National College of Business Administration

& Economics, wcc

MACRO- MEGA STRUCTURES

ECONOMIC
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NCBA&E
(National College of Business Administration & Economics)

A Project on

The largest underpass of

Lahore

Prof. ZAMAN HAIDER

Department of Business Administration Session 2013-2017

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This write-up has been prepared and submitted to fulfill the

partial requirement for the degree of Business Administration.

Submitted by:

Student Id. Student Name Signature

BS-FA02-10 FARIA ANWAAR

BBS-FA01-O5 MOHSIN KHAN

Approved by:
Prof. ZAMAN HAIDER
Department of Business administration

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NCBA&E JULY 30, 2015

Undertaking:

The project titled The largest underpass of

Lahore has been written by Faria Anwaar and Mohsin
Khan as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of business administration from National College of
Business Administration and Economics.

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Acknowledgments:

First of all, we are grateful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH for grant of

the endurance and patience required in carrying out the
Project. We are also thankful to our respected and capable
teachers for their timely advice and cooperation. We are also
grateful to our loving parents, for the prayers and
encouragement that helped us at every stage of the Project.

The assignment was carried out under the able guidance of

Prof. ZAMAN HAIDER, a true professional who has
excellent command over the subject. He helped us to
conceive the project to start with and later-on sorted out our
numerous queries and enabled to complete the project. We
are extremely thankful to him for his precious time and
dedication.

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Dedications:

We dedicate this project to our loving parents, whose prayers

are always with us. I confer this project to all the teachers in
our whole educational career. Along with all, we bestow our
project to some special personalities, whose help led us
towards the completion of this project.
Faria Anwaar
Mohsin Khan

Declaration:

This project is the result of indigenous efforts and this will not
be presented in any other University/Institute for any other
degree or qualification.

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Table of Content

Srn Topic Pg
o no

Abstract

1. Literary Meaning Of Macro-Economics

2. Introduction To Macro-Economics

3. Roadways Of Pakistan
i) Introduction
ii) Road Transport
iii) Pakistan Economic Survey

4. Summary Of Some Of Shahbaz Sharifs Projects

i) Completion And Launching Of Projects
ii) Increasing Funds On Education
iii) Increasing Health Expenditures
iv) Other Noticeable Works Include:

5. The Largest Underpass Of Lahore

6. The Economic Benefit Of Mega-Roads

i) Undertaking Cost & Scheduling

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ii) Saving Time

iii) Idling Fuel Consumption

7. Conclusion

8. References

Abstract

Transport studies recommend that interests in urban and provincial streets

have been legitimized as far as facilitating blockage, sparing time and vitality,
expanding wellbeing, enhancing social and natural results and improving
monetary improvement of a city. Interests in urban streets may have numerous
favorable circumstances as they may extend benefits and enhance portability
and, if maintained after some time, may add to the financial improvement. On
the other hand, pundits contend that ceaseless interests in urban streets bring
about extra activity and eventually build blockage and stopping issues which
have reverse advancement sways. These contentions challenge the traditional
contentions about the financial advantages of street interests in urban territories.

This paper expects to distinguish the financial improvement and key

contentions with respect to street interests in Pakistan. Exact approach
destinations behind street interests in Lahore, Pakistan, have been investigated.
The motivation behind such study is to add to some seeing about the connection
in the middle of transportation and monetary improvement issues in created and
creating nations. The paper explores whether the components connecting
transport speculation with monetary improvement have been totally met or not

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in the vehicle arrangements of two nations. It proposes absence of capacity as

the fundamental purpose for incongruous transport approaches in Pakistan.

1. literary meaning of Macro-Economics

Macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix macro-

meaning "large" and economics) is a branch
of economics dealing with the
performance, structure, behavior,
and decision-making of
an economy as a whole, rather
than individual markets. This
includes national, regional, and
global economies.

