AFT Products

Reinaldo Pinto
Global Sales Manager
reinaldopinto@aft.com
Agenda
About Applied Flow Technology
Office and Worldwide Distributors
Product Applications
AFT Software List
Pipe Network Design Challenges
Pipe Network Design Challenges and AFT products
Customers
Fathom
Fathom Examples
Impulse
Impulse Examples
Arrow
Arrow Examples
About Applied Flow Technology
Applied Flow Technology (AFT) is an international software
development and consulting company
Founded in 1993, AFT has rapidly grown to be a leader in the pipe
flow modeling software market
Primary business focus is developing high quality fluid flow analysis
products for Microsoft Windows
AFT Office and Worldwide Distributors

Representatives in 32 countries
Customers in 70+ countries
Product Applications
AFT products are being successfully applied to a broad range of
industrial systems:
Power generation systems
Chemical and petrochemical systems
Oil and gas production, transportation, refining and delivery
Marine and offshore
Automotive systems
Aerospace systems
Air conditioning and refrigeration systems
Semi-conductor manufacturing systems
Pulp and paper processing
Fire suppression
Water and Wastewater treatment plant design
Mining processing and support systems
Biomedical products and pharmaceutical processing
Municipal water distribution

6
 AFT Software Products
Analysis
AFT Fathom (1994)
Incompressible pipe flow
Three add-on modules
AFT Arrow (1995)
Compressible pipe flow
One add-on module
AFT Impulse (1996)
Waterhammer
One add-on module
AFT (Fathom, Arrow & Impulse)
Viewer
Design
AFT Mercury (2001)
Incompressible pipe flow
AFT Titan (2003)
Compressible pipe flow
Utility
AFT SteamCalc (1995)
Chempak (1999)
7
 AFT Software Products (Cont.)

Support Education
AFT Flow Expert Package (New) AFT Academic Program
AFT Flow Expert Packages provide Licenses for Research and
consulting services beyond typical
technical support requests on the
Development
installation, upgrade assistance, and Licenses for Hydraulic
functionality of AFT software Courses

Package Options
5 Hours
10 Hours
20 Hours

8
 Pipe Network Design Challenges
1. Meeting design parameters Specs.: Pressure, Flow,
Temperature, Energy Consumption, etc.
2. Dealing with Hydraulic Phenomena's:
1. Cavitation (steady state and transient)
Valves erosion ..\..\Seminar\Technical
Topics\Cavitation\Cavitation Demo.mp4.mp4
Pumps erosion
Valves leak
Pipe Collapse ..\..\Seminar\Technical
Topics\Collapse\Railroad tank car vacuum implosion.avi
Pipe flashing (vapor cavities)
2. Overpressures
Pipe Rupture ..\..\Seminar\Technical Topics\Pipe failure -
pump start-up\Sea Water Pump Explosion _ Video _
Break.com_2.mp4
Pipe Support Failure
Waterhammer Videos\How a Bladder Surge Tank can
alleviate column separation1.wmv ;
9
 Pipe Network Design Challenges

In the construction of pump storage installation the greatest concern

must be given to the question of operational safety right from the
beginning. For this reason exhaustive and accurate data on the
pressure fluctuations caused when the pump motors cut out suddenly
must be worked out in the project stage. Only this way suitable
precautions be taken in good time to prevent inadmissible pressures
M. Marchal, G. Flesh and P. Suter
Article: The calculation of Waterhammer problems by means of the digit
computer

System Protection devices Failure to Control: Relief Systems,

Equipment Protection devices, etc.
Relief Valve Cycling (Chattering) ..\..\Seminar\Technical Topics\Valve
Chattering\Safety Valve - Chattering.avi

3. Sonic Choking
Flow limitation

3. Code Compliance

10
Pipe Network Design Challenges and AFT
products
AFT products will not only allow you to deal with all the Pipe Network
Design Challenges , also they will give you access to powerful designing
tools that will make your design more easy, comprehensive and facilitates
finding a solution to any problem. Among these tools we can mention:
Scenario Manager to track all design variants and operational
possibilities in a single model file.
Detailed modeling for centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
Thermal analysis including piping heat transfer and heat exchanger
modeling
Pump vs. system curve generation including individual head curves and
composite efficiency
Select pumps from online manufacturer catalogs
Specify alerts that automatically highlight output values that are out of
range for flow, pressure or velocity
Built-in library of fluids and fittings
Supports Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, including non-settling
and settling slurries

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Customers

12
Customers in India

13
Modelaje de Flujo Incompresible

AFT FATHOM

14
AFT Fathom General Description
General purpose pipe network incompressible flow analysis
Advanced drag-and-drop interface
Calculates pressure drop, flow distribution and (optionally)
energy balance in pipe networks
Implements Newton-Raphson matrix techniques to solve 3
equations:
Continuity (Mass) Equation
Momentum (Bernoulli) Equation
Energy Equation (optional)

15
AFT Fathom General Description (cont.)
Can model systems in any generalized configuration
Open or closed systems
Branching systems
Looping systems
Can model any fluid in which the viscosity is Newtonian
Can model non-Newtonian fluids using Power Law and
Bingham Plastic
Can model variable fluid properties
English and SI units supported

16
Components That Can Be Modeled
Branching section (up to 25 pipes)
Known pressure or flow boundaries
Pumps
Pump curves follow a polynomial equation or can be linearly
interpolated
Centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps
Pressure and flow control valves
Relief valves and check valves
Spray discharge nozzles, sprinklers.
Heat Exchangers
Tanks

