Contents

=
=
=
=
1 krj_bo=pbqp=
NKN= p=f==1=
NKO= p==k==5=
NKP= _~=f==7=
NKQ= `=k==8=
=
2 ^idb_o^=
OKN= c~=c~==12=
OKO= m=c~==13=
OKP= m==14=
OKQ= o==15=
OKR= i~==16=
OKS= b~==18=
OKT= f~==19=
OKU= `=f=c~==22=
=
3 dbljbqov=
PKN= o=q~==24=
PKO= f=q~==27=
PKP= b~~=q~==28=
PKQ= p~=q~==29=
PKR= p~==33=
PKS= o~==34=
PKT= m~~~==35=
PKU= o==36=
PKV= q~==37=
PKNM= f=q~==38=
PKNN= f=q~==f=`==40=
PKNO= q~==f=`==41=

iii
 PKNP= h==42=
PKNQ= `=n~~~==43=
PKNR= q~~=n~~~==45=
PKNS= d~=n~~~==46=
PKNT= o~=e~==47=
PKNU= o~=m==48=
PKNV= `==50=
PKOM= p==~=`==53=
PKON= p==~=`==54=
PKOO= `==55=
PKOP= o~~=m~~==56=
PKOQ= m==57=
PKOR= o~=q~==58=
PKOS= o~=m~==59=
PKOT= c==~=o~=m~==61=
PKOU= o~~=o=t==62=
PKOV= m~=p==63=
PKPM= o=`~=`==66=
PKPN= o=`~=`==~=l=m~=c~==68=
PKPO= o=`~=`==69=
PKPP= c==~=o=`~=`==70=
PKPQ= p==72=
PKPR= p~=`~==72=
PKPS= p~=p==73=
PKPT= p~=p==74=
PKPU= p~=t==75=
PKPV= b==76=
PKQM= `~=q==78=
= =
4 qofdlkljbqov=
QKN= o~~=~=a=j~==^==80=
QKO= a=~=d~==q=c==81=
QKP= p==q=c==86=
QKQ= q=c==`=^==87=
QKR= j=f~=c~==88=

iv
 QKS= o=c~==89=
QKT= m==q=c==90=
QKU= o~==q=c==90=
QKV= ^=~=p~=c~==91=
QKNM= a=^=c~==92=
QKNN= j=^=c~==93=
QKNO= e~=^=c~==94=
QKNP= e~=^=q~=f==94=
QKNQ= q~==q=b==m==95=
QKNR= q~==q=b==p==97===
QKNS= m==q=c==98=
QKNT= d~==f=q=c==99=
QKNU= m~=s~==f=q=c==102=
QKNV= o~==f=q=c==103=
QKOM= q=b~==106=
QKON= o~==e=c==106=
= =
5 j^qof`bp=^ka=abqbojfk^kqp=
RKN= a~==107=
RKO= m==a~==109=
RKP= j~==110=
RKQ= l~==j~==111=
RKR= p==i~=b~==114=
= =
6 sb`qlop=
SKN= s=`~==118=
SKO= s=^==120=
SKP= s=p~==122=
SKQ= p~=s==122=
SKR= p~~=m==123=
SKS= s=m==125=
SKT= q=m=127=
= =
7 ^k^ivqf`=dbljbqov=
TKN= l=-a~=`~=p==130=

v
 TKO= q=-a~=`~=p==131=
TKP= p~=i==m~==139=
TKQ= `==149=
TKR= b==152=
TKS= e~==154=
TKT= m~~~==158=
TKU= q=-a~=`~=p==161=
TKV= m~==165=
TKNM= p~=i==p~==175=
TKNN= n~=p~==180=
TKNO= p==189=
= =
8 afccbobkqf^i=`^i`rirp=
UKN= c=~=q=d~==191=
UKO= i==c==208=
UKP= a=~=m===a~==209=
UKQ= q~==a~==211=
UKR= e=l=a~==215=
UKS= ^~==a~==217=
UKT= a~==221=
UKU= j~~=c==222=
UKV= a~=l~==225=
= =
9 fkqbdo^i=`^i`rirp=
VKN= f=f~==227=
VKO= f~==o~~=c==228=
VKP= f~==f~~=c==231=
VKQ= f~==q=c==237=
VKR= f~==e=c==241=
VKS= f~==b~=~=i~=c==242=
VKT= o=c~==243=
VKU= a=f~==247=
VKV= f=f~==253=
VKNM= a=f~==257=
VKNN= q=f~==269=

vi
 VKNO= i=f~==275=
VKNP= p~=f~==285=
= =
10 afccbobkqf^i=bnr^qflkp=
NMKN= c=l=l~=a~=b~==295=
NMKO= p=l=l~=a~=b~==298=
NMKP= p=m~~=a~=b~==302=
= =
11 pbofbp=
NNKN= ^=p==304=
NNKO= d=p==305=
NNKP= p=c=p==305=
NNKQ= f=p==307=
NNKR= m==`=p==307=
NNKS= `=q==308=
NNKT= ^~=p==310=
NNKU= m=p==311=
NNKV= a~=~=f~==m=p==312=
NNKNM= q~=~=j~~=p==313=
NNKNN= m=p=b~==p=c==314=
NNKNO= _~=p==316=
NNKNP= c=p==316=
= =
12 mol_^_fifqv=
NOKN= m~=~=`~==318=
NOKO= m~=c~==319=
= =
=
=
=

vii
 =
q=~==~==~K=
=

viii
 Chapter 1
Number Sets
=
=
=
=
1.1 Set Identities
=
pW=^I=_I=`=
r~=W=f=
`=W= ^ =
m=W= ^ _ ==
b=W= =
r==W= ^ _ =
f==W= ^ _ =
a==W= ^ y _ =
=
=
1. ^ f=
=
2. ^ ^=
=
3. ^ = _ == ^ _ =~= _ ^ .=
=
4. b=p=
^=
=
5. r==p==
` = ^ _ = { ^ _}=
=

1
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

===== =
=
Figure 1.
=
6. `~=
^_ = _^=
=
7. ^~=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) ` =
=
8. f==p=
` = ^ _ = { ^ ~ _} = =
=

===== =
=
Figure 2.
=
9. `~=
^_ = _^=
=
10. ^~=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) ` =
=

2
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

11. a=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) I=
^ (_ ` ) = (^ _ ) (^ ` ) K=
=
12. f=
^ ^ = ^ I==
^^ = ^=
=
13. a~=
^ = I=
^f= f=
=
14. f=
^ = ^ I==
^f= ^
=
15. `=
^ = { f ^}
=
16. `==f=~=r
^ ^ = f I==
^ ^ = =
=
17. a=j~=i~
(^ _ ) = ^ _ I==
(^ _ ) = ^ _ =
=
18. a==p
` = _ y ^ = { _ ~ ^} =
=

3
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

===== =
=
Figure 3.
=
19. _ y ^ = _ y (^ _ )
=
20. _ y ^ = _ ^
=
21. ^y^=
=
22. ^ y _ = ^ == ^ _ = .
=

