6000 STEEL

6000.STEEL 6300. Design

6300.Design
6130 DesignData,PrinciplesandTools
6320.StructuralSteelConnections,JointsandDetails
6100&
6100 &
6200 6140 CodesandStandards GeneralProvisions(SectionNJ1)
6200 Material
TypesofStructuralWeldsandTheirApplications
Types of Structural Welds and Their Applications
6310 MembersandComponents
6300
6320 Connections,JointsandDetails
(SectionNJ2andAISCManualPart8)
6330 FramesandAssembles
d bl TypesofStructuralBoltsandBoltedConnections
Types of Structural Bolts and Bolted Connections
6410 AISCSpecificationsforStructuralJoints (SectionNJ3andAISCManualPart7)
6400
6420
6420 AISC303CodeofStandardPractice
AISC 303 C d f St d d P ti AISCConnections(SectionNJandAISCManualPart9)
( d l )
6430 AWSD1.1StructuralWeldingCode
HSSandBoxMemberConnections(SectionNK)
6500 6510
6510 NondestructiveTestingMethods
Nondestructive Testing Methods
6520 AWSD1.1StructuralWeldingCodeTests SelectingStandardConnectionsfromtheAISCManual
6600 6610
6610 SteelConstruction
Steel Construction (
(AISCManualParts9&10) )
6620/6630 NUREG0800/RG1.94 SeismicConnection
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6320.StructuralSteelConnections,
Types of Welds
TypesofWelds
JointsandDetails
M d l 1 W ld
Module1:Welds
Thissectionofthemodulecovers:
Introduction
Basicsofwelding
Filletweld
Fillet weld
LRFDofweldedconnections
Eccentricshearinwelds
Eccentric shear in welds
Weldingproblems
Prequalifiedwelds
Prequalified welds
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 CompleteandPartialPenetration
Uses of Fillet Welds
UsesofFilletWelds
GrooveWelds

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Types of Groove Welds

TypesofGrooveWelds Plug or Slot Weld
PlugorSlotWeld

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 Stitch or Skip Weld
StitchorSkipWeld Basic of Welding
BasicofWelding
Structuralweldingisaprocesswherebythepartstobe
connectedareheatedandfusedwithamoltenfiller
metal.
Uponcooling,thestructuralsteel(parentmetal)and
Upon cooling the structural steel (parent metal) and
weldorfillermetalwillactasonecontinuouspart.The
filler metal is deposited from a special electrode A
fillermetalisdepositedfromaspecialelectrode.A
numberofweldingprocessesareused,dependingon
the application
theapplication
Fieldwelds
Shopwelds
Shop welds

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WeldingProcessandMetallurgy
e d g ocess a d eta u gy Welding Electrodes
WeldingElectrodes

TheAmericanWeldingSociety(AWS)has
developedspecificationsforthefillermetals
tocoverarcweldingofthefollowingsteels:
g g
Carbon
Alloy
Stainlessandcorrosionresisting

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 AWS Electrode Classification
AWSElectrodeClassification Basic of welding
Basicofwelding
AWS ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Minimumweldsize,maximumweldsize,andminimumlength:
Minimum weld size maximum weld size and minimum length:
Digit Significance Example Theminimumsizeofafilletweld isafunctionofthe
1st two or Minimum tensile strength
g E-60xx = 60,000
, psi
p (min)
( ) p
thicknessofthethickerconnectedpart.SeeAISCTableJ2.4
1st three ( stress relieved ) E-110xx = 110,000 psi (min) fordetails.
Themaximumsizeofafilletweld isasfollows:
2nd last Welding position E-xx1x
E xx1x = all positions
Alongtheedgeofaconnectedpartlessthaninchthick,themaximum
E-xx2x = horizontal and flat
filletweldsize(w)equalstheplatethickness
E-xx3x = flat
Forothervaluesofplatethickness,t,themaximumweldsizeist
For other values of plate thickness t the maximum weld size is t 1/16
1/16in.
in
Last Power supply, type of slag,
type of arc, amount of
penetration, presence of
iron powder in coating

NOTE: Prefix E
E ( to left of 4 or 5
5-digit
digit number) signifies arc welding electrode

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Basic of welding
Basicofwelding EffectiveAreaofWelds
Theminimumpermissiblelength ofafilletweldis4timesitssize.
Ifonlyashorterlengthisavailable,w=L/4.Fortheweldsinthe
connection shown below L W toaddressshearlaginsuch
connectionshownbelow,L to address shear lag in such
connections.
When a weld extends to the corner of a member, member it must be
continued around the corner (an end return)
Prevent stress concentrations at the corner of the weld
Minimum length of return is 2w

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 Fillet Weld
FilletWeld Fillet Weld
FilletWeld
Thedesignandanalysisoffilletweldsisbasedontheassumption ThecriticalshearingstressonaweldoflengthL isgivenby
thatthegeometryoftheweldisa45degreerighttriangle f=P/(0.707wL)
Standardweldsizesareexpressedinsixteenthsofaninch.
St d d ld i d i i t th f i h IftheultimateshearingstressintheweldistermedF
If th lti t h i t i th ld i t d FW,thenominaldesign
th i ld i
strengthoftheweldcanbewrittenas
Failureoffilletweldsisassumedtooccurinshearonthethroat.
Rn = 0.707wL(Fw)=0.707wL(0.75[0.6FEXX])=0.32wLFEXX
ForE70XXandE80XXelectrodes,thedesignstressesareFw,or31.5ksiand
36ksi,respectively.
Inaddition,thefactoredloadshearonthebasemetalshallnotproducea
In addition the factored load shear on the base metal shall not produce a
stressinexcessofFBM,whereFBM isthenominalshearstrengthofthe
connectedmaterial.Thefactoredloadontheconnectionisthussubjectedto
thelimitof
h l f
Rn = FBMAg =0.90(0.6Fy)Ag =0.54FyAg

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Eccentric EccentricShearinWelds
Sh
Shearin
i Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface
Welds Instantaneous center of rotation method
Instantaneous
Elastic method
Eccentricity normal to the plane of the faying surface

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 Welding Problems
WeldingProblems Lamellar Tears
LamellarTears
Lamellartears
Weldshrinkageand
Weld shrinkage and
structuraldistortion
Residualstresses
Fatiguesensitivity

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Pre bending for Weld Shrinkage

PrebendingforWeldShrinkage AISCStandardConnections
AISC Standard Connections
andSuggestedDetails
Thislastsectionofthemodule
coversthefollowing:

Prequalifiedwelds
Prequalified welds
Suggesteddetails
Suggested details

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 PrequalifiedCompletePenetration
GrooveWelds

PrequalifiedWelds

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PrequalifiedCompletePenetration PrequalifiedPartialPenetration
GrooveWelds(Contd.) GrooveWelds

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 6300. Design
6300.Design 6320.StructuralSteelConnections,
6320.StructuralSteelConnections,JointsandDetails JointsandDetails
ObjectiveandScopeMet
M d l 2 B lt
Module2:Bolts
Module1:Welds
d l ld This section of the module covers:
Thissectionofthemodulecovers:
Introduction IntroductionofFasteners
Basicsofwelding Failuremodesofboltedshearconnections
l d fb l d h
Filletweld LRFD Fasteners
LRFDofweldedconnections LRFDofslipcriticalconnections
Eccentricshearinwelds
Eccentric shear in welds Eccentricshearinbolts
Fastenersincombinedshearandtension
DesignandErectionConcerns
Design and Erection Concerns
Prequalifiedbolts
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Bolted Connections
BoltedConnections Riveted Connections
RivetedConnections