17
Components That Can Be Modeled (cont.)
Heat exchangers
Hydraulic losses
Heat transfer
General fittings and components where the resistance curve
follows a polynomial relationship
Also can be modeled as linearly interpolated data
Piping insulation

18
Solution Techniques
AFT Fathom uses the Newton-Raphson Method to solve the
flow distribution in a pipe network
The Newton-Raphson Method for pipe networks is a matrix
method
This method gained favor with the introduction of the digital
computer
The technique has been considered standard industry
practice for 40 years

19
Basic Laws of Pipe Flow

Mass Conservation
=
Momentum Equation (Bernoulli)
1 1
1 + 12 + 1 = 2 + 22 + 2 +
2 2

The dynamic pressure and static pressure can be combined

into the stagnation (total) pressure, and the solution is then for
total pressure
Therefore, the momentum equation becomes
,1 + 1 = ,2 + 2 +

20
Law of Friction
Traditional method of friction loss calculation uses the Darcy-
Weisbach friction factor, f
1 2
=
2
The friction factor is not a constant, but a function of the pipe
wall characteristics and the Reynolds number
AFT Fathom uses the iterative Colebrook-White correlation for
turbulent flow and the traditional laminar flow equation
2
9.35
= 1.14 2 log + (Re > 4000)

64
= (Re < 2300)

21
Modelaje de Flujo Incompresible

AFT FATHOM
EXAMPLES

22
Model 1: Pump Sizing
Determine the pump head and power for the following system
Water system at 21 degrees C
Reservoir at 3 meters elevation needs to be pumped up a hill to
a reservoir at 60 meters elevation
Flow requirement is 110 m3/hr
The total pipe length is 300 meters
The pipe is 4 inch (10.23 cm ID) Schedule 40 Steel
Pump efficiency = 80%
3m

60m

295m

3m 5m

23
Model 1: Pump Sizing - Layout

24
 Model 1: Pump Sizing - Output

Note:
Pump Head Rise = 93.4 m
This has 2 parts:
Elevation Rise = 57.0 m
Frictional Head = 36.4 m

25
Model 1: Pump Sizing Select a Pump

Choose a pump with

adequate head rise at
the design flow
Q dH
(m3/h) (m)
0 102
110 94
220 56

26
Model 1: Pump Sizing Enter Pump Data

27
Model 1: Pump Sizing Fit Curve to Data

28
Model 1: Pump Sizing Review Selected
Pump

29
Model 1: Pump Sizing Create Pump
System Curve

30
 Model 1- Pump Sizing System Curve

Pump Curve

36.9m
System Curve
Friction Hf
93.9m
Head

Total Dynamic
Static Head (TDH)

Hs 57.0m

Flowrate
Operating 110.7 m3/hr
Flow Rate
31
Model 2: Variable Speed Pumping
After selecting and buying the pump in Example #1, it is
determined the velocity is too high
A variable speed drive is proposed to reduce the flow rate
from 110 to 90 m3/hr
What is the new efficiency and power usage?
What speed will the pump operate?

3m

60m

295m

3m 5m

32
Model 2: Variable Speed Pump Enter
Setpoint

33
Model 2: Variable Speed Pump Output

34
Model 2: Variable Speed Pump New
Head Rise

Note:
Pump Head Rise = 81.7 m
This has 2 parts:
Elevation Rise = 57.0 m
Frictional Head = 24.7 m

35
 Model 2: Variable Speed Pump Pump
System Curve

Pump Curve (No Control)

System Curve

Pump Curve
(VFD at 92.1% Speed) 93.9m 81.7m

36.9m Hf Hf 24.7m
Head

57.0m Hs Hs 57.0m

Flowrate No No VFD
VFD Control Control
90 m3/hr 110.7 m3/hr
36
Model 3: Flow Control Valve Evaluation
After selecting and buying the pump in Example #1, it is
determined the velocity is too high
Use a flow control valve to reduce the flow rate from 110 to 90
m3/hr
What is the new efficiency and power usage?
What speed will the pump operate?

3m

60m

295m

3m 5m

37
Model 3: Flow Control Valve Add Valve
Use SHIFT key and then drag a Control Valve junction onto
P2
This is the Split Pipe feature

38
Model 3: Flow Control Valve Enter
Setpoint

39
Model 3: Flow Control Valve Output

Note:
Pump Head Rise = 97.7 m

This has 3 parts:

Elevation Rise = 57.0 m
Frictional Head = 24.7 m
Head Loss Across Control
Valve = 16.0 m (shown on
Valve Summary tab)

40
 Model 3: Flow Control Valve Pump
System Curve
Pump Curve

93.9m 97.7m
Head Loss Across
Control Valve
Hcv 16.0m

System Curve 36.9m Hf Hf 24.7m

Head

57.0m Hs Hs 57.0m

Flowrate With Without

90 m3/hr Valve Valve 110.7 m3/hr
41
Modeling and Selecting Pumps
Pumps
Pumps can be modeled with pump curves, fixed flows or fixed
pressure/head rise
Pump curves introduce a strong non-linearity into the model
Multiple pumps in parallel frequently require lower flow rate relaxation
values
The pump pressure/head is listed in the General Results section of the
output
Using undersized or oversized pumps can lead to modeling results that do
not reflect reality
In the case of an undersized pump with hydrostatic head greater than
shut off, Fathom will model backflow with the pump at shut off head
where, in reality, the pump head will be different
An oversized pump may be at runout, which is not modeled (Fathom
extrapolates based on the curve fit - you can specify an end of curve
flow rate so Fathom will warn you if the solution is beyond the rate of
flow)
Pumps
Variable speed pumps can be modeled by entering the pump
speed
Pump runout can be indentified
Viscosity corrections using Hydraulics Institute Standard can
be applied
Control to a flow rate, suction or discharge pressure can be
performed
Variable NPSH curves can be entered
Efficiency/power data can be entered
Fathom will determine power usage and proximity to BEP
 Working with Pump Data and Results

Pump data can be entered

for the head curve, NPSH
and efficiency. Data is
input in the Pump
Configuration window.

