2
ISSN : 1693-5683
2008). Ikatan ini menginduksi eksitasi pre- terdiri dari lima (5) sub unit yang dikode oleh
sinaptik dan post-sinaptik dan meningkatkan 17 gen: 9 gen mengkode sub unit dan 3 gen
permiabilitas ion Na+, Ca2+ dan K (De Biasi mengkode sub unit . Kombinasi yang
and Salas, 2008). Efluks kation-kation berbeda dari sub unit nAChR mempunyai
tersebut memicu polarisasi sel dan efek farmakologis yang berbeda dan terletak
memperantarai pelepasan neurotransmitter pada daerah otak yang berbeda. Penelitian
dari daerah presinaptik (Rosenthal etl al., menunjukkan sub unit 4 dan 2 paling
2011); salah satunya adalah dopamin di berpengaruh terhadap sensitifitas nikotin dan
daerah nucleus accumbens (NAc) (Van efek pengaruh perilaku nikotin (Rosenthal et
Andel et al., 2003). Pelepasan hormon dan al., 2011).
neurotransmitter tersebut memodulasi
subyektifitas, kognitif dan efek perilaku yang 2.2. Mekanisme melibatkan saraf
berhubungan dengan merokok (Kotlyar and dopaminergik
Hatsukami, 2002). Nikotin, seperti obat yang sering
Efek ketergantungan nikotin disalahgunakan lainnya, menginduksi
dipengaruhi oleh genetik. nAChR dalam otak dopamine rewards system dan meningkatkan
AGUSTINA SETIAWATI Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas 121
Gambar 4. Skema degradasi dopamine (Tjay and Rahardja, 2002). Nikotin menghambat enzim MAO sehingga
kadar dopamin pada otak.
124 AGUSTINA SETIAWATI Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Komunitas
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