===== =
=
Figure 4.
=
23. (^ y _) ` = (^ `) y (_ `)
24. ^ = f y ^

25. `~~=m
` = ^ _ = {( I ) ^ ~ _}
=
=

4
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.2 Sets of Numbers

=
k~~=W=k=
t=W= kM =
fW=w=
m=W= w + =
k~=W= w =
o~~=W=n=
o~=W=o==
`=W=`==
=
=
26. k~~=k
`=W k = {NI OI PI K} K=

27. t=k
`==~=W= k M = {MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
28. f
t==~===~=W=
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I=
w = {KI PI OI N} I=
w = w {M} w + = {KI PI OI NI MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
29. o~~=k
o~==~=~W==
~
n = = ~ ~ w ~ w ~ M K=

=
30. f~~=k
k~=~=~=~K
=

5
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

31. o~=k==
r==~~=~=~~=W=oK=
=
32. `=k
` = { + o ~ o}I==
====~~=K
=
33. k wn o `=
=

=== =
=
Figure 5.
=
=
=
=
=
=

6
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.3 Basic Identities

=
o~=W=~I=I==
=
=
34. ^=f=
~+M=~ =
=
35. ^=f=
~ + ( ~ ) = M =
=
36. `~==^=
~ += +~ =
=
37. ^~==^=
(~ + ) + = ~ + ( + ) =
=
38. a==p~=
~ = ~ + ( ) =
=
39. j~=f=
~ N = ~ =
=
40. j~=f=
N
~ = N I= ~ M
~
=
41. j~=q=M
~ M = M
=
42. `~==j~=
~ = ~
=
=

7
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

43. ^~==j~=
(~ ) = ~ ( )
=
44. a=i~=
~ ( + ) = ~ + ~ =
=
45. a==a=
~ N
= ~ =

=
=
=
1.4 Complex Numbers
=
k~~=W==
f~~=W==
`=W==
o~=~W=~I==
f~~=~W=I==
j==~==W=I= N I= O =
^==~==W= I= N I= O =
=
=
46. N = = R = = Q +N = =
O = N = S = N = Q + O = N =
P = = T = = Q + P = =
Q = N= U = N = Q = N =
=
47. = ~ + =
=
48. `=m~=
=

8
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

===== =
=
Figure 6.
=
49. (~ + ) + ( + ) = (~ + ) + ( + ) =
=
50. (~ + ) ( + ) = (~ ) + ( ) =
=
51. (~ + )( + ) = (~ ) + (~ + ) =
=
~ + ~ + ~
52. = + =
+ O + O O + O
=
53. `~=`=k=
|||||||
~ + = ~ =
=
54. ~ = I= = ==
=

9
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

=
=
Figure 7.
=
55. m~=m~==`=k=
~ + = ( + ) =
=
56. j=~=^==~=`=k=
f= ~ + ==~==I==
= ~ O + O =EFI==

= ~~ =E~FK=
~
=
57. m==m~=o~=
N O = N ( N + N ) O ( O + O ) =
= NO [(N + O ) + (N + O )] =
=
58. `~=k==m~=o~=
|||||||||||||||||||||
( + ) = [( ) + ( )] =
=
59. f==~=`=k==m~=o~=
N N
= [( ) + ( )] =
( + )

10
 CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

60. n==m~=o~=
N N ( N + N ) N
= = [(N O ) + (N O )] =
O O ( O + O ) O
=
61. m==~=`=k=
= [( + )] = [() + ()] =

=
62. c~=a=j=
( + ) = () + () =
=
63. k=o==~=`=k=
+ O + O

= ( + ) = + I==

==
= MI NI OI KI N K==
=
64. b=c~=
= + =
=
=

11
 Chapter 2
Algebra
=
=
=
=
2.1 Factoring Formulas
=
o~=W=~I=I===
k~~=W==
=
=
65. ~ O O = (~ + )(~ ) =
=
66. ~ P P = (~ )(~ O + ~ + O ) =
=
67. ~ P + P = (~ + )(~ O ~ + O ) =
=
68. ~ Q Q = (~ O O )(~ O + O ) = (~ )(~ + )(~ O + O ) =
=
69. ~ R R = (~ )(~ Q + ~ P + ~ O O + ~P + Q ) =
=
70. ~ R + R = (~ + )(~ Q ~ P + ~ O O ~P + Q ) =
=
71. f===I==
~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K ~ O + N ) K==
=
72. f===I===
~ = (~ )(~ N + ~ O + ~ P O + K + ~O + N ) I==

12
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

~ + = (~ + )(~ N ~ O + ~ P O K + ~O N ) K=
=
=
=
2.2 Product Formulas
o~=W=~I=I===
t=W=I==
=
=
73. (~ )O = ~ O O~ + O =
=
74. (~ + )O = ~ O + O~ + O =
=
75. (~ )P = ~ P P~ O + P~O P =
=
76. (~ + )P = ~ P + P~ O + P~O + P =
=
77. (~ )Q = ~ Q Q~ P + S~ O O Q~P + Q =
=
78. (~ + )Q = ~ Q + Q~ P + S~ OO + Q~P + Q =
=
79. _~=c~=
(~ + ) = ` M~ + `N~ N + ` O~ OO + K + ` N~N + ` I
>
= ` = =~==~=K=
> ( )>
=
80. (~ + + )O = ~ O + O + O + O~ + O~ + O =
=
81. (~ + + + K + + )O = ~ O + O + O + K + O + O + =
+ O(~ + ~ + K + ~ + ~ + + K + + + K + ) =

13
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

2.3 Powers
=
_~=E=~=FW=~I===
m=E~~=FW=I==
=
=
82. ~ ~ = ~ + =
=
~
83.
= ~ =
~
=
84. (~) = ~ =
=

~ ~
85. = =

=
86. (~ )

= ~ =
=
87. ~ M = N I= ~ M =
=
88. ~N = N =
=
N
89. ~ = =
~
=

90. ~ = ~ =

=
=
=
=
=

14
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

2.4 Roots
=
_~W=~I===
m=E~~=FW=I==
~ I M ====E = O I= k F=
=
=
91.
~ = ~ =
=
92.
~ = ~ =
=
~ ~
93. = I= M =

=

~ ~ ~
94. = = I= M K=


=
95. (~ )


= ~ =
=
96. ( ~)


=~=
=

97.
~ = ~ =
=

98.
~ =~ =

=
99.
~ = ~ =
=
100. ( ~)


= ~ =
=

15
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

N ~ N
101. = I= ~ M K=

~ ~
=
~ + ~O ~ ~O
102. ~ = =
O O
=
N ~m
103. = =
~ ~
=
=
=
2.5 Logarithms
=
m=~=W=I=I=~I=I==
k~~=W===
=
=
104. a==i~=
= ~ ==~=== = ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
=
105. ~ N = M =
=
106. ~ ~ = N =
=
~ > N
107. ~ M = =
+ ~ < N
=
108. ~ ( ) = ~ + ~ =
=