2. Introduction to macro-economics

As a rule, financial aspects are the investigation of how operators

(individuals, firms, countries) utilize rare assets to fulfill boundless needs.
Macroeconomics is the branch of financial aspects that worries about business
sector frameworks that work on a vast scale.

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Where microeconomics is
more centered on the decisions
made by individual on-screen
characters in the economy
(singular purchasers or firms, for
case), macroeconomics manages
the execution, structure and
conduct of the whole economy. At
the point when speculators discuss
macroeconomics, dialogs of
arrangement choices like raising
or bringing down interest rates or
changing assessment rates are talked about. (For related perusing, see
Understanding Microeconomics.)

A portion of the key inquiries tended to by macroeconomics include:

What causes unemployment? What causes expansion? What makes or fortifies
financial development? Macroeconomics endeavors to quantify how well an
economy is performing, see how it meets expectations, and how execution can
make strides.

While the expression "macroeconomics" is not too old (backtracking to

Ragnar Frisch in 1933) huge numbers of the center ideas in macroeconomics
have been the center of study for any longer. Themes like unemployment, costs,
development and exchange have concerned market analysts just about from the
earliest starting point of the control; however their study has turned out to be a
great deal more engaged and concentrated through the 1990s and 2000s.

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Moreover, it is hard to
name any kind of organizer of
macroeconomic studies. John
Maynard Keynes is regularly
credited with the first hypotheses
of financial aspects that depicted
or displayed the conduct of the
economy, components of prior
work from any semblance of
Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill
unmistakably tended to issues that
would now be perceived as the space of macroeconomics.

Albeit microeconomic thoughts like amusement hypothesis are obviously

truly huge today and the choice making procedure of individual specialists like
firms is still a vital field of study, macroeconomics has apparently turned into
the overwhelming center of financial aspects at any rate as it applies to the
speculation procedure and money related market

3. Roadways Of Pakistan
i) Introduction

Policy process and political conditions play a decisive role in determining

economic development of an area. Pakistan is described by its halfway directed
arrangement of administration in which the government assumes an urgent part
in detailing and actualizing approaches. A far reaching transport arrangement
explanation in Pakistan has been uncommon between the years 1947 to 1990.
For all intents and purposes, the procedure of transport choice making in
Pakistan is completed both at government and commonplace levels. The interest

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and arrangement for more urban streets in Pakistan get its beginning from the
Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) contained in the Planning
Commission (2005). The record sets a driven objective for Pakistan to be an
industrialized nation by the year 2025. Arranging Commission (2005) presents a
coordinated methodology called Pakistan Incorporated. This methodology
imagines tripartite components
of development; i.e.
improvement of

(1) Foundation

(2) Human asset

(3) Innovation inside of

the wide parameters of
macroeconomic system.
Pakistan is honored with an
exceptionally remarkable geo-
vital area posturing quality and difficulties for its continuance. The open doors
and potential can be acknowledged by investigating its discriminating
integration of area courses, beachfront lines and go through air courses which
are blessed by the great atmosphere.

The nation offers the best, temperate and practical travel courses all
through the seasons to the area bolted Central Asian Countries and other
neighboring nations giving an extremely helpful exchange passageway. World
Bank appraises that poor execution of the vehicle division is costing Pakistan
around five percent of its GDP.

Besides thirty percent of horticulture yield is at present squandered

because of its wasteful homestead to market channels, absence of frosty

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storerooms and an out of date underpowered trucking armada. Legislature of

Pakistan is resolved to create furthermore, improve a modernize transport and
logistics area.

Vision 2025 additionally looks to set up a proficient and incorporated

transport framework that will encourage the improvement of our economy.

