Further complex
numbers
18
Further complex numbers
3.1 You can express a complex number in the form z r(cos i sin )
where
r, a positive real number, is called the modulus and
z r(cos i sin ) is correct for a complex number in any of the Argand diagram quadrants.
Example 1
__
Express z 3 i in the form r(cos i sin ), where .
z( 3, 1)
1 arg z
___________
__ __
r (3 )2 12 4 2
5
___
1__ __
arg z tan1 ___
3 6 ( )
6
Find r and .
5 i sin ___
5
(
Therefore, z 2 cos ___
6 6 ) Apply z r(cos i sin )
19
CHAPTER 3
Example 2
1
O x
1 Here z is in the third quadrant so the
arg z required argument is .
z(1, 1)
____________ __
r (1)2 (1)2 2
3
___
arg z tan1 _1 __
1 4 () 4
Find r and .
__
3 i sin ___
3
( (
Therefore, z 2 cos ___
4 4 ) ( )) Apply z r(cos i sin )
In chapter 6, (and in your formula book), you will find the series expansions of cos and cos .
They are
4 __
2 __ (1)r 2r
________
6
cos 1 __
2! 4! 6! (2r)!
3 __
5 __ (1)
7 __________
r 2r 1
sin __
3! 5! 7! (2r 1)!
2! 3! 4! 5! r!
It can be proved that the series expansion for ex is also true if x is replaced by a complex number.
If you replace x in ex by i the series expansion becomes
By comparing this series expansion with those of and you can write ei as
This formula is known as Eulers relation.
ei cos i sin It is important for you to remember this result.
Example 3
2
O x
arg z
3
In Chapter 8 of Core 2, you learnt the following properties which will be helpful to you in this
chapter:
Example 4
Express
__
i sin ___
a z 2 cos ___ i sin __
b z 5 cos __
(
10 10 ) ( 8 8 ) in the form rei, where .
__
i sin __
z 2 ( cos __
10 )
a Compare with r (cos i sin ).
10
__
.
So, r 2 and __
10
i
__ __
Therefore, z 2 e10 Apply z rei.
21
CHAPTER 3
i sin __
z 5( cos __
8)
b Apply cos () cos and sin () sin .
8
i sin __
z 5 cos ( __
( 8) ( 8 ) ) Compare with r (cos i sin ).
Example 5
__ 3i
____
Express z 2 e 4 in the form x iy, where x and y .
3i
__ ___
z 2 e 4 Compare with rei.
__
3 .
So, r 2 and ___
4
__
3 i sin ___
3
z 2 cos ___
4 ( 4 ) Apply r (cos i sin ).
__
1__ i ___
1__ 3 ___ 3 ___
1__ and sin ___ 1__ .
2 ___ Apply cos ___
4 2 4 2
2 2
Therefore, z 1 i Simplify.
Example 6
23i
_____
Express z 2e 5 in the form r(cos i sin ), where .
23i
_____
z 2e 5 Compare with rei.
23.
So, r 2 and ____
5
23 ____
____ 13 ___
3 Continue to subtract 2 from until 2 .
5 5 5
__
3 i sin ___
3
z 2 cos ___
5 ( 5 ) Apply z r (cos i sin ).
22
Further complex numbers
Example 7
Exercise 3A
1 Express the following in the form r(cos i sin ), where . Give the exact values
of r and where possible, or values to 2 dp otherwise.
__
a 7 b 5i c 3 i d 2 2i e 1i
__
f 8 g 3 4i h 8 6i i 2 3 i
3 Express the following in the form rei, where . Give the exact values of r and
where possible, or values to 2 dp otherwise.
__
a 3 b 6i c 23 2i
__ __
d 8 i e 2 5i f 23 23 i
__
i sin __
g 8 ( cos __ i sin __
h 8 cos __ i sin __
i 2 cos __
4 4) ( 6 6 ) ( 5 5 )
4 Express the following in the form x iy where x and y .
i
__ __ i
__
a e3 b 4ei c 32 e 4
i
__ i
__ 5
i___
d 8e 6 e 3e 3 f e 6
__ 3
___ 4i
____
g ei h 32 e 4i i 8e 3
1 ( ei ei ).
Use ei cos i sin to show that sin __
6
2i
23
CHAPTER 3
3.3 You need to know how multiplying and dividing affects both the modulus and
argument of the resulting complex number.
For the following proofs you need to apply the following identities found in the Core 2 and
Core 3 sections of your formula book:
sin (1
2) sin 1 cos 2
cos 1 sin 2
cos (1
2) cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2
cos2 2 sin2 2 1
Therefore the complex number z1z2 r1r2(cos(1 2) i sin(1 2)) is in a modulus
argument form and has modulus r1r2 and argument 1 2.
Therefore the complex number z1z2 r1r2ei(1 2) is in an exponential form and has modulus
r1r2 and argument 1 2.
24
Further complex numbers
z r
Therefore the complex number z__1 r__1 (cos (1 2) i sin(1 2) is in modulusargument
2 2
r
form and has modulus r__1 and argument 1 2.
2
r
r__1 ei1 i2
2
r
r__1 ei(1 2)
2
z r r
Therefore the complex number z__1 r__1 ei(1 2) is in an exponential form and has modulus r__1
2 2 2
and argument 1 2.
In summary, you need to learn and apply the following results for complex numbers z1 and z2:
|z1|
z1 ___
__
z2 |z2| When you divide z1 by z2
you divide their moduli and
z
( )
arg z__1 arg (z1) arg (z2)
2
subtract their arguments as shown.
