Anda di halaman 1dari 44

PEDRO REYNALDO MARIN DOMINGUEZ

FORMATION EVALUATION: (Logging and Testing)

Registros a Hoyo Desnudo:


Constituye el eje central de todos los mtodos
de Evaluacin de Formaciones. Mide a lo largo
de todo el pozo las propiedades elctricas,
acsticas y radioactivas de la formacin.

Resistividad de la Formacin.
Resistividad del agua de Formacin.
Temperatura de la Formacin.
Porosidad.
Factor de Resistividad de la Formacin.
Saturaciones.
Permeabilidad.
Antes de correr los Registros:
Acondicionar el Hoyo.
Calibrar los registros antes de comenzar a registrar.
PROCESO DE REVESTIR (Casing Run).
Bajada de Tubera Revestidora:

Uno de los aspectos ms importantes en la programacin, planificacin y


operaciones de perforacin de un pozo, es la seleccin apropiada de la caera de
revestimiento, que sirva de soporte a las paredes del hoyo que se ha perforado.

El diseo del programa de revestidores de un pozo, se hace en base a:

Presiones de formacin. Concentracin de H2S.


Gradiente de fractura. Disponibilidad.
Costos asociados.
Normalmente los Revestidores colocados son:

Cao Guia, Caera superficial, Caera intermedio, Caera de produccin,


camisa y el forro.

El proceso operacional es similar, solo vara el dimetro y peso de la


tubera de revestimiento y de las herramientas utilizadas.

CUNTOS REVESTIDORES SE BAJAN EN UN POZO ?


Bajada de Caera de Revestimiento:

El nmero de sartas de revestimiento que se colocan en un pozo es funcin de la naturaleza


de las formaciones por atravesar y de la profundidad final del pozo.

Es un tubo gua de dimetro grande (16-30) que se fija hidrulicamente con un martillo
hidrulico a profundidades entre 90 y 500.

Entre las funciones especficas de este tipo de revestidor se tiene:

Proporcionar una lnea de flujo elevada para que el fluido de perforacin circule hasta los
equipos de control de slidos y a los tanques de superficie.

Ejercer proteccin corrosiva al resto de la sarta de revestimiento.

Soportar cargas en el cabezal del pozo.


Permite la instalacin de un sistema desviador de flujo (Diverter) y de un impiderreventn
anular.
Si la perforacin es en tierra se cementa hasta superficie
Esta Caera de revestimiento tiene como objetivo fundamental el de proteger las
formaciones superficiales de las condiciones de perforacin ms profundas . Su dimetro vara
de 7 a 16 y la profundidad de asentamiento de 1000 a 3500.

Funciones :

Evitan la contaminacin de yacimientos de agua dulce, aprovechables para


uso domstico y/o industriales en la vecindad del sitio de perforacin.

Sirve de soporte para la instalacin del equipo de seguridad (Impiderreventones).

Proporcionar un gradiente de fractura suficiente para permitir la perforacin


hasta asentar el revestidor intermedio.

Soportar el peso del resto de las tuberas que sern colocadas en el pozo.

Este tipo de caera proporciona integridad de presin durante las operaciones de perforacin
subsecuentes, se llama tambin protectora. Su dimetro vara de 7 a 11 3/4 y la profundidad de
asentamiento de 15500.
Funciones :

Facilita el control del pozo si se encuentran zonas de presiones anormales y


si ocurriera una arremetida.

Asla formaciones problemticas, lutitas deleznables, fluidos de agua salada o


formaciones que contaminan el lodo proveyendo interferencia de perforaciones
subsecuentes.
Evitar aprisionamiento diferencial.

Evitar prdida de circulacin.

Proteger la zapata del revestidor superficial.

Este tipo de revestimiento se coloca hasta cubrir la zona productiva y proporciona un


refuerzo para la tubera (tubing) de produccin durante las operaciones de produccin del
pozo. Su dimetro vara de 4 1/2 a 9 5/8.
Funciones :
Aislar las formaciones o yacimientos para producirlos selectivamente.

Evitar la migracin de fluidos entre zonas.


Servir de aislamiento al equipo de control (cabezal) que se instalar para manejar
la produccin del pozo.
Aislar formaciones con fluidos indeseables.