109. ~ = ~ ~ =

16
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

110. ~ ( ) = ~ =
=
N
111. ~ = ~ =

=

112. ~ = = ~ I= > M I= N K=
~
=
N
113. ~ = =
~
=
114. = ~ ~ =
=
115. i~==_~=NM=
NM = =
=
116. k~~=i~=
= I==

N
= = N + = OKTNUOUNUOUK =


=
N
117. = = MKQPQOVQ =
NM
=
N
118. = = OKPMORUR =

=
=
=
=
=

17
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

2.6 Equations
=
o~=W=~I=I=I=I=I=I==
pW= N I= O I= N I= O I= P =
=
=
119. i~=b~==l=s~~=

~ + = M I= = K==
~
=
120. n~~=b~=
O Q~
~ + + = M I= NI O =
O
K=
O~
=
121. a~=
a = O Q~ =
=
122. s=c~=
f= O + + = M I===
N + O =
K=
N O =
=

123. ~ O + = M I= N = M I= O = K=
~
=

124. ~ O + = M I= NI O = K=
~
=
125. `=b~K=`~~=c~K==
P + + = M I==

18
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

N
N = + I= OI P = ( + ) P ( + ) I==
O O
==
O O O O

=P + + I= = P + K==
O O P O O P
=
=
2.7 Inequalities
s~~W=I=I==
~ I I I
o~=W= I=I==
~N I ~ O I ~ P I KI ~
a~W=aI= a I= a I= a ==
=
=
126. f~I=f~=k~=~=d~==
=
f~= f~=k~= d~=
~ = [~I ]=
=
~ < = (~I ] =
=
~ < = [~I ) =
=
~ < < = (~I ) =
=
< I= ( I ] =
= =
< < I= ( I ) =
<= =
~ < I= [~I ) =
~= =
~ < < I= (~I ) =
>~= =

19
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

127. f= ~ > I== < ~ K=

=
128. f= ~ > I== ~ > M == ~ < M K=
=
129. f= ~ > I== ~ + > + K=
=
130. f= ~ > I== ~ > K=
=
131. f= ~ > =~= > I== ~ + > + K=
=
132. f= ~ > =~= > I== ~ > K=
=
133. f= ~ > =~= > M I== ~ > K=
=
~
134. f= ~ > =~= > M I== > K=

=
135. f= ~ > =~= < M I== ~ < K=
=
~
136. f= ~ > =~= < M I== < K=

=
137. f= M < ~ < =~= > M I== ~ < K=
=
138. f= M < ~ < =~= < M I== ~ > K=
=
139. f= M < ~ < I== ~ < K=
=
~+
140. ~ I==
O
= ~ > M =I= > M X=~=~==~=== ~ = K==
=
N
141. ~ + O I== ~ > M X=~=~=~=~==~= ~ = N K=
~

20
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

~N + ~ O + K + ~
142. ~N~ O K~ I== ~N I ~ O I KI ~ > M K=

=

143. f= ~ + > M =~= ~ > M I== > K=
~
=

144. f= ~ + > M =~= ~ < M I== < K==
~
=
145. ~ O + + > M =
=
= ~ > M= ~ <M=
= = =
=
=
a>M=
=
= =
< N I= > O = N < < O =
= =
=
=
a=M=
=
=
N < I= > N = =
= =
=
=
a<M=
=
=
= =
< <= =
=

21
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

146. ~+ ~ + =
=
147. f= < ~ I== ~ < < ~ I== ~ > M K=
=
148. f= > ~ I== < ~ =~= > ~ I== ~ > M K=
=
149. f= O < ~ I== < ~ I== ~ > M K=
=
150. f= O > ~ I== > ~ I== ~ > M K=
=
( ) ( ) ( ) > M
151. f= > M I== K=
( ) ( ) M
=
( ) ( ) ( ) < M
152. < M I== K=
( ) ( ) M
=
=
=
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas
=
c=~W=^=
f~=W=`=
^~=~==W==
k==~=W==
k=====~W==
=
=
153. d~=`=f=c~=


^ = ` N + =

=

22
 CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA

154. p=`=f=c~=
f======~I====
~==W=
^ = `(N + ) K=

=
155. `=`=f=
f====~=E FI===
^ = ` K=
=
=

23
 Chapter 3
Geometry
=
=
=
=
3.1 Right Triangle
=
i==~==~W=~I==
eW==
^W==
j~W= ~ I= I= =
^W= I =
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 8.
=
156. + = VM =
=

24
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

~
157. = = =

=

158. = = =

=
~
159. ~ = = =

=

160. = = ~ =
~
=

161. = = =

=

162. = = =
~
=
163. m~~=q=
~ O + O = O =
=
164. ~ = I= = I==
O O

= = ~= = ~= = = = = ~= ~= I= -
I====K=
=

===== =
=
Figure 9.
=

25
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

165. O = I===
====~====~K==
=
O O
~
166. O~ = O I= O = ~ O I===
Q Q
= ~ =~= =~==~====~=~=K==
=

=
=
Figure 10.
=

167. = I==
O
= ===~====K=
=

168. o = = =
O
=
~ + ~
169. = = =
O ~ ++
=
170. ~ = =
=
=

26
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

~
171. p = = =
O O
=
=
=
3.2 Isosceles Triangle
=
_~W=~=
iW==
_~=~W= =
s=~W= =
^===~W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 11.
=

172. = VM =
O
=
O
~
173. O = O =
Q

27
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

174. i = ~ + O =
=
O
~
175. p = = =
O O
=
=
=
3.3 Equilateral Triangle
=
p==~=~~=~W=~=
^W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 12.
=
~ P
176. = =
O
=

28
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

O ~ P
177. o = = =
P P
=
N ~ P o
178. = = = =
P S O
=
179. i = P~ =
=
O
~ ~ P
180. p = = =
O Q
=
=
=
3.4 Scalene Triangle
E^=~=====~F=
=
=
p==~=~W=~I=I==
~ ++
pW= = ==
O
^==~=~W= I I =
^====~I=I=W= ~ I I =
j~====~I=I=W= ~ I I =
_===~= I I W= ~ I I =
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=

29
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 13.
=
181. + + = NUM =
=
182. ~ + > I==
+ > ~ I==
~ + > K=
=
183. ~ < I==
< ~ I==
~ < K=
=
184. j=
~
= I= ~ K=
O
=

===== =
=
Figure 14.
=

30
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

185. i~==`=
~ O = O + O O I=
O = ~ O + O O~ I=
O = ~ O + O O~ K=
=
186. i~==p=
~
= = = Oo I==

=o===~====K==
=
~ ~ ~ ~
187. o = = = = = = = =
O O O O ~ O O Qp
=
188. O =
( ~ )( )( ) I==

N N N N
= + + K=
~
=

189. =
( )( ) I=
O
( ~ )
= I=
O

~

=
( )( ) K=
O ( ~ )
=
O
190. ~ = ( ~ )( )( ) I=
~
O
= ( ~ )( )( ) I=

O
= ( ~ )( )( ) K=

31
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

191. ~ = = I=
= ~ = I=
= ~ = K=
=
+ ~
O O O
192. O~ = I==
O Q
~ + O
O O
O = I==
O Q
~ + O
O O
=
O
K=
O Q
=

===== =
=
Figure 15.
=
O O O
193. ^j = ~ I= _j = I= `j = =EcKNRFK=
P P P
=
Q( ~ )
194. O~ = I==
( + )O
Q~( )
O = I==
(~ + )O
Q~( )
O = K=
(~ + )O
=

32
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

~ ~
195. p = = = I==
O O O
~ ~
p= = = I==
O O O
p = ( ~ )( )( ) =Ee=c~FI=
p = I==
~
p= I=
Qo
p = Oo O I=

p = O ~ ~ ~ K=
O O O
=
=
=
3.5 Square
p==~=~W=~=
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=

=
=
Figure 16.