The Pump Summary is

included in the General
Results of the Output
window
Pump Summary
The Pump Summary report in the output window gathers all pump data into one
location for convenient review
Pump head and pressure rise
Pump horsepower - ideal if no efficiency curve data is provided or brake
horsepower if efficiency curve is provided
Pump speed
NPSHA and NPSHR
BEP and percent of BEP (if efficiency or power data is entered)
Viscosity correction constants CQ and CH (only if viscosity corrections are used)
This report is displayed by selection within the General Output tab of the Output
Control window then accessed using the Pump Summary tab of the Output window.
Variable Speed Pumps
If a speed other than 100% is entered for a pump, AFT
Fathom will modify the pump curve according to the pump
affinity laws
Head ratio is related to speed ratio by square law

2
DH1 n1
=
DH2 n2

Flow ratio is related to speed ratio linearly

DH1 = a + bQ1 + cQ12 + dQ13 eQ14

Q1 n1
s 2
D 2 = D 1=
H H s 2
a + s2= n1 s2cQ12 + s2dQ13 + s2eQ 4
Q2 2
3 1 4
2 2 2 2 Q2
DH2 = s a + s s c +s d +s e
s s
Q Q 3 Q 4
DH2 = s2a + sbQ2 + cQ22 + d 2 + e 23
s s
Variable Speed Pumps (cont.)
For several speed ratios the pump curves look as follows:
20

100%
15
Head (ft)

80%
10

60%
5

0
0 50 100 150 200
Flow Rate (gpm)
Variable Speed Pumps (cont.)
For variable speed pumps Fathom can calculate the speed required to
deliver a specified discharge pressure/head or flow
You cannot simultaneously input the speed because that is what is
being calculated
Fathom disables the speed input field
The required speed is display in the Pump Summary of the Output window
Variable Speed Pumps Example
Open "Variable Speed Pumps.fth" from disk (or "Variable
Speed Pumps (SI).fth for metric) Models\Fathom
Models\Variable Speed Pumps (SI)(complete).fth
Create a new scenario and make it current.
Set pump J7 to Controlled Pump (Variable Speed) 400 gpm /
100 m3/hr
How do the pump flows compare to the Base Scenario?
Create a new scenario below the scenario created above
Set pump J4 to 90% speed
How do the pump flow compare to the previous scenario? Why?
Cavitation and NPSH
AFT Fathom will calculate local static pressures for the
purpose of identifying cavitation
The vapor pressure of the fluid must be entered into System
Properties
The Restricted Area must be input for the junction so AFT
Fathom can perform the local pressure calculation
AFT Fathom does not model cavitation - rather, it identifies
where it occurs in the system
If NPSH data is entered for a pump, AFT Fathom will check
the required NPSH (i.e., NPSHR) vs. that which is available
(i.e., NPSHA)
NPSHA and NPSHR are displayed in the Pump Summary
AFT Fathom models variable NPSH curves
Pump Configurations
Pump data can be entered for multiple configurations
The default is a single configuration.
A pump configuration is a pump with a specific impeller trim and
operating speed
Multiple impeller trims and operating speeds can be specified as
part of the pump, then a particular combination can be chosen
Data for NPSH and Efficiency (or Power) is optional
These parameters do not affect the solution
They are used only for diagnostics
With Efficiency/Power data, Fathom determines the Best Efficiency
Point (BEP) and the proximity of the operating point to BEP
Pump Configurations (cont.)
The Pump Configuration window is opened from the Pump
Properties window
Click the Create button to input a new configuration
Pump Configurations (cont.)
Multiple configurations are displayed on the Pump Properties
window in dropdown lists for selection
Pump Configurations Reference Density

Pump curves in terms of head and volumetric flow rate DO

NOT change with density
Curves in terms of pressure or mass flow rate ARE dependent
on density
Power curves DO change with density
Pump Configurations Reference Density

A reference density can be entered so the difference between

the system properties fluid density and the pump test fluid
(reference density) will always be accounted for
Pump Impeller Modifications
Users can input impeller modifications
Pumps curves (and NPSH and efficiency/power curves) will be
automatically adjusted
Impeller modification can be of two types:
Ratio from a single curve
Entered as percent
Interpolation between two curves
Entered as absolute diameter
Pump Impeller Modifications (cont.)
Entering "Ratio as Percent" will use affinity laws for impellers
to adjust the selected pump curve data
This feature is available whenever a pump curve is entered
Pump Impeller Modifications (cont.)
Entering "Actual Impeller Trim" will interpolate between the
closest impeller data
Affinity laws are used in the interpolation
This feature only available with multiple configurations
Pump Impeller Information in Output
Pump Summary in Output window can show impeller
information
One Pump Can Represent Multiple Pumps