Example 8
5 i sin ___
5 4 cos ___
i sin ___
in the form x iy.
(
Express 3 cos ___
12 12 ) 12( 12 )
5 i sin ___
5 4 cos __
(
3 cos ___
12 12 ( 12 i sin __
)
12 )
5 __ 5 __
i sin ___
3(4) cos ___
12 ( (
12 ) 12 12 ( )) Apply the result,
z1z2 r1r2(cos(1 2) i sin(1 2)).
i sin __
12 ( cos __
2)
Simplify.
2
0 and sin __
Apply cos __ 1.
12 (0 i(1)) 2 2
12i
25
CHAPTER 3
Example 9
i sin ___
3 cos ___
2 i sin ___
2 in the form x iy.
Express 2 cos ___
(15 15 5 ) 5 ( )
2 i sin ___
2
i sin __
3 cos ___
2 i sin ___
2 (
z2 3 cos ___
5 5 )
2( cos __
15 15 ) 5 5 ( ) must be written in the form
z2 r2(cos 2 i sin 2).
i sin __
3 cos ___
2 i sin ___
2
2( cos __
15 15 ) ( ( ) 5 (
5 ))
___
2 i sin __
2(3) ( cos ( __
15 5 ) ( 15 ___
2
5 ))
Use cos() cos and
sin() sin .
i sin __
6 cos ( __
( 3) ( 3 ) ) Apply the result,
__ z1z2 r1r2(cos(1 2)
2 ( 3
6 __1 i ___
2 ( )) i sin(1 2)).
__ __1 and
3 33 i Apply cos __ ( )
3 __ 2
___
sin __
3
(
3 2).
Example 10
__
i sin ___
2 cos ___
(
12 12
_____________________
)
Express in the form x iy.
5 i sin ___
5
(
2 cos ___
6 6 )
__
i sin __
2( cos __
12
__________________12 )
5 i sin ___
5
(
2 cos ___
6 6 )
__ By applying the result,
2 5 i sin __
___ 5
___
___
2 ( ( 12
cos __
6 ) ( 12 6 )) z1 __
__ r1
z2 r2 (cos(1 2) i sin(1 2)).
__
2 3 i sin ___
3
___
2
cos ___ ( ( 4 ) ( 4 )) Simplify.
__
2
___
2
___
2 (
1__ i ___
1__
2 ( )) 3 ___
Apply cos ___
4 ( 1__ and
2
)
3 ___
1__ .
__1 __1 i
(
sin ___
4 )2
2 2
26
Further complex numbers
Exercise 3B
3 i sin ___
3 cos ___
8 i sin ___
8
(
b cos ___
11 11 11 )( 11 )
i sin __
c 3( cos __ 2 cos ___
i sin ___
4 4) 12 (12 )
__ __
i sin ___
d 6 cos ___
12 ( (
)
12 ( ) ) 3 ( cos __3 i sin __3 )
5 i sin _____
5 5 i sin _____
( (
e 4 cos _____
9 ) 9 ( ) ) 2__1 ( cos ( _____
18 ) ( 5
18 ) )
i sin ___
5 cos __
i sin __
__ 2 i sin ___
1 cos ___ 2
f 6 cos ___
(
10 10 )
3 3 (3 5 5) ( )
g (cos 4 i sin 4)(cos i sin )
cos 5 i sin 5
a ________________
cos 2 i sin 2
__
i sin __
2 cos __
( 2 2
___________________
)
b
i sin __
1 cos __
__
2( 4 4)
i sin __
3 cos __
3 ( 3
____________________
)
c
5 i sin
5
4 cos (
___
6
___
6 )
cos 2 i sin 2
d ________________
cos 3 i sin 3
where .
27
CHAPTER 3
3.4 You need to be able to prove that [rcos i sin )]n r n(cos n i sin n)
for any integer n.
Therefore it follows that the general statement for any positive integer, n is
28
Further complex numbers
If n is a negative integer, it can then be written in the form n m, where m is a positive integer.
1
____________________ Applying de Moivres theorem for
rm(cos m i sin m) positive integer m.
cos m i sin m
______________________ Difference of two squares.
rm(cos2 m i2 sin2 m)
Identity cos2 m sin2 m 1
(cos m i sin m)
1 ___________________
__
rm (cos2 m sin2 m) 1 rm
__
m
r
m
r (cos m i sin m)
Using cos cos() and
rm (cos (m) i sin (m)) sin sin().
Therefore, we have proved that de Moivres theorem is true when n is a negative integer.
Also for,
Therefore we have proved that de Moivres theorem is true for any integer n.
rn(ei ) rnein
n
Applying ( xa )b xab.
29
CHAPTER 3
Example 11
9 i sin ___
9 5
( cos ___
17 17 ) .
Simplify ___________________
2 i sin ___
2 3
( cos ___
17 17 )
9 i sin ___
9 5
(__________________
cos ___
17 17 )
2 i sin ___
2 3
( cos ___
17 17 )
9 i sin ___
9 5
( cos ___
17 17 )
______________________ Apply cos() cos and
sin() sin to the denominator.
2 i sin ___
cos( ___ 2 3
17 ) ( 17 )
45 i sin ____
cos ____ 45
17 17 Apply de Moivres theorem to both the
______________________
6 i sin ___6 numerator and the denominator.
(
cos ___
17 ) 17 ( )
By applying the result,
6 i sin ____
45 ___ 6
45 ___
(
cos ____
17 17 17) 17 ( ) z1
__
z2 cos(1 2) i sin(1 2).
51 i sin ____
cos ____ 51 Simplify.