33
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

196. = ~ O ==
=
~ O
197. o = = =
O O
=
~
198. = =
O
=
199. i = Q~ =
=
200. p = ~ =
O

=
=
=
3.6 Rectangle
=
p==~=~W=~I==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 17.
=
201. = ~ O + O ==

34
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

202. o = =
O
=
203. i = O(~ + ) =
=
204. p = ~ =
=
=
=
3.7 Parallelogram
=
p==~=~~~W=~I==
a~~W= N I O =
`=~W= I =
^===~~W= =
^W===
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

===== =
=
Figure 18.
=
205. + = NUM =
=
206. + = O(~ + ) =
O
N
O
O
O O

35
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

207. = = =
=
208. i = O(~ + ) =
=
209. p = ~ = ~ I==
N
p = N O K=
O
=
=
=
3.8 Rhombus
=
p==~=W=~=
a~~W= N I O =
`=~W= I =
^W=e=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

===== =
=
Figure 19.
=

36
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

210. + = NUM =
=
211. + = Q~ =
O
N
O
O
O

=
N O
212. = ~ = =
O~
=
~
213. = = N O = =
O Q~ O
=
214. i = Q~ =
=
215. p = ~ = ~ I==
O

N
p = N O K=
O
=
=
=
3.9 Trapezoid
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
jW==
^W==
^~W=p=
=
=

37
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 20.
=
~+
216. = =
O
=
~+
217. p = = =
O
=
=
=
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
iW==
jW==
^W==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
^~W=p=
=
=

38
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 21.
=
~+
218. = =
O
=
219. = ~ + = O

=
N
220. = O ( ~ ) =
O

Q
=
~ + O
221. o = =
(O ~ + )(O + ~ )
=
~+
222. p = = =
O
=
=
=
=
=
=

39
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

Inscribed Circle
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
iW==
jW==
^W==
a~~W==
o~===W=o=
o~===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 22.
=
223. ~ + = O =
=
~+
224. = ==
O
=
225. = + =
O O O

40
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

~
226. = = =
O O
=
O
~+ ~
227. o = = = N+ = O + O = +S+ =
O Q O ~ O U ~
=
228. i = O(~ + ) = Q =
=

229. p =
~+
=
(~ + ) ~ = = = i ==
O O O
=
=
=
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle
=
_~==~=~W=~I==
i~~=W=I==
jW==
^W==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=

41
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 23.
=
230. ~ + = + =
=
~+ +
231. = = =
O O
=
232. i = O(~ + ) = O( + ) =
=
~+ +
233. p = = = I==
O O
N
p = N O K=
O
=
=
=
3.13 Kite
=
p==~=W=~I==
a~~W= N I O =
^W= I I =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

42
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 24.
=
234. + + O = PSM =
=
235. i = O(~ + ) =
=
N O
236. p = =
O
=
=
=
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral
p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
f~=~W= I I I =
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=

43
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 25.
=
237. + = + = NUM =
=
238. m=q=
~ + = N O =
=
239. i = ~ + + + =
=
N (~ + )(~ + )(~ + )
240. o = I==
Q ( ~ )( )( )( )
i
= = K=
O
=
N
241. p = N O I==
O
p = ( ~ )( )( )( ) I==
i
= = K=
O
=
=
=

44
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

=
p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
o~===W==
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 26.
=
242. ~ + = + =
=
243. i = ~ + + + = O(~ + ) = O( + ) =
=
NO OO (~ ) (~ + )
O O

244. = I==
O
i
= = K==
O
=

45
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

N
245. p = = N O =
O
=
=
=
3.16 General Quadrilateral
=
p==~=~~~W=~I=I=I==
a~~W= N I O =
^===~~W= =
f~=~W= I I I =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

======= =
=
Figure 27.
=
246. + + + = PSM =
=
247. i = ~ + + + =
=

46
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

N
248. p = N O =
O
=
=
=
3.17 Regular Hexagon
=
pW=~=
f~=~W= =
p~=W==
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 28.
=
249. = NOM =
=
~ P
250. = = =
O

47
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

251. o = ~ =
=
252. i = S~ =
=
O
~ P P
253. p = = I==
O
i
= = K=
O
=
=
=
3.18 Regular Polygon
=
pW=~=
k==W==
f~=~W= =
p~=W==
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
mW=i=
pW===
^~W=p=
=
=

48
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 29.
=
O
254. = NUM =
O
=
O
255. = NUM =
O
=
~
256. o = =

O

=
~ ~O
257. = = = oO =
Q
O ~

=
258. i = ~ =
=
o O
O
259. p = I==
O
~O
p = = o O I==
Q

49
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

i
= = K==
O
=
=
=
3.19 Circle
=
o~W=o=
a~W==
`W=~=
p~=W=I==
q~=W==
`~=~W= =
f=~W= =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

260. ~ = Oo =
O
=

=
=
Figure 30.
=

50
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

261. ~N~ O = NO =
=

=
=
Figure 31.
=
262. N = N =
=

===== =
=
Figure 32.
=
263. O = N =
=

51
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 33.
=

264. = =
O
=

=
=
Figure 34.
=
265. i = Oo = =
=
O
io
266. p = o O = = ==
Q O
=

52
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.20 Sector of a Circle

=
o~==~=W=o=
^=W==
`~=~=E=~~FW==
`~=~=E=FW= =
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 35.
=
267. = o =
=
o
268. = =
NUM
=
269. i = + Oo =
=
o o o
O O
270. p = = = ==
O O PSM
=
=

53
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.21 Segment of a Circle

=
o~==~=W=o=
^=W==
`W=~=
`~=~=E=~~FW==
`~=~=E=FW= =
e===W==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=

=
=
Figure 36.
=
271. ~ = O Oo O =
=
N
272. = o Qo O ~ O I= < o =
O
=
273. i = + ~ =
=

54
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

[o ~(o )] = o = o ( ) I==
O O
N
274. p =
O O NUM O
O
p ~ K=
P
=
=
=
3.22 Cube
=
bW=~==
a~~W==
o~===W==
o~===W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

=== =
=
Figure 37.
=
275. = ~ P =
=
~
276. = =
O
=

55
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

~ P
277. o = =
O
=
278. p = S~ =O

=
279. s = ~ ==P

=
=
=
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped
=
bW=~I=I===
a~~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

