EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 2
a) A small copper ball being cooled down can be solved by
lumped system analysis.
b) Temperature distribution in a large roast beef is not
uniform. Cannot use lumped system analysis.
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Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface area As,
density r, and specific heat cp initially at a uniform temperature Ti.
At time t = 0, the body is placed into a medium at T, with h.
Heat transfer takes place between the body and its environment.
Assume T > Ti.
Assume lumped system analysis is applicable in this case.
hAs T T dt mc p dT
dT hAs
dt
T T mc p
d T T hAs
dt
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL
T T r Vc p 4
d T T hAs
dt
T T r Vc p
d T T hAs
dt
T T r Vc p
T t d T T hAs t
Ti T T
r Vc p dt
0
hAs
ln T t T ln Ti T t 0
r Vc p
T t T hAs
ln t
Ti T r Vc p
hAs
T t T b
e bt r Vc p
Ti T
1 r Vc p
time constant: t
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL
b hAs 5
T t T hAs
a) The temperature T(t) can be e bt
b
determined at any t. Ti T r Vc p
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 6
When a body is being heated by the hotter fluid
surrounding it
heat is first convected to the surface of it
then conducted within the body
Biot number:
convection at the surface of the body
Bi
conduction within the body
If Bi is small, T gradient is small.
Uniform T distribution
if there is no conduction resistance, i.e., Bi = 0.
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Biot number can be expressed as:
convection at the surface of the body hAs T hLc
Bi
conduction within the body kAs k
T
Lc
hLc V
Bi where Lc for irregular geometries
k As
Lc: characteristic length. Lc should be related to
the maximum spatial temperature difference.
Plane wall Long cylinder Sphere
Geometry
of thickness 2L of radius ro of radius ro
Lc L ro/2 ro/3
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T of the small hot copper ball remains
uniform all times in transient state.
i.e., the rate of conduction is much greater than
the rate of convection Bi needs to be small
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hLc
Bi
k
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Temperature varies with
time
position in 1D
a large plane wall
a long cylinder
a sphere
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 16
Consider a plane wall of thickness 2L:
2T 1 T
Energy balance (1st Law):
x 2
t
Boundary conditions:
For t > 0: convection on both sides, T 0, t
0
thermal symmetry about x = 0 x
At t : T(x,) = T T L, t
k h T L, t T
x
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 17
x
Dimensionless distance from the center X
L
T x, t T
Dimensionless temperature X ,
Ti T
Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient hL
Bi
(Biot number, Bi) k
Dimensionless time t
Fo
(Fourier number, Fo) L2
2
Dimensionless differential equation
X 2
0, 1,
Dimensionless boundary conditions 0 Bi 1,
X X
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 18
f X , Bi, Fo
An exact solution for the problem of a plane wall is:
x
An e n2 Fo
cos n
n 1 L
4sin n
where An
2n sin 2n
and n tan n Bi
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 19
4 sin n
n n tan n Bi An 2 sin(2 ) n An e n2
cos(n X )
n n
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 20
Geometry Solution
4sin n x
Plane wall of wall n2
e cos n
thickness 2L n 1 2n sin 2n L
2 J1 n r
Long cylinder cyl e n2
J 0 n
of radius ro n 1 n J n J n
2
0 1
2
ro
4 sin n n cos n sin n r / ro
Sphere
sph e n2
of radius ro
n 1 2n sin 2n n r / ro
hL hro
The Biot number is defined as Bi in these solution.
k k
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 21
If Fo = > 0.2, the solution can be approximated as:
temperature distribution
T x, t T 12 x
wall A1e cos 1
Ti T L
T r , t T 12 r
cyl A1e J 0 1
Ti T ro
T r , t T 12 sin 1r / ro
sph A1e
Ti T 1r / ro
hL hro
where A1 and 1 are functions of Bi only.
k k
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 22
Temperature at centers:
T0 T 12
Center of plane wall (x = 0): wall A1e
Ti T
T0 T 12
Center of long cylinder (r = 0): cyl A1e
Ti T
T0 T 12
Center of sphere (r = 0): sph A1e
Ti T
Q sin cos
Sphere: 1 3
13
0, sph
max sph
Q
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 23
More accurate:
Calculate Bi = hro/k for cylinders and spheres.
Interpolate from TABLE 4-2 and 4-3.