17 17
cos 3 i sin 3 Subtract 2 from the argument.
cos i sin
Apply cos 1 and sin 0.
9 i sin ___
9 5
Therefore,
(cos ___
17 17
__________________ 1.
)
2 i sin
2 3
(cos ___
17
___
17 )
Example 12
__ 7
Express ( 1 3 i ) in the form x iy where x and y .
y
z(1, 3)
Firstly you need to __
find the modulus and
argument of 1 3 i.
3
arg z You may want to draw an Argand
diagram to help you.
O 1 x
30
Further complex numbers
_ __ 2 __
r 1 2 ( 3 ) 4 2 Find r and .
__
arg z tan
3
( 1 ) __3
1 ___
Apply z r(cos i sin ).
__
So, 1 3 i 2( cos __ i sin __
3 3)
__ 7
( 1 3 i ) 2( cos __ i sin __
7
[ 3 3) ]
7 i sin ___
7
(
27 cos ___
3 3 ) Apply de Moivres theorem.
i sin __
512( cos __
3)
Subtract 2 from the argument.
3
__ __
512 __
2 (
3
1 i ___
2 ( )) __
Apply cos __
3 2
___
1 and sin __ 3
.
3 2
__ 9 __
Therefore ( 1 3 i ) 256 2563 i.
Exercise 3C
2 i sin ___
2 5
i sin ___
e ( cos ___
5 5 )
f ___
( cos 10 10 )
15
cos 5 i sin 5
k ________________ cos i sin
l ________________
cos 3 i sin 3 cos 2 i sin 2
7 i sin ___
7 4
Evaluate
( cos ___
13 13 )
___________________ .
2
4 i sin ___
4 6
( 13
cos ___
13 )
__ __
5
4 Express ( 3 3 i ) in the form a b3 i where a and b are integers.
31
CHAPTER 3
You need to be able to apply the following binomial expansion found in the Core 2 section of
your formula book.
Example 13
de Moivres theorem.
Express cos 3 in terms of powers of cos .
Applying the binomial
expansion to
(cos i sin )3 cos 3 i sin 3 (cos i sin )3 where
cos3 3C1 cos2 (i sin ) a cos and b i sin .
3C2 cos (i sin )2 (i sin )3 Simplify.
cos 3i cos sin 3i cos sin i sin
3 2 2 2 3 3
Applying i2 1 and
cos3 3i cos2 sin 3 cos sin2 i sin3 i3 i.
Equating the real parts gives
Note for the LHS that the
cos 3 cos3 3 cos sin2 real part of
cos3 3 cos (1 cos2 ) cos 3 i sin 3 is cos 3.
Example 14
Express
a cos 6 in terms of powers of cos , sin 6,
n, n
b ______ , in terms of powers of cos .
sin
32
Further complex numbers
a Equating the real parts gives Note for the LHS that the real
part of cos 6 i sin 6 is
cos 6 cos6 15 cos4 sin2 cos 6.
15 cos2 sin4 sin6
cos6 15 cos4 (1 cos2 ) sin2 1 cos2 ,
15 cos2 (1 cos2 )2 sin4 (sin2 )2 and
sin6 (sin2 )3.
(1 cos2 )3
cos6 15 cos4 (1 cos2 )
15 cos2 (1 2 cos2 Multiplying out brackets.
cos4 ) (1 3 cos2
Applying a cubic binomial
3 cos4 cos6 ) expansion.
cos6 15 cos4 15 cos6 Expand brackets.
15 cos2 30 cos4
15 cos6 1 3 cos2
3 cos4 cos6
32 cos6 48 cos4
18 cos2 1 Simplify.
Therefore, cos 6 32 cos6 48 cos4
18 cos2 1.
b Equating the imaginary parts gives Note for the LHS that the
imaginary part of
sin 6 6 cos5 sin 20 cos3 sin3 cos 6 i sin 6 is sin 6.
6 cos sin5
Therefore,
sin 6 32 cos5 32 cos3 6 cos .
______
sin
33
CHAPTER 3
Now we will investigate finding trigonometric identities for sinn and cosn where n is a
positive integer.
Applying de Moivres
If z cos i sin , then theorem.
1 z1 (cos
__ i sin )1 (cos(1) i sin (1)) cos i sin
z
It follows that Using cos cos()
and sin sin().
1 cos i sin cos i sin 2 cos
z __
z
Applying de Moivres
1 cos i sin (cos i sin ) 2i sin
z __
z theorem.
Also,
Applying de Moivres
zn (cos i sin )n cos n i sin n theorem.
1 zn (cos i sin )n (cos(n) i sin(n)) cos n i sin n
__
zn
It follows that Using cos cos()
and sin sin().
1 cos n i sin n cos n i sin n 2 cos n
zn __
zn
1 cos n i sin n (cos n i sin n) 2i sin n
zn __
zn
To summarise, you need 1 2 cos zn __
z __ 1 2 cos n
z zn
to be able to apply
these results: 1 2i sin zn __
z __ 1 2i sin n
z zn
Example 15
5 1 2 cos .
( z _z1 ) (2 cos )5 32 cos5 Applying z __
z
2 3
z5 5C1 z4( _z1 ) 5C2 z3( _z1 ) 5C3 z2( _z1 ) Applying the binomial
4 5
( 1 5 )
5C4 z( _z1 ) ( _z1 ) expansion to z __
z
1.
where a z and b __
z
z5 5z4 _1 10z3 __
() ( ) 1 10z2 __ 1
( )
z z2 z3
1 __ 1
5z __
z( ) ( )
4
z5
Simplify.
z5 5z3 10z __ 10 __ 5 __
1 Simplify further.
z z3 z5
1 5 z3 __ 1 10 z _1 1 terms.