The targets put forward

are to guarantee decrease in
transport taken a toll,
wellbeing, viable network
between provincial ranges and
urban regions markets
interprovincial high speed
network, incorporated streets
system and transportation
passageway integration with
major provincial exchange
accomplice nations.

ii) Road Transport

Geography of the locale comprises upon sloping mountain zones, far

flung agribusiness lands and the beneficial assets scattered everywhere
throughout the nation. Streets give simple and effective method for
transportation. Around 61.4 percent of our populace lives in towns. Streets
organize in Pakistan is of urgent significance for the development of individuals
and merchandise, incorporating the nation, encouraging financial development
and in decreasing destitution.

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Complete streets organize in Pakistan is around 263,775 kms out of

which around 70 percent are cleared. Street thickness in Pakistan is 0.32
km/km2 which are low in correlation of neighboring nations.

This streets system persists 96 percent of inland cargo and 92 percent of

traveler movement and are without a doubt the foundation of the economy.
Table 13.1 demonstrates the subtle elements of streets in Pakistan. National
Highways comprises of 9,324 kms (3.53 percent) and Motorways 2,280 kms
(0.87 percent). Key streets and Expressways contribute 262 kms and 100 kms
separately that is 0.1 percent.

Rest of the streets system contains common parkways and streets under
particular nearby organization like; Cantonment Boards, Municipal
Corporations, Local Development Authorities, and so forth.

Around 40.9 percent of aggregate streets lie in territory of Punjab, trailed

by 30.9 percent in Sindh, 16.3 percent in Khyber Pakhtun-khwa and 11.3
percent in Baluchistan. Azad Jammu and Kashmir, being for the most part
sloping territory, demonstrates a little extent of only 0.6 percent, of streets
system.

iii) Pakistan Economic Survey

According to Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14 the lengths of roads in

different provinces in the past years were, and now are:-

Baluchist
Years Category Punjab Sindh Khyber GB and TOTAL
an
AZAD
JAMU
Pakhtun-
AND
khwa
KASHMI
R

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2009-10 Total 105,085 81,618 42,765 29,727 1,565 260,760

Low Type 32,179 24,993 13,095 9,103 480 79,850

High Type 72,906 56,625 29,670 20,624 1,085 180,910

2010-11 Total 105,253 80,625 42,550 29,500 1,535 259,463

Low Type 32,147 24,000 13,000 9,000 450 78,597

High Type 73,106 56,625 29,550 20,500 1,085 180,866

2011-12 Total 106,455 80,960 42,975 29,625 1,580 261,595

Low Type 32,590 24,335 13,140 9,125 465 79,655

High Type 73,865 56,625 29,835 20,500 1,115 181,940

2012-13 Total 107,805 81,385 42,980 29,655 1,590 263,415

Low Type 33,090 24,685 13,140 9,130 470 80,515

High Type 74,715 56,700 29,840 20,525 1,120 182,900

2013-14 Total 107,973 81,493 43,035 29,692 1,592 263,755

Low Type 32,729 24,415 12,996 9,030 465 79,635

High Type 75,214 57,078 30,039 20,662 1,127 184,120

4. Summary of some of Shahbaz Sharifs projects

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Shahbaz Sharif is no doubt one of the most loved

politicians in Punjab. He is known for his
awesome administration skills and emotional
speeches. His performance is no doubt very good
as compared to other chief ministers.
Following are the list of his good initiatives:

1. Completion and
launching of mega
infrastructure projects

The first of its kind

massive transport system in
Pakistan was launched in
Lahore in February 2013.

It has 27 kilometers Metro Bus Service Lahore

long route and have 29 bus
stations.

The system uses

complete e-ticketing systems working under Punjab government IT department.
Although critics of the project say that its a complete waste of fund as the
project is not self-stable i.e. it is working on constant subsidies, plus it has
charges of large e scale corruptions, still this project is one of the best projects
being taken in Pakistan as it provides a quick, cheap and easy way of
transportation to Lahore-ians.

Ring Road Lahore

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It will save myriad

work hours, countless fuel
and help in solving traffic
issues in Lahore.