Las camisas protectoras o intermedias son sartas que no se extienden hasta superficie
y se cuelgan de la anterior sarta de revestimiento. Su dimetro vara de 5 a 7.
Propsito:
Evitar prdidas de circulacin. Proporciona la misma proteccin que el intermedio.

Este tipo de tubera se coloca en la seccin inferior del revestidor de produccin. Su dimetro
vara de 4 1/2 a 7.
Propsito: Probar zonas de inters sin el gasto de sarta completa. Pozos Exploratorios.
PROPIEDADES Y CARACTERSTICAS DE LA TUBERIA REVESTIDORA:
El Instituto Americano del Petrleo (API) ha desarrollado especificaciones para la tubera de
revestimiento, tales como: caractersticas fsicas, Propiedades de resistencias a los diferentes
esfuerzos y procedimientos de pruebas en el control de calidad.
Peso Nominal:

El dimetro nominal o externo de los revestidores vara entre 4 y 20 pulgadas, con un total
de 14 diferentes dimetros. Rango Longitud (Pies)
Longitud: R-1 16-25
R-2 26-34
Las tuberas de revestimiento se fabrican de diferentes longitudes. R-3 35-45
Grados de Acero: Se utiliza para correlaciona

La API adopt la designacin de grados de acero en los revestidores para definir las
caractersticas de resistencias de las tuberas.
Peso Nominal:
El peso nominal no tiene un significado fsico con respecto a una junta en particular, pero es
muy til para propsitos de identificacin como un peso por pie promedio aproximado.
Mnimo Dimetro Interno:
El mnimo dimetro interno de un revestidor es controlado por lo que se conoce como dimetro
libre (Drift Diameter). Este es el dimetro mnimo de un mandril que puede pasar a travs del
revestidor. Est asegura el pase de una barrena con un dimetro menor o igual a l.
En los diseos se deben tomar en cuenta tales especificaciones para minimizar las posibilidades de fallas
PROCEDIMIENTO DE DISEO DE LA TUBERIA DE REVESTIMIENTO:

El Ingeniero de perforacin disea un programa de tamaos de mechas, tamaos de


revestidores, grados y profundidades de asentamiento, que permitan que el pozo sea perforado
y completado de manera eficiente.
En la prctica el diseo de revestidores consta de tres
etapas bsicas:
1. Determinar los tamaos y profundidades de
asentamiento de las sartas de revestimiento a ser
corridas.

2.Calcular el tipo y magnitud de las condiciones de


esfuerzos que sern encontrados.
3. Seleccionar los pesos y grados de revestidores que
soporten los esfuerzos determinados en la segunda
etapa.
Entre estos esfuerzos estn:
La presin interna o estallido
La presin de colapso
La tensin. REPRESENTA ENTRE EL 30 A 40% DEL COSTO TOTAL DEL POZO
PROFUNDIDADES DE ASENTAMIENTO:
Profundidad
Relacin entre la profundidad de asentamiento de Asentamiento
de los revestidores y los gradientes de
presin de formacin y de fractura.
0

1000
Margen de
2000 Arremetida

3000

4000 Gradiente de
Fractura
5000
PROFUNDIDAD

Densidad del Lodo


6000

7000

8000

9000

10000
Presin de Poros
11000

12000

13000
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DENSIDAD EQUIVALENTE
The same document but in English
Well Design

PET - 413

Introduction and API Standards of Casing


Casing Design
Introduction

Choosing the correct size, type, and amount of casing that is used in well
construction is of utmost importance to the success of the well. The casing must
be of sufficient size and strength to allow the target formations to be reached and
produced.

Casing has become one of the most expensive parts of a drilling program; the
average cost of tubulars is about 18% of the average cost of a completed well.
Thus, an important responsibility of the drilling engineer is to design the least
expensive casing program that will allow the well to be drilled and operated safely
throughout its life
Casing Design
Introduction

The main functions of the casing in any well are:

1.Maintain hole integrity

2.Isolate abnormally pressured zones

3.Protect shallow weak formations from heavier mud weights required in the
deeper portions of the hole

4.Prevent contamination of freshwater-bearing strata

5.Support unconsolidated sediments


Casing Components
Component Parts of A Casing String
Casing Components
Conductor Casing

Sea off unconsolidated formations at shallow depths

Stop washouts under the drilling rig.

Protect fresh water sands.