(
z5 __
z5 ) ( z3) ( z ) Group zn and __
zn
34
Further complex numbers
Example 16
z3 3z2 _1 3z __
( )1 __
1
( ) ( ) Simplify.
z z2 z3
3 __
1 Simplify further.
z3 3z __
z2 z3
1 terms.
Group zn and __
1 3 z _1
(
z3 __
z3 z) ( ) zn
Example 17
a Express sin4 in the form d cos 4 e cos 2 f, where d, e and f are constants.
__
1 2i sin .
Applying z __
4 z
a ( z _z1 ) (2i sin )4 16i4 sin4 16 sin4
2
z4 4C1 z3( _z1 ) 4C2 z2( _z1 ) Applying the binomial expansion
( 1 4 where a z and
to z __ )
3 4 z
4C3 z1( _z1 ) ( _z1 ) 1.
b __
z
z4 4z3 _1 6z2 __
( ) ( ) 1
z z2 Simplify.
1 __ 1
( ) ( )
4z __
z3 z4 Simplify further.
4 __
z4 4z2 6 __ 1
z2 z4 1 terms.
1 4 z2 __ 1 6 Group zn and __
(
z4 __
z4 ) ( z2 ) zn
35
CHAPTER 3
__
__
b 0
2
sin d
4
( __81 cos 4 __21 cos 2 __83 ) d
0
2 Use your answer from
part a.
__
3
1 sin 4 __1 sin 2 __
[
___
32 4 8 ] 2
0
cos k integrates to
1 sin k.
__
1 sin 2 __
( ___ 3 __
1 sin __ (0) k
32 6 8 ( 2 ))
Insert in limits and
3 (0)
( 0 0 ___
16 )
subtract.
__
So
0
2 3.
sin4 d ___
16
Exercise 3D
7 a Use de Moivres theorem to show that sin 4 4 cos3 sin 4 cos sin3 .
4 tan 4 tan3 .
b Hence, or otherwise, show that tan 4 ___________________
1 6 tan2 tan4
c Use your answer to part b to find, to 2 dp, the four solutions of the equation
x4 4x3 6x2 4x 1 0.
3.6 You can use de Moivres theorem to find the nth roots of a complex number.
1 As the argument is not unique, the complex number z r(cos i sin ) can also be expressed in
the form z r(cos( 2k) i sin( 2k)), where k .
2 de Moivres theorem states that [ r(cos i sin ) ]n r n(cos n i sin n), where n .
Note that it can be proved (but is beyond the scope of the FP2 unit) that de Moivres theorem is
also valid when n is a rational number (i.e. n ).
36
Further complex numbers
Example 18
Firstly we need
a Simply r 1 and arg z 0 y to find both the
modulus and
argument of 1.
Apply
r (cos i sin ). z(1, 0) Find r and .
O x
Example 19
__
Solve the equation z4 2 23 i.
y
z(2, 2 3)
_____________
__ ______
2
r ( 2 )2 ( 23 ) 4 12 4 Find r and .
__
arg z tan (
23
1 ____
2 ) __3
i sin __
So, z4 4( cos __ .
3 3) Apply r(cos i sin ).
2k i sin __
z4 4( cos __
3 ) ( 3 2k ) r(cos( 2k)
i sin( 2k)).
2k i sin __
( 3 2k )
_1
Hence, 4 cos ( __
[ ( ) )] 4
Take the nth root.
3
2k 2 k
( ( ))
__ __
_1 3 3
(4)4 cos ________ i sin ________
4 4
) ( Apply de Moivres theorem.
__
2k i sin __
____ 2k
____
2 cos __( (12 4 12 4) ( )) Simplify
__ __ __and__note
2 2 2 2 4.
__
k i sin __
___ k
___
So, z 2 cos __ ( (12 2 12 )2 ( ))
__
i sin __ Now we need to find the
k 0, z 2 ( cos __
12 12 ) four roots.
__
7 i sin ___
7
k 1, z 2 cos ___(
12 12 ) Change the value of k to
find the four roots where
__
5 i sin _____ 5 the argument lies in the
k 1, z 2 cos _____ ( (
12 12 ) ( )) interval .
__
11 i sin _____11
k 1, z 2 cos _____ ( (
12 12 ) ( ))
__ __
i sin __
, 2 cos ___ 7 i sin ___
7 ,
So z 2 ( cos __
12 12 ) 12 12 ( )
__
5 i sin _____
5 Solutions in the form
( (
2 cos _____
12 ) 12 ( )) r(cos i sin ).
__
11 i sin _____
11
and ( (
2 cos _____
12 ) 12 ( ))
i
__ __ 7i
__ ___ 5i
__ _____ 11i
__ _____ Solutions in the form rei.
or z 2 e12, 2 e 12 , 2 e 12 and 2 e 12 .
38
Further complex numbers
Example 20
__ __
Solve the equation z3 42 42 i 0.
__ __
z3 42 42 i 0.
__ __
z3 42 42 i Make z3 the subject.
z(4 2, 4 2)
___________________
__ 2 __ 2 ________ ___
r ( 42 ) ( 42 ) 32 32 64 8 Find r and .
__
3
___
arg z tan 1
(4 2 )
4__2 __
_____
4 4
3 i sin ___
3 .