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 Pinned Connections
PinnedConnections PropertiesofStructuralBolts
p
MINIMUM
MINIMUM
YIELD
TENSILE
ASTM DESIGNATION BOLT DIAMETER, in. STRENGTH,
STRENGTH,
ksi, 0.2%
ksi
OFFSET

A307 llow-carbon
A307, b steel
t l 1/4 tto 4 60 _
High-strength
Structural bolts:

A325, medium-carbon 1/2 to 1 120 92

steel 1 1/8 to
1- t 1-
1 1/2 105 81

A490, alloy steel 1/2 to 1- 1/2 150 130

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Unfinished Bolts (A307)

UnfinishedBolts(A307) High Strength Bolts (A325)
HighStrengthBolts(A325)
Madefromlowcarbonsteel Mostcommonlyusedhighstrengthbolt
Minimumtensilestrengthof60ksi Madeofheattreatedmediumcarbonsteel
Leastexpensive Tensilestrengthdecreasesasthediameter
More are required in a particular connection
Morearerequiredinaparticularconnection increases
Usedinlightstructures AvailableinTypes1,2,and3
ManufacturedingradesAandB
Inducedtensionisrelativelysmalland
unpredictable

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 HighStrengthBolts
High Strength Bolts (A490)
HighStrengthBolts(A490)
(A325)and(A490)
Madeofheattreatedalloysteel 3/4in.and7/8in.Mostcommon
/ /
diametersinbuildingconstruction
in one tensile strength grade
inonetensilestrengthgrade Usedforanchorboltsandthreaded
rods
AvailableinTypes1,2,and3
A il bl i T 1 2 d3 Tightenedtodeveloplargetensions
Sufficientpretensionforcerequired
p q
Installedwithinitialtension70%of
specified minimum tensile strength
specifiedminimumtensilestrength

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Connection Types
ConnectionTypes Introduction of Fasteners
IntroductionofFasteners
TTwoconditionsofboltinstallationareusedwithhighstrength
di i fb l i ll i d i h hi h h
Frictiontype:wherehighslip bolts
Snugtight
Snug tight (producingabearing
(producing a bearing connection)
resistance is desired
resistanceisdesired Fewimpactsofanimpactwrench
Fulleffortofaworkerwithanordinaryspudwrench
Bearingtype:wherehighslip
g yp g p Tensioned
T i d (producingaslipcritical
( d i li i i l connection)
i )
Turnofnutmethod:specifiednumberofrotationsofthenutfromsnug
resistanceisunnecessary tight(nutrotationscorrelatedtoboltelongation)
Calibratedwrenchtightening
Alternatedesignbolts:speciallydesignboltswhosetopstwistoffwhen
thepropertensionhasbeenachieved
p p
Directtensionindicators:compresswasher(underboltheadornut)
withprotrusionstoagapthatiscorrelatedtobolttension

Ref: AISC LRFD p.16.4-46 thru -52

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 Overview of Theory for Design
OverviewofTheoryforDesign Possible Failure Modes
PossibleFailureModes

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FailureModeofBoltedShear
Failure Mode of Bolted Shear FailureModeofBoltedShear
Connections Connections
2. Failure of the connected part because of bearing
Failureoftheconnectedparts ,separatedintotwocategories. exerted by the fastener (average bearing stress is fp =
1. Failureresultingfromexcessivetension,shear,orbending in P/dt)
thepartsbeingconnected If the hole is slightly larger than the fastener and the fastener
is assumed to be placed loosely in the hole (rarely the case),
Foratensionmembermustconsidertensiononthenet
F t i b t id t i th t contact between the fastener and the connected part will exist
area,tensiononthegrossarea,andblockshear over approximately 50% of the circumference of the fastener.
Forbeambeamorbeamcolumnconnections,must
For beam beam or beam column connections must The bearing problem is affected by the edge distance and bolt
considerblockshear spacing
Gussetplatesandframingangles
Gusset plates and framing angles mustbecheckedforP,
must be checked for P
M,andV

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 LRFD Fasteners
LRFD LRFD Fasteners
LRFD
Rn i Qi general
general
where =resistancefactor(strengthreductionfactor)
Rn =nominalresistance(strength) Designshearstrength nothreads inshearplanes(X)
i =overloadfactors(LRFDA4.1) Rn 0.75(0.50 Fub )mAb
Qi =loads(suchasdeadload,liveload,windload,earthquake
load)ofloadeffects(suchasbendingmoment,shear,axialforce,and
torsionalmomentresultingfromthevariousloads) where = 0.75,
0 75 the standard value for shear
Fub = tensile strength of the bolt material (120 ksi for A325X
bolts; 150 ksi for A490X bolts)
Rn Pu f t
fasteners m = the number of shear planes participating [usually one
where =resistancefactor,0.75forfractureintension,shearonhigh (single shear) or two (double shear)]
strengthbolts,andbearingofboltagainstsideofhole Ab = gross cross-sectional area across the unthreaded shank of
Rn =nominalstrengthofonefastener the bolt
Pu =factoredloadononefastener Designshearstrength threads inshearplanes(N)
Rn 0.75(0.40 Fub )mAb
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LRFD Fasteners
LRFD LRFD Fasteners
LRFD
Designtensilestrength Designbearingstrength
Rn 0.75(0.75 F ) Ab
b
1. Usual conditions based on the deformation limit state, according g
u
to LRFD-Formula (J3-1a). This applies for all holes except
where =0.75,avalueforthetensilefracturemode long-slotted holes perpendicular to the line of force, where end
Fub =tensilestrengthoftheboltmaterial(120ksiforA325 distance is at least 1.5d,
1 5d the center-to-center spacing s is at least
bolts;150siforA490bolts) 3d, and there are two or more bolts in the line of force.
Ab =grosscross
gross crosssectional
sectionalareaacrosstheunthreadedshankof
area across the unthreaded shank of (4.7.9)
where = 0.75 Rn (2.4dtFu )
thebolt
d = nominal diameter of bolt at unthreaded area
t = thickness of part against which bolt bears
Fu = tensile strength of connected part against which bolt bears
Le = distance along line of force from the edge of the connected part
t the
to th center
t off a standard
t d d hole
h l or the
th center
t off a short-
h t andd long-slotted
l l tt d
hole perpendicular to the line of force.
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 LRFD Fasteners
LRFD LRFD Fasteners
LRFD
Designbearingstrength(cont) Minimumspacing andenddistance(Le)inlineof
2. Deformationlimitstateforlongslottedholes perpendiculartothelineofforce, transmittedforce
whereenddistanceL
h d di Le isatleast1.5d,thecentertocenterspacings
i l 15d h i i
isatleast
l
P d
3d,andtherearetwoormorebolts inthelineofforce,accordingtoLRFD Spacing
Formula(J31d). Fu t 2
where = 0.75
Rn (2.0dtFu )
P = factored load acting on one bolt
where =0.75
3. Strengthlimitstatefortheboltnearesttheedge,accordingtoLRFDFormulas Fu = tensile strength of plate material
(J31b),(J32a),and(J32c) t = thickness of plate material
Rn Le tF
Fu d = diameter of the bolt
4. Strengthlimitstatewhenholeelongationexceeding0.25in. andhole
ovalizationcanbetolerated,LRFDFormulas(J31b)and(J31c)give, P
Le
Rn (3.0dtFu ) Fu t
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LRFD Fasteners
LRFD LRFD Slip critical Connections
LRFDSlipcriticalConnections
Maximumedgedistance 12t 6, wheretisthe Aconnectionwithhighstrengthboltsisclassifiedaseithera
bearing orslipcritical connection.
thicknessoftheconnectedpart.
Bearingconnections
Bearing connections theboltisbroughttoasnugtightcondition
the bolt is brought to a snug tight condition
sothatthesurfacesoftheconnectedpartsareinfirmcontact.
Maximumspacingofconnectors
p g Slippageisacceptable
Slippage is acceptable
(a)Forpaintedmembersorunpaintedmembersnotsubject Shearandbearingontheconnector
tocorrosion, 24t 12 Slipcriticalconnections
p noslippageispermittedandthefriction
pp g p
(b)Forunpaintedmembersofweatheringsteelsubjectto forcedescribedearliermustnotbeexceeded.
atmosphericcorrosion, 14t 7 Slippageisnotacceptable(Properinstallationandtensioningis
k )
key)
Musthavesufficientshearandbearingstrengthintheeventof
overload that causes slip. AISC J3.8 for details.
overloadthatcausesslip.AISCJ3.8fordetails.