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2 3
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FIGURE 4-17(a)
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17
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2,
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28
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7
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FIGURE 4-17
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Bi = 45.8-1 = 0.022 < 0.1
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 33
Taking Taverage = 800K:
k = 22.6 W/mK
cp = 582 J/kgK
Use = 3.95 x 10-6 m2/s.
1/Bi = 2.825
= 1.07
To T
0.51
Ti T
8 To 0.51Ti T T
0.51 600 200 200
404 C
Bi = 0.354
Bi2 = 0.134
Q/Qmax = 0.54
Q = 25571 kJ
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47,350 kJ
8c
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2
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1 = 0.8033
Taking Taverage = 800K: A1 = 1.0830
k = 22.6 W/mK
cp = 582 J/kgK
Use = 3.95 x 10-6 m2/s. To T
A1e 1 0.543
2
1/Bi = 2.825 Ti T
= 1.07
To T To 0.543 Ti T T
0.51
Ti T
0.543 600 200 200
To 0.51Ti T T 417 C
0.51 600 200 200
J1(1) = 0.370
404 C
Bi = 0.354 Q/Qmax = 0.50
Bi2 = 0.134 Q = 23677 kJ = 23.6 MJ
Q/Qmax = 0.54
Q = 25571 kJ = 25.6 MJ
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 39
Consider a semi-infinite solid:
T(x,0) = Ti
At t = 0, the surface is exposed
to convection by a fluid at T
with h.
The temperature distribution
can be determined from
FIGURE 4-31.
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 40
The analytical solution of the transient 1D heat conduction
problem in a semi-infinite medium:
Case 1: Specified surface temperature, Ts = constant:
T ( x, t ) Ti x k (Ts Ti )
erfc and qs (t )
Ts Ti 2 t t
.
Case 2: Specified surface heat flux, qs = constant:
qs 4 t x2 x
T ( x, t ) Ti exp xerfc
k 4 t 2 t
.
Case 3: Convection on the surface, qs(t) = h[T T(0,t)]:
T ( x, t ) T T ( x, t ) Ti x hx h 2 t x h t
1 erfc exp erfc
Ti T T Ti 2 t k k2 2 t k
Case 4: Energy pulse at surface: es = constant:
es x2
T ( x, t ) Ti exp
k t
4 t
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2 x
erfc(x) is defined as: erfc x 1
u2
e du
0
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specified surface temperature
FIGURE 4-31
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31,
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0.36
FIGURE 4-31
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x 2 t 2 0.36 0.15 10 6
m 2 /s 7.78 106 s 0.78 m
Therefore, the water pipes must be buried to a depth of at least 78 cm
to avoid freezing under the specified harsh winter conditions.
4-45:
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 46
Using a superposition approach called product
solution for the problems with
a short cylinder
a long rectangular bar
a semi-infinite cylinder
a rectangular prism
a semi-infinite rectangular bar, and so on.
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 47
Assume all surfaces of the solid are
having no heat generation
subjected to convection to the same fluid
at temperature T
same heat transfer coefficient h
The solution can be expressed as
the product of the solutions for 1D geometries
whose intersection is the multidimensional
geometry
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 48
A short cylinder is the intersection of
a long cylinder with
a large plane wall.
i.e., the solution of the short cylinder
is the product of the solutions for
the long cylinder and
the plane wall.
T r , x, t T T x, t T T r , t T
T i T short T i T plane Ti T cylinder
long
cylinder wall
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T x, t T T r , t T T x, t T
wall x, t cyl r , t semi-inf x, t
Ti T plane wall
Ti T infinite cylinder
Ti T semi-infinite
solid
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 50
T x, t T T r , t T T x, t T
wall x, t cyl r , t semi-inf x, t
Ti T plane wall
Ti T infinite cylinder
Ti T semi-infinite
solid
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 51
The total transient heat transfer to or from a
multidimensional geometry:
2D geometry:
Q Q Q Q
1
Q max total, 2D Q max 1 Q max 2 Q max 1
3D geometry:
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
1 1 1
Q max total, 3D Q max 1 Q max 2 Q max 1 Q max 3 Q max 1 Q max 2
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4-8
4-39.
4-17a
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4-39.
4-17a
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4-9
4-8.
0.12 8.04
8.04 290.2
17c
172
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 56
Lumped system analysis
Criteria for lumped system analysis
Some remarks on heat transfer in lumped systems
Transient 1-D heat conduction
Nondimensionalized 1-D problem
Exact solution
1-term approximate solution
Graphical solution
Semi-infinite solids
Multi-dimensional systems
Product solution
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