1.

The Beer-Lambert law (or Beer's law) is the linear relationship between
absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species. The general Beer-
Lambert law is usually written as:
A = a(lambda) * b * c
where A is the measured absorbance, a(lambda) is a wavelength-dependent
absorptivity coefficient, b is the path length, and c is the analyte concentration.
When working in concentration units of molarity, the Beer-Lambert law is written
as:
A = epsilon * b * c
where epsilon is the wavelength-dependent molar absorptivity coefficient with
units of M -1 cm -1 .
2. It is often assumed that Beer's Law is always a linear plot describing the
relationship between absorbance and concentration. Deviations do occur
however that causenon-linearity. This can be attributed to a range of chemical
and instrumental factors, some of which are briefly considered below.

4.Spectrophotometry is a method used to estimate the level of an analyte in

solution. It relies on the principle that materials absorb light of a
certain wavelength as it ... To ensure that there is a direct relationship between
absorbance and ... The absorbances of each of the standards are read using the
spectrophotometer.

5. This "visible light" corresponds to a wavelength range of 400 - 700 nanometers

(nm) and a color range of violet through red. The human eye is not capable of "seeing"
radiation with wavelengthsoutside the visible spectrum. ... Violet light. Indigolight.

6. This "visible light" corresponds to a wavelength range of 400 - 700 nanometers

(nm) and a color range of violet through red. The human eye is not capable of "seeing"
radiation with wavelengthsoutside the visible spectrum. ... Violet light. Indigolight.

7. A blank is used in order to cancel out or zero the absorbance of all the
other components in the sample except the component whose absorbance is
to be measured.

Experiment 5

7. Lipemia is presence of a high concentration of lipids (or fats) in the blood. When
donated blood is lipemic it causes the plasma-containing products to have a milky
appearance. Lipemia itself does not affect the safety of a blood product.

8. cterus. Icterus or hyperbilirubenemia is the presence of high levels of

bilirubin. Icteric serum orplasma ranges in color from dark to bright yellow, rather than
normal straw color.
9. Serum has less protein *Serum has no anticoagulant Most reagents are more
compatible with serum Serum can be more stable than plasma with certain substances

10. Serum and plasma should always be kept covered to minimize

evaporation and contamination.

11. Serum provides the liquid portion of the blood without cells and clotting
factors and, therefore, should contain proteins and other molecules that
represent the whole body system. The cells and clotting factors must be
removed from the blood sample by allowing adequate time for a clot to form.
Most manufacturers of collections systems for serum samples recommend
3060 min at room temperature for a clot to form and longer if the subject
was taking any kind of anticoagulant at sample collection.9 The selection of a
collection tube was left to an individuals discretion as long as it is without
additives and designated for serum isolation by the manufacturer. This
matches standard practice in clinical diagnostics. Serum samples that are
allowed to sit less than 30 min are likely to retain cellular elements and other
contaminants impacting future analysis. Samples that sit longer than 60 min
are likely to experience lysis of cells in the clot, releasing cellular
components not usually found in serum samples.2 Several investigators have
tested various preanalytical sample handling parameters for proteomic
serum samples.2,6,10 Their findings correspond well with decisions the SOPIWG
made regarding SOPs for serum including time for clot
formation,temperatureconsiderations,maximumnumberoffreeze-thaw-cycles
and hemolysis.

13. Phosphate, Total Protein, Albumin, Magnesium, Calcium, Alkaline Phosphatase,

Haptoglobin, Bilirubin, Alanine Amino Transferase, Creatinine Kinase, Iron, Coagulation
tests, Potassium, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Aspartate Amino Transferase, Hemoglobin,
Red Blood Cells, MCHC, Platelet Count