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 LRFD Sli
LRFDSlipcriticalConnections
iti l C ti Eccentric Shear
EccentricShear
1. Instantaneouscenterofrotationmethod moreaccurate
Rstr 1.13Ti m butrequirestheuseoftabulatedvaluesofaniterative
WhereRstr=nominalslipresistanceperboltatfactoredloads solution.
m =numberofslip(shear)planes
b f li ( h ) l
2. Classicmethod simplifiedbutmaybeexcessively
Ti =minimumfastenerinitialtensiongiveninLRFDTableJ3.1
conservativebecauseitneglectstheductilityofthebolt
=meanslipcoefficient,asapplicable,orasestablishedbytests
p , pp , y
=0.35forClassAsurfacecondition
groupandthepotentialforloadredistribution.
d th t ti l f l d di t ib ti
=0.50forClassBsurfacecondition

=1.0forstandardholes(S&JExample4.9.2)
=0.85foroversizeandshortslottedholes
=0.70forlongslottedholes

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Combined Shear and Tension

CombinedShearandTension Design and Erection Concerns
DesignandErectionConcerns
Corrosion:reducesstrengthofbolts
Bearingtype connectionsSlipcritical connections
Misuseofbolts:engineersmustadheretoAISC
Misuse of bolts: engineers must adhere to AISC
specificationsanddesignrequirements
Impropertorque:iftorqueistoosmall,
slippage
pp g
occurs;iftorqueistoolarge,theboltfractures
Boltfatigueduetovibration:loosenbolts,
resulting in prying action
resultinginpryingaction
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 Suggested Details
SuggestedDetails
JointTypeSpecification(2)
AISCManualofSteelConstruction providesa
number of suggested connection details
numberofsuggestedconnectiondetails,
coveringthefollowing:
Beamframing
Columnbaseplates
Columnsplices
Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous

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SuggestedDetailsforSkewedand SuggestedDetailsforSkewedand
SlopedBeamConnections SlopedBeamConnections

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 6300. Design
6300.Design 6320.StructuralSteelConnections,
6320.StructuralSteelConnections,JointsandDetails JointsandDetails
ObjectiveandScopeMet M d l 2 C
Module2:Connections
ti
Module2:Bolts
M d l 2 B lt This section of the module covers:
Thissectionofthemodulecovers:
IntroductionofFasteners TypesofStructuralBoltsandBoltedConnections
Failuremodesofboltedshearconnections (
(SectionNJ3andAISCManualPart7)
d l )
LRFD Fasteners AISCConnections(SectionNJandAISCManual
LRFDofslipcriticalconnections Part9)
Eccentricshearinbolts HSSandBoxMemberConnections(SectionNK)
( )
Fastenersincombinedshearandtension SelectingStandardConnectionsfromtheAISC
DesignandErectionConcerns
Design and Erection Concerns Manual (AISC Manual Parts 9 & 10)
Manual(AISCManualParts9&10)
Prequalifiedbolts
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SteelFrameConnectionTypes SteelFrameConnectionTypes

((AISC))

All connections have a certain amount of rigidity

p connections ((A above)) have some rigidity,
Simple g y but are
The Specification
Th S ifi ti for
f Structural
St t l Steel
St l Buildings
B ildi (AISC 2005) defines
d fi t
two t
types off assumed to be free to rotate
connections:
Simple Connections (above left) Partially-Restrained moment connections (B and C above)
are designed to be semi-rigid
semi rigid
Moment Connections (above right)
Fully-Restrained moment connections (D and E above) are
Fully-Restrained
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 and Partially-Restrained 63 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000
designed to be fully rigid 64
 SimpleConnections CommonSimpleConnections

Single Plate Connection (Shear Tab) Double Angle Connection

Designed as flexible connections Ap
plate is welded to the supporting
pp g The in-plane
p p
pair of legs
g are
Connections are assumed to be free to rotate member and bolted to the web of the attached to the web of the supported
supported beam beam and the out-of-plane pair of
Vertical shear forces are the primary forces transferred by the connection legs to the flange or web of the
Require a separate bracing system for lateral stability supporting member
The following
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 few slides show some common simple framing connections 65 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 (Green, Sputo, and Veltri) 66

CommonSimpleConnections CommonSimpleConnections

Shear End Plate Connection Single Angle Connection Seated Connection Tee Connection
An angle is mounted with one leg The stem of a WT section is
Applate is welded p
perpendicular
p to One leg g is attached to the web of the
vertical against the supporting connected
t d to
t the
th supported
t d member
b
the end of the supported web and supported beam and the other leg to
column, and the other leg provides a and the flange attached to the
attached to the supporting member the flange or web of the supporting
seat upon which the beam is supporting member
member
mounted
A stabilizer connection is also
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 (Green, Sputo, and Veltri) 67 provided
BMAEngineering,Inc. at the top of the web
6000 (Green, Sputo, and Veltri) 68
 MomentConnections MomentConnections

Designed as rigid connections which allow little or no rotation

Used in rigid frames
Moment and vertical shear forces are transferred through the connection
Two types of moment connections are permitted:
Fully-Restrained
Partially-Restrained
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CommonFRConnections CommonFRConnections

Welded Flange Plate Connection Bolted Flange Plate Connection Bolted Extended End-Plate Connection Welded Flange Connection
Top and bottom flange-plates
flange plates connect the flanges of the Applate is welded to the flanges
g and Complete-joint-penetration
p j p g
groove
supported member to the supporting column web of the supported member and welds directly connect the top and
bolted with high-strength bolts to the bottom flanges of the supported
A single plate connection is used to transfer vertical shear supporting column member to the supporting column
forces
A shear connection on the web is
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 (Green, Sputo, and Veltri) 71 (Green,
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 Sputo, and Veltri) used to transfer vertical shear forces 72
 CommonPRConnections
CONNECTIONTYPES
(AISCEconomicalsteelwork,4thEdition)

Flexible(AISCFig.3.1)(Pinned),and
RigidConnections(AISCFig.3.2)
Ri id C ti (AISC Fi 3 2)

PR Moment Connection Wind Only
A double angle simple connection
transfers vertical shear forces while
top and bottom flange plates resist
moment forces produced by wind
Note that the size of the flange plate
is relatively small in comparison to the
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000beam flange used to transfer vertical shear forces
Top and Bottom Angle with Shear
End Plate Connection
Angles are bolted or welded to the
top and bottom flanges of the
supported member and to the
supporting column
A shear end plate on the web is
73 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 74

