Artificial Intelligence

Exercises & Solutions

Chapters 1-2: Introduction and Intelligent Agents

1. Turing test

What is a Turing test? What kind of capabilities the computer needs to possess in
order to pass the test? What problems does it have?

2. Definitions of AI

Organize the definitions of artificial intelligence to suitable categories.

Categories:

a) Systems that think like humans

b) Systems that think rationally

c) Systems that act like humans

d) Systems that act rationally

Definitions:

1) "Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents."

(Poole et al., 1998)

2) "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
are better." (Rich and Knight, 1991)

3) "The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the
full and literal sense." (Haugeland, 1985)

4) "The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act."
(Winston, 1992)

5) "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people." (Kurzweil, 1990)

6) "[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision-making, problem solving, learning " (Bellman, 1978)

7) "AI is the concerned with intelligent behavior of artifacts." (Nilsson, 1998)

8) "The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models."

(Charniak and McDermont, 1985)
3. What can AI do today?

What is the current state of the art in artificial intelligence? Are the given
statements true or false. Explain your answer. The example answers may be
outdated.

a) Defeat a human champion in the board game Go.

b) Drive a car in urban environment.

c) Pass the Turing test.

d) Clear all email spam.

e) Translate a book.

f) Clean your house.

g) Plan the logistics of 50000 moving entities at a time.

h) Fly a plane from take off to landing without any human intervention.

i) Do a surgery.

j) Understand human speech.

4. Nature of environments

Characterize the given task environments with following possible characteristics:

Observable: fully/partial

Deterministic: deterministic/strategic/stochastic

Episodic: episodic/sequential

Static: static/semidynamic/dynamic

Discrete: discrete/continuous

Agents: single/multi

Task environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents

Crossword puzzle

Chess with a clock

Poker
Backgammon

Taxi driving

Medical diagnosis

Image analysis

Part-picking robot

Refinery controller

Interactive English tutor

5. PEAS

What is a PEAS description? Give a PEAS description for an automated taxi.

1. Turing test - solution

The Turing test is a test for evaluating the level of intelligence of computer AIs. A
human interrogator poses some written questions to the computer, which passes
the test if the interrogator cannot tell whether the answers come from a person or
not.

The computer needs the following capabilities:

- natural language processing for communication in the language of the test

- knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears

- automated reasoning to use stored information to answer questions and to draw

new conclusions

- machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate

patterns

The Turing test is not an objective and reproducible test. It is not amenable to
mathematical analysis.

2. Definitions of AI solution

a) 3, 6

b) 8, 4

c) 5, 2

d) 1, 7

3. What can AI do today? - solution

a) Defeat a human champion in the board game Go.

No, although the computer programs are already challenging the highest ranking (9
dan) professional players.

b) Drive a car in urban environment.

Yes, for example Google Self-Driving Cars have been in real world testing for several
years.

c) Pass the Turing test.

Yes, although the test is very subjective and depends on the judges.

d) Clear all email spam.

No. Best learning algorithms are able to cope with most spam but a 100% accuracy
is very hard to accomplish and maintain. It is also very subjective what is
considered as spam mail.

e) Make a high quality translation of a book.

No, computer programs are able to translate many languages to some extent but
high quality translation of a book or other major piece of writing is still outside their
capacity.

f) Clean your house.

Yes, millions of vacuum cleaner robots have been sold world wide, although most of
them are limited to floor level.

g) Plan the logistics of 50000 moving entities at a time.

Yes, for instance USA military used such planning and logistics software during the
Desert Storm military operation in 1991.

h) Fly a plane from take off to landing without any human intervention.

Yes, several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like Global Hawk are able to operate
without human intervention.

i) Do a complete surgery.

No, software controlled robots are used to assist human surgeons but are not yet
able to carry out the complex operation fully by themselves.

j) Understand human speech.

No, the full comprehension of human speech requires human level AI. We are no
there yet.

4. Nature of environments solution

Task environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents

Crossword puzzle Fully Deterministic Sequential Static Discrete Single

Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi

Poker Partially Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi

Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi

Taxi driving Partially Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi

Medical diagnosis Partially Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Single

Image analysis Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Continuous Single

Part-picking robot Partially Stochastic Episodic Dynamic Continuous Single

Refinery controller Partially Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Single

Interactive English tutor Partially Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Discrete Multi

5. PEAS - solution

PEAS (Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) is a description of task

environment. While designing an agent, the first step is to specify the task
environment as fully as possible.

A PEAS description for an automated taxi:

Agent Type Performance Measure Environment Actuators Sensors

Taxi driver Safe, fast, legal, Roads,other traffic, Steering, accelerator, Cameras, sonar,
comfortable trip, pedestrians, brake, signal, horn, speedometer, GPS,
maximize profits customers display odometer,
accelerometer, engine
sensors, keyboard