CONTENTS
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1
Please Note:
Please write your roll number on top of this page in the space provided.
Before starting, please ensure that you have received a copy of the
question paper containing total 3 pages (6 sides).
In Section A, there are 10 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
out of which only 1 is correct. You get 3 marks for each correct answer
and -1 mark for each wrong answer.
In Section B, there are 4 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
each, out of which any number of alternatives may be correct. You get
5 marks for each correct answer. No marks are deducted for any wrong
answers. You will get credit for the question if and only if you mark all
correct choices and no wrong choices. There is no partial credit.
For both these sections, you have to indicate the answers on the page
2 of the answersheet by putting a in the appropriate box against the
relevant question number, like this:
A wooden cube of length 5 units is painted on all faces and then cut
in 85 smaller cubes of varying sizes. The sides of each of the smaller
cubes are some integer number of units. All bigger cubes are carved
out of the corners of the original cube. Answer the following three
questions:
7. If you hold a magnifying glass of focal length 10 cm in. the sunlight and
place a piece of paper at its focus, you can burn a hole in the paper. What
could be the size of this hole?
(A) 10 mm (B) 5 mzn (C) 0.5 mm (D) 0.1 mm
3
8. During an earthquake, an earthquake monitoring Centre observed that
transverse waves traveling with speed 4.5 km/s arrived at the centre
3 minutes after the longitudinal waves traveling at 8.2 km/s. Deduce the
approximate distance to the epicenter.
(A) 60 km (B) 220 km (C) 660 km (D) 1800 km
10. Two stars of masses M and 3M respectively are going around each
other, in near circular orbits, with period T. The separation between
kGMT 2
them is given by D = 3 The value of k is,
2
12. Amit decided to experiment with cannon ball by making it hollow and
filling water inside it. He then punched few holes in it. After the ball was
fired horizontally, he was expecting to see water jets coming out from
some of the holes. Which of the following locations of holes will allow
water jet to come out?
(A) Front, bottom and sides (B) Back, top and sides
(C) back and bottom (D) None of the holes
4
13. In the progress of Astronomy over the ages, we find several instances of
startling new observations changing our ideas about the Universe and
lead to new theories. Listed below are some milestones in the history of
Astronomy and observations which necessitated them. Pick the correct
statement(s).
(A) Ptolemy was aware of retrograde motion of planets when he gave
his model of the solar system.
(B) Newton was aware of Kepler's Laws when he gave his Law of
Gravitation.
(C) Einstein felt need to modify Newton's theory of Gravitation to explain
the expansion of the Universe.
(D) Existence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) led
to the creation of the Big Bang Theory.
14. Two simple pendula are hung close to each other on a thin, rigid support
and are allowed to oscillate independently in planes parallel to each
other. They have periods 3 seconds and 7 seconds respectively with
same amplitudes and arc initially released from the opposite extreme
positions of each other. At which of the following times the threads of the
two pendula will be coplanar again?
(A) 1.05 seconds (B) 7.88 seconds
(C) 10.50 seconds (D) 23.10 seconds
Study the following image of the night sky (bigger version is printed in
your answer-sheet) for mid-night on a certain day at a certain place and
answer the questions below it. All answers must be marked / written on
the answer-sheet.
spring
balance
a
h
Water
tank
b
00.00
Weighing scale
3. (A)
To have exactly 2 sides painted, the smaller cube should be along any of
the edges but not at the corner. There are total 12 edges to the original
cube. For each edge, there will be 3 cubes satisfying the condition if all
cubes were of size 1. How ever, there is a size 3 cube. which includes
2 such smaller cubes each along 3 of the edges.
Similarly, the 2 size 2 cubes will each include 1 such smaller cube each
along 3 of the edges.
Thus, total number of cubes =12 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 24
4. (D)
There are two possibilities which will satisfy this condition. Either all
corners will have cubes of size 2 or else there will be 1 cube of size
3 and rest all corners will have cubes of size 2.
There are total 8 corners.
In first case total number of cubes will be = 125 - 8 7 = 69
In second case, total number of cubes will be = 125 7 7 26 = 50
8
5. (B)
6. (D)
s
Half angle of the cone of the sonic boom is given by sin = P , where
p, is velocity of the plane and sis the speed of the sound in air.
s
sin = = 0.8
1.25 s
cos = 0.6
sin h 0 .8 h
tan = cos = p t ; =
0 .6 1.25 330 12
4 15 330
h = = 6600 mt. = 6.6 km
3
7. (C)
If the magnification is given by M, Object distance, Object size, Image
Distance, Image size by u, O, & I respectively,
I I f
M = = ;
7 108
u O 500
0.1 7 108 7
10 3 mt. 0.5 mm
500 3 108 15
8. (D)
8.2 t= 4.5 x (t + 180)
3.7t = 810
810
D = 8.2t = 8.2 = 2.22 810
3.7
D 1800 km
9. (D)
Let the escalator rise with the speed of `n' steps per second.
On first clay, Enthu reaches the top after 20 manual steps i.e. in
20 seconds. On second day, Enthu reaches the top after
32 / 2 = 16 seconds. Thus, total number of steps,
20 (n + 1) = 16 (n + 2)
4n = 32 20 = 12
n =3
Steps = 20 x (3 + 1) = 80
9
10. (B)
D
The Centre of mass of the system will be located at distance from the
4
heavier mass. Centripetal force is provided by the mutual gravitation.
G M 3 M D 2
= (3M)
D2 4
GM D 4
= 4
D2 T2
GMT2
D3 =
GMT 2
D= 3
Section B : ( 4 question 5 marks each)
11. (ABC)
Note: The propagation velocity will vary as per the depth of the water,
provided the water is not too deep. However, the derivation for this effect
includes concepts beyond the level of participants. Thus, the accepted
solution for this question would be 'a' and 'c' must be selected, 'd' must
not be selected and 'b' would be acceptable both ways.
12. (D)
Horizontally, all particles (i.e. cannonball and water particles) are flying
with the same velocity. Hence water cannot come out of
front / back side holes. Vertically, all particles are experiencing free fall.
Thus, gravity cannot exert any additional pressure on water and neither
can water be slower than the cannonball. Hence no water can come out
from top or bottom.