A single pump can represent multiple identical pumps in

parallel or series
Control Valves
Control Valves
AFT Fathom has four types of control valves
Flow Control
Pressure reducing (control on downstream of valve)
Pressure sustaining (control on upstream of valve)
Pressure drop control (same pressure drop always)
Control Valve junctions can be used to model actual control valves or to size regular
valves
Required pressure drop will be identified
FCV's, PRV's a PSV's will take as much pressure drop as is required to control to
desired conditions
The Valve Summary in Output window shows Cv and all relevant data for Control
Valves grouped together
Pumped System with FCVs
Size pump with flow control valves (TEST7 (SI).FTH / Test 7)
Supply tank liquid elevation is 1.5 meters, with 0.7 barG (70 kPa-g) surface
pressure
Receiving tank liquid elevation is at 3 meters, with 2.1 barG (210 kPa-g)
surface pressure
Specify pump as Volumetric Fixed Flow at 50 m3/hr
System fluid: Water @ 21 C
All pipes are:
Steel - ANSI, 2 inch (5.25 cm ID), schedule 40
6 meters long
All non-reservoir junctions are on the ground at 0 meters elevation
Two flow control valves in parallel require 25 m3/hr each with a minimum ofTank
Receiver 0.3
bar (30 kPa) drop
System looks as below: FCV
FCV
Supply Tank Pump Valve (Lossless) Tee (Simple) Elbow (Standard)
Pumped System with FCVs (cont.)

When you try to run this model the reference pressure error is displayed
The error message identifies the following junctions as lacking a reference
pressure -

This represents the following portion of the system, which is bounded by

fixed flows - the fixed flow pump and the two flow control valves

FCV
FCV
Valve (Lossless) Tee (Simple)

Pump Elbow (Standard)

(modeled as fixed
flow)
Pumped System with FCVs (cont.)
This is analogous to a single pipe with specified flow, Q, at the inlet and outlet -

Q Q
This situation cannot be solved because there is no unique solution
You could calculate the pressure drop along this pipe, but not the pressure since
a deltaP can be the difference between an infinite number of possible Pinlet and
Poutlet values
This is not merely a matter of mathematics, but is an issue with real systems and
is why, for example, closed loop systems have expansion or head tanks

The solution to this modeling dilemma is to make one of the FCVs a PDCV
PDCV setting is the minimum deltaP needed across the control valve
To insure all control valves have at least the minimum deltaP, the hydraulically
most distant FCV is selected to be changed to a PDCV

Note that the GSC module offers a direct way of solving this issue without
resorting to the PDCV (see GSC Example scenario in model file)
Pumped System with FCVs (cont.)
Enter a pump curve based on size requirements
TEST7 (SI).FTH / Test 7a
Data is:
40 meters at 0 m3/hr
38 meters at 50 m3/hr
30 meters at 100 m3/hr
Data is already setup in a file
Import from file PUMP7A (SI).DAT
Change control valve from PDCV to FCV
 Pumped System with FCVs (cont.)
Add 0.7 bar (70 kPa) pressure drop to valve after pump
TEST7 (SI).FTH / Test 7B)
Review failure states of FCVs
Receiver Tank

FCV
FCV
Supply Tank Pump Valve Tee (Simple) Elbow (Standard)

Hint:
Morph the stop valve after the pump by dragging a control valve on
top of it while holding down the CTRL key, then set as PDCV at 0.7
bar
Control Valve Can't Achieve Setpoint
Control valves (flow or pressure) can end up in a situation
where they cannot control to the desired control setpoint
This indicates the desired control point cannot be obtained
unless the valve acts like a pump
There are three actions to not achieving the setpoint:
Always Control (Never Fail) - add pressure if required (default)
Go to the valves full open state
Close the valve
In applications with multiple flow control valves in parallel,
multiple valves may not achieve the setpoint simultaneously
Any control valve that cannot control to its setpoint will go to
its "action if setpoint not achievable"
Once this action is taken, it will not return to its control capability
Control Valve Can't Achieve Setpoint (cont.)

When control valves fail, AFT Fathom will set failed valves to
their failure position and re-run the model to determine if the
remaining control valves can now control
Consider a system with three FCVs in parallel, specified to
fail open if there is insufficient upstream pressure
With all three controlling, the system flow and corresponding
upstream pressure drop may result in insufficient pressure for
some, or all, of the valves to control.
Fathom initially runs the model with the valves in the never fail
mode. Failed valves will have added pressure. The valve adding
the greatest magnitude of added pressure will be set to the fail
open mode specified and the model re-run.
This process will continue until no valves are adding pressure,
thus determining the combination of valves that may operate at
their setpoint.
Control Valve Can't Achieve Setpoint (cont.)

Pressure control valves can lose control for two reasons:

Insufficient upstream pressure
Excessive downstream pressure
The user can assign different actions for each of these cases
Heat Loss in a Pipe
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe
Calculate heat transfer in a pipe
Fluid is water at 65 degrees
Heat transfer is enabled when specifying the fluid

73
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe (cont.)
Define the model components
Inlet stagnation pressure is 3.5 bar
Inlet temperature is 65 degrees C
Flow is 4.5 kg/sec
All elevations are zero

74
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe (cont.)
Pipe properties
Length is 150 meters
Steel 4 inch (9.72 cm ID) Schedule 80
Add insulation to the pipe
Ambient temperature is 10 degrees C
There is one layer of insulation 3 cm thick with a thermal
conductivity of 3.5 W/m-K
External convection coefficient is 60 W/m^2-K
Fluid internal convection coefficient is calculated by Fathom
using a correlation, and the pipe wall resistance is calculated
using the material database
Models\Fathom Models\Heat Transfer.fth

75
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe (cont.)

