Republic of the Philippines

University of Rizal System

UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

Name: Christopher John A. Matibag Date:

___________
Course: BSAE - II Rating: ___________

EXERCISE NO.4
CONCRETE

I. Introduction:

Concrete is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand,
gravel or other inert materials; this is known as solid mass or plain concrete.
A Concrete, in which reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resisting forces, is called reinforced concrete.

II. Objectives.

1. To be able to know the types of concrete and their weight.

2. To be familiarized in the requirements for a good quality concrete.
3. To be able to know the concrete portion and water cement ratio.
4. To be able to enumerate the procedures of slump test.

III. Procedures.

a) Enumerate and explain briefly the types of concrete and their weight.
b) Discuss briefly what is a) concrete b) cement c) aggregate d) water for
mixing
c) Explain briefly the method of mixing of concrete and ready mixed
concretes.
d) Enumerate how to avoid in the placement of concrete to its final form.
e) Discuss briefly the preparation of equipment and depositing of
concrete.
f) Enumerate some of the requirements for a good quality concrete and
factors to regulate the strength of concrete.
g) What is curing? Enumerate the methods of curing surface concrete.
h) What is admixture? Discuss briefly the concrete proportion and water
cement ratio illustrated in the table?
i) Enumerate the slump test procedures.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

V. REFERENCES

Answer:

a. Enumerate and explain briefly the type of concrete and

their weight.

Types of concrete and their weight

1. Light weight concrete - is classified into three types

depending upon the kind of aggregates used in mixing, which
predetermines their weight.
a. Low density concrete is employed for insulation
purpose whose unit Wight rarely exceed 50 pounds per
cubic foot or 800 kg/m3
b. Modern strength concrete with unit weight 360 to 960
kg per cubic meter with compressive strength of 70 to 176
kg per square cm is usual used to fill over light gage steel
floor panels.
c. Structural concrete has somewhat the same
characteristics as that of medium stone concrete and
weighs from 90 to 120 pounds per cubic foot or 1440 to
1920 kg/m3.
2. Medium stone concrete is also known as structural
concrete weighing from 145 to 152 pounds per cubic foot
generally assumed to be 150 pounds per cubic foot
generally assumed to be 150 pounds per cubic foot or
3300 kg/m3
3. Heavy weight concrete- used for shielding against gamma and
radiation in nuclear reactor and other similar structure. This is also
used as counter weight for a lift bridge.

B. Brief Discussion.
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

A. Concrete- Artificial made out from the mixture of cement,

sand, gravel and water or other in earth materials, known as solid
mass or plain concrete

B. Aggregate in earth granular materials such as natural sand,

manufactured sand, gravel, crush stone, pebbles, vermiculite, pearlite,
cinders and slag etc.it is also classified as fine and course that form
into concrete when bound together .

C. Water for mixing- used in concrete mixing , Shall be clean

and free from injurious amount of oils, acid , alkali, salts, organic
materials or other substances that maybe deleterious to concrete or
steel.

C. Method of Mixing

A. Mixing of Concrete (ACI Building Code) for job Mix concrete

mixing shall be done in a batch mixer of Approved type. The mixer
shall be rotate at a speed recommended by the manufacturer and
mixing shall be continued for at least one and a half minute after all
materials is in the drum, unless a shorter time shown to be satisfactory
by the criteria of specification for ready mixed concrete for central
mixers.

B. Ready mixed concrete is Batched in a stationary plant

then hauled to the site in any of the following manner:

1. Mix completely then hauled by a truck agitator.

2. Transit mixed batch at the plant then mix in a truck

mixer.

3. Partially mixed at a plant and complete in a truck mixer.

 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

D. How to avoid in the placement of concrete to its final

form:

1. Segregation of particles

2. Displacement of forms

3. Displacement of reinforcement in the form

4. Poor bond between successive layers of concrete

E. Preparation of equipment and depositing of concrete.

Preparation of equipment.
Before concrete is placed, all equipment for mixing and
transporting of concrete shall be clean, all debris and ice shall be
removed from the spaces to be occupied by the concrete, form shall be
properly coated, Masonry filler units that will be in contact with
concrete shall be well drench and the reinforcement shall be
thoroughly cleaned for ice or other deleterious coating.