Flexible (Pinned)
Flexible(Pinned) Rigid
g

Connections Connections

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 Flexible Connections
FlexibleConnections Rigid Connections
RigidConnections
M
Morecomplextofabricate
l t f bi t
Assumedtobehaveasasimplesupport
Assumed to behave as a simple support Moredifficulttoerectwhentighttolerancesare
i l d
involved
Simpletofabricate Morecostlyofthetwoconnectiontypes
Simpletoerect Theaboveconnectionscanbeusedinthethree
Less costly of the two connection types
Lesscostlyofthetwoconnectiontypes basicframingsystemsavailable:
Twowayrigidframework(AISCFig.3.3)
Onewayrigid/onewaybracedframework(AISCFig.
3.4)
Twowaybracedframework(AISCFig.3.5)

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D bl A l C
DoubleAngleConnection
ti DoubleAngleConnection
For bolted connection (AISC Tables 10-1 or -2)

For welded connection (AISC Table 10-3)

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 Double Angle Connection (coped)
DoubleAngleConnection(coped)
DoubleAngleConnection(coped)
For all bolted connection (AISC Tables 10-1 or -2 w/
Tables 9-2, -3, & -4)

For bolted/welded connection (AISC Tables 10-

2 or -3)

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UnstiffenedSeatedConnection StiffenedSeatedConnection
For all bolted connection (AISC Table 10-5)
For all welded connection (AISC Tables 10-7 or 8)

For bolted/welded connection (AISC Tables 10-

5 & -6)

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 Si l Pl t C
SinglePlateConnection
ti Single Plate Connection
SinglePlateConnection
For single-plate connection (AISC Table 10-9) For extended single-plate connection

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SinglePlateShearSplice SinglePlateShearSplice
For welded shear splice

For all bolted shear splce

p

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 BracketPlateDesign BracketPlateDesign
For welded bracket plate

For bolt bracket plate

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EccentricallyLoadedGroup EccentricallyLoadedGroup

Elastic Method
Elastic Method
(AISC Tables 8-4~11 for IC Method)
(AISC Tables 7-7~14 for IC Method)
For welded group
For bolt group

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 91 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 92

 SingleAngleConnection SingleAngleConnection
l l
For bolted/welded single-angle connection
(AISC Tables 10-10 or -11)
For all bolted single-angle
single angle connection
(AISC Table 10-10)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 93 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 94

TeeConnection TeeConnection
For bolted/welded
bolted/ elded tee connection

For all bolted tee connection

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 95 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 96

 CONNECTIONJOININGTUBULARMEMBERS(CHS)
CIRCULARHOLLOWSECTIONS

United Airlines Terminal

O'Hare
O Hare International Airport

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 97 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 The Rose Center for Earth and Space, NY 98

6300. Design
6300.Design 6320.StructuralSteelConnections,
6320.StructuralSteelConnections,JointsandDetails JointsandDetails
ObjectiveandScopeMet M d l 4 S i i C
Module4:SeismicConnections
ti
Module2:Connections
M d l 2 C ti This section of the module covers:
Thissectionofthemodulecovers:
TypesofStructuralBoltsandBoltedConnections SeismicLoadResistingSystemsforSteelBuildings
(SectionNJ3andAISCManualPart7) MomentResistingFrames
M t R i ti F
ConcentricallyBracedFrames
AISCConnections(SectionNJandAISCManual
( Eccentrically Braced Frames
EccentricallyBracedFrames
Part9) BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames
HSSandBoxMemberConnections(SectionNK)
HSS and Box Member Connections (Section NK) SpecialPlateShearWalls
SteelMRFSeismicConnection
SelectingStandardConnectionsfromtheAISC
Past
Manual (AISC Manual Parts 9 & 10)
Manual(AISCManualParts9&10)
Present
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 99 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 100
 SeismicLoadResistingSystems
forSteelBuildings
MomentResistingFrames
g
ConcentricallyBracedFrames
EccentricallyBracedFrames
BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames
SpecialPlateShearWalls
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000
MOMENT
RESISTINGFRAME
(MRF)
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000
MOMENTRESISTINGFRAME(MRF)
Beamsandcolumnswithmomentresistingconnections;resist
lateralforcesbyflexureandshearinbeamsandcolumns i.e.
byframeaction.
Developductilityprimarilybyflexuralyieldingofthebeams:
Advantages
ArchitecturalVersatility
HighDuctilityandSafety
High Ductility and Safety
Disadvantages
LowElasticStiffness
101 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 102
MOMENTRESISTINGFRAME(MRF)
103 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 104
 Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)
MOMENT
MOMENT
Beams,columnsandbracesarrangedtoformaverticaltruss.
RESISTING q y
Resistlateralearthquakeforcesbytrussaction.
FRAME(MRF)
Developductilitythroughinelasticactioninbraces.
Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces.
bracesyieldintension
Inelastic Response of a p
bracesbuckleincompression
S l Moment
Steel M Resisting
R i i
Frame
Advantages
highelasticstiffness

Disadvantages
lessductilethanothersystems(SMFs,EBFs,BRBFs)
y ( , , )
reducedarchitecturalversatility
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 105 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 106

ConcentricallyBracedFrames(CBFs) Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)

TypesofCBFs

Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing 107 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 108
 Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)
Concentrically
C t i ll
Braced
Frames
(CBFs)

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Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) InelasticResponseofCBFsunderEarthquakeLoading

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 InelasticResponseofCBFsunderEarthquakeLoading InelasticResponseofCBFsunderEarthquakeLoading

Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Buckles Compression Brace Tension Brace (previously in
(d til )
(ductile) (nonductile) (
(previously
i l in i ttension):
i ) compression): Yields
Buckles (ductile)
Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic (nonductile)

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 113 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 114

e Link
EccentricallyBracedFrames(EBFs)

Framingsystemwithbeam,columnsandbraces.Atleastoneend
g y ,
ofeverybraceisconnectedtoisolateasegmentofthebeamcalled
alink. Eccentrically
Resistlateralloadthroughacombinationofframeactionandtruss
action.EBFscanbeviewedasahybridsystembetweenmoment
Braced
e Link
frames and concentrically braced frames
framesandconcentricallybracedframes. Frames
Frames
(EBFs)
p y g
Developductilitythroughinelasticactioninthe links.

EBFscansupplyhighlevelsofductility(similartoMRFs),butcan
alsoprovidehighlevelsofelasticstiffness(similartoCBFs)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 115 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 116

 e Link
SomepossiblebracingarrangementforEBFS
e e e e

Eccentrically
Eccentrically
Braced Link
e
Frames (EBFs)
Frames(EBFs)

e
e

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 117 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 118

EccentricallyBracedFrames(EBFs)

Eccentrically
Braced Frames
BracedFrames
(EBFs)

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 EccentricallyBracedFrames(EBFs) EccentricallyBracedFrames(EBFs)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 121 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 122

EccentricallyBracedFrames(EBFs) InelasticResponseofEBFs

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 InelasticResponseofEBFs InelasticResponseofEBFs

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 125 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 126

BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames(BRBFs) BucklingRestrainedBrace
Buckling-
Typeofconcentricallybracedframe. Restrained Brace:
Beams,columnsandbracesarrangedtoformavertical
Beams columns and braces arranged to form a vertical Steel Co
Stee Coree
truss.Resistlateralearthquakeforcesbytrussaction. +
Casing
Specialtypeofbracemembersused:BucklingRestrained
Braces (BRBs).BRBSyieldbothintensionandcompression
nobuckling!!