13. (AB)
Ptolemy needed epicyclic model of the solar system as that was the
only way to fit observed motions of the planets including the retrograde
motion. Kepler's laws enabled Newton to deduce nature of the law of
gravitation. Einstein gave General theory of relativity in 1916 and assumed
the Universe to be non-expanding as per then norm. Hubble discovered
the expansion of the Universe in late 20's forcing Einstein to revisit his
own theory.
Existence of CMBR, was one of the key predictions of the big bang
theory. The theory was formulated before CMBR was discovered.
14. (AB)
10
Marking Scheme:
Realising total number of digits are 203, which is a semi-prime number.
(2 marks)
Attempt to draw either 29 7 or 7 29 grid. (1 mark)
picking the message "INAO" . (2 marks)
Blue Sky (1 mark): One mark for scattering. -0.5 for each additional tick mark.
Mirage (2 marks): One each for internal reflection and refraction. 0 marks
if internal reflection is not ticked.
Rainbow (2 marks): One for internal reflection; 0.5 each for dispersion
and refraction. 0 marks if internal reflection is not ticked.
Mirror (1 mark): One mark for reflection. 0 if any additional / other tick marks.
Thick Lens (2 marks): One each for dispersion and refraction.
Any options not mentioned above, do not carry either positive or negative
credit.
(a) From Top clockwise: East, North, West, South. Note the position of
Ursa Minor Constellation (i.e. Pole star) to the right of the map.
Further, Taurus is at the bottom and Leo is at the top. (0.5 marks
per direction)
If the direction pointers are off by small angle (less than 10),
overall 0.5 marks.
(b) Ursa Minor is very close to Horizon. Hence the latitude of the
place is not very high. Thus. the place is in Southern India.
( 0.5 if wrong reason is mentioned.)
(c) Cygnus, Scorpio, Aquarius are not on the map. Rest are clearly visible.
(d) The band of ecliptic should pass through all the zodiac signs (i.e.
Aires to Virgo). Better precision than this is not expected. For every
zodiac sign significantly away from the ecliptic,
(- 0.5 marks (minimum zero).
(e) At mid-night, Cancer is nearly at Zenith. Hence the Sun is roughly
6 zodiac signs away i.e. in Capricorn. Thus, it will reach Vernal
Equinox (in Pisces) in roughly two months. Hence, current date is
about two months before 21st March. Thus, the current month is
January. 0.5 marks for getting month (December - February
accepted). Reason 1.5 marks.
. Shadow is 0.268 rn due South on the day of the Summer solstice. This
means the Sun is to the North of Zenith, i.e. the place is south of tropic of
cancer i.e. in southren India. (1 mark)
On that day, the Sun is directly above the tropic of cancer, i.e.
90- 23.5 = 66.5away from the North Celestial Pole. (1 mark)
If the altitude of the Sun at the local noon is 0,
1 1
tan Jun = = = tan(75)
0268 tan (15 )
= 75 66.5
= 8.5 (3 marks)
12
In part (b) For a northern hemisphere place, the longest shadow of the
stick will be cast on the Winter Solstice day. The Sun at local noon will be
47 further south than its position on the Summer Solstice clay. Hence
the Sun will be 180 75 47 = 58 high on the South of the Zenith.
(2 marks)
1 tan 30 tan 2
= = tan 32 = tan(30 + 2) =
tan 58 1 tan 30 tan 2
1 1
3 30 30 3 31.73 31.73
1 1 0.62 m
1 30 3 1 51.9 1 51
3 30
w w
3
a
3
a
. a3( 1) a
3
(0.0) (b a) b h0 h
(0.0) (b a) b h0 h
2f
w
f
3
a
f u
3
a ( 1)
(0.0) (b a) b h0 h
Please Note:
Please write your roll number on top of this page in the space provided.
Before starting, please ensure that you have received a copy of the
question paper containing total 3 pages (6 sides).
In Section A, there are 10 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
out of which only 1 is correct. You get 3 marks for each correct answer
and -1 mark for each wrong answer.
In Section B, there are 4 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
each, out of which any number of alternatives may be correct. You get
5 marks for each correct answer. No marks are deducted for any wrong
answers. You will get credit for the question if and only if you mark all
correct choices and no wrong choices. There is no partial credit.
For both these sections, you have to indicate the answers on the page
2 of the answersheet by putting a in the appropriate box against the
relevant question number, like this:
1. On one starry evening, Nidhi was trying to spot an artificial polar satellite
from her backyard. Typical altitude of any polar satellite is about 800km
above surface of the earth. What is the typical duration after sunset for
which Nidhi should try her luck?
(A) 63 min (B) 109 min (C) 127 min (D) 171. min
2GM 2GM GM GM
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R 3R 2R 3R
5. Three rings of same dimensions, are dropped at the same time over
identical cylindrical magnets as shown below. The inner diameter of
each ring is greater than the diameter of the magnet.
Which of the following correctly describes the order in which the rings P,
Q and R reach the bottom of the respective magnets?
(A) They arrive in the order P, Q, R
(B) They arrive in the order P, R, Q
(C) Rings P and R arrive simultaneously, followed by Q.
(D) Rings Q and R arrive simultaneously, followed by P.
15
6. A charged particle with initial velocity V enters a region with a uniform
magnetic field B B i . If it starts moving along the positive X-axis in a
helical path such that the separation between successive loops is
constant, what can be inferred about V ?
(A) V Vj (B) V Vk (C) V V j V k (D) None of these
y z
8. From the given P-V diagram, find out the total work done by the gas,
while going from state A to state C.
(A) If the proton is displaced slightly towards plate A, it will keep moving
towards plate A.
(B) If the proton is displaced slightly towards plate D, it will keep moving
towards plate D.
(C) If the proton is displaced slightly along diagonal of the assembly
between plates B and C, it will move directly towards plate B.
(D) If the proton is displaced slightly towards plate C, it will come back
to its original position.
b 2
hc 1
Mlimit = K a
m
G e H
where a, e and k are dimensionless integers, with k 1 and e 2
is called mean number of nucleons per electron. mH is the mass of one
hydrogen atom. This is famously known as Chandrasekhar Mass limit
for which he won Nobel Prize in 1983. Find a and b.
18
. (8 marks) Hot solar plasma is
emitted from surface of a circular
sunspot whose diameter is 10,000
km. When the plasma reaches the
height of 16000 km above the
surface of the sun its horizontal
cross section is measured to have
diameter of 90,000 km. Assuming
that the edge of the plasma cone is parabolic, find the depth inside the
sun from which the plasma started. Assume that the viscosity and
magnetic permeability remains same inside and outside the solar
surface.