Depositing of concrete
After the concreting is started, it is shall be carried on as a
continuous operation until the placing of the panel or section is
completed. All concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated by suitable
means during placement and shall be thoroughly worked around the
reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into the corners of the
forms.
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

F. Requirements of good quality concrete.

1. Strength and durability of concrete is attained from the

class of mixture or the right proportion of cement, aggregates and
water.

2. Workability- Concrete mixture must be in plastic form and

could readily place in the form.

3. Dense and Uniformity in quality Concrete must be

compact with uniform distribution of particles in order to be water
tight.

4. Curing - Requires time, Favorable temperature and

continuous presence of water or moisture in concrete after pouring.

G. Definition of curing and Its methods

Curing - The hardening of concrete depends upon the chemical
reaction between cement and water. Hardening of concrete will
continue as long as the moisture is present under a favorable
temperature condition.

Methods of Curing Surface Concrete.

a. Covering of the surface Burlap Continuously wet for the
required period.
b. Covering of the slab with the layer of wet sand and saw
dust one inch or 25 mm. thick.
c. Wet straw or hay on a top of the slab continuously wet.
d. Continuous sprinkling of water on a slab surfaces.
e. Avoid early removal of forms; this will permit undue
evaporation of moisture in the concrete.
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

H. What is admixture? Discuss briefly the concrete portion

and water cement ratio illustrated in the table

Admixture - is a material other than Portland cement, aggregate,

or water added to concrete to modify its properties. An admixture
added to concrete serves as water repellent, coloring agent,
increase workability, accelerate or retard the setting, harden its
surface etc.

Class of Cement Sand Gravel

Mixture bag 40 Cut. cu. m. cu. ft. co.
kg
AA 1 1 .043 3 .085
A 1 2 .057 4 .223
B 1 2 .071 5 .143
C 1 3 .085 6 .170

Concrete proportion shows that sand is always one half the

volume of gravel, for instance, 1:2:4 means one bag cement, 2 parts
sand, and 4 parts gravel is the proportion of class a concrete. Another
way of expressing such proportion is 1: 6 which simply means that for
every bag cement, 6 parts of fine and course aggregate forms a class A
mixture. Such idea does not necessarily fix the volume of the fine
aggregate to be always 1/2 the volume of gravel.

I. Enumerate the slump test procedures

Slump Test
This method of test requires a fabricated metal with the
following dimensions:
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

a. Place the freshly mixed concrete inside the mould in 3 layers

each rodded separately by 16 mm rod 25 times.
b. Level the mould and lift at once.
c. Measure the slump action immediately by getting the
difference in height between the height of the mould and the
top of the slumped concrete.
d. If the slump measure 10 cm, it is said to be a 10 cm. slump.
e. The degree of consistency of concrete could be ascertained
on the following table;

Types of construction Maximum Minimum

cm cm
Reinforce foundation wall and footing 13 5

Plain footings, caissons and sub-structure walls 10 2.5

Slabs, beams and reinforce walls 15 7.5

Building columns 15 7.5

Pavement 7 5

Heavy mass construction 7 2.5

IV. Conclusion.
 Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
UNIVERSITY OF
RIZAL SYSTEM
Main Campus, Tanay, Rizal
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

Excavation that are extended below the water table usually

demand drainage of the site prior to or during the construction
work. Erosion or sliding of the excavated soil is the problem not only
during the excavation stage but also even during the installation of
the steel bars and forms.

The excavation work involved in continuous footing is a

continuous trench comparatively cheaper than that of a series of
small pits for isolated footing, more so, the excavation work for a
raft footing is not so much for it involved a simple broad shallow
hole. If the construction requires bracing of the excavation aside
from the forms necessary for the concrete work, less material will
be needed for the continuous or raft foundation than that of the
individual footings.

V. Reference.

Simplified Methods on Building Construction by Max B. Fajardo Jr.