76
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe (cont.)
Specify Heat Rate and Inlet/Outlet Temperatures in the output
Remove head terms (like dH in pipes)

77
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe (cont.)
Specify insulation temperatures in the output
This is done on the Heat Transfer tab

78
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe - Output
What is the exit temperature (deg. C)?
What is the Heat loss (kW)?

79
Model 4: Heat Loss in a Pipe Output
What is the maximum insulation surface temperature (found
on the Heat Transfer tab)?

80
Heat Exchanger Modeling
Heat Exchanger
In AFT Fathom heat exchangers can be modeled:
as hydraulic only (e.g., a constant property model), or
as hydraulic and thermal
AFT Fathom uses the effectiveness-NTU method based on
the heat exchanger geometry chosen
Alternatively, users can -
specify a constant heat rate to or from the heat exchanger
specify a heat rate which is a function of temperature
specify the exit temperature of the heat exchanger, and let
Fathom determine the amount of heat transfer that results
specify the temperature or enthalpy change
The assigned heat rate and assigned exit temperature
are useful for sizing heat exchangers

82
Heat Exchangers Tube Model
Heat exchangers have a special pressure loss model called
Tube Configuration
Pressure loss is calculated based on tubes, passes, scaling, etc.

83
Heat Exchanger Thermal Linking
A heat exchanger can be thermally linked to another heat
exchanger
This can represent the hot and cold side of a single heat
exchanger, with separate fluid loops
Models\Fathom Models\Turbine Cooling.fth

84
Heat Exchanger Thermal Linking

85
Scenario Manager
 Scenario Manager
The Scenario Manager allows you to keep variants of a model all with the same model
When changes are made to the base model, they are automatically passed downward
Changes at lower levels do not pass upwards

Current Workspace
scenario

Scenario tree

Notes can be added

for each Scenario

Rename, delete, clone,

promote & save
scenarios by clicking
here

Create a new
scenario by clicking
here
Quick Access Panel
The Quick Access Panel provides convenient utilization of all of the features
of the Scenario Manager.
Types Of Changes
The types of changes that can be made are very broad
Junctions can be turned on and off to evaluate different
operating conditions
Pipe and junction data can be varied to parametrically evaluate
competing designs
You can build an existing system as your base model then add to
the system to evaluate expansion possibilities on the existing
system
You can easily evaluate different working fluids by setting them
up as different children scenarios
You can compare a newly-built clean system to one that has
been in service for a period of time with worn/corroded pipes,
etc.
Data Propagation
Changes to ancestors propagate to all descendants if the
descendant data has not been modified
Changes to descendents never propagates to ancestors
 Data Propagation (cont.)

For many users, it is easiest to grasp

Scenario Manager when it is explained
how the coding logic is actually
implemented Diameter Length
Blank fields for children, grandchildren, 3 25
Base
etc., mean to look to the parent for the
Child #1 __ __
data
If the parent is blank, then look to the Gr. Child #1 __ __
grandparent
The Base Scenario never has blank
fields

Diameter Length
Base 3 25
Here Child #1 does not have a blank
field, so its Diameter would be 2, not 3 Child #1 2 __
Gr. Child #1 would have a Diameter of 2 Gr. Child #1 __ __
Both still have Lengths of 25
 Data Propagation (cont.)

Changing the Base Scenario Diameter Length

Diameter from 3 to 6 would not impact Base 3 25
Child #1 or any descendents in that 2 __
Child #1
line
Gr. Child #1 __ __
Changing the Length from 25 to 40
would also change the length in Child
#1, Gr. Child #1, and any
descendents of Gr. Child #1 Diameter Length
Base 6 40
Child #1 2 __
Gr. Child #1 __ __
 Data Propagation (cont.)

Even if the Gr. Child #1 has the

Diameter Length
same Diameter as the Base, it is not
linked to the Base because it and its Base 3 25
parent are not blank Child #1 2 __
Any change to the Base Diameter would Gr. Child #1 3 __
not affect any descendent because Child
#1 is not blank

Diameter Length
Base 3 25
Child #1 3 __
If the Diameter in Child #1 is Gr. Child #1 3 __
changed to be the same as the
Base, it will be blanked out the
next time the scenario is loaded Diameter Length
And so will Gr. Child #1, if its Diameter is
also the same Base 3 25
Child #1 __ __
Gr. Child #1 __ __
 Data Propagation (cont.)

Here, Child #1 would have the

following: Diameter Length
Diameter = 2 Base 3 25
Length = 25 2 __
Child #1
Changes to Base Diameter will not affect
Diameter Gr. Child #1 __ 15
Changes to Base Length will affect Length
Here, Gr. Child #1 would have the
following:
Diameter = 2
Length = 15
Changes to Base Diameter will not affect
Diameter
Changes to Child #1 Diameter will affect
Diameter
Changes to Base Length or Child #1 Length
will not affect Length
 Ancestral Data
Ancestral source of data can be viewed for all pipes and
junctions in Model Data

