The

passive
We wash our shirts.

Our shirts are washed

Tense Active Passive

1.simple present
2.present progressive
3.present perfect
4.simple past
5. past progressive
6.past perfect
7.simple future
8.future perfect
9.Be going to
10. Canmayetc. The city can build a bridge. A bridge can be built.
11. Indirect Objects
as Passive Subjects
Engineers design bridges. Bridges are designed by
engineers.
Ann is sending the letters. The letters are being
sent by Ann.
The judges have made a A decision has been
decision. made by the judges.
Several people saw the The accident was seen
accident. by several people.
A guard was protecting the The jewels were being
jewels. protected by a guard.
The medicine had cured my My illness had been
illness. cured by the
medicine.
Fred will plan the party. The party will be
planned by Fred.
The cat will have caught the The mouse will have
mouse. been caught by the
cat.
The city is going to build a A bridge is going to be
bridge. built by the city.
Someone handed Ann a menu Ann was handed a menu
at the restaurant. at the restaurant.

12. Direct Objects as Someone handed a menu to A menu was handed to

Passive Subjects Ann at the restaurant. Ann at the restaurant.
 Conditional Sentences
1) True in the 1. If I dont eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class.
Present or 2. Water freezes/will freeze if the temperature goes below
Future 32F/0C.
3. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
2) Untrue in the 1. If I taught this class, I wouldnt give tests.
Present 2. If he were here right now, he would help us.
3. If I were you, I would accept their invitation.
3) Untrue in the 1. If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.
Past 2. If they had studied, they would have passed the exam.
3. If I hadnt slipped on the ice, I wouldnt have broken my arm.
4) Using 1. If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk.
Progressive (It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk.)
2. If it had not been raining yesterday afternoon, I would have
gone for a walk.
(It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk.)
5) Mixed Time 1. If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test
yesterday.
(He is not a good student. He did not study for the test
yesterday.)
2. If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be
hungry now.
(I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.)
6) Using Should 1. If John should call, tell him Ill be back around five.
2. If it should rain tomorrow, the picnic will be cancelled.
7) Using Were To 1. If the sun were to rise in the west, I would change my mind.
2. If I were to live to be 150 years old, I still could not read all
books
8) Omitting If 1. Were I you, I wouldnt do that.
2. Had I known, I would have told you.
3. Should anyone call, please take a message.
9) Implied I couldnt have finished the work without your help.
Conditions I couldnt have finished the work if you hadnt helped me.
 Wish

1)Future 1. She will not tell me. I wish she would tell me.
2. He isnt going to be here. I wish he were going to
be here.
2)Present 1 . I dont know French. I wish I knew French.
2. It is raining right now. I wish it werent raining
right now.
3. I cant speak Japanese. I wish I could speak
Japanese.
3)Past 1. John didnt come. I wish John had come.
2. Mary couldnt come. I wish Mary could have
come.
4)Using Would to 1. It is raining. I wish it would stop(stop).
make wishes about 2. Were going to be late. I wish you would hurry(hurry).
the Future 3. He needs some money. He wishes his parents would
send(send) him some.
4. My roommate is very messy. I wish she would pick(pick)
up after herself more often.
5)Using As If/As 1. (He is not a child.)
Though He talks as if he were a child.
 The Simple Present Tense
To talk about actions and states in the present that do not usually change. Look at the different uses:

Present Habits Macro jobim watches sports on TV every night.

He almost always falls asleep in front of the TV.

Ideas, Opinions, And feelings Macro dosent enjoy soap operas.

His wife thinks he watches too much TV.
She knows he is becoming a couch potato.

General Truths And facts Teenagers in the United States watch about twenty-one hours of TV a week.
Cable TV and satellite dishes give people many more channels.

The Simple Present Tense: Future Events

Uses with timetables and calendars. Look at thie examples:

Future Events

A new talk show starts next Monday at 09:00 p.m.

The World Cup match is on TV tomorrow afternoon at 3:00 p.m.
My exams finishe on Friday.
 Frequency Adverbs and Expressions

To talk about how often an action happens. We aske quistions with How often or ever.

Subject Frequency adverb Verb phrase

How often do you watch the news? I Seldom Watch the news on TV.
I Usually Read the newspaper.
Do you ever get news from the Internet? I somtimes Do.

Subject Verb phrase Frequency expression

Do you ever go to the ballet? We Go Twice a year.
How often do you get that magazine? I Get it weekly.
How often does your son watch TV? He Watches TV Every day.
 The Present Progressive Tense: Present Time

To talk about habitual actions in the present, we use the simple

present tense.
To talk about actions that change or are happening at the
present time, we use the present pregressive tense.
Simple Present Present progressive
Rock Practices every day. The band is practicing now

We use Still with the present progressive to describe an action that

continues in the present without changing. We use anymore to describe an
action that stopped.

The paparazzi are still waiting to get a good shot of Rock.