. (8 marks) Vinita Studied a star for 55 days in succession. She noted
down the temperature of the star everyday, which was varying in a nice
symmetric manner. The data of her observations is given below. Help
Vinita to find the mean temperature and theperiod of temperature
variation of this star by any suitable method. Give proper justification for
the method used.
Days Temperature Days Temperature Days Temperature
1 5472 20 5312 38 5437
2 5527 21 5264 39 5503
3 5550 22 5250 40 5543
4 5536 23 5273 41 5547
5 5488 24 5328 42 5516
6 5419 25 5400 43 5455
7 5345 26 5472 44 5381
8 5284 27 5527 45 5312
9 5253 28 5550 46 5264
10 5257 29 5536 47 5250
11 5297 30 5488 48 5273
12 5363 31 5419 49 5328
13 5437 32 5345 50 5400
14 5503 33 5284 51 5472
15 5543 34 5253 52 5527
16 5547 35 5257 53 5550
17 5516 36 5297 54 5536
18 5455 37 5363 55 5488
19 5381
(9 marks) On one fine day, Akshay was watching DTH television from
Madurai in Tamil nadu (7807E ;948N). He got a call from his IIT friend,
Sujeet, who was watching DTH television of the same complay from
Salem in tamil Nadu (7807E ;948N). Both were getting their DTH
signals from the same satellite located at 36000 km directly above a
point at the same longitude but at latitude of 1043.5N. Find the angle
difference in the antenna pointing for Akshay and Sujeet.
Sketch the graphs of following functions in the space provided on the
answersheet (Plotting on a graphsheet is not expected) :
(a) (3 marks) | x + 1 | + | x 1| (b) (3 marks) x + sin (x).
(c) (3 marks) xlog(x).
19
3
1 0
~ cos 1
(0.866) = cos 2 = 30
Thus the angle is slightly less than 300, Thus for this angle, time will be
slightly less than 2 hours
2. (B)
Sol. Let U1 be the potential energy of the object on the ground, U2 be the
potential energy at the height 2R and U be the change in the potential
energy
GM
U1 = R
GM
U2 = U = U2 = U1
3R
GM GM 2 GM
U = + U =
3R R 3R
Note : Implicit assumption is that the mass is scaled in earth mass
units. Since the assumption was not explicitly stated, the question was
deemed ambiguious and was dropped from evaluation.
3. (D)
Sol. Pole star appears stationary because it is almost along the axis of
rotation of the earth.
20
4. (A)
Sol. If the object is kept at a distance of 2f, image will also form at the distance
of 2f and that will be real and inverted. the distance between two lenses
is arranged in such a way that the image from the first lens forms at 2f of
the second lens.
Thus again a real image of this will be formed at distance 2f on the other
side of second lens and it will invert the inverted image. Thus final
image will be an erect one.
Object
Image.
5 cm f
20 cm f
40 cm 40 cm
50 cm
5. (B)
Sol. Plastic is not a conducting material so its motion will not be affected.
When ring Q will drop over the magnet, due to mutual induction eddy
currents will form which oppose the downward motion of copper ring so
it will take longer time to reach at bottom of magnet.
Since R is not complete circular ring, circuit can not be completed but
small local loops of eddy current still form in the ring so it will reach to
bottom of magnet after ring P but before ring Q.
6. (D)
Sol. Lorentzs force is given by F q VB
If initial velocity vector is restricted to only the plane perpendicular to
B ,particle would have only circular motion since particle is also
progressing along X-axis it must have parallel component along this
direction. So initial velocity should be
V = Vx i Vy j Vzk , where Vx 0 and at least one out of Vy and Vz 0
7. (D)
Sol. P should be even and 4P < 10, hence P = 2.
S is 3 or 8 and 4 P < S S = 8
Q and R are and 4 Q < 10 Q = 1 R = 7
8. (C)
Sol. From P-V diagram
Work done is = Area under the curve
Total work done by the gas = W tot = W AB + W BC
The work done would be differnce in the areas under the curve. However,
in case of work done, the negative sign is implicit in W BC.
21
9. (D)
Sol. We can simplify given circuit as follows
Rres = 6
10. (B)
Sol. Since we want it to be a prime number, last digit must be 7. Also one can
repeat same digits. Hence, there are 9 possibilities:
557, 567, 577, 667, 677, 757,767, 777
Since 5 + 6 + 7 = 18, 567 and 657 both number are divisible by 3.
Clearly 777 is divisible by 7, so we have to check remaining 6 numbers
out of which 667 is divisible by 23 and 767 is divisible by 13. Remaining
4 are prime numbers.
Marking scheme :
One mark for each correct answer.
* 0.5 for each wrong answer.
Sirius should be left blank. No marks for leaving it blank. Negative
marks for putting a tick mark in that row.
If row than one constellations are ticked for same star., it is counted
as wrong answer. total 8 marks.
23
. b can be found by dimensional analysis as follows ( 3 marks for
getting correct b)
Marking sxheme :
One mark for each correct answer.
b 2
hg 1
1.44 = k a m
G e H
b
J.s m / s 1
kg = 2 2
Nm
kg
kg 2
kg. m kg. m2
now, N = and J
s2 s2
m2.kg
.s m / s
s2 1
kg = kg.m 2 2
b = 3/2
m kg2
s2
kg2
1 36 1052
= a ( 15
)3 / 2
2.22 10 4
3/2
1.44 2 10 30 2.22 1015
a
9 10 52
a 0.322 2.223 10
a10.9
a 3.47 a 3
24
Marking scheme :
All 4 marks for getting correct answer.
3 marks for close enough integer answers.
2 marks for getting only correct order of magnitude (i.e.0).
0.5 marks deducted if final answer is not an integer.
+ 1 mark for overlall clarity of solution.
d1 r2 1 r 2
. =
d 2 r h2
9 r h2
1 r2
=
3 r 16000
r = 80000 km (3 marks)
(2 marks) Marking scheme :
Wrong parabola (x2 = 4ay) considered. Deduct [4 Marks]
Linear terms in Y included inthe equation, grading as per merit of
justification
after exactly 25 days you get same maximum temperature and there is
one peak in between. so the period is 25/2 = 12.5
from the data maximum 5550
minimum 5550
mean 54000
since data contains some incomplete period, mean of all
55 readings will give incorrect answer. Since data is symmetric, mean
by merely finding peaks and taking average is reasonably correct.
