(5)
Fig. 2. Two-loop single-phase circuit for analyzing the voltage magnification.
where is the voltage of the dc source.
The condition of maximum voltage stress can be derived ana-
The single-phase circuit can be used for analyzing the max- lytically from (5). If the angular frequencies and are close
imum overvoltages taking place in the three-phase network [10]. to each other, the transient component of the magnified over-
The maximum overvoltages at the MV busbars, during simulta- voltage can reach the following peak value:
neous closing of all three phases of the utility capacitor switch,
will occur on the phase, where the voltage reaches its peak (6)
value at the closing instant. These overvoltages will be magni-
fied at a particular phase of the line-to-line LV terminals. For ex- The relationship between the circuit parameters complying
ample, for the customer transformer having the standard D/Y-11 with the condition of maximum value of can be found
vector group, the maximum overvoltage transients across the through the partial differentiation of with respect to ,
phase A on its MV side are magnified across the ac ter- and equating the derivative to zero
minals on its LV side (see Fig. 1). If the capacitance in the
single-phase scheme in Fig. 2 is switched at the instant, when the (7)
voltage-source waveform reaches its peak value, the transient
voltage across the capacitance corresponds to the maximum Our simulations of switching the two-loop circuit to the
overvoltage transients in the three-phase circuit. The voltage voltage source done by means of the EMTP show that the max-
across the capacitance represents the maximum magnified imum magnified overvoltages occur if the derived relationship
line-to-line overvoltage on the customer LV side in per unit. (7) takes place.
The traditional approach to the analysis of the voltage mag- Equation (5) neglects the trapped charge in the customer ca-
nification phenomena considers switching the two-loop circuit pacitor at the instant of the utility capacitor switching and does
with zero initial conditions to a dc source [1]. The analysis is not take into account the damping due to the circuit resistances.
performed in terms of the natural angular frequencies of the first In order to study the voltage magnification phenomena with
loop composed of the inductance and the capacitance and due account of the trapped charge in the capacitance and
of the second loop including and . the circuit damping, consider switching of the capacitance
The condition of maximal magnified overvoltage was in Fig. 2. The voltage across the customer capacitor before the
determined in [1] under the assumption of equality of the natural capacitor switching is
frequencies of the aforementioned two loops
(8)
(1)
The peak value of the voltage can be expressed
According to [8], the maximum magnified switching surges as follows:
can be expected if the following relationship takes place:
(9)
(2)
Since the circuit under consideration is a two-loop circuit, we In (9) and peak value and angular frequency of the
suggest that the analysis should be performed in terms of its voltage source; natural angular frequency of the loop
actual natural angular frequencies and composed of the inductances and and the capacitance
(10)
(4) (12)
KALYUZHNY et al.: ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VOLTAGE MAGNIFICATION TRANSIENTS DUE TO CAPACITOR SWITCHING 799
Derivation of the transient overvoltage across the ca- The voltage [as it follows from (19)] includes the
pacitance following switching the capacitance (see steady-state component and the transient component. The
Fig. 2) is performed using the Laplace transform method. The transient component can be presented as a sum of two transient
closed-form expression for the voltage across the capacitance terms changing with the natural angular frequencies and
, which takes into account the trapped charge in the capaci- and having the same peak value .
tance and the circuit damping, can be given by This simplified expression of the voltage can be used
to find the time instants corresponding to the peaks of the wave-
form. Equation (19), on the condition that the damping is ne-
(13) glected, can be given as
(14)
(21)
It should be noted that the terms and refer to the
transient component caused by switching the two-loop circuit
The transient component of the voltage obtained regardless of
to the voltage source under zero initial conditions. The terms
the circuit damping can be presented as the voltage signal with
and refer to the transient component of the mag-
the frequency being equal to the average of the angular frequen-
nified voltage due to the trapped charge in at the instant of
cies and the amplitude
switching (see Fig. 2). The constants in (14) are given by
changing with time. The time instants , when the transient
component of the voltage reaches its peak values, can be
determined from the condition
(15) (22)
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF CUSTOMER TRANSFORMERS
(28)
(29)
In (29) Fig. 4. Voltage magnification at 400-V busbars. (a) Waveform during the first
cycle of the fundamental frequency. (b) Zoom of the waveform near the max-
imum voltage peak.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank D. Amdur and B. Reshef from
the Israel Electric Corporation for their support of this research.
REFERENCES
[1] A. J. Schultz, I. B. Johnson, and N. R. Schultz, Magnification of
switching surges, AIEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-77, pp.
Fig. 8. Envelope of the maximum magnified overvoltages at the LV busbars of 14181426, Feb. 1959.
the customer transformers: 1) 250 kVA, 2) 400 kVA, 3) 630 kVA, 4) 1000 kVA, [2] J. Zaborszky and J. W. Rittenhouse, Fundamental aspects of some
5) 2000 kVA, 6) 4000 kVA, and 7) 5000 kVA. switching overvoltages on power systems, AIEE Trans. Power App.
Syst., vol. PAS-82, no. 64, pp. 815822, Feb. 1963.