.Punjab government
also successfully completed
multiple infrastructure
projects like new roads,
flyovers and underpasses.
Such project was taken all
over Punjab.

Most known are the 6th View Of Metro Bus service

Road and Chandani Chawk
and choore chawk flyovers
in Rawalpindi, widening
and improvement of road
from Bahawalpur bypass to
Chungi # 9, Saggian
interchange, and Shalimar
Interchange, Thokar Niaz
Beg Flyover, Kalma Chowk
Flyover and Lahore-Kasur
Road project.

2. Increasing funds on Education

Muree Road Flyover

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Punjab government
under the supervision of
Shahbaz Sharif has
invested a lot in
education. It established
the famous to help poor
students.

Although we praise
HEC scholarships but a
very little is known in
public about PEEF. He successfully established medical colleges in Sahiwal,
Gujarat, DG Khan, Sialkot
and Gujranwala. Shahbaz Youth Laptop
shareef also successfully
established Information
Technology University in
Lahore currently housed
in Arfa Software
Technology Park which is
another initiative of
Shabaz Sharif.

He also has
successfully established
five new womens
universities. He
also established medical Cloud Computing workshop
colleges in Sahiwal at Arfa Software Technology
(Sahiwal_Medical College), Park

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Gujrat (Nawaz Sharif Medical College), DG Khan (D.G. Khan Medical

College), Sialkot and Gujranwala. Shahbaz sharif also launched a massive
laptop scheme for students. He also gave away solar cells to help students study
in load-shading hours.

3. Increasing health expenditures

Shabaz Sharif successfully started many health sector projects.

The 272-bed cardiology hospital that took two years to be constructed

was opened for public by the Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif at an
elaborate ceremony held for the purpose.

This institute
caters patients coming from
AZAD JAMU AND
KASHMIR, KHAIBAR
PAKHTOON KHAWA and
Rawalpindi region.

A 300-bed hospital
was constructed and
inaugurated by Shahbaz
Sharif in Shahdara.
The Institute of Cardiology and
Urology, Raw

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A new hospital 410-

bed hospital in Bahawalpur
was also constructed.

Shahbaz Sharif also

Newly Constructed Hospital
established mobile health units
for rural areas. Each mobile in Bahawalpur
health unit has been fully
equipped with basic
emergency treatment
facilities, antibiotics and at
least three qualified medical
professionals.

4. Other noticeable works

include: Punjab Mobile Health Unit
Caravan

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Ashiana Housing Schemes For Workers

Writing Off Loans For Poor Widows
Setting Up Of Model Police Stations And Introduction Of Performance

Efficiency Allowance For Low-Grade Police Officials

The Green Tractor Scheme
Construction Of The Marala Hydel Power Station
Rehabilitation And Modernization Of Barrages
The Construction Of 11 Small Dams
Eradication of Dengue Disease.
The Green Taxi Scheme
The Pink Rickshaw For

Ladies Scheme

Every person has good

and bad integrated into
personality. If someone wants to
criticize someone, one must
keep both sides of the pictures in
mind. Shahbaz Sharif no doubt
has performed far better as
compared to chief ministers of
other provinces and for that he
must be given his due credit.

5. The largest underpass of Lahore

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On Tuesday, March 05, 2013 Lahore

An all around created transportation system is fundamental to the

monetary advancement of the nation. Superb street system builds the capability
of any financial framework by helping both customer and maker. Activity
blockages are significant bottleneck of smooth working of a city transportation
system. With expansion in vehicle populace workers invests more energy in
automobile overload and loses valuable time which could have been used in
gainful exercises generally. It additionally causes inefficient fuel consumption
which specifically influences the nation's exchequer. Therefore formation of
new street foundations and in addition intermittent upkeep of the current one
has long haul financial advantages.

Punjab Chief Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif has included another

credit to him as he formally initiated the biggest Kalma Chowk underpass of the

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historical backdrop of the

nation.

