Appendix 8: Data Booklet

This appendix shows the data included in a Data Booklet that will be available on
our website. Centres will be sent copies of the Data Booklet for the first
examination series.
Centres can make additional fresh copies by printing the Data Booklet from our
website. Candidates must use an unmarked copy of the Data Booklet in
examinations.

Acknowledgement of source
The data used in the Data Booklet is derived from the Nuffield Advanced Science,
Revised Book of Data (ISBN 058235448X), Nuffield Foundation.

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Physical constants

Avogadro constant (L) 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

Elementary charge (e) 1.60 x 10-19 C

Gas constant (R) 8.31 J mol-1 K-1

Molar volume of ideal gas:

at r.t.p. 24 dm3 mol-1

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 J g-1 K-1

Ionic product of water (Kw) 1.00 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6

1 dm3 = 1 000 cm3 = 0.001 m3

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Infrared spectroscopy

Correlation of infrared absorption wavenumbers with molecular structure

Group Wavenumber range/cm-1

C-H stretching vibrations
Alkane 2962-2853
Alkene 3095-3010
Alkyne 3300
Arene 3030
Aldehyde 2900-2820 and 2775-2700

C-H bending variations

Alkane 1485-1365
Arene 5 adjacent hydrogen atoms 750 and 700
4 adjacent hydrogen atoms 750
3 adjacent hydrogen atoms 780
2 adjacent hydrogen atoms 830
1 adjacent hydrogen atom 880

N-H stretching vibrations

Amine 3500-3300
Amide 3500-3140

O-H stretching vibrations

Alcohols and phenols 3750-3200
Carboxylic acids 3300-2500

C=C stretching vibrations

Isolated alkene 1669-1645
Arene 1600, 1580, 1500, 1450

C=O stretching vibrations

Aldehydes, saturated alkyl 1740-1720
Ketones, alkyl 1720-1700
Ketones, aryl 1700-1680
Carboxylic acids, alkyl 1725-1700
Carboxylic acids, aryl 1700-1680
Carboxylic acid, anhydrides 1850-1800 and 1790-1740
Acyl halides, chlorides 1795
Acyl halides, bromides 1810
Esters, saturated 1750-1735
Amides 1700-1630

Triple bond stretching vibrations

CN 2260-2215
CC 2260-2100

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 1
H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts relative to
tetramethylsilane (TMS)
CH3OH

3.39 HCC=C
alkenes
arenes
benzene ethene propanone

7.27 5.28 2.10

HCN
amine
amide

CONH ArNH CNH

amide phenylamines amine

HCC=O
aldehyde
ketone
ester
COOH ArOH amide
carboxylic acid phenol acid

HCO
alcohol TMS
ether
ester

OH
alcohol
O ArH HC=C HChalogen HCC
arene ring alkene halogenoalkane alkane
CH R2CHF>R2CHCl> R3CH>R2CH2>
aldehyde
R2CHBr>R2CHI RCH3

12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
/ppm for TMS
13
C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts relative to
tetramethylsilane (TMS)
C-N
O

CO CC

O
O C=C
TMS
CCC C-OH
CN

O CC CCl
Arene
CCH CBr CH2O

220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40

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Pauling electronegativities

Pauling electronegativity index

H He
21
Li Be B C N O F Ne
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Na Mg Al Si P S CI Ar
09 12 15 19 21 25 30
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
08 10 13 15 16 16 15 18 18 18 19 16 16 20 20 24 28
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
08 10 12 13 16 21 19 22 22 22 19 16 17 19 19 21 25
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po At Rn
07 09 11 13 15 23 19 22 22 22 25 20 16 18 19 20 22

Relation in electronegativity difference, Ne and ionic character P/%

Electronegativity
difference Ne 01 03 05 07 10 13 15 17 20 25 30
Percentage
ionic character 05 2 6 12 22 34 43 51 63 79 89
P/%

Indicators

pKin acid pH range alkaline

(at 298 K)
1 Thymol blue (acid) 1.7 red 1.22.8 yellow
2 Screened methyl orange 3.7 purple 3.24.2 green
3 Methyl orange 3.7 red 3.24.4 yellow
4 Bromophenol blue 4.0 yellow 2.84.6 blue
5 Bromocresol green 4.7 yellow 3.85.4 blue

6 Methyl red 5.1 red 4.26.3 yellow

7 Litmus red 5.08.0 blue
8 Bromothymol blue 7.0 yellow 6.07.6 blue
9 Phenol red 7.9 yellow 6.88.4 red
10 Phenolphthalein (in 9.3 colourless 8.210.0 red
ethanol)

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Standard electrode potentials

Eo Standard electrode potential of aqueous system at 298 K, that is, standard

emf of electrochemical cell in the hydrogen half-cell forms the left-hand side
electrode system.

Right-hand electrode system Eo/V

1 Na+ + e- Na -2.71
2 Mg2+ + 2e- Mg -2.37
3 Al3+ + 3e- Al -1.66
2+ -
4 V + 2e V -1.18
2+ -
5 Zn + 2e Zn -0.76
6 Cr3+ + 3e- Cr -0.74
7 Fe2+ + 2e- Fe -0.44
3+ - 2+
8 Cr + e Cr -0.41
3+ - 2+
9 V +e V -0.26
10 Ni2+ + 2e- Ni -0.25
11 H+ + e- H2 0.00
12 S4O62- + e S2O3 - 2-
+0.09
2+ - +
13 Cu + e Cu +0.15
14 Cu2+ + 2e- Cu +0.34
15 VO2+ + 2H+ + e- V3+ + H2O +0.34
- -
16 O2 + H2O + 2e 2OH +0.40
17 S2O3 2- +
+ 6H + 4e 2S + 3H2O -
+0.47
18 Cu+ + e- Cu +0.52
19 I2 + e- I- +0.54
+ -
20 3O2 + 2H + 2e H2O2 +0.68
3+ - 2+
21 Fe + e Fe +0.77
22 Ag+ + e- Ag +0.80
23 NO3- + 2H+ + e- NO2 + H2O +0.80
- - - -
24 ClO + H2O + 2e Cl + 2OH +0.89
25 VO2+ + 2H + e VO + - 2+
+ H2O +1.00
26 Br2 + e- Br- +1.09
27 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O +1.23

Cr2O 7 - + 7H+ + 3e- Cr3+ + +1.33

2
28 7
2 H2O

29 Cl2 + e- Cl- +1.36

30 MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51
31 H2O2 + H+ + e- H2O +1.77

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