Developductilitythroughinelasticaction(cyclictension
Develop ductility through inelastic action (cyclic tension Casing
andcompressionyielding)inBRBs.

St l Core
Steel C
Systemcombineshighstiffnesswithhighductility.

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 127 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 128

 BucklingRestrainedBrace BucklingRestrainedBrace
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:

A
Steel Co
Stee Coree
+
Casing

A
P P

Casing Steel Core Steel core resists entire axial force P

Steel jacket
Mortar Casing is debonded from steel core
- casing does not resist axial force P
Debonding material - flexural
f stiffness
ff off casing restrains buckling off core

Section A
A-A
A

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 129 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 130

BucklingRestrainedBrace BracingConfigurationsforBRBFs
g g
Buckling-
Restrained Brace:
Steel Co
Stee Coree
+
Casing

Steel Core
Single Diagonal Inverted V- Bracing V- Bracing
Yielding Segment

Core projection and

brace connection
segment

X- Bracing Two Story X- Bracing

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 131 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 132
 BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames(BRBFs) BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames(BRBFs)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 133 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 134

BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames(BRBFs) BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames(BRBFs)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 135 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 136

 InelasticResponseofBRBFsunderEarthquakeLoading InelasticResponseofBRBFsunderEarthquakeLoading

Tension Brace: Yields Compression Brace: Yields

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 137 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 138

InelasticResponseofBRBFsunderEarthquakeLoading SpecialPlateShearWalls(SPSW)
Assemblageofconsistingofrigidframe,infilled
bl f i i f i id f i fill d withthin
i h hi
steelplates.
Underlateralload,systembehavessimilartoaplategirder.
Under lateral load system behaves similar to a plate girder
Wallplatebucklesunderdiagonalcompressionandforms
tensionfield.

Developductilitythroughtensionyieldingofwallplate
alongdiagonaltensionfield.

Compression Brace: Yields Tension Brace: Yields Systemcombineshighstiffnesswithhighductility.

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

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 SpecialPlateShearWalls(SPSW) SpecialPlateShearWalls(SPSW)

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 141 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 142

SpecialPlateShearWalls(SPSW)

SpecialPlate
Sh
ShearWalls
W ll
(SPSW)

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 SpecialPlateShearWalls(SPSW)
Inelastic Response of a SPSW
InelasticResponseofaSPSW
PlateGirderAnalogy
Development off
tension diagonals

Shear buckling

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 145 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 146

DesignofSeismicResistantSteelBuilding
Structures: A Brief Overview
Structures:ABriefOverview 2005AISCSeismicProvisions

EarthquakeEffectsonStructures

PerformanceofSteelBuildingsinPastEarthquakes

BuildingCodePhilosophyforEarthquakeResistantDesignand
ImportanceofDuctility

DesignEarthquakeForces:ASCE
Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE7
7

SteelSeismicLoadResistingSystems

AISCSeismicProvisions

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 147 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 148

 STEELMRFSEISMICCONNECTION
INTROANDPRESENTATIONOVERVIEW
Early development of steel
moment connections
Evolution to prequalified standard
seismic steel moment connections
Recent prescriptive seismic
moment connection failures
New AISC Seismic Provisions and
prequalified connections
R f the
Ref: th AISC Seismic
S i i Provisions
P i i free
at http://www.aisc.org/
R f FEMA 350 ffree att
Ref:
http://www.fema.gov
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000
RIVETEDMOMENTCONNECTION
PERFORMANCE
Results of later cyclic testing performed on the tee stub
Good connection performance attributed to:
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000
EARLY DESIGN INFORMATION
EARLYDESIGNINFORMATION
Earlybuiltupshapesgavewaytorolled
shapesandrivetedconnectionsinthe
1920s
Rivetedsteelconnections:1920s
th
throughthe1950s
h th 1950
Angleandteeflangeconnections
1960
1960sand1970searthquakeresistant
d 1970 h k i T-Stub Connection
designphilosophiesbegantobe
developed p
Buildingswiththeseriveted
connectionsperformedsatisfactorily
f whensubjectedtoseismicloads
h bj t d t i i l d
Nodocumentedfailuresofthese
connections during the recent large
connectionsduringtherecentlarge
scaleearthquakeatNorthridgeinthe Clip Angle Connection
149 UnitedStates
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 150
PREQUALIFIEDBOLTED/WELDEDCONNECTIONS
(1960s THROUGH NORTHRIDGE)
(1960sTHROUGHNORTHRIDGE)
Prescriptive Moment Connection
Welded flange and bolted web Expected to have good ductile behavior
Adopted
Ad t d byb UBC in
i 1970s
1970 Develop
D l ffullll plastic
l ti momentt off beam
b
and clip angle riveted connections include the
following:
Performed as partially restrained connections with
the TT--stub connector being stiffer
Good rotational capacity
The failure mode or yield mechanism had a direct
correlation to the connection ductility
The fireproofing concrete encasement of the steel
sections increased connection strength through
composite action
Monotonic and cyclic loading tests predominantly showed the connection as ductile with
more than adequate rotation
Utilization at all beam to column interfaces These tests formed the basis for the prequalified welded flange
flange--bolted web fully
Steel frames infilled with masonry partitions restrained moment connection and further defined the design requirements
Prequalified for all seismic demands
Steel generally encased in concrete for fire
resistance 151 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 152
 SMFCONNECTIONEVOLUTION NORTHRIDGEFAILURES
Theprequalifiedweldedflangeboltedwebmomentresistingconnectionremainedthe
standarddespitechangeswithinthesteelindustrystandarddesignpractice.Notably
thefollowingchangestookplace[Stojadinovicetal,2000]:
Themomentconnectionswerereducedfromeveryconnectiontoveryfewdue
tothelaborcostsinvolvedinproducingtheconnections;
Thenumberofmomentresistingframespresentinbuildingswerereducedtoa
minimumofoneineachorthogonaldirectionwiththeremainingonlyshear
connectionscomparedtothepastwhichhadallframesresistinglateralforces;
Themomentresistingframesweremovedtowardtheoutsideofthestructure;
Greaterloading,longerspansandfewermomentresistingframesrequired
muchlargercolumnsanddeeperbeamsthantestedinthepast;
Theyieldandultimatestrengthofsteelincreased;
The yield and ultimate strength of steel increased;
Boltingthesheartabtothebeamwebwithoutsupplementalweldsbecamethe
normduetoeconomicconsiderations;
Th
Theweldingprocesswaschangedfromshieldedmetalarcwelding(SMAW)to
ldi h df hi ld d t l ldi (SMAW) t
selfshieldedfluxcoremetalarcwelding(FCAW)duringthe1970s.
Thesechangesledtounderdesignedconnectionsthatwerenottestedintheirexact
condition

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 153 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 154

NORTHRIDGEFAILURES SACJOINTVENTURE
The Northridge, California earthquake of January 1994 and later the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC)
Kobe, Japan earthquake of January 1995 caused brittle fractures in Applied Technology Council (ATC)
many cases within the prequalified connections at very low levels of California Universities for Research in Earthquake engineering (CUREe)
plastic demand
Before Northridge
Led to later investigation of structures subjected to previous
Steel buildings considered to be invulnerable
earthquakes
Best earthquake resisting system
The experimental results from the 1970s through the present were After Northridge
evaluated
Pre
P -qualified
Pre- lifi d connections
ti withdrawn
ithd
There were also numerous factors observed in the field that Interim Guidelines, workshops/conferences
contributed to the failure of these connections New connections to be validated by testing
After 2000
Inspection of the structures after the Northridge earthquake indicated Improved prescriptive connections
FEMA 350: Recommendations
that brittle fractures initiated within the connections at very low levels
2002 AISC Seismic Provisions
of plastic demand and in some cases while the structure remained
elastic
Commonly initiated at the complete joint penetration (CJP) weld