===== =
=
Figure 38.
=
280. = ~ O + O + O =
=
281. p = O(~ + ~ + ) =
=
282. s = ~ ==

56
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.24 Prism
=
i~~=W==
eW==
i~~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

===== =
=
Figure 39.
=
283. p = p i + Op_ K==
=
284. i~~=^~==~=o=m=
p i = (~ N + ~ O + ~ P + K + ~ ) =
=
285. i~~=^~==~=l=m=
p i = I==
========K=
=

57
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

286. s = p_ =
=
287. `~~D=m==
d=====~~=~K=f==
~===~~====~=~==~=
~~===I=======~=~K=
=
=
=
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron
=
q~==W=~=
eW==
^~==~W= p_ =
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

=
=
Figure 40.
=
O
288. = ~=
P
=

58
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

P~ O
289. p_ = =
Q
=
290. p = P~ =O

=
N ~P
291. s = p_ = K==
P S O
=
=
=
3.26 Regular Pyramid
=
p==~W=~=
i~~=W==
eW==
p~=W===
k==W===
p==~W==
o~=====~W==
^~==~W= p_ =
i~~=~=~~W= pi =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

59
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 41.
=
~O
292. = O =
Q
=
O
QO O ~
293. = =

O

=
N N
294. p i = ~ = ~ QO ~ O = =
O Q
=
295. p_ = =
=
296. p = p_ + p i =
=
N N
297. s = p_ = ==
P P
=
=
=

60
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

=
~N I ~ O I ~ P IKI ~
_~=~===W= =
N I O I P IKI
eW==
p~=W===
^~==~W= pN I= pO =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
m==~W= mN I= mO =
p~=~W==
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

=
=
Figure 42.
=
N O P
298. = = =K= = = =
~N ~ O ~ P ~ ~
=

61
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

pO
299. = O =
pN
=
(mN + mO )
300. p i = =
O
=
301. p = p i + pN + pO =
=

(
302. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
p p
O

303. s = N N + + = N N + + O =
P ~ ~ P
[ ]
=
=
=
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge
=
p==~W=~I==
q=W==
eW==
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

62
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 43.
=
N
304. p i = (~ + ) QO + O + O + (~ )O =
O
=
305. p_ = ~ =
=
306. p = p_ + p i =
=

307. s = (O~ + ) =
S
=
=
=
3.29 Platonic Solids
=
bW=~=
o~===W==
o~===W=o=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

63
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

308. c=m~=p=
q= ~= = ~= = ~= = ~=
~=====~=K==
=
p= k= k= k= p=
=s =b= =c~=
q~== Q= S= Q= PKOR=
`= U= NO= S= PKOO=
l~= S= NO= U= PKOT=
f~= NO= PM= OM= PKOT=
a~= OM= PM= NO= PKOT=
=
=
Octahedron
=

=
=
Figure 44.
=
~ S
309. = =
S
=
~ O
310. o = =
O
=

64
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

311. p = O~ O P =
=
~P O
312. s = =
P
=
=
Icosahedron
=

=
=
Figure 45.
=

313. =
(
~ P P+ R
=
)
NO
=
314. o =
~
Q
(
O R+ R = )
=
315. p = R~ O P =
=

316. s =
(
R~ P P + R
=
)
NO
=
=

65
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

Dodecahedron
=

=
=
Figure 46.
=

317. =
(
~ NM OR + NN R
=
)
O
=

318. o =
(
~ P N+ R
=
)
Q
=
(
319. p = P~ O R R + O R = )
=

320. s =
(
~ P NR + T R
=
)
Q
=
=
=
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder
=
o~==~W=o=
a~==~W==

66
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

eW=e=
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

===== =
=
Figure 47.
=
321. p i = Ooe =
=

322. p = p i + Op_ = Oo(e + o ) = e + =
O
=
323. s = p_ e = o O e =
=
=
=

67
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

an Oblique Plane Face
=
o~==~W=o=
q=~===~=W= N =
q====~=W= O =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
^~==~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

=
=
Figure 48.
=
324. p i = o(N + O ) =
=
O
O
325. p_ = o + o o + N
O O
=
O
=

68
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

N O
O

326. p = p i + p_ = o N + O + o + o +
O
=
O
=
o O
327. s = (N + O ) =
O
=
=
=
3.32 Right Circular Cone
o~==~W=o=
a~==~W==
eW=e=
p~=W==
i~~=~=~~W= pi =
^~==~W= p_ =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

=
=
Figure 49.

69
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

328. e = O o O =
=

329. p i = o = =
O
=
330. p_ = o O =
=
N
331. p = p i + p_ = o ( + o ) = + =
O O
=
N N
332. s = p_ e = o O e =
P P
=
=
=
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
=
o~==~W=oI==
eW=e=
p~=W==
p~=~W==
^~==~W= pN I= pO =
i~~=~=~~W= p i =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

70
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 50.
=
333. e = O (o ) =
O

=
o
334. ==

=
p oO
335. O = O = O =
pN
=
336. p i = (o + ) =
=
[ ]
337. p = pN + pO + p i = o O + O + (o + ) =
=

(
338. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
pN o o pN
O

339. s = N + + =
P P
[ ]
N+ + O =

=
=
=

71
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

3.34 Sphere
=
o~W=o=
a~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=

=
=
Figure 51.
=
340. p = Qo O =
=
Q N N
341. s = o P e = P = po =
P S P
=
=
=
3.35 Spherical Cap
o~==W=o=
o~==~W==
eW==
^~==~=~W= p_ =
^~==~=~W= p` =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=

72
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 52.
=
O + O
342. o = =
O
=
343. p_ = O =
=
344. p` = ( O + O )=
=
345. p = p_ + p` = ( O + O O ) = (Oo + O ) =
=

346. s = O (Po ) = (P O + O ) =
S S
=
=
=
3.36 Spherical Sector
=
o~==W=o=
o~==~==~=~W==
eW==
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=

73
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

====== === =
=
Figure 53.
=
347. p = o(O + ) =
=
O
348. s = o O =
P
=
kW= q= = ~= ~= = = = = ~=
=~=K=
=
=
=
3.37 Spherical Segment
=
o~==W=o=
o~==~W= N I= O =
eW==
^~==~=~W= pp =
^~==~==~W= pN I= pO =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=

74
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 54.
=
349. pp = Oo =
=
350. p = pp + pN + pO = (Oo + NO + OO ) =
=
351. s = (PNO + POO + O )=
N
S
=
=
=
3.38 Spherical Wedge
=
o~W=o=
a~=~==W==
a~=~==~~W= =
^~==~=W= p i =
q~=~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

75
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 55.
=
o O
352. p i = = Oo O =
VM
=
o O
353. p = o O + = o O + Oo O =
VM
=
oP O
354. s = = oP =
OTM P
=
=
=
3.39 Ellipsoid
=
p-~W=~I=I==
sW=s=

76
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

======= =
=
Figure 56.
=
Q
355. s = ~ =
P
=
=
=
Prolate Spheroid
=
p-~W=~I=I==E ~ > F=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=
~ ~
356. p = O + I==