( ( )
So, z3 8 cos ___
4 4( )) Apply r(cos i sin ).
i sin __
k 0, z 2 cos ( __
4) ( ( 4 ) ) Change the value of k
to find the three roots
5 i sin ___
5
k 1, z 2 cos ___
12 ( 12 ) where the argument
lies in the interval
11 i sin _____
11 .
k 1, z 2 cos ___
12 ( ( 12 ) ( ))
i sin __ 5 i sin ___
5 ,
So z 2 cos ( __
( 4) ( 4 ) , 2 cos ___
12 12 ) ( )
11 i sin _____
11
and ( (
2 cos _____
12 12 ) ( )) Solutions in the form
r(cos i sin ).
i
____ 5i
___ 11i
_____
or z 2e 4 , 2e 12 and 2e 12 . Solutions in the form
rei.
39
CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3E
1 Solve the following equations, expressing your answers for z in the form x iy, where
x and y .
a z4 1 0 b z3 i 0 c z3 27
d z4 64 0 e z4 4 0 f z3 8i 0
2 Solve the following equations, expressing your answers for z in the form r(cos i sin ),
where .
a z7 1 b z4 16i 0 c z5 32 0
__ __
d z3 2 2i e z4 23 i 2 f z3 163 16i 0
3 Solve the following equations, expressing your answers for z in the form rei, where r 0
and . Give to 2 dp.
___ __
a z4 3 4i b z3 11 4i c z4 7 3i
3.7 You can use complex numbers to represent a locus of points on an Argand diagram.
A locus of points is a set of points which obey a particular rule. Examples of loci are:
a circle
Locus of points.
The Cartesian equation of a circle with centre (a, b) and radius r is (x a)2 (y b)2 r 2
40
Further complex numbers
a perpendicular bisector
Locus of points.
A
The locus of points which are all
equidistant from both the point A
and the point B is the perpendicular
B bisector of the line segment AB.
Example 21
If z x iy represents the variable point P(x, y) and z1 x1 iy1 represents the fixed point
A(x1, y1), what does |z z1| represent on an Argand diagram?
y From
___ the Argand
___ diagram,
P(x, y) OP z and OA z1.
x
So z ___
z1 represents the
O
vector AP.
___
|z z1| is the modulus or length of the vector AP.
Therefore |z z1| represents the length of the line joining
the fixed point A(z1, y1) to the variable point P(x, y). Put
simply |z z1| represents the distance between the fixed
point A(z1, y1) and the variable point P(x, y).
Example 22
If |z 5 3i| 3,
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram,
b use an algebraic method to find the Cartesian equation of this locus.
41
CHAPTER 3
It follows that
|z z1| r is represented by a circle centre (x1, y1) with radius r, where z1 x1 iy1.
Example 23
Applying |z z1| r,
a z 3i 4 is a circle centre (0, 3), radius 4. where z1 is the centre
b |z (2 3i)| 5 is a circle centre (2, 3) and radius 5. of the circle and r
is the radius of the
c |z 3 5i| 2 is a circle centre (3, 5) and radius 2. circle.
d |2 5i z| 3 can be rewritten as
Apply |z1z2| |z1||z2|.
|(1)(z 2 5i)| 3
|(1||z 2 5i| 3 |z 2 5i| 3 Apply |1| 1.
Example 24
If |z| |z 6i|,
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram,
b use an algebraic method to find the Cartesian equation of this locus.
a y
(0, 6)
42
Further complex numbers
12y 36
Simplify.
Hence the Cartesian equation of the
locus of P is y 3. This equation could have been written
down.
Example 25
If |z 3| |z i|,
a use an algebraic method to find a Cartesian equation of the locus of z,
b sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram.
4
When x 0, y 4, and when y 0,
x _43. So the locus of z goes through
the points (0, 4) and ( _43, 0 ).
4
3 (3, 0)
O x
The locus of z is the perpendicular
(0, 1) bisector of the line segment joining
(0, 1) to (3, 0).
43
CHAPTER 3
It follows that
|z z1| |z z2| is represented by a perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the
points z1 to z2.
Example 26
If |z 6| 2|z 6 9i|,
a use algebra to show that the locus of z is a circle, stating its centre and its radius.
b sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram.
z can be written as z x iy.
a |z 6| 2|z 6 9i|
Group the real and imaginary
|x iy 6| 2|z iy 6 9i| parts.
|(x 6) iy| 2|(x 6) i(y 9)|
Square both sides.
|(x 6) iy|2 22|(x 6) i(y 9)|2
(x 6)2 y2 4[ (x 6)2 (y 9)2 ] Remove the moduli.
x2 12x 36 y2 4[x2 12x 36
Expand brackets.
y2 18y 81]
x2 12x 36 y2 4x2 48x 144 Expand brackets on the RHS.
4y2 72y 324
Rearranging and collecting terms.
3x2 60x 3y2 72y 432 0
x2 20x y2 24y 144 0 Divide both sides by 3.
(x 10)2 100 (y 12)2 144
144 0 Complete the square on x and
on y.
(x 10)2 (y 12)2 100
Hence the locus of z is a circle centre Circle: (x a)2 (y b)2 r 2
with (a, b) (10, 12) and
(10, 12), radius 10. r 10.
b
y Locus of z as required.
It follows that if
|z z1| |z z2|, where 0,
1, then it may be more appropriate to apply an
algebraic method to find the locus of points, z, represented by this equation.
44
Further complex numbers
Example 27
, sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram.
If arg(z 2) __
3
Find the Cartesian equation of this locus.
2
x The locus of P is referred to as a half-line.
O A (2, 0)
arg(z 2) __ z can be rewritten as z x iy.
3
arg(x iy 2) __ Group the real and imaginary parts.