Rock isnt lying on the beach anymore. Hes swimming.
The Present Progressive Tense: Future time.

To talk about planned actions in the future. (next, tomorrow, later, on

Monday)

The Royal Hideaway Hotel is having a party tonight.

Raquel and I arent leaving until next week some time.
Non progressive
know Verbs
realize understand recognize believe
feel
suppose think* imagine doubt remember forget
I think he is a kind man.
want need prefer mean
He has a car.
This food tastes good. love like appreciate hate dislike fear envy mind
These flowers smell good. care
I see a butterfly. Do you see possess
it? have* own belong
The cats fur feels soft. taste* hear see* smell* feel*
She looks cold. Ill lend her my coat.
He appears to be asleep. seem look* appear* cost owe weigh* be* exist
A piano is heavy. It weighs aconsist
lot. of contain include
I am hungry.

The Comparative: Talking about Differencs

To talk about differences between two people, places, or things

One-syllable adjectives usually add Janets pool is longer than

er Vals

Two-syllable adjectives ending Janet/s garen is prettier than Vals

in y cahange y to i and add er
Adjectives with two or more Janets house is more modern than Vals
syllables use more or Janets couch is less expensive than Vals
less..than
Exceptions:
Good better than Janet/s garden is better than Vals
Bad worse than
Far farther than
 Talking About Differences: not asas

Roxys kitchen isnt as clean as Vals = Roxys kitchen is dirtier than

Vals
It isnt as modern as Vals either. = Vals kitched is less modern
than Roxs
Talking About Similarities

To show that two itemis are the same, we use (as+adjective+as) (the
same+adjective+as)
To show that two items are almost the same, we use like and similar to.

Roxys car is as old as Vals = Roxys car is the same age as Vals
Roxys furniture is like Vals = Roxys furniture is similar to Vals
 The Simple Past Tense: Past Evients

To talk about actions in the past. For regular verbs, add (ed or -d )

(Regular) The band performed at Tower Theater last night.

(Irregular) They sang my favorite song.

Adverbs of Sequence with the Simple Past Tense

We can use adverbs of sequence, such as first, later, next, than,

after that, soon and finally

The Simple Past and the Progressive Tenses

The simple past is to talk about a finished action

The past progressive tense (was/were+verb-ing) to show a
continuing action or incomplet action in the past interrupted by
another action.

Simple Past Yesterday, a tornado struck the airport.

Past Progressive A baby was crying at the airport.
 Time Clauses With When, While, As
When two actions happened at the same
time.
While and as usualy introduce a
continuing action.
When introduces a finished action.
While we were checking in, the tornado struck.
As the plane was landing, a tornado hit.
When the storm came in, I was driving to the airport.
 The Superlative: Comparing Three or More Items

One-syllable adjectives: The XE20 is the fastest computer in

this store.
add the est
Two-syllable adjectives ending in y: It is the easiest of all to use.

Change y to i and add the est

Adjectives with two or more syllables: Naturally, the XE20 is the most
expensive.
use the most or the least
Exceptions: But its also the best computer on the
market.
Good the best
Bad the worst
Far the farthest
 Present Perfect Progressive Referring to
Unfinished Actions

1 FORMATIO
. N
The present perfect progressive is made up of the two
auxiliaries in (i) and (ii), namely have + be plus the ing form of the
verb:
Verb + ing Auxiliary (2) Auxiliary (1)
walking been has
swimming have

2 US
. E
The Present Perfect Progressive (PPP) combines the basic meanings of
both the present perfect and the present progressive as follows:
1. Continuation of the activity up to the present moment as in the
case of the present perfect,
2. Duration; i.e. the action lasts for some time as in the case of the
present progressive
Comparing theBASIC
PPP and the Present Perfect
MEANING
PPP refers to an unfinished past action that is still going on now.

Consider the following two examples and try to spot the difference in
meaning between the two:
Ibrahim has painted our family house. It looks great now.
Ibrahim has been painting our family house. It will look great
when it is finished.
As you can see, the present perfect indicates that the action is
complete whereas the PPP indicates that it is not. It is still going on.
This is the main difference between the two. Now consider the
following two pairs of examples and notice the difference in meaning:
(completed) the street. have widened 1. a. They
 (not completed) have been b.
widening
(completed) a new novel. has written 2. a. Fatima
(not completed) has been b.
writing
NOTES: since and for
1.Use since with fixed / definite dates / points in time (e.g. since
July, since 2001, since his father died, etc.).
2.Use for to indicate duration (for two months, for a whole year,
for three hours, etc.)

