Report Page:

38A = _____CH3COOH__________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Smells like vinegar, has a pH of 3.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell Test CH3COOH smells like vinegar.

+ NaHCO3 The carbonate bubbles in the presence of

acid.

+ Ca(OH)2 Slightly bubbles, but not as much as the

carbonate.

Net Ionic Equations:

HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O

2OH- + 2H+ 2H2O

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Acetic acid was proven to be in vial A first by the smell test. Acetic acid smells strongly of
vinegar, which was a very distinguishing feature that enabled it to be identified right away. When
the acetic acid is mixed with a the carbonate NaHCO3, the reaction gives off CO2 gas, causing
the reaction to bubble. Th acetic acid also bubbled in the presence of Ca(OH)2. After looking at
the lab safety sheet for the calcium hydroxide, it was learned that calcium hydroxide tends to
absorb a little bit of carbon dioxide from the air. This means that there is a little bit of calcium
carbonate present when it reacts with the acetic acid, causing it to bubble slightly. That is how
the presence of CH3COOH was proven in vial 38A.
Report Page:
38B = ______AgNO3_________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Clear, odorless liquid with a pH of around 5.

Test performed Result of Test

+ NaOH Brown precipitate

+ Na2SO4 Faint blue precipitate

+ NaCl White precipitate

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ + OH- AgOH

2Ag+ + SO4-2 Ag2SO4

Ag++ Cl- AgCl

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

When a drop of AgNO3 was added to some NaOH, a brown precipitate immediately
formed. Since Na never precipitates, the Ag+ and OH- ions precipitated. This precipitate is a
tannish-brown color. Also, again due to the fact that Na never precipitates, when the AgNO3 was
added to the Na2SO4 that had been dissolved in water, the Ag+ and SO4-2 ions precipitated with
each other. This precipitate is a faint blue color, so it was easy to confirm the presence of
AgNO3 with this test since there are no other blue precipitates that will form with AgNO3 in this
lab. Lastly, when the AgNO3 was added to some Nacl that was dissolved in water, a white
precipitate appeared. This was due to the Ag+ and Cl- ions. This was a nice test to confirm the
presence of AgNO3. That is how the presence of AgNO3 was proven in vial 38B.
Report Page:
38C = ______________H2O_________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Clear, odorless liquid with a pH of 7 (neutral)

Test performed Result of Test

+ C6H14 Immiscible

Swipe test vs. provided lab water Same evaporation time

+ Other 11 substances in vial set 38 No reactions

Net Ionic Equations:

None

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

SInce C6H14 is a nonpolar molecule, and H2O is polar, when the two liquids were mixed,
they were immiscible with each other, and two layers were formed. Hexane is the only
substance in this lab that is immiscible with water, since it is the only nonpolar substance. This
is how it was able to be figured out that water must be in vial C. Secondly, a swipe test was
performed. The liquid in vial 38C and the provided water from the jug in the back of the lab were
dropped on to the ends of two separate q tips, and were swiped on the counter at the exact
same time. The two substances evaporated at the exact same time, indicating that they had the
same IMFs. This lead to the conclusion that there must be water in vial 38C. Finally, the
substance in vial 38C did not react with any of the other substances in vial set 38. This indicated
the presence of water because water is a neutral substance (pH of 7), so it does not very often
react with other substances. These three tests are how the presence of H2O was confirmed in
vial 38C.
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38D = ________KI_______________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, grainy, odorless solid.

Test performed Result of Test

+ AgNO3 Faint yellow precipitate

+ Pb(NO3)2 Bright yellow precipitate

+ C6H14 Did not dissolve

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag- + I+ AgI

Pb+2 + 2I- PbI2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

Group one ions rarely precipitate, so when The AgNO3 was added to the KI that had
+ -
been dissolved in water, The Ag and I ions precipitated with each other to form the faint yellow
precipitate of AgI. This was the first test performed to indicate the presence of KI in vial 38D.
Secondly, from prior knowledge it was known that the ions Pb+2 and I- make a bright yellow
precipitate with each other. Therefore, when some Pb(NO3)2 was added to the KI that had been
dissolved in water, the presence of the bright yellow precipitate was a big indicator that KI was
present. Lastly, when the solid KI was added to some hexane, and was stirred for about one
minute, all the solid was still left in the bottom of the spot plate because none of it had dissolved
in the hexane. This occurred because hexane is a nonpolar molecule, while KI is polar. Polar
molecules do not dissolve nonpolar molecules, and vise versa. For example, water dissolves
NaCl because both molecules are polar, but water will did not mix with hexane when the two
substances were added, since hexane is nonpolar. This is how the conclusion that KI was
present in vial 38D was able to be made.
Report Page:
38E = ________C6H14_______________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Clear liquid, smell resembles that of nail polish remover.