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 155 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 156

 SACI:STUDYOFOLD/NORTHRIDGEFAILURES SACI:STUDYOFOLD/NORTHRIDGEFAILURES

Greatest stresses at the column to beam interface

Bottom flange weld is a down hand weld performed by welder sitting on top of
beam
Difficult visual as well as ultrasonic inspection.
inspection
Excessively weak panel zones result in local kinking of the column flanges and
significant demand on the CJP weld between the beam and column flanges
Severe
S strain
t i concentrations
t ti can occur att the
th weld
ld access h
holes
l for
f the
th beam
b
Typical Fracture initiated at the CJP at
flanges
the bottom flange [FEMA350] Change in the welding method produced welds with low toughness and welders
were able to deposit more weld in one pass, which led to large weld defects
Lateral force resisting systems evolved to utilize less moment frames than in
the past requiring the use of deeper beams and heavier columns
Use of recycled scrap metal resulted in steel with much greater yield strength
than required which led to under designing the connections

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 157 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 158

SACPROJECTII:NEWPROVISIONSAFTER
NORTHRIDGE 7 2 BOLTED JOINTS
7.2BOLTEDJOINTS
PartIIoftheSACproject:develop
guidelines for future steel moment
guidelinesforfuturesteelmoment
connectiondetailinganddesignto
improvetheirperformance
Provideacontrolledyieldmechanismand
failuremodeforeachrecommendedand
p q
prequalifiedconnection
Theconnectionsshallallowthebuildingto
sustainlargeinelasticdeformationswithout
co apse o oss o e du g ajo
collapseorlossoflifeduringmajor
earthquakes
SACfindingpublishedbyFEMA(350)and
utilized by AISC to produce the Seismic
utilizedbyAISCtoproducetheSeismic
Provisions

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 159 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 160

 ZONE OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION
ZONEOFPLASTICDEFORMATION INTERSTORY DRIFT/DESIGN
INTERSTORYDRIFT/DESIGN
InelasticBehaviorofFrameswithHingesinBeam
Span [FEMA350]
Span[FEMA350]
Achievedthroughcombinationofelastic
deformationanddevelopmentofplastic
hinges
Shallbecapableofsustainingadriftangle
of at least 0 04 radians
ofatleast0.04radians

Location of plastic hinge formation (Sh)

Sh value Identified within each prequalified connections Strong--Column-
Strong Column-Weak
Weak--Beam
Welded, bolted, screwed or shot
shot--in attachments, exterior facades,
partitions, ductwork, piping or other construction openings shall not be
placed within the expected zone of plastic deformation due to the
regions sensitivity to discontinuities

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 161 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 162

6.2EXPECTEDYIELDSTRENGTH BEAM TO COLUMN PANEL ZONE

BEAMTOCOLUMNPANELZONE

Column
Pct

Vct Mct

Mr
Pl Joint Panel Pr
Vl
Zone Vr

Mgl Ml Mgr

Beam Beam

Vcb
Mcb

Column
Pcb

Internal forces on JPZ

(axial, shearing, flexure)

Effects of JPZ shear distortion: Local buckling in the beam and column flanges due to
EffectsofJPZsheardistortion:Localbucklinginthebeamandcolumnflangesdueto
excessivedistortionoftheJPZ.ThiscanleadtofractureoftheCJPgrooveweldsduetothe
highstrainsandincreasedstorydriftleadingtomoredamage,greatersusceptibilitytoP
effectsandlargepermanentoffsetsofbuildingframes.
Shear yielding of the JPZ shall initiate at the same time as flexural yielding of the beam
ShearyieldingoftheJPZshallinitiateatthesametimeasflexuralyieldingofthebeam
elementsorproportionedsothatallyieldingoccursinthebeam.

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 163 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 164

 WELDED UNREINFORCED FLANGE BOLTED WEB (WUF-
(WUF-B) CONNECTION
WELDED UNREINFORCED FLANGE WELDED WEB (WUF-
(WUF-W) CONNECTION

Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]

Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEMA 350]
M in. Span M ax. Beam
Min. Span Max. Beam (l)to Depth
Maximu Flange
Maximu (l)to Depth Flange (d
m Beam b ) Ration Thickness
m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size
Type Frame
T
Type Frame
F Si
Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in
i M
Max. C
Column
l Size
Si
OMF W36 5 1.5 No Limit
WUF-B OMF W36 7 1 W8,W10,W12,W14 WUF-W
SMF W36 7 1 W12, W14

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 165 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 166

REDUCED BEAM SECTION (RBS) CONNECTION

WELDED FREE FLANGE (FF) CONNECTION

Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]

M in. Span M ax. Beam
Maximu (l)to Depth Flange Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]
m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness M in. Span M ax. Beam
Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size Maximu (l)to Depth Flange
OMF W36 5 1.25 No Limit m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness
WFF Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size
SMF W30 7 0.75 W12, W14
OMF W36 5 1.75 No Limit
RBS
SMF W36 7 1.75 W12, W14
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 167 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 168
 WELDED FLANGE PLATE (WFP) CONNECTION
BOLTED UNSTIFFENED END PLATE (BUEP) CONNECTION

Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]

M in. Span M ax. Beam
Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]
Maximu (l)to Depth Flange
M in. Span M ax. Beam
m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness
Maximu (l)to Depth Flange
Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size
m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness
Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size OMF W30 5 0.75 No Limit
Type Frame BUEP
SMF W24 7 0.75 W8,W10,W12,W14
OMF W36 5 1.5 No Limit
WFP
SMF W36 7 1 W12, W14
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 169 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 170

BOLTED STIFFENED END PLATE CONNECTION (BSEP) BOLTED FLANGE PLATE (BFP) CONNECTION

Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350] Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]
M in. Span M ax. Beam M in. Span M ax. Beam
Maximu (l)to Depth Flange Maximu (l)to Depth Flange
m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness m Beam (d b ) Ration Thickness
Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max Column Size
Max. Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max Column Size
Max.
OMF W36 5 1 No Limit OMF W36 5 1.25 No Limit
BSEP BFP
SMF W36 7 1 W12, W14 SMF W30 8 0.75 W12, W14

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 171 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 172

 DOUBLE SPLIT TEE (DST) CONNECTION
6300. Design
6300.Design
6320.StructuralSteelConnections,JointsandDetails
ObjectiveandScopeMet
Module4:SeismicConnections
M d l 4 S i i C ti
SeismicLoadResistingSystemsforSteelBuildings
MomentResistingFrames
ConcentricallyBracedFrames
Eccentrically Braced Frames
EccentricallyBracedFrames
BucklingRestrainedBracedFrames
p
SpecialPlateShearWalls
Geometric Limits of FEMA 350 prequalified connection [FEM A 350]
M in. Span M ax. Beam
SteelMRFSeismicConnection
Maximu (l)to Depth
m Beam (d b ) Ration
Flange
Thickness Past
Present
Type Frame Size (l/d b ) (t bf ) in Max. Column Size
OMF W36 5 --- No Limit
DST
SMF W24 8 --- W12, W14
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 173 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 174

