (New Ed. edition). London:Penguin.
ISBN 0-14-023004-1
Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. Dictionary of
Scottish History. (2001). 384 pp.
Keay, John, and Julia Keay. Collins Encyclopedia
of Scotland (2nd ed. 2001), 1101pp; 4000 articles;
emphasis on history
Koch, J. T. Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia
(ABC-CLIO, 2006), ISBN 1-85109-440-7, 999pp
19 EXTERNAL LINKS
Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. The Illustrated
History of Scotland (2004) excerpt and text search
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Invention of Scotland:
Myth and History, Yale, 2008, ISBN 0-300-13686-2
Watson, Fiona, Scotland; From Prehistory to the
Present. Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.
Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Scotland (2013) excerpt
and text search
Wormald, Jenny, The New History of Scotland
(2005) excerpt and text search
18.1 Specialized monographs
Brown, Dauvit, (1999) Anglo-French acculturation
and the Irish element in Scottish Identity in Smith,
Brendan (ed.), Insular Responses to Medieval Eu-
ropean Change, Cambridge University Press, pp.
13553
Brown, Michael (2004) The Wars of Scotland,
12141371, Edinburgh University Press., pp. 157
254
Dumville, David N. (2001). St Cathre of Metz
and the Hagiography of Exoticism. Irish Hagiog-
raphy: Saints and Scholars. Dublin: Four Courts
Press. pp. 172176. ISBN 978-1-85182-486-1.
Flom, George Tobias. Scandinavian inuence on
Southern Lowland Scotch. A Contribution to the
Study of the Linguistic Relations of English and Scan-
dinavian (Columbia University Press, New York.
1900)
Herbert, Maire (2000). R renn, R Alban, king-
ship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries.
In Simon Taylor (ed.). Kings, Clerics and Chronicles
in Scotland, 5001297. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
pp. 6372. ISBN 1-85182-516-9.
MacLeod, Wilson (2004) Divided Gaels: Gaelic
Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland: c.1200
1650. Oxford University Press.
Pope, Robert (ed.), Religion and National Identity:
Wales and Scotland, c.17002000 (University of
Wales Press, 2001)
Sharp, L. W. The Expansion of the English Lan-
guage in Scotland, (Cambridge University PhD the-
sis, 1927), pp. 102325;
19 External links
Visit Scotland, ocial site of Scotlands national
tourist board.
 31

Maps and digital collections at the National Library

of Scotland.
National Archives of Scotland, ocial site of the
National Archives of Scotland.
Scotland at DMOZ

Scottish Census Results On Line, ocial govern-

ment site for Scotlands census results.

Scottish economic statistics from the Scottish Gov-

ernment.

Scottish Government, ocial site of the Scottish

Government.

Scotland.org, the ocial online gateway to Scotland

managed by the Scottish Government.
Scottish Parliament, ocial site of the Scottish Par-
liament.
ScotlandsPeople, ocial government resource for
Scottish genealogy.
statistics.gov.scot, open access to a range of ocial
statistics about Scotland including small area statis-
tics.

Gazetteer for Scotland, an extensive guide to the

places and people of Scotland by the Royal Scottish
Geographical Society and University of Edinburgh.
Streets of Scotland, photos from Scotlands streets.

Geographic data related to Scotland at

OpenStreetMap
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20 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

20.1 Text
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cumanus, Smjg, Marnanel, Dtaylor1984, Daniel Nagy, Wonder al, Nadavspi, Netoholic, Lethe, Tom harrison, Wighson, Meursault2004,
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Sleigh, SteinbDJ, Alai, Inge, Yurivict, Paulcoyne, RyanGerbil10, Brookie, A D Monroe III, Zntrip, Ab2525, Pcpcpc, Stemonitis, Angr,
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domonas, Akhristov, UKWiki, Wimt, Gillean666, Gustavb, Finbarr Saunders, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Tgsh2005, Wiki alf, Calsicol, As-
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Mitchattitude, QTCaptain, Catchpole, Bjmullan, Jordanhurley, Master of Puppets, Snori, PrimeHunter, MalafayaBot, Silly rabbit, Midg-
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20.1 Text 33