25
Marking Scheme :
Period value : [2 Marks]
Period justification : [1 Marks]
Mean value [2 Marks]
Correct method for finding mean [3 Marks]
. Let x be the angle of the antenna with respect to horizon. Radius of the
earth (r) = 6400 km. satellite
l r d
A d
x 90
l
r l B
r 6400 1.85 r
90 90 Earth
d 36000 2
64 1.85 1
90 90 0.32 0.52 90
200 36
o
6
The antenna at Salem o
will be pointing 61 south of local zenith and
1
antenna
o
at Madurai 6 north of local zenith. The secular angle difference
is 31 or 20 [ 4 marks]
The total angle difference (i.e. difference in angles measured w.r.t local
horizons) would be 20 + 1 0 51 = 20 11 [ 2 marks]
20
18
16
14
.
12
10
0
10 5 5 10
26
Marking Scheme :
Please Note:
Please write your roll number on top of this page in the space provided.
Before starting, please ensure that you have received a copy of the
question paper containing total 3 pages (6 sides).
In Section A, there are 10 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
out of which only 1 is correct. You get 3 marks for each correct answer
and -1 mark for each wrong answer.
In Section B, there are 4 multiple choice questions with 4 alternatives
each, out of which any number of alternatives may be correct. You get
5 marks for each correct answer. No marks are deducted for any wrong
answers. You will get credit for the question if and only if you mark all
correct choices and no wrong choices. There is no partial credit.
For both these sections, you have to indicate the answers on the page
2 of the answersheet by putting a in the appropriate box against the
relevant question number, like this:
5. Pradip once observed image of the sum on the platform of CST station
(Mumbais main railway station). He realised that the sunrays forming
the image are entering through a tiny triangular shaped window in the
high ceiling. He measured the diameter of the image to be 0.175 m.
Find the height of the selling.
(A) 12.5 m (B) 18.75 m (C) 22.5 m (D) 37.5 m
6. The most energy efficient direction of projection of rockets from the earth
surface is
(A) Eastwards (B) Westwards
(C) Northwards (D) Vertically upwards
7. A car travels the first 20 km eastwards with 30 km/hr, next 20 km
northwards with 40 km/hr and then 20 km westwards with 50 km/hr. The
average velocity of the car for the journey is
10 600 400
(A) 10 km/hr (B) km/hr (C) km/hr (D) km/hr
9 47 47
29
8. The sum is found to be settings exactly at 6.00 pm on a given day. If the
Earths atmosphere was only half dense as it is then the sunset would
have occurred
(A) Slightly later than 6.00 pm
(B) Slightly earlier than 6.00 pm
(C) Exactly at 6.00 pm
(D) It depends on the latitude of the place
10. Four metal rods all of identical diamensions and made of same material
are welded together at a single point. The configuration is such that any
two rods are oriented at 120. The far ends of three of the rods are
maintained at 90 temperature and that of the fourth rod is maintained at
30 temperature. The temperature of the junction point is
(A) 45 (B) 60 (C) 75 (D) None of these
. (a) (6 marks) Assume that human civilisation has carved out all the
mantle and the central core of the earth, and started living on the
inside surface of the earth's crust which is only about 7 km in
thickness. As a consequence, people are finding that their weight
has alterted drastically. To feel normal weight again, one scientist
suggested an idea involving tampering one of the motions of the
earth. Can you describe this idea qualitatively and quantitatively ?
31
(b) (8 marks) An observer is sitting in a stationary spacecraft outside
earth's orbit such that at the closest point, distance between the
observer and the earth is 1 AU. Sketch a rough plot (exact functional
form / shape not expected) showing how the orbital angular velocity
of the earth varies with time (in an year), as seen by this observer.
Mark every point of maximum or minimum clearly and write its
coordinates. Similarly, mark every point with zero angular velocity
and write its coordinates. Assume the orbit of earth around the Sun
to be circular.
In the 1957 science fiction novel "The black cloud" by Sir Fred Hoyle, an
interstellar dark cloud is discovered approaching the solar system. We
will try to retrace the steps explained in the novel to calculate speed and
direction of the cloud. Two photographs given here show a small region
inside the constellation of Orion. The photographs are taken exactly
2 months apart. The grid in the image has the size of 1 1. By
spectroscopy, it was realised that the emission line of neutral hydrogen
(Rest wavelength 21.1000 cm) emitted by this cloud was showing up at
21.0789 cm wavelength.
(a) (4 marks) In how months (after the second image) the cloud will
entirely cover the belt of Orion (seen on the left) ?
(b) (1 mark) Is the cloud headed directly for the solar system ? Why?
(c) (2 marks) If yes, then in how many months (after the second image)
the cloud will arrive at the earth ? If no, what will be the closest
separation between the cloud and the earth ? Assume the cloud to
have uniform velocity throughout the journey.
(d) (5 marks) If this spherically symmetric cloud is placed at the exact
centre of the solar system, which planets will be engulfed by the
cloud ?
Note: The expression of relativistic Doppler effect is given by observed = emitted
cv
cv
32
14 10 9
Y2 =
365.25 86400
14
103 500
28
Y 500 22 Years
Thus, your age is early 20s.
2. (D)
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)
Put y = 0 f(x) = f(x) f(0) f(x) (1 f(0)) = 0
f(x) 0, f(0) = 1
Put x = 2 and y = 2 f(0) = f(2) f(2)
1 = 5 f(2) f(2) = 1/5 = 0.2
Alternate :
f(4) = f(2) f(2) = 25 and f(2) = f(4 2) = f(4) f(2) = 25f (2)
f (2) 5
Thus : f(2) = = = 0.2
25 25
Solution 2 :
f(2) = f(2 + 0) = f(2) f(0) implying f(0) = 1
Thus, f(0) = f(2 2) = f(2) f(2)
f (0 ) 1
Giving, f(2) = = = 0.2
f ( 2) 5
3. (A)
Sol. If V is volume of the container.
M = V
M
& M + 2m = V M + 2m =
M 2
2m = M(1 ) =
m (1 )
34
4. (D)
Sol. The Lorentz force equation is given by,
F q(E v B )
We require F to be zero. The electric and magnetic fields can be so
adjusted that their net effect cancels out, and the electron continues its
path.