To give a base and support for the next string of


casing

The conductor pipe is the first casing to be put in place,


and is generally installed before the rig arrives on
location. Such casing can be driven to 250 feet.
Conductor casing measuring between 16 to 24" outside
diameter is used onshore, and between 24 to 48" for
offshore.
Casing Components
Surface Casing

Protect, water sands

Support the wellhead and BOP equipments

Case unconsolidated formations

Support other casings

Case off lost circulation zones

Surface casing is the first string of casing used after the


conductor pipe. It is required in some instances by law
(to protect ground water) and is normally cemented full
length. Surface casing supports the BOP stack and
subsequent casing and tubing strings, and is normally
the only string designed to carry compression loads.
Casing Components
Intermediate Casing

Intermediate casing is any string between the


surface and production string. Intermediate casing
may or may not be cemented full length.

Intermediate casing may be used to:

1. Seal off weaker zones

2. Protect previous casing strings from higher Pburst

3. Provide support for liner casing.


Casing Components
Production Casing

The fourth but not necessarily the final string of pipe


run in the hole is the production casing. The production
casing is used to control the hydrocarbon bearing
zones that will be produced. This string of pipe adds
structural integrity to the wellbore in the producing
zones.

Production casing should be set before completing the


well for production. It should be cemented in a manner
necessary to cover or isolate all zones which contain
hydrocarbons.
Casing Components
Running Casing
Casing Components
Running Casing

Mississippi: Not encounter abnormal formation pressure, lost circulation zones, salt
sections. Required only conductor casing, surface casing and production casing

Offshore Louisiana and Texas Delaware Basin: Encounter abnormal pore


pressure, lost circulation zones, salt sections, unstable shale sections. Required
intermediate casing to protect formation below the surface casing from the
pressures created by the required high drilling fluid density. Liner is used to lower
the cost of drilling. It serves similarly to intermediate casing in that it isolates
troublesome zones that tend to cause well problems during drilling operations.
Casing Design
Bit Hole - Casing
API Standard
API Standard

The size of the casing refers to the outside diameter (O.D.) of the main body of the
tubular (not the connector). Casing sizes vary from 4.5" to 36" diameter. Tubulars
with an O.D. of less than 4.5 are called Tubing.
API Standard
Casing Length

The API standards recognize three length ranges for casing:

Range 1 (R-1): 16 25 ft

Range 2 (R-2): 25 34 ft

Range 3 (R-3): > 34 ft

Casing is run most often in R-3 lengths to reduce the number of connections in the
string. Since casing is made up in single joints, R-3 lengths can be handled easily
by most rigs.
API Standard
Casing Weight

For each casing size there are a range of casing weights available. The weight of
the casing is in fact the weight per foot of the casing and is a representation of the
wall thickness of the pipe. There are for instance four different weights of 9 5/8"
casing. (Drift diameter refers to the guaranteed minimum ID of the casing.)
API Standard
Casing Grade

In addition to the API grades,


certain manufacturers produce
their own grades of material.
Both seamless and welded
tubulars are used as casing
although seamless casing is the
most common type of casing
and only H and J grades are
welded.
API Standard
Definition of Yield Strength

Proportionality limit:
Up to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain
(Hookes law), so the stress-strain graph is a straight line,
and the gradient will be equal to the elastic modulus of the
material.

Elastic limit (yield strength):


Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation will occur.
The lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be
measured is defined as yield strength. Typical yield behavior for non-ferrous alloys.
1: True elastic limit
2: Proportionality limit
3: Elastic limit
4: Offset yield strength
API Standard
Casing Grade

The chemical composition of casing varies widely, and a variety of compositions


and treatment processes are used during the manufacturing process This means
that the physical properties of the steel varies widely. The materials which result
from the manufacturing process have been classified by the API into a series of
grades. Each grade is designated by a letter, and a number. The letter refers to
the chemical composition of the material and the number refers to the minimum
yield strength of the material e.g. N-80 casing has a minimum yield strength of
80000 psi and K-55 has a minimum yield strength of 55000 psi. Hence the grade of
the casing provides an indication of the strength of the casing. The higher the
grade, the higher the strength of the casing.
API Standard
Connections

Individual joints of casing are connected together by a threaded connection. These


connections are variously classified as: API; premium; gastight; and metal-tometal
seal. In the case of API connections, the casing joints are threaded externally at
either end and each joint is connected to the next joint by a coupling which is
threaded internally.