~ O O
= = K=
~
=
Q
357. s = O~ =
P
=

77
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

Oblate Spheroid
=
p-~W=~I=I==E ~ < F=
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=
=

~ ~
358. p = O + ~ I==
L ~


O ~ O
= = K=

=
Q
359. s = O~ =
P
=
=
=
3.40 Circular Torus
=
j~=~W=o=
j=~W==
p~=~~W=p=
sW=s=
=

78
 CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY

== =
Picture 57.
=
360. p = QOo =
=
361. s = OOo O =
=
=

79
 Chapter 4
Trigonometry
=
=
=
=
^W= I= =
o~==E~==~=FW=I===
t=W==
=
=
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles
=
NUM
362. N ~ = RTNT DQR? =

=

363. N = ~ MKMNTQRP ~ =
NUM
=

364. N D = ~ MKMMMOVN ~ =
NUM SM
=

365. N ? = ~ MKMMMMMR ~ =
NUM PSMM
=
366. = ^=
M= PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM=
= EF=
^= P
E~~F= M= = = = = = = O =
= S Q P O O
=
=

80
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

Functions
=

= =
=
Figure 58.
=

367. = =

=

368. = =

=

369. ~ = =

=

370. = =

=

81
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

371. = =

=

372. = =

=
373. p=c=
= I= N N K=
=

=
Figure 59.
=
374. `=c==
= I= N N K=

82
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

=
=
Figure 60.
=
375. q~=c=

= ~ I= (O + N) I= ~ K =
O
=

=
=
Figure 61.
=

83
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

376. `~=c==
= I= I== K=
=

=
=
Figure 62.
=
377. p~=c=

= I= (O + N) K=
O
==

84
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

=
=
Figure 63.
=
378. `~=c==
= I= K=

=
Figure 64.

85
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

379. = p ` q~ ` p `=
n~~=
= = = = = = =
f= H= H= H= H= H= H=
ff= H= = = = = H=
fff= = = H= H= = =
= fs= = H= = = H= =
=
=
380. =
=

Figure 65.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

86
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

Angles
381. =
= ~ = = = ~ = = =
M= M= M= N= M= = N= =
N P N O
PM= = = = = P= = O=
S O O P P
O O
QR= = = = N= N= O= O=
Q O O
P N N O
SM= = = = P= = O= =
P O O P P

VM= = N= M= = M= = N=
O
O P N N O
NOM= = = = P= O= =
P O O P P
NUM= = M= N= M= = N= =
P
OTM= = N= M= = M= = N=
O
PSM= O = M= N= M= = N= =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

87
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

382. =
= ~ = = = ~ = =
S O S+ O
NR= = = = O P = O+ P =
NO Q Q
R N NM + O R RO R
NU= = = = R+O R =
NM Q Q R
R +N
NM O R R +N NM O R
PS= = = NM O R
R Q Q R +N
=

R +N NM O R
P R +N NM O R
RQ= = = R +N
NM Q Q NM O R
=
RO R
O NM + O R R N
TO= = = R+O R = R
R Q Q
=
R S+ O S O
TR= = = = O+ P = O P =
NO Q Q
=
=
=
4.5 Most Important Formulas
=
383. O + O = N =
=
384. O ~ O = N =
=
385. O O = N =
=

386. ~ = =

88
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

387. = =

=
388. ~ = N =
=
N
389. = =

=
N
390. = =

=
=
=
4.6 Reduction Formulas
=
391. = = = = ~ = =
= = = + = ~ = =
VM = + = + = + = + ~ =
VM + = + = = = ~ =
NUM + = = ~ = =
NUM + = = + ~ = + =
OTM = = + = + ~ =
OTM + = + = = ~ =
PSM = + = ~ = =
+ = + = + ~ = + =
= PSM +
=
=
=
=
=

89
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions

=
392. ( O ) = I== O == PSM K=
=
393. ( O ) = I== O == PSM K=
=
394. ~( ) = ~ I== == NUM K=
=
395. ( ) = I== == NUM K=
=
=
=
4.8 Relations between Trigonometric
Functions
=

396. = N O =
N
(N O ) = O O N =
O O Q

O ~
= = O =

N + ~ O
O
=

397. = N O =
N
(N + O ) = O O N =
O O

N ~ O
= = O=

N + ~ O
O
=
O N O
398. ~ = = O N = = =
N + O O

90
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

O ~
N O O =
= = =
N + O O
N + ~
O
=
N + O O
399. = = O N = = =
O N O

N ~ O
N + O O=
= = =
N O
O ~
O
=

N + ~ O
N O=
400. = = N + ~ O =

N ~ O
O
=

N + ~ O
N O=
401. = = N + O =

O ~
O
=
=
=
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
=
402. ( + ) = + =
=
403. ( ) = =
=
404. ( + ) = =
=
405. ( ) = + =

91
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

~ + ~
406. ~( + ) = =
N ~ ~
=
~ ~
407. ~( ) = =
N + ~ ~
=
N ~ ~
408. ( + ) = =
~ + ~
=
N + ~ ~
409. ( ) = =
~ ~
=
=
=
4.10 Double Angle Formulas
=
410. O = O =
=
411. O = O O = N O O = O O N =
=
O ~ O
412. ~ O = = =
N ~ ~
O

=
O N ~
413. O = = =
O O
=
=
=
=
=
=

92
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas

=
414. P = P Q P = P O P =
=
415. Q = Q U P =
=
416. R = R OM P + NS R =
=
417. P = Q P P = P P O =
=
418. Q = U Q U O + N =
=
419. R = NS R OM P + R =
=
P ~ ~ P
420. ~ P = =
N P ~ O
=
Q ~ Q ~ P
421. ~ Q = =
N S ~ O + ~ Q
=
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
422. ~ R = =
N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
=
P P
423. P = =
P O N
=
N S ~ O + ~ Q
424. Q = ==
Q ~ Q ~ P
=

93
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

N NM ~ O + R ~ Q
425. R = =
~ R NM ~ P + R ~
=
=
=
4.12 Half Angle Formulas
=
N
426. = =
O O
=
N +
427. = =
O O
=
N N
428. ~ = = = = =
O N + N +
=
N + N +
429. = = = = + =
O N N
=
=
=
4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities
=

O ~
430. = O =

N + ~ O
O
=

94
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

N ~ O
431. = O=
O
N + ~
O
=

O ~
432. ~ = O =

N ~ O
O
=

N ~ O
433. = O=

O ~
O
=
=
=
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Product
=
+
434. + = O =
O O
=
+
435. = O =
O O
=
+
436. + = O =
O O
=
+
437. = O =
O O
=

95
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

( + )
438. ~ + ~ = =

=
( )
439. ~ ~ = =

=
( + )
440. + = =

=
( )
441. = =

=

442. + = O = O + =
Q Q
=

443. = O = O + =
Q Q
=
( )
444. ~ + = =

=
( + )
445. ~ = =

=

446. N + = O O =
O
=

447. N = O O =
O
=

96
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

448. N + = O O =
Q O
=

449. N = O O =
Q O
=
=
=
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Sum
=
( ) ( + )
450. = =
O
=
( ) + ( + )
451. = =
O
=
( ) + ( + )
452. = =
O
=
~ + ~
453. ~ ~ = =
+
=
+
454. = =
~ + ~
=
~ +
455. ~ = =
+ ~
=
=
=