5. (B)
Sol. h = height of the ceiling ; Dse = 1.5 1011 m ; = diameter of image;
d = 14 108 = diameter of sun.
h 1.5 1011
.175 h 18.75m
14 10 8
6. (D)
Sol. The earth rotates from west to east. If the rocket is projected in a eastward
direction, the earths motion acts as a boost for the projection.
7. (C)
Sol. Total displacement 20 km
20 20 20
Total time
30 40 50
20 600
avg. vol. = = km/hr
20 20 20 47
30 40 50
8. (A)
Sol. We see the sunset a few minutes after geometric sunset as the solar
disk remains visible even after going below horizon due to refraction. If
the atmosphere is rarer, the sunrays will get refracted less. Thus, this
additional period of visibility of solar disk is reduced. Hence, we will
see sunset sloghtly earlier.
9. (B)
Sol. Round No. No. of players No. of matches
1 193 96
2 97 48
3 49 24
4 25 12
5 13 6
6 7 3
7 4 2
8 2 1
Total number of matches = 192
35
Original Sol.
The only way a player can go out of the tournament is by losing. Winner
is a single player; thus, 193 1 = 192 players must lose. Implying 192
matches.
10. (D)
Sol. For equilibrium condiction heat flow in and out of junction should be
same. Let k present constant representing heat content, which may
depend on dimensions and material of the rods.
k(T 30) = 3k (90 T)
4T = 300
T = 75
12. (BC)
Sol. As the oscillation starts the bob will slowly pick up iron dust and its
mass will increase. As the velocity of the bob at the hightest point is zero,
by conservation of energy, height of the highest point must decrease. As
the mass increases, the tension in the string will increase too. Since the
string is inextensible the time period will remain the same. But angular
momentum, L = will change, as changes. ( is moment of inertia).
x 04 32x 30 88
+ 29x 02 868 x0 + 64x =0 (3)
2 3 3
X0 = 2 yeilds slightly positive value and X0 = 3 yeilds large negative value.
Thus, the root the the equation lies very close to 2 but is higher than 2.
Note: The approximate solution turns out to be X0 = 2.2071.
Marking Principle: By either way, student should state (with proper
justification) that the x-coordinate is close to 2 but higher than 2.
. (a) For a person standing on the inside surface of the hollow shell,
there is no effect of gravity due to the shell itself (shell theorem).
He / she would feel the weight purely due to the centrifugal force due to
the rotation of earth. (2 marks) Thus, to get the normal weight back, the
earth must start rotating faster. (0.5 mark)
Shell thickness should be considered as negligible as compared to the
radius of the earth. (0.5 mark)
g = R2
37
2 R 6.4 x10 6
= = 2
T g 10
2 x 800 T 5000 sec
Thus, the earths rotation period should be decreased to about 84
minutes.
(2 marks)
This calculation is valid only for the equator and apparent weight at other
latitudes would be different.
B
60 Earth
Sun
Observer
(b) A
C
() = 0 sin() cos( )
sin()
R sin()
Where tan =
k R(1 cos())
In this, R is the orbital radius of the earth (1 AU), k is the shortest separation
between the observer and the earth orbit (also 1 AU), is the observer
- sun earth angle, is the earth - observer - sun angle. The coordinates
for points of interest would be (0, 0), (60,0), (180, 0/3) and (300,0),
where x-axis represents . This can be recalibrated in terms of time
with 30 interval corresponding to one month period.
38
Thighn of as well as start of the year point are matters of convention.
Hence if this graph is flipped on x-axis or is shifted along the x-axis, the
answer is equally valid.
Marking scheme: 1.5 mark for each the four coordinates. 2 marks for the
overall shape of the curve and proper markings of axes etc.
The size of the cloud is about 1 cm in the first image and 2 cm in the
second image. Now, Mintaka and Alnitak are almost equidistant from
the clouds centre (about 4.6 cm) so they would be get covered at almost
same time. If the physical diameter of cloud is x and its distace from us
is d,
x = d = 2(dt2) = 9.2(dt3)
d = 2t2
& 9.2t3 = 7.2d + 2t2 = 16.4t2
16.4
t3 = 2 months = 3.565 months
9 .2
i.e. In just over a month from the second image (about 34 days), the belt
of Orion will be covered by the cloud.
(b) The cloud is headed directly for the solar system as the position of
its centre has not shifted from the first image to the second image.
(c) D = 2 t2 = t4
Thus, the cloud will arrive at the solar system in exactly 2 months after
the second image is taken
(d) Velocity of the cloud is given by
2
c observed 21.1 (1 0.001)
0.998
c emitted 21.1
A per the grid, about 1.95 cm correspond to 1 separation in the sky.
Thus 0.5 in the forst image.
x = d = 2 t 2
2 3 10 5 2 30 86400 24 8.64
x= 0 .5
1.5 1011 180 360
1.728
3
x 108 A.U.
Thus the cloud radius would about 0.9 A.U. Meaning the cloud will engulf
Mecury and Venus.
39
Path after C
deviation s
B D
Path if
undeviated
C
Earth Moon
d
A
(shortest E
distance) R B F
Approach
at
GMt 6.67 10 11 6 10 24 10 3
uj i = 6.25 103 j + i
d2 (2.56 10 8 )2
6250 i +601 i
As the first term on the R.H.S. is much larger as compared to the second
term, the angle of deviation of the asteroid would be very samll. In the
figure, E denotes centre of the Earth. A closest proximity position of
asteroid. BC is are measures along the lunar orbit. AB is denoted by r
and both EB and EC would equal to R. As angle of deviation is very
small, Arc length BC can be approximated as length BD. Let angle BAC
be and angle AEB be . Thus, angle FBC and hence approximately
angle FBD will also be 90 - . Angle BFD can be approximated to 90.
at
tan () = 10 3 tan () 10 3
u
T
sin () =
R
BF r tan( )
BD = cos(90 ) = = R tan () 3084 10810-3
sin()
s 384km
Note : If BC is approximated to BF, only 3 marks would be awarded.
secondly AB = r R. That approach does not any points.
40
STAR CONSTELLATION
Polaris
Rigil Kentaurus
Orion
Cygnus
Taurus
Sirius
Vega
Regulus
Virgo
Scorpio
6. (10 marks) Ayush was doing an experiment with a lens in his Physics
lab. He kept a reference object at several positions and noted
corresponding image sizes and positions. The same are shown in the
diagram below. Unfortunately, he forgot to label the object and image
positions and to mention details about the lens, because he thought
them to be too trivial. Help his science teacher to make sense of his
drawing by finding type of lens (convex / concave), its position and its
focal length. In the diagram, O stands for Object and I for image. All
lengths and heights are to scale.