The standard types of API threaded and coupled connection are:

Short thread connection (STC)

Long thread connection (LTC)

Buttress thread connection (BTC)


API Standard
Connections
API Standard
API Specifications, Standard and Bulletins

API SPEC 5CT, Specification for casing a tubing: Covers seamless and welded casing and tubing,
couplings, pup joints and connectors in all grades. Processes of manufacture, chemical and
mechanical property requirements, methods of test and dimensions are included.

API STD 5B, Specification for threading, gauging, and thread inspection for casing, tubing, and line
pipe threads: Covers dimensional requirements on threads and thread gauges, stipulations on
gauging practice, gauge specifications and certifications, as well as instruments and methods for the
inspection of threads of round-thread casing and tubing, buttress thread casing, and extreme-line
casing and drill pipe.

API RP 5A5, Recommended practice for filed inspection of new casing, tubing and plain-end drill
pipe: Provides a uniform method of inspecting tubular goods.
API Standard
API Specifications, Standard and Bulletins

API RP 5B1, Recommended practice for thread inspection on casing, tubing and line pipe: The
purpose of this recommended practice is to provide guidance and instructions on the correct use of
thread inspection techniques and equipment.

API RP 5C1, Recommended practice for care and use of casing and tubing: covers use,
transportation, storage, handling, and reconditioning of casing and tubing.

API RP5C5, Recommended practice for evaluation procedures for casing and tubing connections:
Describes tests to be performed to determine the galling tendency, sealing performance and
structural integrity of tubular connections.

API BULL 5A2, Bulletin on thread compounds: Provides material requirements and performance
tests for two grades of thread compound for use on oil-field tubular goods.
API Standard
API Specifications, Standard and Bulletins

API BULL 5C2, Bulletin on performance properties of casing and tubing: Covers collapsing
pressures, internal yield pressures and joint strengths of casing and tubing and minimum yield load
for drill pipe.

API BULL 5C3, Bulletin on formulas and calculations for casing, tubing, drillpipe and line pipe
properties: Provides formulas used in the calculations of various pipe properties, also background
information regarding their development and use.

API BULL 5C4, Bulletin on round thread casing joint strength with combined internal pressure and
bending.: Provides joint strength of round thread casing when subject to combined bending and
internal pressure.
Rig-Site Operation
Casing Running Procedures

Casing leaks are often caused by damaging the threads while handling and running
the casing on the rig. It has also been known for a joint of the wrong weight or grade
of casing to be run in the wrong place, thus creating a weak spot in the string. Such
mistakes are usually very expensive to repair, both in terms of rig time and
materials. It is important, therefore, to use the correct procedures when running the
casing.
Rig-Site Operation
Casing Running Procedures
Rig-Site Operation
Casing Running Procedures

As more joints are added to the string the increased weight may require the use of
heavy duty slips (spider) and elevators

If the casing is run too quickly into the hole, surge pressures may be generated
below the casing in the open hole, increasing the risk of formation fracture. A
running speed of 1000 ft per hour is often used in open hole sections. If the casing
is run with a float shoe the casing should be filled up regularly as it is run, or the
casing will become buoyant and may even collapse, under the pressure from the
mud in the hole.

The casing shoe is usually set 10-30 ft off bottom.


Rig-Site Operation
Casing Running Procedures

Regular Slip
Heavy duty slip
Rig-Site Operation
Liner Running Procedures

Liners are run on drillpipe with special tools which allow the liner to be run, set and
cemented all in one trip. The liner hanger is installed at the top of the liner. The
hanger has wedge slips which can be set against the inside of the previous string.
The slips can be set mechanically (rotating the drillpipe) or hydraulically (differential
pressure). A liner packer may be used at the top of the liner to seal off the annulus
after the liner has been cemented.
Rig-Site Operation
Liner Running Procedures

The basic liner running procedure is as follows:

(a) Run the liner on drillpipe to the required depth;

(b) Set the liner hanger;

(c) Circulate drilling fluid to clean out the liner;

(d) Back off (disconnect) the liner hanger setting tool;

(e) Pump down and displace the cement;

(f) Set the liner packer;

(g) Pick up the setting tool, reverse circulate to clean out cement and pull out of hole.
Rig-Site Operation
Liner Running Procedures

Anda mungkin juga menyukai