6000 STEEL
6000.STEEL 6300. Design
6300.Design
6130 DesignData,PrinciplesandTools
6330.StructuralSteelFramesandAssembles
6100&
6100 &
6200 6140 CodesandStandards
6200 Material TypesofSteelFrames
6310 MembersandComponents StabilityBracing(SectionNCandAppendixN6)
6300
6320 Connections,JointsandDetails ElasticandInelasticBehavior
6330 FramesandAssembles
d bl
6410 AISCSpecificationsforStructuralJoints
SeismicAnalysis
6400
6420
6420 AISC303CodeofStandardPractice
AISC 303 C d f St d d P ti
6430 AWSD1.1StructuralWeldingCode
6500 6510
6510 NondestructiveTestingMethods
Nondestructive Testing Methods
6520 AWSD1.1StructuralWeldingCodeTests
6600 6610
6610 SteelConstruction
Steel Construction
6620/6630 NUREG0800/RG1.94
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 175 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 176
 ForcesOnStructures InitialSystemPlanning
1 3
Forces from gravity, wind,
and seismic events are
Rigid Horiz.
imposed on all structures Diaphragm
(Floor or Roof)
Forces that act vertically are
gravity loads
Forces that act horizontally,
such as stability, wind and
seismic events (the focus of
this discussion) require
lateral load resisting systems
to be built into structures
As lateral loads are applied 2
1 (Adapted from AISC 2002)
to a structure, horizontal
diaphragms (floors and The type of lateral load resisting system to be used in a
roofs) transfer the load to the structure should be considered early in the planning stage
lateral load resisting system
Lateral stability as well as architectural needs must be met
(AISC 2002)
The three common lateral load resisting systems are:
Structural Steel Frame Elevation
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 177 BMAEngineering,Inc. 1.
6000 Braced Frames 2. Rigid Frames 3. Shear Walls 178

BracedFramesandRigidFrames TypesofSteelFramesand
Assemblies
Thethreeclassesofconstructionbasedon
thetypeofstructuralconnectionsareas
follows:
Type1:Rigidframe
Type2:Simple(flexible)frame
Type3:Semirigidframe

This presentation focuses on braced frames (left) and rigid frames (right)
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 Type 1: Rigid Frame Construction
Type1:RigidFrameConstruction Type 2: Simple (Flexible) Frame
Type2:Simple(Flexible)Frame

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Type 3: Semi Rigid Frame

Type3:SemiRigidFrame Braced and Unbraced Frames
BracedandUnbracedFrames

Theeffectivelengthofcolumnmembers(KL)
SSemirigidconnectionshavesomemoment
i i id ti h t forabracedframeisequaltoorlessthanthe
y g p y,
carryingcapacity,butitisinsufficientto g
actuallength
developfullcontinuity Theeffectivelengthofcolumnmembersforan
unbraced frame is always greater than the
unbracedframeisalwaysgreaterthanthe
actuallength

BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 183 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 184

 RigidFrames
Braced Frame
BracedFrame

Abracedframeisdefinedasaframeinwhich
sideswaybucklingispreventedbybracing
e e e ts o t e st uctu e ot e t a t e
elementsofthestructureotherthanthe
structuralframeitself

Rigid frames, utilizing moment connections, are well suited for specific types
of buildings where diagonal bracing is not feasible or does not fit the
architectural
hit t l design
d i
Rigid frames generally cost more than braced frames (AISC 2002)
BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 185 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 186

BracedFrames TemporaryBracing

Structural steel frames require

temporary bracing during
construction
Temporary bracing is placed
Diagonal bracing creates stable triangular configurations within the steel before plumbing up the
building frame (AISC 2002) structural frame
Braced frames are often the most economical method of resisting wind loads This gives the structure
in multi-story buildings (AISC 1991). temporary lateral stability
Some structures, like the one pictured above, are designed with a combination Temporary bracing is removed
braced and rigid frame to take advantage of the benefits of both by the erector
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 TemporaryBracing ConcentricBracedFrames

Bracing is concentric when the center lines of the bracing members intersect
Common concentric
X brace braced frames
(above left) used in
Chevron buildings
(above right)today include:
Two story Xs Single diagonals

In a braced frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete X bracing is possibly the most common type of bracing
andd the
th permanentt bracing
b i systemt i in
is i place
l Bracing can allow a building to have access through the brace line depending
on configuration (AISC 2002)
In a rigid frame, temporary bracing is removed after final bolt-up is complete
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X Bracing X Bracing
X Bracing
Roof

Floor

Floor

1st Floor

Typical floor plan with X bracing X-braced building elevation

The diagonal members of X bracing go into tension and compression similar to

a truss Connections for X bracing are located at beam to column joints
The multi
multi-floor
floor building frame elevation shown above has just one braced bay, Bracing connections may require relatively large gusset plates at the beam to
but it may be necessary to brace many bays along a column line column joint
With this in mind it is important to determine the locations of the braced bays in The restriction of space in these areas may have an impact on the mechanical
a structure early in a project and plumbing systems as well as some architectural features
(AISC 2002) (AISC 2002)
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 Chevron Bracing ChevronBracing
Roof
Chevron Bracing

Floor

Floor

1st Floor
Chevron V K
Typical floor plan with Chevron bracing Elevation with several bracing
configurations
Chevron bracing members use two types of connections
The members used in Chevron bracing are designed for both tension and
compression forces The floor level connection may use a gusset plate much like the connection on
X braced frames
Chevron bracing allows for doorways or corridors through the bracing lines in a
structure The bracing members are connected to the beam/girder at the top and
converge to a common point
A multi-floor
multi floor frame elevation using Chevron bracing is shown above
If gusset plates are used, it is important to consider their size when laying-out
(AISC 2002) mechanical and plumbing systems that pass through braced bays (AISC 2002)
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Eccentrically Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames

Stiffeners
Link

Beam or Girder
Gusset

Eccentric
Brace
Eccentric brace with typical
brace to beam connection (Adapted from AISC 2002)

Eccentric bracing is commonly used in seismic regions and allows for doorways
and corridors in the braced bays
The difference between Chevron bracing and eccentric bracing is the space
between the bracing members at the top gusset connection
In an eccentrically braced frame bracing members connect to separate
points on the beam/girder Eccentrically braced frames look similar to frames with Chevron bracing

The beam/girder segment or link between the bracing members absorbs A similar V shaped bracing configuration is used
energy from seismic activity through plastic deformation (AISC 2002) (AISC 2002)
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 EccentricallyBracedFrames CombinationFrames

Chevron Moment Moment frame

b
braced
d resisting
i ti Bracing
Combination Frame
As shown above (left) a braced frame deflects like a cantilever beam while a
moment resisting frame deflects more or less consistently from top to bottom
By combining the two systems, reduced deflections can be realized
((EERC 1997))
The combination frame is shown above right
Eccentric single diagonals may also be used to brace a frame (AISC 1991)
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Combination Frames Unbraced (RigidJointed)Frame

Resistsloadsmainlybyflexure

O = Combined Frames
X = Chevron or K Bracing
= Moment Resisting

(AISC 1991)