I
I
o o I
I
o o o
8. (10 marks) Alankar was jogging downhill and he noted distance traveled
by him at various intervals. Plot appropriate graph to find his acceleration
and initial velocity. In the table, time (t) is in minutes and distance (d) is
in meters. Both the quantities are measured from the start of the journey.
t d t d t d t d t d
2 21 6 117 10 285 14 525 18 837
4 62 8 192 12 396 16 672 20 1020
(a) The core of earth is like a perfectly conducting fluid sphere. If this
core suddenly shrinks to half of its present radius, then what will
happen to its magnetic field ? Why?
(b) A satellite is revolving around the Earth in a polar orbit with 90 minute
period. On 23rd September, Prasad saw it exactly overhead at the
time of sunset. Within next twenty four hours how many sunrises
will be seen by the satellite? Why?
(d) What will happen to the Moon if the Earth vanishes suddenly? Why?
(e) On a full Moon day, with respect to an observer on the Earth, does
the Moon move faster (angle covered per hour) during the day time
or the during night time? Why?
43
Indian National Astronomy Olympiad (INAO) 2013
ANSWER KEY WITH SOLUTION
1. Total mass available to us for constructing the Dyson Sphere would
primarily consist of mass of all planets and satellites. As an
approximation, we will say Jupiter and Saturn are of similar size. Saturn
is known to have very low density so its mass will not exceed half Jupiter
mass. Further, radius of Uranus and Neptune is less than half of Jupiter
radius. Thus, they will be at least 10 times lighter than Jupiter. Similarly,
Earth and Venus are of similar size and Mars is about half of that. There
are a handful of objects with radii about a quarter of that of Earth or even
smaller (Mercury, Moon, Ganymede, Callisto, Titan etc.). All these are
rocky bodies and we can take typical density to be s = 5 gm/cc. Combined
mass of all other combined bodies will not be greater than mass of
Mars. As we want shell to be solid like rock, we will assume similar
density for the shell too. So if the shell has thickness ,
J M M M
4D2s 2MJ 2 10 2M 2 10 6 100
2. STAR CONSTELLATION
Polaris Ursa Minor
Rigil Kentaurus Centaurus
Betelgeuse Orion
Deneb Cygnus
Aldebaran Taurus
Regulus Leo
Spica Virgo
Antares Scorpio
44
3. Moon receives light energy from the Sun which is partly reflected back
towards the Earth.
L
Solar Energy per unit area incident on Moon =
4 D 2
L
Total Solar Energy incident on Moon = R m2
4D 2
L
Total Solar Energy reflected by Moon = R m2
4 D 2
m L R 2
Reflected Energy received at Earth per unit area = 4 D 2 2d2 Er
Let us assume that this entire energy is used to heat the milk without
any looses.
tErA = msT
tr 2 L R m2
T = Vs 4D 2 2d2
m
1
T 1.1 104
7000
Thus, temperature will rise by only about 104 Celsius.
4. to have longest possible period, the orbital radius should also be longest.
If A was any planet, orbital radius of B cannot be very high as far from the
planet B will come under influence of the Sun. So for longest possible
radii, we take A as the Sun and try to place B as far as possible.
The other limiting factor will be the influence of other stars. As B still part
of the solar system, Sun exerts more influence on it than any other star.
Star closest to us is the Alpha-Centauri triplet. It has two stars similar to
the Sun and Proxima Centauri, which is much smaller than the Sun.
Thus, we can approximate the system as about 2M system about
4.3 light years away.
rd
1
Thus, at about of the distance, Alpha-Certanuri system will start
3
dominating on B. This means that maximum possible radius is about
4.3
1.4 light years. Thus, longest period will be,
3
We can utilise the fact that orbital radius of the Earth is 1 A.U. and orbital
period is 1 year.
45
4 2 3
T2 = r
GM
T12 R13
T22 R 32
5. Solution :
X = 2013 20124 + 1
= (2012 + 1) 20124 + 1
= (a + 1) a4 + 1 where a = 2012
= a5 + a4 + 1
= a5 + a4 + a3 a3 + 1
= a3(a2 + a + 1) (a3 1)
= a3(a2 + a + 1) (a 1)(a2 + a + 1)
= (a2 + a + 1)(a3 a + 1)
= (20122 + 2013)(20123 2011)
6. The type of lens is convex lens. In the picture, Object-Image pairs have
been given same subscript. O5 is placed at exact focus so it has no
corresponding image. Focal length of lens can be measured from the
image.
I4
I3
I2 o5 o4 I1
o1 o3 o2
1 2
8. d = ut + at
2
Thus, if one plots a graph of distance versus time, it will be a parabolic
curve.
d a
To linearise the graph, we change the equation as u t
t 2
d a
Now if we plot, versus t, it will give a linear graph with as slope and
t 2
u as y-intercept.
4 15 8 24 12 33 16 42 20 51
f(x) = 2.25x + 6
60
50
40
t/
d 30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t
1
10. (a) Magnetic flux must be conserved. Thus, B . As the radius
R2
shrinks to half, the magnetic field will increase four-fold.
(b) As the satellite makes angle of 90? with the Sun, its orbit is exactly
along the line separating day and night regions on the Earths
surface. Hence, its one side will continuously face the Sun and
hence, there will be NO sunrises seen by the satellite.
(c) The sunspots have temperature of around 4500K. By Wiens law,
this corresponds to roughly red colour. Thus, the sunspots will
appear red.
(d) Moon will retain all its velocity at the instance of disappearance of
the Earth. Thus, it will have significant non- radial velocity around
the Sun and it will continue to orbit the Sun in near identical path.
(e) We note that Moon revolves in the same direction as the rotation of
the Earth
i.e. from West to East. On the full Moon day, Moon is on the night
side of the Earth. Thus, with respect to an observer on the Earth, the
tangential velocities of the Moon and the Earth during the night will
be in the same direction and hence relative velocity is slower. During
the day tangential velocities are in opposite directions hence the
relative velocity is faster. Thus, Moon will be moving faster during
the day.
Wien' s constant
will be at wavelength max =
T
48
1. (12 marks) Read the following passage and point out scientific
inaccuracies. Give very brief argument for each mistake you point out.
Arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon is called a Moon landing.