Scenario data can be colored for

easier viewing

Scenario names shown at left

Parameters which change are

highlighted
Links to Parent
A link to a parent may be re-established by returning the
attribute to the same value as that of its parent
This can be done manually be entering the value or selecting
Same As Parent from within a pipe or junction Property window,
Solution Control or System Properties.
Links are identified by comparing attribute values on a pipe or
junction number by number basis.
This means that renumbering a scenario will break all links with
its parent (since numbers must be unique)
Links to Parent (cont.)
You can make a pipe have the same attribute as its parent by choosing Copy Data
From Pipe: Parent Pipe Data
Junctions function similarly
Example Model
A piping system will be used to transport liquid methane, propane, and ethane at
cryogenic conditions
Supply is at -100 deg. C
The system will supply only one tank at a time
Pipe is Stainless Steel ANSI schedule 40S and is very well insulated (no heat
transfer)
Supply is pressurized to 35 barG and storage tanks to 30 barG
Both valves have Cv = 25
Using Fathom build all of these scenarios in a single model (cryo1 (SI).fth)
What is the flow rate for all cases?
Models\Fathom Models\cryo1.fth
Example Model (cont.)
After building all the design cases, it is discovered that pipe 1
should have been 16 inch (39.8 cm ID) schedule 5S, not 12
inch (31.6 cm ID) schedule 40S (cryo1a (SI).fth)
Make this change to the model and review the effects
Answers to Example
Flow rates to tanks using 12 inch (30.48 cm ID) pipe

Flow Rate To Tank (m3/hr)

A B
Methane 87.2 87.5
Ethane 63.3 63.7
Propane 58.9 59.3

Flow rates to tanks using 16 inch (38.9 cm ID) pipe

Flow Rate To Tank (m3/hr)

A B
Methane 87.2 87.5
Ethane 63.4 63.7
Propane 58.9 59.3
Example Model (cont.)
Depending on how you arrange the scenarios, the Scenario Manager might look like
this:
View of Model Data Scenarios
View of Output Scenarios
Transient Analysis

AFT IMPULSE

104
Overview of Transient Analysis
Transient phenomenon occurs in a liquid piping system when
some event causes a departure from steady state.
Transient condition is the process the piping system experiences
as it adjusts to the new conditions.
Transient can be caused by many events including
Valve closure or opening (in full or in part)
Pump speed change
Relief valve cracking open
Tank pressurization
Periodic pressure or flow conditions
Overview of Transient Analysis
Transient phenomenon can occur in any liquid piping system
Other terms which have been used are
Waterhammer
Fluidhammer
Hydraulic Transients
Fluid Transients
Surge
The term waterhammer confuses some, because it implies a
process only in water systems
Types of Transient
Transient can be caused by different physical mechanisms
There is no universal terminology for these mechanisms so the
terminology here is for discussion purposes
1. Thermodynamic Transient
Liquid acceleration caused by local phase change
2. Slug Transient
Liquid flows into an evacuated pipe system or when there are
distinct liquid slugs and gas pockets
When liquid contacts equipment or direction changes (elbows)
pressure spikes can occur
3. Mechanical Transient
Caused by equipment or component operational changes
Pump trips, valves closed, etc.
This is the type of waterhammer that AFT Impulse can model
Instantaneous Transient
The magnitude of a transient is dependent on the wavespeed
of the liquid
The wavespeed () is dependent on the:
liquid acoustic velocity
pipe modulus of elasticity (E), wall thickness (t), and material
Poisson Ratio ()
pipe restraints
A useful equation for theoretical pressure surge is given by
the instantaneous waterhammer equation

=
Instantaneous Transient (cont.)
Most engineers believe the instantaneous waterhammer
equation defines the maximum possible pressure from
waterhammer.
This is incorrect. Several real world affects can increase the
waterhammer pressure:
Pipe friction
Cavitation
Network effects (superposition of pressure waves)
Code Compliance
Once the overpressure is calculated, What should the designer do with
this value?
The answer to this question depends on the code being used.

ASME Code for pressure piping B31.4. Pressure Transportation

Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids.
B31.4 refers directly to the maximum value of the overpressure,
establishing a limit of 10% above the design pressure.

ASME Code for pressure piping B31.3. Process Piping

The maximum stress produce the loads created by the surge pressure
shall not exceed: 1.33 Sh (Sh=allowable stress for the operating
temperature).
AFT Impulse
Waterhammer Sequence

V=Vsteady V= Vsteady
V=0 V=0
a a
a c
b d

V= Vsteady V= Vsteady
V=0 V=0
a a
Waterhammer Sequence 0 < t < L/a

Valve closed
instantaneously at t=0
V=Vsteady
V=0
a

P
DPinstantaneous
Psteady

x
V

Vsteady

x
Waterhammer Sequence L/a < t < 2L/a

Valve closed
instantaneously at t=0
V= Vsteady
V=0
a

P
DPinstantaneous
Psteady

x
V

x
-Vsteady
Waterhammer Sequence 2L/a < t < 3L/a

Valve closed
instantaneously at t=0
V= Vsteady
V=0
a

P
Psteady
DPinstantaneous

x
V

x
-Vsteady
Waterhammer Sequence - 3L/a < t < 4L/a

Valve closed
instantaneously at t=0
V= Vsteady
V=0

P
Psteady
DPinstantaneous

Vsteady

x
Fundamental Equations
Mass / continuity equation

2
+ =0

Momentum equation

1
+ + sin + =0
2
Where : Note: These are only the primary
a = wavespeed equations, not the complete set.
V = velocity
x = distance along pipe
P = pressure
t = time
g = gravitational constant
a = slope of pipe
f = friction factor
D = diameter of pipe
Method of Characteristics

By combining the mass and t = 5 Dt

momentum equations linearly and t = 4 Dt

substituting mass flow rate, , for

t = 3 Dt
velocity, V, one obtains
t = 2 Dt
+ + + = 0
22 t = Dt
P
C+ C-

Integrating along the characteristic t= 0

x=0
A
x = i-1 x = i
B
x = i+1 x=L
line from A to P yields the positive
characteristic (Note: a similar equation can be written for the negative characteristic)


+ + + = 0
22

+ + + =0
22
Method of Characteristics (cont.)