Tending to the service

hung on the event, it is said
that finishing of the biggest
underpass in a record time of
136 days is an awesome
accomplishment which was
conceivable because of the
aggregate endeavors of the
whole group taking a shot at
the task. The gratitude was given to the concerned offices, part's get together,
foremen and workers who took a shot at the venture.

The underpass comprising of seven paths has been finished at an expense

of Rs.2 billion in a record time of 136 days. The Chief Minister gave away
check for Rs.25 lakh to the
workers who dealt with the
undertaking. Shahbaz Sharif
said that straightforwardness,
quality and quick culmination
of advancement tasks, is the sign of
Punjab government. He said that
cutting edge framework is the
key for quick improvement.

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The
Punjab

government has burned through a large number of rupees on the change of

foundation all through the region and a system of streets, extensions and
underpasses has been laid because of which monetary and exchange exercises
have expanded in the area.

Executive General LDA while giving preparation about the Kalma

Chowk underpass educated that this venture has been finished by meeting
expectations round the clock and one lakh sixty thousand vehicles will go
through this underpass day by day. Later, the Chief Minister initiated underpass
and went through it.

Prior, the Chief Minister introduced the Peco Road Ramp developed close
by Lahore Bridge by exposing sign and offered Dua. Individuals Assembly
Naseer Bhutta, Ramzan Siddique Bhatti, DG LDA, DCO Lahore, authorities of
NLC and an extensive number of individuals were available on the event.
Chatting on the event, Shahbaz Sharif said that office has been given to the
occupants of Kot Lakhpat and other connecting territories because of
development of slope. If all government departments were as dedicated and

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hardworking as the team that built the bridge, Pakistan would soon overcome
its economic problems.

Sharif also inaugurated construction work on an underpass between

Gulbergs Main Boulevard and Garden Town beneath the new flyover and told
the Communication and Works Department to finish it in three months. The
design and feasibility study for the 550-metre, three-lane underpass at Kalma
Chowk has been prepared and it is projected to cost about Rs972 million.

Plans have also been prepared for a 500-metre underpass at the Model
Town crossing on Ferozepur Road, close to the new flyover. The two-lane
underpass is projected to cost Rs350 million. Workers were going to begin
construction once the Kalma Chowk underpass had finished. It is expected to
benefit 46,047 vehicles that enter and exit Model Town every day.

Figure 3: Graph showing year-wise roads construction funding (Rs in million) trend in
the Punjab Province, Pakistan.

40000

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35000

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30000

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25000

Roads

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20000

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15000

Urban

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10000

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development

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5000

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2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

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Source: The authors (based on figures/ data available in Government of the Punjab (2010, p.3))

6. the economic benefit of mega-roads

The monetary advantages are balanced via doing money saving

advantage investigation of the uses brought about and advantages made vide
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR).

The clamoring city Lahore is constantly frequented with overwhelming

automobile overload because of perpetually expanding vehicle populace. So as
to deal with the activity issues in the city, the designing division of Union
Territory of Lahore is building-up number of flyovers and number of
underpasses at different areas of the city. Here an endeavor has been made to do
a monetary investigation of the aforementioned ventures. A variable of 0.85 has
been embraced to change over monetary expenses into financial expenses. The
EIRR for flyover is evaluated to be 15.57% and underpass to be 15.05%,
underpass between segment on Canal Lahore, and underpass between divisions
of Kalma Chowk to be 14.16%. The affectability investigation likewise
demonstrated the monetary feasibility every one of the tasks. General the
proposed venture projects are financially suitable.

i) Undertaking Cost and Scheduling

The undertaking expense comprises of two primary segments:

- Capital expense
- Maintenance cost
Monetary examination requires the change of money related expenses
into financial expenses to deal with bends in costs because of business sector
defects. Assessments and obligations are expelled from money related costs as

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these are not genuine expenses to the economy, but rather are just exchange
installments.