This includes both manned and unmanned (robotic) missions. In order
to get to the Moon, a spacecraft must first cross the point, beyond which
the Earth's gravitational force is zero. The only practical way of
accomplishing this currently is with a rocket. At every instant, the rocket
has to produce thrust to propel itself to a velocity equal to critical velocity
at that height. Jet engines can be used to propel the spacecraft to the
Moon, but rockets provide greater advantage in terms of power required
for given mass of the spacecraft.
Unlike the Earth, the Moon does not have thick atmosphere to absorb
most of the solar radiation and the magnetic field of the moon is too
weak to deflect the UV rays. Thus, astronauts traveling to the Moon are
exposed to harmful electromagnetic radiation. Spacesuits for astronauts
are specially designed by keeping this in mind.
On arrival near the Moon, the spacecraft is captured by the lunar gravity
in an orbit around the Moon. As the Moon is much smaller than the Earth,
typically these orbits are low altitude orbits (close the lunar surface) as
compared to the however, if one needs it to land on the Moon, it has to
fire its engines to change course.
Landing at the Moon can be of two types. A hard landing is equivalent to
crash landing on the Moon. A soft landing is a controlled landing in
which priority is to maintain all equipment ad astronauts (if any) inside
the spacecraft safe. Needless to say, all Apollo missions had a soft
landing on the Moon. This was achieved by firing reversing rockets very
close the lunar surface to slow down the spacecraft. Charring of the
lunar soil, due to burning of these rockets, is one of the permanent
impressions left by humankind on the Moon.
2. (6 marks) A comet is in elliptical orbit around the Sun with period T and
semimajor axis a. A second comet around the Sun has same period T, but
a different orbit with same eccentricity e. The two orbits are not necessarily
in the same plane. Further, we also know that when the first comet is
closest to the Sun in its orbit (at perihelion), the other comet is farthest from
the Sum in its orbit (at aphelion). Given this configuration, what is the
minimum possible distance between the two comets, when one of the
comets is at its perihelion ? Justify your answer by brief arguments
sketches.
49
3. On a flight between the cities of Oslo (61N, 8E) and Helsinki (60.2N,
25E), Mayank saw the Sun just at the horizon on the west. After 20
minute, when he checked again, he saw the Sun was no 2 above the
horizon.
(a) (2 Marks) The flight was traveling from which city to which city ?
(b) (8 Marks) What was the speed of the aircraft with respect to the
ground (in Km/hr)
(c) (4 Marks) How long will this aircraft take to traverse the distance
between these two cities ? Assume uniform speed during the entire
flight.
8. (18 marks) We are in the year 2020 and the spacecraft Vogager-1 us at
a distance of around 200 A . U. from the Sun. It is still continuously
sending information about its speed with respect to inertial frame of the
surrounding interstellar medium every 10 days. Following are the
readings reported by the Voyager over course of 100 days.
52
Time (days) 0 10 20 30 40 50
b 720 0.03 61
c 225 0.26 30
d 7 0.21 1.93
e 15 0.06 124
Image
object f
3f 2f 5 f f 3 2f 5
f f f
3 2 2
2
Resistance of wire is given by, R = =
A r 2
2 2
2 = 1(1 T) ; 2 = 1(1 T) ; R2 = [2 Marks]
r22
2
1(1 T ) 2 1(1 T ) 2 1(1 T ) 1(1 T )2
= = =
r2 1r12 1 21
11
2
1(1 T 2T 2 T 2 ) 1
= [2 Marks]
r12
56
Typical room temperature can be assumed to be 30 Celcius.
Temperature in space is typically 3 Kelvin. Thus, temperature difference
will be about 300 Kelvin. [1 Marks]
Now, as 2 term is too small. Further, as is 100 times smaller than
beta, it can be ignored too. [1 Marks]
1(1 T ) 1
R2
r12
r12R 2 (10 4 )2 7 10 3 22
2 (1 T )
1 2.214 10 8 (1 0.0032 300 ) 7
10 2 1
(1 0.96 ) 4 = 25 cm [2 marks]
0 1000
GM
a=
(r0 s)2
a1(s1)2 = a2(r0 (s)2)2
r0 r0
8.5 8
3.3 9 8
8 .6
9 10 9 10
r0 9 108 (8.6 18 3.3 17) 9 108 98.7
8.9 1010 m 0.6 AU [5 Marks]
Now we use the is distance to find mass of the object.
a(r0 s)2
M=
G
68.3 (8.8)2 10 24 3
68.3 77.4 1.5 1024
2
5.3 103 1.6 1024 8 1027 kg 4MJ [3 Marks]
Now the object is about 300 times lighter than the sun and about 400
times closer to the Voyager as compared to the Sun
2
Fobj Mobj rsun 4002
2
FSun robj MSun 300
Thus, gravitational force by the Sun on the Voyager will be about 500
times smaller and hence can be safely ignored.
58
Please Note :
Please write your roll number on top of this page in the space provided.
Before starting, please ensure that you have received a copy of the
question paper containing total 3 pages (5 sides).
There are total 9 questions. Maximum marks are indicated in front of
each question.
For all questions, the process involved in arriving at the solution is more
important than the answer itself. Valid assumptions / approximations
are perfectly acceptable. Please write your method clearly, explicitly
stating all reasoning.
Blank spaces are provided in the question paper for the rough work. No
rough work should be done on the answer-sheet.
No computational aides like calculators, log tables, slide rule etc. are
allowed.
The answer-sheet must be returned to the invigilator. You can take
this question booklet back with you.
Please be advised that tentative dates for the next stage are as follows
:
th th
Orientation Camp (Junior) : 29 April to 7 May 2015
th th
Orientation Camp (Senior) : 2 May to 7 May 2015
th th
Selection Camp (Jr. + Sr.) : 26 May to 5 June 2015
Participation in both parts (Orientation and Selection) is mandatory for
all participants.