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Ksloneberry, CelticBot, Sainttam, Blk2006, The Almightey Drill, Cris7d, Hamish1000, Edk1991, Bryccan, GaryMacleod6, Bokman-
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Lolsmall, Adamlewis157, MaybeU1242, Henward123, BattyBot, TheGloryyDayss, NotMiserable, Ablevive, BoardAndBasis183, Vsc12,
JFerrell007, SlowerTrac13, HueSatLum, Pratyya Ghosh, Kavin nash, MahdiBot, Mdann52, IkbenFrank, Swctg, Cyberbot II, Chie one,
ChrisGualtieri, AZERIHA, Badmac999, AreYouDogginMathsNo, Garamond Lethe, SD5bot, Khazar2, Uglymanity23, Brythones, Scotire,
JYBot, Megasean0, Khimaris, AutomaticStrikeout, E4024, Dexbot, PadmaPhala, HiddenViper13, Reverend Mick man34, TheFoxand-
Moon, Webclient101, Zcbeaton, EndableAble, Jackthepenguin, Mlpearc Phone, Ilovemusicforever, Mntbat, Tulumino, DozenNovelCor23,
PicklesSteven, Miles Creagh, Bluebasket, Samir210, Graham.webb1, Yopogono, Irenaeus7, Transformerbob, Jumpingwhiskers, Elevator-
railfan, Birdyisthewordy, Corn cheese, Telfordbuck, HipsterBoys, JustAMuggle, Jonty Monty, Peter Ronaldson, Csda88, QatarStarsLeague,
20.2 Images 35

Beloki, Mark6597, Metacrias, Over To the Next Lane, Andrewatrandom, Dude23456, Goldromans, AshFR, Carl ich bin cool, NiklawskiM-
STM, CsDix, Slow1It2Down, Bored9999, Rob984, Brandoncoo, EddieHugh, Franois Robere, Wallaceistheman, Inglok, Wowsssowss,
NJRobbie, The Anonybot, MatthewLaw1, Soredo, The Horn Blower, M Whyte27, Cubeb, PinkAechFas, DavidLeighEllis, Zonezin-
Zonesz, AgainAging65, Goathound, Paulolindo, Jalba51, Essorlove34, Hold Me 135 Together, Zenibus, Lewislewi123, Trollface181, Sam-
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iJuggernaut, Thewarzone56, Aarongaming100, ProKro, GreigBrown, MustDotEveryi, Babycakes691, Azertopius, Fornever700, Samantha-
PuckettIndo, Impsswoon, Iain clarke123, Empire of War, Abgar eabe ghu, Monkbot, The Clyde Valley, Piperboy9, SkateTier, Wwikix,
Filedelinkerbot, HughTubex, Cousin Bluey, Deanzs, Rnjckhpr, Zacwill, M. Armando, OdieFan3107, Pingu4581, Waddell10, Pablothep-
enguin, Warner REBORN, RyanTQuinn, Loraof, Wikipedian555, Izkala, CFindlay12, Sarr Cat, Hierachi, BritishDavid, Eimukas22, Gr-
grbd, Absolutelypuremilk, Jason.nlw, Robert.stefan.m, Rude-boy-wayne, LiXuanze, KasparBot, MB298, Re5x, Brochiceman, CUA 27,
Angelo542, Goodreg3, BushelCandle, LeonardoIannelliCOMPUTE, InternetArchiveBot, , GaryFG8125, Valentina Cardoso, Seminari-
anJohn, Apairofpears, GreenC bot, Nick876436, Drakos118, Ale Gandon, Ends meet 92, Dennis the mennis, HiemstraTIME, Bender the
Bot, Springchickensoup, Anandmoorti, Sheila Ki Jawani and Anonymous: 3308

20.2 Images
File:18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/18th_Green_and_Clubhouse.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: paul birrell
File:Bagpipe_performer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Bagpipe_performer.jpg License: CC-BY-
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36 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

18490445358.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/9364837@N06/18490445358/ Original artist: U.S.

Department of State
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20.2 Images 37

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38 20 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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