INNOVATING IN NON-SEWERED SANITATION

TO ADDRESS POVERTY, INEQUALITY, AND

INCLUSIVE GROWTH
ADBI Global Think Tank Summit, Yokohama, Japan, May 2nd 2017
Brian Arbogast Director, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank
Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the
data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB
official terms.
TO DISCUSS SANITATION AS A KEY INDICATOR

Is poor sanitation a good indicator of Poverty, Inequality, and lack of

Inclusive Growth?
Will developing cities solve their sanitation challenges in the same way
developed cities have?
What kinds of innovations in sanitation are needed to reduce Poverty &
Inequality, to support Inclusive Growth?

This presentation:
Sets some context
Introduces 4 transformative examples
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URBAN DISPARITIES : EXAMPLE RIO DE JANEIRO

3
A ROUGH HISTORY OF THE MODERN TOILET
In 2007, the British
Medical Journal
polled 11,300
members: What
has contributed the
most to global
health since 1840?
No.1: The flush
toilet - above
antibiotics,
anesthesia,
vaccinations

2016 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 4

 THERE ARE TWO MODELS OF SANITATION TODAY

Treatment
Sewerage Flush toilet Sewer network pumping stations
plant

Vacuum truck
Fecal Sludge
Management Latrine or Treatment
for on-site septic tank plant
systems Primary
Transfer
emptying

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 WHY NOT JUST BUILD SEWERS?

King County sewer system (2017) City of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Serves 1.7 million people
Employs > 650 people
$148 million / year to operate
$192 million / year in capital
equipment costs
$3.1 billion (20152030)
> 390 miles of sewer pipes
47 pumping stations
Processes 180 mgd on average
$55 monthly bill, typical single family
14.4 million people
> 2 million live in informal
settlements (slums)
Average income is US$258 per
month
34% live below ~$30 per month

Developing city challenges: CapEx, OpEx, water, energy, trained personnel,

 ~2.7 BILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE TODAY NEED
FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT (FSM)

11 4
4 2
7
1 35
20 72
190 40
28
4
79 72 19 2
18 21
6 57 1,105
41
% of population 13
23
served by: 144
5 12
1
Sewer 13
5 75 593
Septic 3 25
1
Flush/ pour flush pit 17 61
Pit - Dry 13
17 44
193
Other1
Environment (Open Defecation) 439

87
Current population of region 3
xx
with need for FSM (Million)

1. Open pits, pits without slabs and composting toilets included in "Other" as these do not need FSM (open pits/ pits without slabs covered up when full)
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Source: UN JMP sanitation data, BCG analysis
 WATER SCARCITY WILL MAKE
FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT EVEN MORE IMPORTANT
Sub-Saharan Africa &
Future: 2030 Asia will be home to
74% of world's
population

000 litres/person/year

Extreme scarcity < 500 Scarcity 500- Stress 1,000-1,700 Adequate 1,700-4,000 Abundant 4,000- Surplus >10,000 No
1,000 10,000 data
1. United Nations environment programme
Source: Global Water Initiative (June 2005), GEF International Waters Conference, The Coca-Cola Company, Grail Research, BCG Analysis
 THE WAY THE WORLD WAS MEASURING PROGRESS IN
SANITATION WAS INSUFFICIENT.
MDGs

Water Treatment
Sewerage Sewer network pumping stations
closet plant

Vacuum truck
Fecal Sludge
Management Latrine or Treatment
for on-site septic tank plant
systems Primary
Transfer
emptying

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POOR FSM: INSTITUTIONAL OPEN DEFECATION
Sludge direct to the environment: no service chain

Effectively 2%
20% Leakage
treated
WC to
sewer
Not effectively

Safely emptied
Illegally
dumped
treated
2% ofsafely
fecal sludge
disposed

Unsafely emptied

79% 98% ofunsafely

fecal sludge
disposed

On-site
facility Left to overflow
or abandoned

1% 1% 69% 9% 9% 1% 9%
Open defecation
Source: WSP analysis, using BMGF funded research Residential environment Drainage systems Receiving waters
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 THE WAY THE WORLD WAS MEASURING PROGRESS IN
SANITATION WAS INSUFFICIENT.
SDGs

Water Treatment
Sewerage Sewer network pumping stations
closet plant

Vacuum truck
Fecal Sludge
Management Latrine or Treatment
for on-site septic tank plant
systems Primary
Transfer
emptying

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SANITATION REMAINS A HUGE GLOBAL CHALLENGE

THE CHALLENGE THE OPPORTUNITY

>4 Billion $223 B Reduce Inequity in the World

people per year
By enabling universal use of
Lack access to Cost to the world
safely managed due to lack of sustainable sanitation services
toilets sanitation

!
WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR TRANSFORMATION?

Political will
Proper institutional framework and regulatory environment
Successful FSM planning
Access to innovations: approaches, technologies, financing
Meaningful user participation

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INNOVATING IN NON-SEWERED SANITATION HAS
TREMENDOUS BUSINESS POTENTIAL
Real GDP growth
(2008-2013 CAGR, %)
~3B people in fast-growth
markets with high needs Ethiopia
10%
China
8%
India

6% Indonesia
Nigeria
Philippines
4%

2% South Africa
250M people
0%
0 25 50 75 100
Population not covered by sewer
(% of total population, 2012)

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EXAMPLE: DAKAR, SENEGAL

Multiple interventions combining to make it easier &

cheaper for households to get their septic tanks emptied
Call center drives bidding on jobs
Bank loans support formalization of sector
Public-private partnership drives improved results
These successes have built a partnership & platform for
further innovation
Now the site of our first Omni-Processor in field trial
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WE SEE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A REPEAT VICTORY!

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EXAMPLE: REINVENTING THE TOILET

The Reinvented Toilet is a modular, transformative technology that offers a non-sewered sanitation
solution, eliminating the need for a piped collection system. The aim of the Reinvented Toilet is to: destroy
all pathogens onsite and recover valuable resources, operate without sewer, water or electricity
connections and cost less than $0.05/user/day in a sustainable business model.

ELIMINATE PATHOGENS CONVEY LOW LIFE-CYCLE

Eliminate safety concerns via handling COSTS
Reduce disease burden Reduce need for pit emptying
Improve environmental safety Ensure a sustainable business model,
including maintenance via service providers

OPERATE OFF GRID PRESENT MODULAR,

Eliminate need for external inputs such ATTRACTIVE INTERFACE
as water and energy
Reduce / eliminate construction costs
Make portable and easy to install
Provide clean and dignified product
Eliminate odors and waste

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EXAMPLE: SATO LATRINE PAN

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EXAMPLE: FARIDPUR, BANGLADESH

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THANK YOU!

Q&A