3
arg((x 2) iy) __
3 Remove the argument.
y
_______ tan( __
(x 2) 3) __
__
y 3 (x 2)
( tan __3 ) 3 .
Hence the Cartesian equation
__ of__
As the locus is a half-line, this equation is restricted
the locus of P is y 3 x 2 3 .
for x 2, y 0.
Example 28
3, sketch the locus of z on an Argand diagram.
If arg(z 3 2i) ___
4
Find the Cartesian equation of this locus.
locus
of z
3, then the locus of z is the
As arg(z 3 2i) ___
4 3 in
3 O x half-line from (3, 2) making an angle of ___
2 4
(3, 2)
an anticlockwise sense from a line in the same
direction as the positive x-axis.
45
CHAPTER 3
It follows that
arg(z z1) is represented by a half-line from the fixed point z1 making
an angle with a line from the fixed point z1 parallel to the real axis.
You need to know and be able to apply the following circle theorems:
Angles subtended at The angle in a semi-circle The angle subtended the
an arc in the same is a right angle. centre of the circle is twice
segment are equal. the angle at the circumference.
P A P
Q
P O
O
A B
B A B
APB AQB APB 90 AOB 2 APB
A^ ^B
P B AQ A^
P B 90 ^B 2 A^P B
AO
Example 29
,
z 6 __
(
If arg ______
z2 4 )
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram,
b find the Cartesian equation of this locus.
Using
6 arg(z 6) arg(z 2) __
a (
arg z_____
z2 ) 4
z1
( )
arg __
z2 arg(z1) arg(z2).
Let L1 be the half-line satisfying arg(z 6)
and let L2 be the half-line satisfying arg(z 2)
So it follows that __
Using
.
4 arg(z 6) arg(z 2) __
4
46
Further complex numbers
47
CHAPTER 3
Example 30
z
If arg ______ , sketch the locus of P(x, y) which is represented by z on an Argand diagram.
__
( z 4i) 2
z
arg( ______ arg z arg(z 4i)
z 4i )
where arg z and arg(z 4i) .
Hence, as arg______ .
z __
y z 4i 2
__ 4
2 The locus of P is the arc of a semi-circle
locus
passing through the points (0, 0) and
of P
(4, 0), as shown.
The angle at P is always __, because the
P 2
angle in a semi-circle is a right-angle.
O x It follows from the diagram that at
P, __ , as required.
2
Example 31
Given that the complex number z x iy satisfies the equation |z 12 5i| 3, find the
minimum value of |z| and maximum value of |z|.
y
The locus of z is a circle centre C(12, 5),
radius 3.
3 Y
5 3
C(12, 5) | z | represents the distance from the origin
X to any point on this locus.
| z |min and | z |max are represented by the
distances OX and OY respectively.
O 12 x
48
Further complex numbers
________
The distance, OC 122 52 13.
| z |min OC CX 13 3 10.
| z |max 0 OC CY 13 3 16. The radius r CX CY 3.
Exercise 3F
1 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when:
a |z| 6 b |z| 10 c |z 3| 2
d |z 3i| 3 e |z 4i| 5 f |z 1| 1
g |z 1 i| 5 h |z 3 4i| 4 i |z 5 6i| 5
j |2z 6 4i| 6 k |3z 9 6i| 12 l |3z 9 6i| 12
3 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when:
a |z 6| |z 2| b |z 8| |z 4|
c |z| |z 6i| d |z 3i| |z 8i|
e |z 2 2i| |z 2 2i| f |z 4 i| |z 4 6i|
g |z 3 5i| |z 7 5i| h |z 4 2i| |z 8 2i|
|z 6 i| |z 6 i|
i ____________ 1 j ____________ 1
|z 10 5i| |z 10 5i|
k |z 7 2i| |z 4 3i| l |z 1 6i| |2 3i z|
5 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when:
a |2 z| 3 b |5i z| 4 c |3 2i z| 3
6 Sketch the locus of z and give the Cartesian equation of the locus of z when:
a |z 3| 3|z 5| b |z 3| 4|z 1|
c |z i| 2|z i| d |z 2 7i| 2|z 10 2i|
e |z 4 2i| 2|z 2 5i| f |z| 2|2 z|
49
CHAPTER 3
8 Use the Argand diagram to find the value of z that satisfies the equations
.
|z| 5 and arg(z 4) __
2
13 Given that arg(z 4) __,
3
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which represents z on an Argand diagram,
b find the minimum value of |z| for points on this locus.
50
Further complex numbers
15 If the complex number z satisfies both arg z __ and arg(z 4) __,
3 2
a find the value of z in the form a ib, where a and b ,
b Hence, find arg(z 8i).
3.8 You can use complex numbers to represent regions on an Argand diagram.
Example 32
a i |z 4 2i| 2,
51
CHAPTER 3
|z 4| |z 6| is represented by the
ii |z 4| |z 6| line x 5. This line is the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment joining (4, 0)
y to (6, 0).
.
iii 0 arg(z 2 2i) __
4
is the half-line shown
arg(z 2 2i) __
y 4
from the point (2, 2).
b |z 4 2i| 2, |z 4| |z 6|
and
0 arg(z 2 2i) __.
4
and the circle
The line arg(z 2 2i) __
y 4
|z 4 2i| 2, both go through the
point (4, 4).
4
The region shaded is satisfied by all three
of |z 4 2i| 2, |z 4| |z 6| and
0 arg(z 2 2i) __.