Introducing two convenient t = 5 Dt

parameters t = 4 Dt

Impedance t = 3 Dt
Where:
=
A = cross sectional area t = 2 Dt

P
Resistance t = Dt
C+ C-
t= 0 A B
= x=0 x = i-1 x=i x = i+1 x=L
22

Note that after the initial calculations the impedance and

resistance have constant property values for each pipe,
except for the friction factor, f
Steady-State Data in Transient Solver
The Transient Solver requires the following:
Initial steady-state flow rates in all pipes
Initial pressures at all junctions
Initial states of all junctions
Pumps on or off
Valve open or closed
Check valves open or closed
Etc.
Pipe resistance (friction factors)
AFT Impulse Examples
 Model 1: Valve Closure Surge Transient
Determine the surge pressures in an ammonia transfer
system when a valve is closed in 0.5, 1 and 2 seconds
All pipe is steel with standard wall thickness, thin-walled
anchored upstream Models\Impulse Models\Ammonia Transfer
System Valve Transient.imp
P1 P2 P3
L = 30 m L = 91 m L = 46 m
8 inch (20.3 cm ID) 10 inch (25.5 cm ID) 10 inch (25.5 cm ID)

1 2 3 4
Surface Elev. = 12 m Surface Elev. = 6 m
Surface Pressure = 1.72 MPa(g) Abrupt Expansion Surface Pressure = 1.72 MPa(g)
Pipe Depth = 6 m Elevation = 0 m Pipe Depth = 1.5 m
Valve
Ammonia at 24C Elevation = 0 m
0 to 5 seconds t (sec) Cv
Model Cavitation 0 1000
? 0
Model 1: Valve Closure Model
Model 1: Valve Closure Valve Input
Model 1: Valve Closure - Results

Results
Closure Max Stag. Pressure*
Time (sec) (MPa(g))
0.5 4.183
1 4.145
2 2.502

(*) The first two cases yield

different pressures when the
sectioning is varied
This is a result of the cavitation
model
The 2 second closure case does
not cavitate
Model 1: Valve Closure - Animation

Animation for 2
second closure case
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge in a Pipeline
Determine the surge pressures in gasoline product pipeline
when the pumps trip
Steel pipes, standard schedule, thin-walled anchored upstream
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge - Input
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Gasoline
Models\Impulse Models\Gasoline Pipeline Pump Trip.imp
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Pump Data
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Pump Data
The one pump junction represents 3 pumps in parallel
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Pump Data
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Maximum
and Minimum Pressures
Model 2: Pump Trip Surge Animate
Pressures
Webinar Agenda

About Applied Flow Technology

Industry Applications
Overview of AFT Software
AFT impulse
Pipe Network Design Challenges
Pipe Network Design Challenges and AFT products
Overview of Transient Analysis
Types of Transient
Instantaneous Transient
Code Compliance
AFT Impulse Examples
Valve Closure Surge Transient
Pump Trip Surge in a Pipeline
Spray System Transient
Q/A session
Model 3: Spray System Transient
Models\Impulse Models\Spray System Transient.imp
Find how long it takes for the flow rate to come up to the
full flow of 22.7 m3/hr at each spray from the closure state
Pipe data:
Steel pipe, all schedule 40, standard roughness of 0.004572 cm
Fluid is water at 21 deg. C
Inlet stagnation pressure is 1200 kPa
Spray nozzle data:
Sprays discharge to atmosphere and open in 0.1 second
Flow Area = 3.23 square cm, Discharge coefficient = 0.6
Time (sec) CdA (cm2)
0 0
0.1 1.94
10 1.94
Model 3: Spray System Model Layout

L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters L=3 meters
1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch 1-1/2 inch
(4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID) (4.1 cm ID)

El = 3 meters
4 inch
(10.2 cm ID)
L=0.5 m
El=0.3 meters L=3 m El=0.3 meters 1-1/2 inch
(4.1 cm ID)
Typical
L=152 meters L=152 meters
8 inch El=0.3 meters 8 inch
(20.3 cm ID) (20.3 cm ID)
Model 3: Spray System Model Layout
Model 3: Spray System Spray Data
 Model 3: Spray System - Results

It takes about 0.85 seconds for the final spray to reach 22.7 m3/hr
After slightly less than 1 second the flow drops below 22.7 m3/hr

Nearest Supply

Farthest From
Supply
Compressible Flow

AFT ARROW

141
142
 Arrow 5.0 Overview
Models compressible network pipe systems
High to low velocity gas systems
High to low pressures
Implements highly advanced graphical interface very similar to
Fathom
Models open and closed systems
Accurately models
Real gases
Heat transfer
Highly compressible (sonic and near sonic) systems
Offers broad range of innovative reporting features
Balances flow and energy throughout the system
Offers customizable component and property databases
Includes high accurate steam/water properties to ASME
Modules for:
Goal Seek & Control
Cost calculations