The plot shows the moment resisting frame alone, the braced frame alone, and
the combined frame
The same wind load was used for each frame model (AISC 1991)
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 Lateral Load Analysis
LateralLoadAnalysis RIGID FRAME
RIGIDFRAME
Derivesitslateralstiffnessmainlyfromthebendingrigidity
Lateralloads offramemembersinterconnectedbyrigidjoints.
ff b i t t d b i id j i t
Thejointsshallhaveadequatestrengthandstiffnessand
Seismic negligible deformations
negligibledeformations.
Wind Arigidunbracedframeshouldbecapableofresisting
lateral loads without relying on any additional bracing
lateralloadswithoutrelyingonanyadditionalbracing
systemforstability.
FrameAnalysis
Theframehastoresistgravityaswellaslateralforces.
Portalmethod Itshouldhaveadequatelateralstiffnessagainstsidesway
whenitissubjectedtohorizontalwindorearthquake
FEApackage
FEA package forces.
(e.g.,SAP2000)

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SimpleBracedFrame
p Simple Frame (Pin Connected)/1
SimpleFrame(PinConnected)/1
(Wouldcollapsewithoutbracedbay,veryeasyanalysis,simple
connections)
Beams
Beamsandcolumnsarepinconnectedandthesystemis
and columns are pin connected and the system is
incapableofresistinganylateralloads,unlessitisattached
to a bracing system
toabracingsystem.
Lateralloadsareresistedbythebracingsystemswhilethe
gravityloadsareresistedbyboththesimpleframeandthe
it l d i t d b b th th i l f d th
bracingsystem.
Bracingsystemcanconsistoftriangulatedframes,shear
wall/coresorrigidjointedframes.
Pinjointedconnectionsareeasiertofabricateanderect.
Forsteelstructures,itismoreconvenienttojointhewebs
ofthememberswithoutconnectingtheflanges.
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 Simple Frame (PinConnected)/2
SimpleFrame(PinConnected)/2
Boltedconnectionsarepreferredoverwelded
Bolted connections are preferred over welded
connectionswhichnormallyrequireweldinspection,
weather protection andsurfacepreparation.
weatherprotection and surface preparation
Itiseasiertodesignandanalyzeabuildingstructurethat
can be separated into a system resisting vertical loads and
canbeseparatedintoasystemresistingverticalloadsand
asystemresistinghorizontalloads.
I i
Itismoreconvenienttoreducethehorizontaldriftby
i d h h i l d if b
meansofbracingsystemsaddedtothesimpleframing
thantouseunbracedframesystemswithrigid
h b df i h i id
connections.

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BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 207 BMAEngineering,Inc. 6000 208

 STABILIZINGELEMENTSINSTEEL
Stabilizing Elements
StabilizingElements
Tostabilizetheframeworkineitheroneor
twoplanes:
l

Triangulatedsteelbracingpanels
V ti l Vi
VerticalVierendeelcantileversinsteel
d l til i t l
Triangulatedsteelcore
g
Reinforcedconcreteormasonrycoresor
shear tubes
sheartubes
Brickinfillpanels
Lightmetalcladding
i h l l ddi
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STABILIZINGELEMENTSINCONCRETE FLOORDECKBRACINGSYSTEMS

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 ACTIONOFLATERALFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS ACTION OF LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEMS
ACTIONOFLATERALFORCERESISTINGSYSTEMS

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COREBRACEDSYSTEM
TALL BUILDING FRAMING SYSTEMS
TALLBUILDINGFRAMINGSYSTEMS i t
internalshearwallsresistsalllateralforces;Steel
l h ll i t ll l t l f St l
resistsgravityloads
Corebraced
Moment truss
Momenttruss
Outriggerandbelt
gg
Tube

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 MOMENTTRUSSSYSTEM
g
verticalsheartrussandmomentresistingframes;Truss DEFORMATIONSOF
DEFORMATIONS OF
minimizingswayinlowerlevels,rigidframeinupperlevels.
MOMENTTRUSSSYSTEM

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FRAMEDTUBESYSTEM Hollowperforatedtube
STAGGEREDTRUSS

Wide columns at close centers connected by deep beams.

Tube
T b resistsi t allll llateral
t l fforces off wind
i d and
d earthquake.
th k
Interior its share of gravity loads.
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 VIERENDEELTURSS ConventionalBuildingCodePhilosophy
Conventional Building Code Philosophy
forEarthquakeResistantDesign
A Vierendeel truss has rigid
rigid, welded
connections so does not require the
diagonals usually seen in trusses. If used, Objective: Preventcollapseintheextreme
the reason might have been to provide
more space for ducts or openings within earthquakelikelytooccurata
the truss by eliminating the diagonals.
buildingsite.

Objectivesarenotto:
limitdamage
maintainfunction
provideforeasyrepair

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DesignforDuctileBehavior
To Survive Strong Earthquake without Collapse:
ToSurviveStrongEarthquakewithoutCollapse:
H

DesignforDuctileBehavior

H Ductility = Inelastic Deformation

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 DesignforDuctileBehavior H DesignforDuctileBehavior
Helastic
H H
H

3/4 *Helastic

1/2 *Helastic Strength

yield failure
Reqd Ductility

1/4 *H
Helastic
failure
Ductility Factor =
yield

MAX
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DesignforDuctileBehavior
es g o uct e e a o Developing Ductile Behavior:
DevelopingDuctileBehavior:
Ductility in Steel Structures: Yielding
Chooseframeelements("fuses")thatwillyieldin
Ch f l t ("f ") th t ill i ld i
Nonductile Failure Modes: Fracture or Instability anearthquake.
Detail"fuses"tosustainlargeinelasticdeformations
D t il "f "t t i l i l ti d f ti
priortotheonsetoffractureorinstability(i.e.,
Ductility = Yielding
H detail f ses for d ctilit )
detailfusesforductility).
Failure =
Fracture
Designallotherframeelementstobestrongerthan
or the fuses i e design all other frame elements to
thefuses,i.e.,designallotherframeelementsto
Instability developtheplasticcapacityofthefuses.

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 DesignEQLoads TotalLateralForceperASCE705:
K El
KeyElementsofSeismicResistantDesign
t fS i i R i t tD i
V Cs W
RequiredLateralStrength
ASCE7:
MinimumDesignLoadsforBuildingsandOther V = total design lateral
Structures force or shear at
base of structure

W = effective seismic
DetailingforDuctility weight of building
AISC: CS = seismic response
SeismicProvisionsforStructuralSteelBuildings coefficient
V

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DesignEQLoads TotalLateralForceperASCE705: DesignEQLoads TotalLateralForceperASCE705:

R factors for Selected Steel Systems (ASCE 7):
V CSW
SMF (Special Moment Resisting Frames): R=8
SD 1 IMF (Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames): R = 4.5
for T TL
R
T OMF (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames): R = 3.5
SDS I
CS EBF (Eccentrically Braced Frames): R = 8 or 7
R
SD1TL SCBF (Special
(S i l Concentrically
C t i ll Braced
B )
d Frames):
F R=6
I for T > TL
R
T2 OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames): R = 3.25
I
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame): R = 8 or 7
SDS = design spectral I = importance factor
acceleration at SPSW (Special Plate Shear Walls): R=7
short periods T = fundamental
f d l period
i d off building
b ildi
TL = long period transition period Undetailed Steel Systems in
SD1 = design spectral Seismic Design Categories A, B or C R=3
acceleration at (AISC Seismic Provisions not needed)
1-second period R = response modification coefficient
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 6300. Design
6300.Design
6330.StructuralSteelFramesandAssembles

ObjectiveandScopeMet
TypesofSteelFrames
f l
StabilityBracing(SectionNCandAppendix
Stab ty ac g (Sect o C a d ppe d
N6)
ElasticandInelasticBehavior
El ti d I l ti B h i
SeismicAnalysis
y

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