Test performed Result of Test

Smell test Smells like nail polish remover.

Swipe Test Evaporated very quickly

+ H2O Substances were immiscible, layers formed

Net Ionic Equations:

None

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

C6H14, or hexane, infamously has a smell that strongly resembles that of nail polish
remover. This is how hexane was easily distinguished right off the bat. Secondly, the hexane
evaporated very quickly (less than 10 seconds) when dropped onto a qtip and swiped across
the lab counter. This is due to its IMFs. Since hexane is a nonpolar molecule, it only possesses
london-dispersion forces, which are the weakest IMFs. This allowed for it to be evaporated as
quickly as it was. Finally, since hexane is a nonpolar molecule, when it was added to some
water (which is polar), the two substances did not mix, or in other terms were immiscible, and
layers of the two substances formed in the spot plate. This is because one is polar and nonpolar
molecules do not mix together because they are not alike. This is how it was able to be proven
that C6H14 was present in vial 38E.
Report Page:
38F = _______BaCl2________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, odorless crystals.

Test performed Result of Test

+ Na2SO4 White precipitate

+ Pb(NO3)2 White precipitate

+ C6H14 Did not dissolve

Net Ionic Equations:

Ba+2 + SO4-2 BaSO4

Pb+2 + 2Cl- PbCl2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

From prior knowledge, it was known that the Ba+2 ion precipitates very well with the SO4-2
ion. Therefore, it was able to be predicted that when BaCl2 that had been dissolved in water was
added to some Na2SO4 which had also been dissolved in water, a white precipitate of BaSO4
formed. Next, When the barium chloride was dissolved in water and added to some Pb(NO3)2,
the Pb+2 and Cl- ions precipitated to form the substance PbCl2. Finally, the Barium Chloride solid
is a polar molecule, so when it was added to some C6H14, the substance did not dissolve when
stirred. This was due to hexane being nonpolar, and barium chloride being polar, making the
substances unable to dissolve. That was how the presence of BaCl2 was proven in vial 38F.
Report Page:
38G = ______Ca(OH)2_________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, clumpy, odorless solid with a pH of 11

Test performed Result of Test

+ AgNO3 Brown precipitate

+ CH3COOH Slightly bubbles

+ NaOH White precipitate

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ + OH- AgOH

2OH- + 2H+ 2H2O

Ca+2 + 2OH- Ca(OH)2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

When the AgNO3 was added to some of the Ca(OH)2 that had been dissolved in water,
the Ag and OH- ions precipitated with each other to form the infamous brown precipitate of
+

AgOH. Next, when some acetic acid was dropped on the sample of the calcium hydroxide, it
caused it to bubble slightly. After looking at the lab safety sheet for calcium hydroxide, it was
learned that Ca(OH)2 absorbs some CO2 from the air, meaning that there is a little bit of calcium
carbonate present during the reaction, causing it to bubble, but not as much as acetic acid plus
an actual carbonate such as the NaHCO3. Finally, a sample of the calcium hydroxide was added
to a test tube of water, the test tube was shaken well and allowed to settle, and the supernatant
liquid was taken off the top of the solid with a dropper. The liquid was then added to a small
sample of NaOH, forming a faint white precipitate in the spot plate. This is because NaOH is a
strong base, meaning that it has a high concentration of hydroxide ions, allowing for this
precipitate to be formed.
Report Page:
38H = ______Na2SO4_________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, grainy, odorless solid

Test performed Result of Test

+ AgNO3 Faint blue precipitate

+ Pb(NO3)2 White precipitate

+ C6H14 Did not dissolve

Net Ionic Equations:

2Ag+ + SO4-2 Ag2SO4

Pb+2 + SO4-2 PbSO4

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

It was known from prior knowledge that the Ag+ and SO4- ions make a faint blue
precipitate, so when this precipitate appeared upon the mixing of Na2SO4 (dissolved in water)
and AgNO3, it was able to be concluded that Na2SO4 was present in vial 38H. Next, When the
Na2SO4 that had been dissolved in water was added to some Pb(NO3)2, a white precipitate of
PbSO4 formed, also indicating the presence of the sodium sulfate. Finally, when some solid
Na2SO4 was added to some hexane, the sodium sulfate did not dissolve into the liquid. This was
due to the fact that hexane is a nonpolar molecule and Na2SO4 is a nonpolar molecule. A
nonpolar substance cannot dissolve a polar substance, so therefore, that was an extra hint in
making the conclusion that Na2SO4 was present in vial 38H.
Report Page:
38I = ______NaCl_________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, grainy, odorless solid.