143
 Arrow Add-On Module Overview

GSC
Automatically determines input variables that will yield specified
output values
Extends Arrows control simulation capabilities to include remote
sensing
CST
Supports cost databases for piping, fittings, valves, pumps and
other system components
Analyzes first and life cycle cost of piping/pump systems
Integrates system hydraulic design and cost

144
 AFT Arrow Approach to Compressible
Flow

Solve all governing equations simultaneously

Include all thermal and real gas effects
Balance mass and energy throughout the network
Implement special flow and energy balance iterative
methods
Offer several solution methods to increase flexibility
Encapsulate powerful solution method in an easy-to-use
graphical Windows interface

145
 Solution Methods

AFT Arrow offers six solution methods

Two lumped methods
Four marching methods

146
 Defining Gases in the System

Model your system using real or ideal gases

AFT Standard: 28 gases to choose from
ASME Steam Tables
CHEMPAK Database

147
 Heat Transfer - Pipes
Heat transfer can be calculated using one of four models
Adiabatic
Isothermal
Convective heat transfer
Constant heat flux

148
 Database

AFT Arrow offers custom database for these type of data

Components
Fluid Properties
Pipe sizes
Insulation properties
Fitting and losses
Output configuration

Databases: local or network

149
 Typical Applications

Pipe and duct sizing

Compressor/Fan, control valve, relief valve: sizing and
selection
Simulating system operation and component interaction
Choked Flow calculations
Evaluating Heat Transfer in pipes and heat exchangers
Trouble shoot existing systems / cause of operational
problems

150
 Arrow 5.0 Scenario Manager

Scenario Manager
The Scenario Manager allows you to keep variants of a model all with the
same model
When changes are made to the base model, they are
automatically passed downward
Changes at lower levels do not pass upwards

151
AFT Arrow Examples
Building a model

153
Model a Compressed Air System

154
 US
Model a Compressed Air System
Models\Arrow Models\Compressed Air System.aro
Four machine tools are supplied air for operations
The air is taken from outside the building (P = 14.7 psia), and
design conditions are that air temperature can vary from 0
deg. F to 110 deg. F.
The compressor has the following data for stagnation
pressure: 12 psid at 0 lbm/s, 10 psid at 0.5 lbm/s, and 6 psid
at 1 lbm/s
Efficiency is not known with certainty, but is expected to be about
80% to 90% - use the Determine From Efficiency Data option
for the Compression Process Thermodynamics

155
 US
Model a Compressed Air System (2)
The nozzles at the tools (modeled as valves) have a pressure
drop of 8 psid at 0.2 lbm/s
Discharge is to atmospheric pressure (make them exit valves)
Hint: Use "Fill as Quadratic" feature to create a curve
The pipes are uninsulated, sch40 steel with external heat
transfer coefficients that vary from 1-10 Btu/hr-ft2-R,
exchanging heat with the internal building ambient which can
range from 70 to 75 degrees.
The pipe at the compressor inlet is heavily insulated (consider it
adiabatic)

156
 US
Model a Compressed Air System (3)
The branches can be modeled as lossless
Use Redlich-Kwong and Generalized for the equation of
state and enthalpy model
Neglect elevation changes
The machine tools are sensitive to temperature, but the
manufacturer says they can compensate for this if they know
the extremes of delivery temperature the tools will see. What
are the (static) temperature extremes at the tools?
Hint: Compressor temperature rise increases with decreasing
efficiency
Hint : Look at pipes P6-9 outlet temperatures for tool supply
temperatures

157
 Dynamic mixing
Assemble non-reacting mixtures (using Chempak Database)
Analyze dynamic mixtures resulting from intersecting flow streams
Models\Arrow Models\Mix1.aro

158
 US
Refinery Relief System
J7
Primary
Relief Valve
CdA=15 in2

PIPE UNITS
L= feet

J1 J2 J3
Methane Ethane Propane
Process Process Process
200 psia, 300F 200 psia, 300F 200 psia, 300F
P6
Main Relief Line
L=150
6 inch
schedule 40
P1 P3
L=50. P5
L=50.
3 inch L=50.
3 inch
schedule 40 3 inch
schedule 40
schedule 40

P2 P4 J6
J5
L=25. Tee or Wye L=25. Tee or Wye
J4 3 inch
Bend 4 inch
schedule 40 schedule 40
K=0.538

159
 US
Refinery Relief System
Models\Arrow Models\Test10.aro
A new emergency relief system at an oil refinery is being
considered and you have been called as a consultant to
evaluate the process calculations (model TEST10.ARO)
The system provides relief to processes for methane, propane
and ethane (use Chempak to specify three fluids at the same
time)
Each process is at 200 psia when the relief event occurs
The process engineer has evaluated the relief capacity at the
minimum process temperature of 300 F
The elbow is a standard elbow, and model the tees as
simplified

160
 US
Refinery Relief System (2)
The relief valve CdA is 15 sq. inches (assume K = 0 since this
will choke)
Discharge pressure is 1 standard atmosphere
All pipe is steel
Assume adiabatic flow
Determine the following:
Relief capacity (i.e., flow rate) of each process
Mass and mole fraction of the discharge mixture for
environmental impact assessment
Hint: in Output Control, use Concentration Mass and Mole
Fraction

161
 US
Model Control Valve (condensation)
Fluids in the AFT Standard database do not have saturation
line data
It is not possible to evaluate condensation
Chempak fluids and the ASME Steam data do have saturation
line data
Use steam data from the Chempak database to evaluate
whether condensation will occur. Does it?
TEST3.ARO - "Chempak - No Insulation" Scenario

162