2 4
O 2 4 5 6 x
Exercise 3G
3 Shade in on an Argand diagram the region satisfied by the set of points P(x, y), where
3.
|z 1 i| 1 and 0 arg z ___
4
4 Shade in on an Argand diagram the region satisfied by the set of points P(x, y), where
arg(z 3) .
|z| 3 and __
4
3.9 You can apply transformations that map points on the z-plane to points on
the w-plane by applying a formula relating z x iy to w u iv.
Example 33
The point P represents the complex number z on an Argand diagram where |z| 2. T1, T2 and T3
represent transformations from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv.
Describe the locus of the image of P under the transformations:
a T1: w z 2 4i, b T2: w 3z, c T3: w _21 z i.
|z| 2 y
2
Firstly the locus of P in the z-plane is a circle
centre (0, 0), radius 2.
O 2 x
53
CHAPTER 3
v
6 The image of P under T1 is |w 2 4i| 2.
This is represented by a circle centre (2, 4),
(2, 4) radius 2.
4
b T2: w 3z,
Apply the modulus to both sides of the
|w | |3z| equation.
|w | |3||z|
|w | (3)(2) 6 Apply |z1z2| |z1||z2|.
O 6
Therefore the transformation T2: w 3z,
represents an enlargement of z by scale
P(u, ) factor 3 about the point (0, 0).
c T3: w _21 z i
Rearrange to make _12z the subject.
w i _21 z
|w i| |_21 z| Apply the modulus to both sides of the
equation.
|w i| |_21 ||z|
|w i| ( _21 ) (2) 1 Apply |z1z2| |z1||z2|.
54
Further complex numbers
It follows that
a
( )
w z a ib represents a translation with translation vector b , where a, b .
Example 34
For the transformation w z2, where z x iy and w u iv, find the locus of w when z lies
on a circle with equation x2 y2 16.
Represents x2 y2 16.
|z| 4
w z2 |w | |z2| Take the modulus of each side of the equation.
|w | |z ||z | Apply |z1z2| |z1||z2|, where z1 z2 z
|w | (4)(4)
Apply |z | 4.
|w | 16
Hence the locus of w is a circle Circle centre (0, 0), radius 16.
centre (0, 0), radius 16.
Example 35
The transformation T from the z-plane, where z w iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
5iz i, z
i.
is given by w ______
z1
Show that the image, under T, of the circle |z| 1 in the z-plane is a line l in the w-plane.
Sketch l in on Argand diagram.
w 5iz i
______
z1
w(z 1) 5iz i
Rearrange the transformation equation
wz w 5iz i i to make z the subject of the
w 5iz
______
z1
wz 5iz i w equation.
z(w 5i) i w
iw
z ______
w 5i
55
CHAPTER 3
|w 5i| |w i|
Apply |z1z2| |z1||z2|.
v3
l
As we are working in the w-plane we plot u
against v.
(0, 1)
|w 5i| |w i| is in the form
O u |w w1| |w w2| and represents the points
on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining
(0, 1) and (0, 5).
Therefore the image of |z | 1, under T, Therefore the line l has equation v 3.
is the line l with equation v 3.
Example 36
The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
3z 2, z
1.
is given by w ______
z1
Show that the image, under T, of the circle x2 y2 4 in the z-plane is a circle C in the w-plane,
stating the centre and radius of C.
w 3z 2
______
z1
w(z 1) 3z 2
Rearrange the transformation
wz w 3z 2 2 to make z the
equation w 3z_______
w 2 3z wz z1
subject of the equation.
w 2 z(3 w)
w2 z
_____
3w
x y2 4 can also be written as |z | 2.
2 x2 y2 4 is an equation of a circle
centre (0, 0) radius 2. So |z | 2.
56
Further complex numbers
Example 37
iz 2, z
1.
A transformation T of the z-plane to the w-plane is given by w ______
1z
Show that as z lies on the real axis in the z-plane, then w lies on the line l on the w-plane.
Sketch l on an Argand diagram.
w iz 2
______
1z
w(1 z) iz 2 Rearrange the
w wz iz 2 transformation equation
w iz 2 to make z the
______
w 2 wz iz 1z
subject of the equation.
w 2 z(w i)
w 2z
_____
wi
57
CHAPTER 3
iv 2
So, z u_________ w can be written as u iv.
u iv i
Group the real and
(u 2) iv the imaginary parts on
z __________
u i(v 1) both the numerator and
denominator.
u(u 2) v (v 1) uv (u 2)(v 1)
[
x iy ________________
u (v 1)
2 2 ] [
i ________________
u2 (v 1)2 ] z can be written as x iy.
u(u 2) v (v 1) uv (u 2)(v 1)
[
x i0 ________________
u2 (v 1)2 ] [
i ________________
u2 (v 1)2 ] Set y 0, as z lies on the
real axis.
uv uv u 2v 2 0
u 2 2v
Manipulate to make v the
So w lies on the line l with equation v _21 u 1. subject.
As we are working in
the w-plane we plot
u against v.
2 O u
The line l has equation
v _12u 1 and cuts the
coordinate axes at (2, 0)
and (0, 1).
58
Further complex numbers
Exercise 3H
1 For the transformation w z 4 3i, sketch on separate Argand diagrams the locus of w when
a z lies on the circle |z| 1,
,
b z lies on the half-line z __
2
c z lies on the line y x.
3 For the transformation w 3z 2 5i, find the locus of w when z lies on a circle centre O,
radius 2.
59
CHAPTER 3
1
9 For the transformation w _____, z
2, show that the image, under T, of the circle centre O
2z
and radius in the z-plane is a line l in the w-plane. Sketch l in on Argand diagram.