97
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

=
N O
456. O = =
O
=
P P
457. P = =
Q
=
Q Q O + P
458. Q = =
U
=
NM R P + R
459. R = =
NS
=
NM NR O + S Q S
460. S = =
PO
=
N + O
461. O = =
O
=
P + P
462. P = =
Q
=
Q + Q O + P
463. Q = =
U
=
NM + R P + R
464. R = =
NS
=
NM + NR O + S Q + S
465. S = =
PO
=

98
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
=
466. f=p=c==

= ~ I= N N I= ~ K=
O O
=

=
=
Figure 66.
=
467. f=`=c==
= ~ I= N N I= M ~ K=
=

99
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

=
=
Figure 67.
=
468. f=q~=c==

= ~~ I= I= < ~~ < K=
O O
=

===== =
=
Figure 68.

100
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

469. f=`~=c==
= ~ I= I= M < ~ < K=

===== =
Figure 69.
=
470. f=p~=c==

= ~= I ( I N] [NI )I ~ MI I K
O O

=
Figure 70.

101
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

471. f=`~=c==

= ~ I ( I N] [NI )I ~ I M MI K
O O

=
=
Figure 71.
=
=
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
472. N O P
= M= = = N=
O O O
~ = M = PM = QR = SM VM
~ = VM SM = QR = PM M =
N O P
= N= =
O O O
PM VM
~ = QR SM =
= =
NOM NUM
~ = NPR = NRM = =
= =

102
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

473. P P
= M= N= P= N= P=
P P
QR
~~ = M = PM QR SM PM SM =
=
NPR
~ = VM SM QR PM NOM = NRM =
=
=
=
=
4.19 Relations between Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
=
474. ~( ) = ~ =
=

475. ~ = ~ =
O
=
476. ~ = ~ N O I= M N K=
=
477. ~ = ~ N O I= N M K=
=

I= < N K=
O
478. ~ = ~~
N O

=
N O
479. ~ = ~ I= M < N K=

=
N O
480. ~ = ~ I= N < M K=

=
481. ~( ) = ~ =

103
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

482. ~ = ~ =
O
=
483. ~ = ~ N O I= M N K=
=
484. ~ = ~ N O I= N M K=
=
N O
485. ~ = ~~ I= M < N K=

=
N O
486. ~ = + ~~ I= N < M K=

=

487. ~ = ~ I= N N K=
N O
=
488. ~~( ) = ~~ =
=

489. ~~ = ~ =
O
=

490. ~~ = ~ =
N+ O
=
N
491. ~~ = ~ I= M K=
N+ O
=
N
492. ~~ = ~ I= M K=
N+ O
=

104
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

N
493. ~~ = ~~ I= > M K=
O
=
N
494. ~~ = ~~ I= < M K=
O
=
N
495. ~~ = ~ I= > M K=

=
N
496. ~~ = ~ I= < M K=

=
497. ~ ( ) = ~ =
=

498. ~ = ~~ =
O
=
N
499. ~ = ~ I= > M K=
N+ O
=
N
500. ~ = ~ I= < M K=
N+ O
=

501. ~ = ~ =
N+ O
=
N
502. ~ = ~~ I= > M K=

=
N
503. ~ = + ~~ I= < M K=

=
=

105
 CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY

4.20 Trigonometric Equations

=
t=W==
=
=
= ~ I= = ( N) ~ ~ + =

504.
=
505. = ~ I= = ~ ~ + O =
=
506. ~ = ~ I= = ~~ ~ + =
=
507. = ~ I= = ~ ~ + =
=
=
=
4.21 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions
=
f~~=W==
=
=
508. ( ) = =
=
509. ~( ) = ~ =
=
510. ( ) = =
=
511. ( ) = =
=
512. ( ) = =
=
=
=

106
 Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants
=
=
=
=
j~W=^I=_I=`=
b==~=~W= ~ I= I= ~ I= I= =
a~==~=~W= ^ =
j==~== ~ W= j =
`~==~== ~ W= ` =

q~==~=~W= ^ q I= ^ =
^==~=~W= ~ ^ =
q~==~=~W= ^ =
f==~=~W= ^ N =
o~=W==
o~=~~W= =
k~~=W=I====
=
=
5.1 Determinants
=
513. p=l=a~=
~ N
^ = N = ~ N O ~ O N =
~ O O
=
=
=
=
=

107
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

514. q=l=a~=
~NN ~NO ~NP
^ = ~ ON ~ OO ~ OP = ~NN~ OO~ PP + ~NO~ OP~ PN + ~ NP~ ON~ PO =
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
~NN~ OP~ PO ~NO~ ON~ PP ~ NP~ OO~ PN =
=
515. p~=o=E^=oF=

=
=
Figure 72.
=
516. k-=l=a~=
~NN ~NO K ~N K ~N
~ ON ~ OO K ~ O K ~ O
K K K K K K
^ = =
~ N ~ O K ~ K ~
K K K K K K
~ N ~ O K ~ K ~
=
517. j=
q== j =~~==== ~ ==-==
~= ^= = = ( N) -= = ~= = =
=~=^=====-==~=-=K===
=

108
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

518. `~=
` = ( N) j =
+

=
519. i~~=b~==-=l=a~=
i~~=~=====-==

^ = ~ ` I= = NI OI KI K=
=N

i~~=~=====-==

^ = ~ ` I= = NI OI KI K==
=N
=
=
=
5.2 Properties of Determinants
=
520. q==~===~=~=~==~===~=
~===~===K=
~ ~ O ~N N
= N = ==
N O ~ O O
=
521. f=====E==F=~==~I====
=~==~K=
~N N ~ O
= O =
~ O O ~N N
=
522. f====E==F=~==~I==~===
~==K=
~N ~N
= M=
~O ~O
=

109
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

523. f=========~===E=F=~=======
~====~I====~========~=
~K=
~ N N ~ N
= N =
~ O O ~ O O
=
524. f========~====E==F=~=~=E=
~F=~======
=~====E=FI===~===~=
=~K=
~N + N N ~N N
= =
~ O + O O ~ O O
=
=
=
5.3 Matrices
=
525. a=
^= =~=^==~=~~=~~===E-
==F====~==K==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N
~ ~ OO K ~ O
[ ]
^ = ~ =
M
ON

M
==
M

~ N ~ O K ~
=
526. p~=~==~=~=== K==
=
[ ]
527. ^=~=~== ~ ======== ~ = ~ I==KK=====
=~==~=~~K==
=
[ ]
528. ^=~=~= ~ ==-== ~ = ~ K==
=