Test performed Result of Test

+ AgNO3 White precipitate

+ Pb(NO3)2 White precipitate

+ C6H14 Did not dissolve

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

Pb+2 + 2Cl PbCl2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

When AgNO3 was added to some NaCl that had been dissolved in water, the Ag+ and Cl-
ions formed the white precipitate of AgCl. Another white precipitate was formed when some
Pb(NO3)2 was added to the Nacl (dissolved in water) due to the Pb+2 and Cl- ions forming PbCl2.
These two precipitates indicated the presence of NaCl in vial 38I. Finally, when a sample of the
NaCl was added to some of the hexane, the solid NaCl did not dissolve in the liquid. This is due
to hexane being a nonpolar molecule and NaCl being polar, meaning that the two cannot
dissolve because of the differences in polarity. A nonpolar substance cannot dissolve a polar
substance, and vise versa. That is how the presence of NaCl was able to be proven in vial 38I.
Report Page:
38J = _______HCl________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Clear, odorless liquid with a pH of 1.

Test performed Result of Test

+ NaHCO3 Bubbled vigorously

+ Ca(OH)2 Bubbled slightly

+ Pb(NO3)2 White precipitate

Net Ionic Equations:

H+ + CO3-2 H2O + CO2

2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O

Pb+2 + 2Cl- PbCl2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

From prior knowledge, it was known that a carbonate will bubble in the presence of acid.
Therefore, when the HCl from vial 38J was dropped onto some NaHCO3, it was able to be
predicted that the reaction would bubble vigorously. This is due to the reaction giving off CO2
gas. Next, when some of the HCl was dropped onto a sample of the Ca(OH)2, there was some
slight bubbling, but not as intense as the actual carbonate of NaHCO3. After looking at the lab
safety sheet for Ca(OH)2, it was learned that the bubbling is due to the fact that calcium
hydroxide will absorb a little bit of CO2 from the air, meaning that there is a small amount of
calcium carbonate present during the reaction, causing the reaction to bubble slightly, but not as
much as the reaction with the sodium bicarbonate. Finally, when some Pb(NO3)2 was added to a
sample of the HCl, the Pb+2 and Cl- ions combined to form the white precipitate of PbCl2. These
three tests, as well as the hint that the substance had a pH of 1 (meaning it is a strong acid)
were how it was concluded that HCl was present in vial 38J.
Report Page:
38K= _______NaHCO3________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

White, fine powder with no odor

Test performed Result of Test

+ HCl Bubbled

+ BaCl2 White precipitate

+ CH3COOH Bubbled

Net Ionic Equations:

H+ + CO3-2 H2O + CO2

CO3-2 + Ba+2 BaCO3

HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

When some HCl was dropped onto a sample of the NaHCO3, the reaction began to
bubble vigorously. From prior knowledge, it was able to be recognized that an acid plus a
carbonate will create a bubbling reaction, therefore, it could be concluded in this reaction that
the bubbling was due to the HCl reacting with the carbonate NaHCO3 and giving off CO2 gas.
This is also the reason why the NaHCO3 bubbled when the CH3COOH was added to it, since
CH3COOH is also an acid, so the reaction also gave off some CO2 gas. Finally, both some
BaCl2 and some NaHCO3 were dissolved in separate samples of water and added to each
other. The Ba+2 and CO3-2 ions combined to form the white precipitate of BaCO3. These three
tests confirm the presence of NaHCO3, or sodium bicarbonate, in vial 38K.
Report Page:
38L = ______NaOH_________________________

Description of the substance from your observations:

Clear, odorless liquid with a pH of 11

Test performed Result of Test

+ AgNO3 Brown precipitate

+ Pb(NO3)2 White precipitate

+ Ca(OH)2 White precipitate

Net Ionic Equations:

Ag+ + OH- AgOH

Pb+2 + 2OH- Pb(OH)2

Ca+2 + OH- Ca(OH)2

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

From prior knowledge, it was known that the Ag+ ion combines with the OH- ion, a brown
colored precipitate is formed. Therefore, when some AgNO3 was added to the NaOH from vial
38L, it was able to be predicted that the brown precipitate would appear, which it did. Next,
when some Pb(NO3)2 was added to a sample of the NaOH from the vial, the Pb+2 and OH- ions
combined to form the white precipitate Pb(OH)2. Finally, a sample of the calcium hydroxide was
added to a test tube of water, the test tube was shaken well and allowed to settle, and the
supernatant liquid was taken off the top of the solid with a dropper. The liquid was then added to
a small sample of NaOH, forming a faint white precipitate in the spot plate. This is because
sodium hydroxide is a strong base, meaning that it has a high concentration of hydroxide ions,
allowing for the precipitate to be formed in this experiment.
PURPOSE: The student is to use prior knowledge as well as any other reliable resource to
correctly identify 6 provided liquids and 6 provided solids using a variety of tests and having at
least three confirming tests for each substance.
 AP CHEMISTRY
LAB FINAL REPORT
JAKE KURNAT
6TH HOUR
DUE DATE: 31 MAY, 2016