10 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv, is
16, z
0.
given by w ___
z
a The transformation T maps the points on the circle |z 4| 4, in the z-plane, to points
on a line l in the w-plane. Find a Cartesian equation l.
b Hence, or otherwise, shade and label on an Argand diagram the region R of the w-plane
for which |z 4| 4.
11 The transformation, T, from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
3 , z
2.
is given by w _____
2z
Show that under T the straight line with equation 2y x is transformed to a circle in the
__
w-plane with centre ( _43, _23 ) and radius _25 2 .
12 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
iz i, z
1.
is given by w _______
z1
a The transformation T maps the points on the circle with equation x2 y2 1 in the
z-plane, to points on a line l in the w-plane. Find a Cartesian equation l.
b Hence, or otherwise, shade and label on an Argand diagram the region R of the w-plane
for which |z| 1.
c Show that the image, under T, of the circle with equation x2 y2 4 in the z-plane is a
circle C in the w-plane. Find the Cartesian equation of C.
13 The transformation, T, from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
15z 3i, z
_1.
is given by w ________
3z 1 3
14 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
1 , z
i.
is given by w _____
zi
a Show that the image, under T, of the real axis in the z-plane is a circle C1 in the w-plane.
Find the Cartesian equation of C1.
b Show that the image, under T, of the line x 4 in the z-plane is a circle C2 in the w-plane.
Find the Cartesian equation of C2.
15 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
4, z
0.
is given by w z __
z
Show that the transformation T maps the points on the circle |z| 4 to points in the interval
[k, k] on the real axis, stating the value of the constant k.
60
Further complex numbers
16 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
1 , z
3.
is given by w _____
z3
Show that the line with equation 2x 2y 7 0 is mapped by T onto the circle C. State
the centre and the exact radius of C.
Mixed exercise 3I
4 a Use de Moivres theorem to show that cos 5 cos (16 cos4 20 cos2 5).
__
2 ___ 5 5
_______
b By solving the equation cos 5 0, deduce that cos ( )
.
10 2
3 , cos2 ___ 9 .
7 and cos2 ___
c Hence, or otherwise, write down the exact values of cos2 ___
10 ( )
10 ( )10 ( )
5 a Express 4 4i in the form r(cos i sin ), where r 0, , where r and are
exact values.
b Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation z5 4 4i leaving your answers in the form
z Reik, where R is the modulus of z and k is a rational number such that 1 k 1.
c Show on an Argand diagram the points representing your solutions.
7 a Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of points representing |z 2| |2z 1|.
.
b Find the two values of z that satisfy both |z 2| |2z 1| and arg z __
4
c Hence shade in the region R on an Argand diagram which satisfies both |z 2| |2z 1|
arg z .
and __
4
z 4 2i
(
9 Given that arg __________ __,
z 6i 2 )
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which represents z on an Argand diagram,
b deduce the exact value of |z 2 4i|.
10 Given that arg (z 2 4i) __,
4
a sketch the locus of P(x, y) which represents z on an Argand diagram,
b find the minimum value of |z| for points on this locus.
11 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv, is
given by
1, z
0.
w __
z
a Show that the image, under T, of the line with equation x _21 in the z-plane is a circle C
in the w-plane. Find the Cartesian equation of C.
b Hence, or otherwise, shade and label on an Argand diagram the region R of the w-plane
for which x _21.
13 T1, T2, T3 and T4 represent transformations from the z-plane to the w-plane. Describe the
locus of the image of P under the transformations
a T1: w 2z, b T2: w iz,
c T3: w iz, d T4: w z*.
62
Further complex numbers
14 The transformation T from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
z 2, z
i.
is given by w _____
zi
a Show that the image, under T, of the imaginary axis in the z-plane is a line l in the w-
plane. Find the Cartesian equation of l.
b Show that the image, under T, of the line y x in the z-plane is a circle C in the w-plane.
___
Find the centre of C and show that the radius of C is _21 10 .
15 The transformation, T, from the z-plane, where z x iy to the w-plane where w u iv,
4 z, z
i.
is given by w _____
zi
The circle with equation |z| 1 is mapped by T onto a line l. Show that l can be written in
the form au bv c 0, where a, b and c are integers to be determined.
16 The transformation, T, from the z-plane, where z x iy, to the w-plane where w u iv,
15z 3i, z
__
is given by w ________ 1.
3z 1 3
Show that the circle with equation |z| 1 is mapped by T onto the __circle C. State the centre
of C and show that the radius of C can be expressed in the form _21 k where k is an integer to
be determined.
az b,
17 A transformation from the z-plane to the w-plane is defined by w ______
zc
where a, b, c .
Given that w 1 when z 0 and that w 3 2i when z 2 3i,
a find the values of a, b and c,
b find the exact values of the two points in the complex plane which remain invariant
under the transformation.
63
CHAPTER 3
2 For complex numbers z1 r1(cos 1 i sin 1) and z2 r2(cos 2 i sin 2),
z1z2 r1r2(cos (1 2) i sin (1 2))
z r
z__1 r__1 (cos (1 2) i sin (1 2))
2 2
|z1z2| |z1||z2|
4 To express either sinn or cosn in terms of either cos k or sin k you need to be able to
apply the following identities:
1 2 cos
z __ 1 2 cos n
zn __
z zn
1 2i sin
z __ 1 2i sin n
zn __
z zn
r
The locus of z is a circle, centre z1, radius r.
z1
O x
64
Further complex numbers
|z z1| |z z2|
y
z1 The locus of z is represented by the
perpendicular bisector of the line segment
joining the points z1 to z2.
z2
O x
arg (z z1)
z1
O x
for the fixed points z1 x1 iy1, z2 x2 iy2 and variable point z x iy.
65