Useful Physical Constants
Mass of the Earth ME 6 1024 kg
Radius of the Earth RE 6.4 106 m
Mass of Jupiter MJ 2.0 1027 kg
8
Speed of Light c 3.0 10 m/s
Astronomical Unit 1 A.U 1.5 1011 m
26
Solar Luminosity L 3.8 10 W
3
G 20 10 m kg s
11 1 2
Gravitational constant
3
Avogadro constant Na 6.023 1023 mol1
23 1
Charge of an electron e 1.6 10 mol
7 2
Permeability of free space 0 4 10 NA
17 8 2 4
Stephan's constant s= 10 Wm K
3
59
5. A big hall is 15 meter long, 10 meter wide and 5 meter high. Two ants
are seated inside this hall at one of the upper corners. On the edge,
diagonally opposite to the ants, there is a sugar cube at a height k
meters above the ground (see diagram). One of the ants decides to
go down the vertical edge, across the floor diagonal, and then up the
opposite vertical edge to reach the sugar cube. The second ant tries
to take shortest route along the walls without touching either the floor
or the ceiling. Both the ants move with the same uniform speed and
you can assume that no time is spent in changing the direction at any
point. Find condition on k such that the first ant reaches the sugar
cube first.
15 Sugar
10
Ants
5
(b) Mercury's distance from the Sun is about 40% that of the Earth
and its mass is about 20 times smaller. Neptune's orbital radius
is 30 times larger than the Earth's orbital radius and Neptune is
17 times more massive than the Earth. Mark the approximate
positions of Mercury and Neptune on the graph.
We further assume that all the parent stars emit same total
energy per second (called Luminosity) as the Sun and all
exoplanet orbits are circular.
62
(d) Assume that the average density of the exoplanet is almost the
same as that of the host star. It is known that the kepler mission
can detect about 0.01% variation in the light coming from the
star. Using this information, draw two straight lines indicating
limit for the transit method by kepler spacecraft. Give brief
justification of your answer.
7. (a) Let 2r0 the shortest distance between the proton beam and the
Earth. Let BE be strength of the magnetic field at the Earth's
surface (with effective pole strength ME). Let BOE be the
magnetic field at r0 due to earth's magnetic field and BOP is the
magnetic field due to p. As close to the Earth's surface, the
Earth's magnetic field acts like a dipole,
0ME
BE =
4R3e
0ME 3
= RE BE
4
M R3 B
BOE = 0 E3 = E 3 E
4 r0 r0
r0 = 10 RE
BOE = 0.001 BE
0 p
BOP =
2 r0
BOE BOP
67
0 P
0.001 BE =
2 r0
0.001 5 10 5 6.4 107
P = 0.001BEr0 =
2 107
2 0
4
7
P = 1.6 10 A
Charge on a proton is same as that on an electron
P = eN
7
N = 1.6 10
1.6 1019
26
= 10 protons per second.
(b) The field lines from the Earth's magnetic field go from (geographic)
southern hemisphere. To cancel this field, by virtue of right hand
rule, the spaceship should be placed such that for an observer
on the ship, the Earth would be seen on the right side.
(c) As protons are same as Hydrogen ions, one can say NA protons
would weigh about 1 g. Thus,
Mshipvship = Mbeamvbeam
3 1 103 1 1026 3 10 6
vship = 1 10 N 0.01 c =
NAMship 6 1023 1660 103
vshp = 0.3 m/s.
4 40
2 21
= 8.64 10
2 7
a 8.64 10 .
(R + h) 42000 km
First of all, if the number of satellite are even then for every satellite,
there will always be another satellite at diametrically opposite position.
Clearly any satellite cannot see the diametrically opposite satellite. So n
cannot be even.
If we draw tangents to the Earths surface from any satellite (as shown
in the figure), it becomes clear that minimum angle between the two
consecutive satellites as seen from the Earths would be BCD.
68
BCD = 2 BAD
= 2 2 ABC
1 R 4 6400
= 4 sin
R h 42000
4
rad
7
As a circle has 2 radians, N can take following values :
N {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
Note : Exact calculations show that N should be less than 11. Thus, 11 will
be taken as marginal case. solutions with or without 11 will get full
credit.
9. (a) The orbital radius of the Earth is 1 AU and its orbital period is 1
year. Thus, for the Earth.
log10 a (AU) = log10p (year) = 0
Using this one can put marks on the top scale. Note that the
2 3
markings are closer than bottom scale as p a .
mJ
For right side scale, we not that = 300. Thus, the mark
mE
approximately at the same level as 0 on the left scale corresponds
to ratio of 300. Using this we make marks on the right scale.
(b) Use the orbital radius and mass ratio values to put these planets
at appropriate place.
(c) Let us assume the planet is in thermal equilibrium. Thus, amount
of heat absorbed would be same as the amount heat emitted.
L r 2 2 4
= 4r sT
4a2
1 L
a= 2
.
4T
We notice that this equation is independent of planet parameters. Thus,
the boundaries will be vertical lines. At inner boundary, the equilibrium
temperature should be 273 K and at outer boundary it should be 373 K.
1 4 1026 1 1017
aout = =
4 (270)2 22 17
10 8 4 7.3 10 4 1.5 1011
7 3
4
17
100
= 1.1 A.U.
2 4 7.3 1.5
69
100
ain = 0.6 A.U.
2 4 13.7 1.5
Only approximate estimation is expected here.
(d) As the observer (us) is very far from the star, the physical
separation between planet and the star is negligible and the drop
in intensity of star light during a planet transit depends only on the
ratio of cross-sectional area. Thus, one should draw a horizontal
line.
1
2
A pl Rpl Vpl 2
= =
A st R st Vst
2
Mpl 3
0.0001 =
Mst
3/2 Mpl
0.0001 =
Mst
6
Mpl = 1 10 Mst = 0.001 MJ.
Thus, one should draw horizontal line where log10 m(MJ) = 3. Further,
as mentioned in the begining, Kepler has been in operation for nearly 6
years and it required at least 3 transits to flag a detection. Thus, typical
orbital period for exoplanets discovered by Kepler should be 2 years or
smaller. Draw corresponding vertical line.
(e) As the orbit is circular, vst = astw and moments about the centre
of mass are balanced.
mstast = mplapl
mplapl mplapl 2 mpl2 apl2 42
vst = astw = w= ; v 2st 2
mst mst T mst T mst
mpl2 apl2 G G mpl
2
1 20 10 11 (6 10 24 )2
= [log10 apl ] 1 log10
2 2
3 1.5 1011 2 1030 18
2
1 1
= [log10 apl ] log10 (10 3 )
2 2
1
= [log10 apl ] + 1.5.
2
This is equation of a straight line in the form y = mx + c. Thus, on the
given plot, we have to draw a straight line with slope 0.5. Further, points
(2, 0.5) and (3, 3) are on the line. Once we draw the line, we realise
that a lot of blue points are below this line. Thus, present detection limit
should be lower than this value.