Every single monetary expense have been changed over into financial
expenses by applying a Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) of 0.85, as proposed
by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and ADB/World Bank and is
for the most part utilized for financial assessment of roadway activities in
Pakistan.

In the urban connection, change conspire as flyover/exchange/abnormal

state span/underpass to permit activity developments to move without halting at
sign would bring about the accompanying advantages to the client:

Reduced fuel utilization because of lessening in ceased vehicular

postponements (sitting without moving fuel utilization)
Saving in time because of end and decrease of deferrals, in this way
enhanced travel speeds
Saving in fills because of enhanced travel speeds

All the above advantages from the venture will collect basically to the
activity, which will utilize the proposed underpass. The activity staying on the
current street would likewise advantage since they would appreciate lessened
clogging after the development of the flyover.

The movement considered for monetary assessment is the anticipated

activity in the "without" and "with" task circumstances.

Profits by the proposed Underpass will be both immediate and

backhanded. The present examination, be that as it may, is limited to evaluation
of direct advantages as far as reserve funds in sitting without moving fuel
utilization and investment funds in time because of higher velocities.

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The circuitous advantages like diminishment in mischances and enhanced

ecological conditions are hard to measure and henceforth are excluded in the
feasibility investing.

ii) IDLING FUEL CONSUMPTION

At signalized crossing points, when the sign show red stage, vehicles
need to stop at the convergences till the green stage is shown. Amid such
stoppages, the drivers tend to keep the motor ignition ON, which brings about
additional fuel utilization called Idling Fuel Consumption. Congested
crossing points when furnished with flyover/underpasses/scaffold would bring
about end of stoppages for the top directional activity utilizing evaluation
separators. Moreover, the sign for at-evaluation activity can be overhauled for
the left over movement, which would further diminish the normal vehicular
deferrals at crossing points, therefore lessening sitting without moving fu.

iii) Time Savings

So as to work out efficient, the rates for distinctive vehicles in "without"

and "with" task circumstance on diverse segments of the current street and
proposed flyover/abnormal state span/underpass have been assessed. The
Consultants have received the estimations of time characterized by method of
travel, given in Updating of Road Users Costs of Ministry of Transport and
Highways, which is changed with 2015 WPI. The weighted normal
postponement expenses received for estimation of advantages under the
proposed flyover/abnormal state span/underpasses are figured considering the
VOT.

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Conclusion

Base Sector that involved

upper Roads, Railway and Ports
and Shipping is of high need for
the improvement. An immense
joint effort stretched out by the
Chinese government in
development of foundation
activities like; China-Pak
Economic Corridor and High
Priority Early Harvest Projects
will clear multi dimensional
financial and geo-political
advantages to both the nations.
The headway in Telecommunication division will likewise brought new
employment creation and a path forward towards the advancement of learning
based society. Government is endeavoring strenuous endeavors to add to a
proficient transport and correspondences organize in encouraging the
developing needs of the nation. Government is likewise reassuring the private
division to supplement the endeavors in quickening the advancement of
transport and interchanges arrange in the nation.

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Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics, London: Macmillan & Co.,

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An Economic Analysis of Transportation Infrastructure
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Andrew F. Haughwout,
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Badusha, A. A., & Ghosh, B., Driving Cycle for Buses in Delhi
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Bowe, John, The High Cost of Congestion, Presentation to the

TRB Freight Roundtable, October 24, 2006,
www.trb.org/conferences/FDM/Bowe.pdf.
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi, Study
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www.pcra/English/transport.

Cervero, R. et al.,

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Land Value Impacts of Rail Transit Services in San Diego

County, Urban Land Institute, 2002.

David Alan Aschauer,

Is Public Expenditure Productive? Journal of Monetary
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David Schrank, Bill Eisele, and Tim Lomax, Texas Transportation

Institutes 2012 Urban Mobility Report, December 2012

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