[3] M. F. McGranaghan, R. M. Zavadil, G. Hensley, T. Singh, and M.
Samotyj, Impact of utility switched capacitors on customer sys-
The envelope of the magnified overvoltages, together with temsMagnification at low capacitors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.
the permissible voltage level, is shown in Fig. 8. The points 7, no. 2, pp. 862868, Apr. 1992.
[4] D. M. Dunsmore, E. R. Taylor, B. F. Wirtz, and T. I. Yanchula,
corresponding to the maximum magnified transients on the LV Magnification of transient voltages in multi-voltage-level-shunt-ca-
side of the customer transformers under study are indicated on pacitor-compensated circuits, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 2,
the envelope. pp. 664673, Apr. 1992.
[5] T. E. Grebe, Application of distribution system capacitor banks and
The curves in Fig. 8 illustrate that the maximum magnified their impact on power quality, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no. 3,
transients vary from 3.15 to 6.1 p.u., depending on the type of pp. 714719, May/Jun. 1996.
customer transformer. The magnified overvoltages may exceed [6] R. A. Adams, S. W. Middlekauff, E. H. Camm, and J. A. McGee,
Solving customer quality problems due to voltage magnification,
the permissible level on the LV side of 250-kVA and 400-kVA IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 15151520, Oct. 1998.
customer transformers. Solutions to reduce the magnified over- [7] N. Ramasamy, Power Systems Capacitors. New York: Taylor &
voltages on the secondary sides of the aforementioned trans- Francis, 2005.
[8] M. Saied, Analysis of the amplitude and frequencies of the voltage
formers should be considered [3], [5], [6]. magnification transients in distribution networks due to capacitor
switching, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf.
Expo.: Latin America, Nov. 2004, pp. 3438.
[9] J. S. Das, Analysis and control of large-shunt-capacitor-bank
switching transients, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 6, pp.
IV. SUMMARY 14441451, Nov./Dec. 2005.
[10] IEEE Application Guide for Capacitance Current Switching for AC
The traditional approach to understand the voltage magnifi- High Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis,
ANSI/IEEE Std.C37.0121979 (R2000), 1979.
cation phenomena is analyzed. It is shown that the existing con- [11] A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems. New York:
dition of the maximum magnified overvoltages was derived re- Wiley, 1991.
gardless of the trapped charge in the customer capacitor at the in- [12] M. L. Levinstein, Operational Calculus in Electrical Power Problems
Leningrad: Energia, 1972, (in Russian).
stant of switching the utility capacitor. Using the traditional ap- [13] IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Std.
proach for the circuits with big customer transformers may give 1036-1992, Sep. 1992.
values of the voltage stresses, which are significantly smaller [14] Low-voltage power factor correction capacitors, GE Corp., GEP-
974-G 2003.
than the real magnified overvoltages. [15] Insulation Coordination for Equipment Within Low-Voltage Sys-
The closed-form expressions for the waveform of the magni- temsPart 2-1: Application Guide, IEC Std. 60664-2-1, 1997.
fied overvoltages are derived. The voltage waveforms computed [16] M. Vogel, Improve reliability and protection of your substation with
silicone rubber-housed MOV technology, The Line, vol. 5, pp. 1718,
by using the closed-form expressions were found to be in very May 2006.
good agreement with the waveforms obtained by means of the
EMTP program. Aaron Kalyuzhny (M98) graduated from the
The simple numerical procedure based on the aforementioned Novosibirsk Technical University, Novosibirsk,
Russia, in 1980. He received the Ph.D. degree in
closed-form expressions is developed. The procedure enables electrical engineering from the Siberian Research
determining the maximal magnified overvoltages and the corre- Institute of Energy, Novosibirsk, in 1990.
sponding sizes of the capacitors. Currently, he is with the Israel Electric Corporation
Ltd., Haifa, Israel. His research interests include un-
The critical sizes of the capacitors corresponding to the max- balance steady states and transients in power systems
imum overvoltages can be evaluated by using the derived new as well as different aspects of reactive power com-
relationship (26). pensation.
KALYUZHNY et al.: ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VOLTAGE MAGNIFICATION TRANSIENTS DUE TO CAPACITOR SWITCHING 805
Silviu Zissu (M87) received the M.S. and Ph.D. de- Dan Shein (M89) received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in
grees in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic electrical power engineering from the Polytechnic
University, Bucharest, Romania, in 1970 and 1984, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, in
respectively. 1972 and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
Currently, he is an Expert Engineer in the Tran- from TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology,
sient Phenomena Section of the Israel Electric Cor- Haifa, Israel, in 1982.
poration Ltd., Haifa, Israel, where he has been since Currently, he is a Senior Expert Engineer in the
1986. His research interests include electromagnetic Planning, Development and Technology Division of
transients, insulation coordination, overvoltage pro- Israel Electric Corporation. Currently, he is the Head
tection, and ferroresonance in power systems. of the Transient Phenomena Section. His research
interests include overvoltage protection, insulation
coordination, electromagnetic transients, Electromagnetic Transients Program
(EMTP) applications, and power system stability.