The Present Perfect: Relating the Past to the Present

We use the present perfect tense (have/has+past participle) to
talk about an action that happened sometime in the past, put is
still relevent in the present. This use is often signaled by time
words auch as before, ever, so far, up to now, always,
and never.
Have you ever worked as a journalist?
Ive never worked for a daily.
What other kinds of stories have you
written?
So far, Ive only written this one.
 The Present Perfect vs. the Present Perfect Progressive
The present perfect tense to talk about actions completed at an
indefinite time in the past. But which still have importance in the
present.
Hes read the book, so he knows the ending. (the action is complete)
Hes been reading the book, but he hasn/t finished yet. (the action is
incomplete)
The present perfect tense is often used to tell how many times some
one has done the action. The present perfect progressive tenese often
stresses how long someone has been doing an action.
Hes read the book five times.
Hes been reading the book for over a month.

Habitual Actions in the Past: (Used to + Verb)

Simple past tense with an advrb of frequency or an expression of frequency.
Grorge and Mary frequently had hot dogs in their backyard. They never ate gourment foods.
We can also use the expression used to + verb to talk about past hapits or past routines.
Mary used to serve hear guests hot dogs. She didnt used to have a fancy chef.
Did she used to eat off of paper plates then?
Of course. They didnt have a dishwasher in those days.

Get used to and Be used to

( get used to + verb-ing) when we are in the process of adjusting to changes.
( be used to + verb-ing ) when we have finished adjusting.
Im getting used to eating lunch at 2pm. (not finished)
I used to speaking catalan. (finished)
Get used to and used to can also can be followed by a noun phrase or pronoun.
Was it hard to get used to Catalan?
No, actually, I got used to it pretty fast.
The First Conditional: Possible Results
If clause, show results that are possible in the present or future.
If the player answers right he gets the prize.
If we win today we will fly to Rio.

Conditionals with Unless

Unless means if not. We use unless with negative conditions to express
requiements or give a strong warning.
Unless Earl wins he wontt go to Bahia.
Unless you go up the Amazone I wont go to Bahi.

We can use should, oght to, can, and imperatives.

If you go to Maxico you ought to go to the Yucatan.

If you go to the Yacatan you shouldnt miss the Mayan ruins.
If you get of the ruins drive to the beach
 Adjective Clauses & Relative Pronouns
1- Relative Pronouns as Subjects : who , that & which
Relative pronouns function as subjects . Consider the
following examples :

1- I thanked the man . The man helped me to fix my car.

The man is the subject of the second independent clause.

I thanked the man . The man helped me to fix my car.

I thanked the man who / that helped me to fix my car.

Adjective Clause ( relative pronouns who and that are
used for people)

2- Ann bought a nice apartment .The apartment /It cost her a lot .
The apartment is the subject of the second independent clause.

Ann bought a nice apartment .The apartment /It cost her a lot

Ann bought a nice apartment that / which cost her a lot .

Adjective Clause ( relative pronouns which and that
are used for things )

2- Relative pronouns function as objects . Consider the

following examples :
1- The man was Mr. Jones . I saw the man/him .
 The man or him is the object of the second independent clause.

The man was Mr. Jones . I saw the man /him

The man who / whom / that I saw was Mr.Jones .

Adjective Clause ( relative pronouns who ,whom , that are
used for people)

2- The movie wasnt exciting. We saw the movie / it last night.

The movie or it is the object of the second independent clause.

The movie wasnt exciting . We saw the movie / it last night.

The movie which /that we saw last night wasnt exciting .

Adjective Clause ( relative pronouns which ,that are used
for things )

Whose : is used only for possession ( what you have / own )

A young man went to the police station . The young mans car
was stolen.
The young man whose car was stolen went to the police
station
3

The Simple Past Tense: Past Events

To talk about actions in the past. For regular verbs, add (ed or -d )

(Regular) The band performed at Tower Theater last night.

(Irregular) Thy sang my favorite song.

Adverbs of Sequence with the Simple Past Tense

We can use adverbs of sequence, such as first, later, next, than, after that,
soon and finally
 The Simple Past and the Progressive Tenses

The simple past is to talk about a finished action

The past progressive tense (was/were+verb-ing) to show a continuing
action or incomplet action in the past interrupted by another action.

Simple Past Yesterday, a tornado struck the airport.

Past Progressive A baby was crying at the airport.

TRANSITION SIGNALS FOR GENERAL USE

SENTENCE CONNECTORS CLAUSE CONNECTORS
MEANING/
TRANSITION CONJUNCTIVE COORDINATING SUBORDINATING OTHERS
FUNCTION
PHRASES ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS
To introduce an in addition furthermore and another (+
additional idea moreover noun)
besides an additional (+
also noun)
too
To introduce an on the other however but although in spite of (+
opposite idea hand nevertheless yet though noun)
in contrast instead even though despite (+
still whereas noun)
nonetheless while
To introduce a otherwise or if
choice or unless
alternative

To introduce a in fact that is

restatement or indeed
explanation

To introduce an for example an example of

example for instance (+ noun)

To introduce a in conclusion
conclusion or in summary
summary in brief
in short
indeed
To introduce a accordingly therefore so
result as a result consequently
as a hence
consequence thus