110
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

529. a~~=~====~=~==~==~=====
====~=~~K==
=
530. r=~====~=~~==~=======
=~=~~=~=~=K=q==~============
==fK==
=
531. ^==~=====~=~=K=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices
=
532. q=~=^=~=_=~=~=I=~==I==~==
====~==~== ==~===~=
~K=
=
533. q=~==^=~=_==~==~=E=~F=I=~=
=I==~==~=~= K=f==
~NN ~NO K ~N
~ ~ OO K ~ O
[ ]
^ = ~ = ON
M M
I==
M

~ N ~ O K ~
NN NO K N
OO K O
[ ]
_ = = ON
M M
I==
M

N O K
=
=
=
=
=

111
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

==
~NN + NN ~NO + NO K ~N + N
~ + ~ OO + OO K ~ O + O
^+_= ON ON K=
M M M

~ N + N ~ O + O K ~ +
=
[ ]
534. f===~=~~I=~= ^ = ~ ==~=~I==
~NN ~NO K ~N
~ ~ OO K ~ O
[ ]
^ = ~ =
M
ON

M
K=
M

~ N ~ O K ~
=
535. j~==q=j~=
q= ~= ~= = = = = = =
= = = = = = = ~= = = = =
===K==
=
f=
~NN ~NO K ~N
~ ~ OO K ~ O
[ ]
^ = ~ = ON
M M M
I==

~ N ~ O K ~
NN NO K N
OO K O
[ ]
_ = = ON
M M
I=
M

N O K
=
=
=
=
=

112
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

==
NN NO K N
OO K O
^_ = ` = ON I==
M M M

N O K
==

= ~ NN + ~ O O + K + ~ = ~ =
=N
E = NI OI KI X = NI OI KI FK==
=
q==
N
[ ] ~ NN
^ = ~ =
~ NO ~ NP
I= _ = [ ] = O I==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP
P
==

~ NN ~ NO ~ NP N ~ NNN ~ NO O ~ NP P
^_ = = K==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP O ~ ONN ~ OO O ~ OP P
P
=
536. q~==~=j~=
f===~===~=~=~=~I==
==~==~==~===~=~K===
f= ^= = = ~= ~I= = ~= = = ^ q = =

^ K==
=
537. q=~=^==~== ^^ q = f K==
=
538. f==~==^_==I===
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K=
=
=

113
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

539. ^==j~=
f=^==~=~= ~I==~I=== ~ ^ I=
==~===~==~= ` ==^W=
[ ]
~ ^ = ` K==
q

=
540. q~==~=j~=
f= ^= = ~= ~= ~I= = ~I= = = ^ I= =
============~=~~W=
^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ K=
=
541. f==~=j~=
f=^==~=~= ~==~=~=~=
^ I==== ^ N ====
~ ^
^ N = K=
^
=
542. f==~==^_==I===
(^_)N = _ N^ N K=
=
543. f==^===~=~=== ==~I======u===~=
=~=
^u = u I==
==~= =~==~~=~=
^ f = M K===
=
=
=
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations
=
=
s~~W=I=I=I= N I= O I K =
o~=W= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I N I ~ NN I ~ NO I K =

114
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

a~W=aI= a I= a I= a ==
j~W=^I=_I=u=
=
=
~ + N = N
544. N I==
~ O + O = O
a a
= I= = =E`~=FI==
a a
==
~ N
a= N = ~NO ~ O N I==
~ O O
N
a = N = NO O N I==
O O
~ N
a = N = ~N O ~ ON K==
~ O O
=
545. f= a M I====~=~==W==
a a
= I= = K=
a a
f= a = M = ~= a M E= a M FI= = = = ~= = ==
K=
f= a = a = a = M I= = = = ~= = = = ~==
K=
=
~N + N + N = N=

546. ~ O + O + O = O I==
~ + + =
P P P P

a a a
= I= = I= = =E`~=FI==
a a a
=

115
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

==
~N N N N N N
a = ~ O O O I= a = O O O I=
~ P P P P P P
~N N N ~N N N
a = ~ O O O I= a = ~ O O O K==
~P P P ~P P P
=
547. f= a M I====~=~==W==
a a a
= I= = I= = K=
a a a
f= a = M =~= a M E= a M == a M FI====
~==K=
f= a = a = a = a = M I= = = = ~= =
~=K=
=
548. j~=c==~=p===i~=b~==================
=r=
q===~=~==
~NN N + ~ NO O + K + ~ N = N
~ + ~ + K + ~ =
ON N OO O O O
=
K K K K K K K K K K K K
~ N N + ~ O O + K + ~ =
~====~==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N N N

~ ON ~ OO K ~ O O O
M = I==
M M M M

~
N ~ O K ~
KK==
^ u = _ I==

116
 CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

==
~ NN ~ NO K ~ N N N

~ ~ OO K ~ O O O
^ = ON I= u = I= _ = M K==
M M M M

~ ~ O K ~
N
=
549. p==~=p==i~=b~= =
u = ^ N _ I==
= ^ N =====^K=
=
=

117
 Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
r r r r
sW= I= I= I= I= ^_ I==
r r
s=W= I= I==
r r r
r=W= I= I= =
r
k=W= M =
r
`~=== W= uN I vN I wN =
r
`~=== W= u O I vO I wO =
p~~W= I =
a=W= I= I= =
^===W= =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates
=
550. r=s=
r
= (NI MI M) I=
r
= (MI NI M) I=
r
= (MI MI N) I=
r r r
= = = N K=
=
r r r r
551. = ^_ = ( N M ) + ( N M ) + ( N M ) =
=

118
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

======= =
=
Figure 73.
=

r
552. = ^_ = ( N M )O + (N M )O + (N M )O =
=

r r
553. f= ^_ = I== _^ = K=
=

=
=
Figure 74.
=
r
554. u = I=
r
v = I=
r
w = K=

119
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

===== =
=
Figure 75.
=
r r
555. f= (uI v I w ) = N (uN I vN I wN ) I===
u = uN I= v = vN I= w = wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition
=
r r r
556. = + =
=

== =
=
Figure 76.

120
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

== =
=
Figure 77.
=
r r r r r
557. = N + O + P + K + =
=

== =
=
Figure 78.
=
558. `~=i~=
r r r r
+ =+=
=
559. ^~=i~=
(r + r ) + r = r + (r + r ) =
=
r r
560. + = (uN + u O I vN + vO I wN + wO ) =
=
=
=
=
=
=

121
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

6.3 Vector Subtraction

=
r r r r r r
561. = == + = K=
=

=
=
Figure 79.
=

== =
=
Figure 80.
=
r r r r
562. = + ( ) =
=
r r r
563. = M = (MI MI M ) =
=
r
564. M = M =
=
r r
565. = (uN u O I vN vO I wN w O ) I==
=
=
=
6.4 Scaling Vectors
=
r r
566. = =

122
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

=
=
Figure 81.
=
r r
567. = =
=
r
568. = (uI v I w ) =
=
r r
569. = =
=
r r r
570. ( + ) = + =
=
r r r
571. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) =
=
r r r r
572. ( + ) = + =
=
=
=
6.5 Scalar Product
=
r r
573. p~~=m==s= =~ =
r r r r
= I==
r r
= ===~=== =~ K====
=

123
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

= =
=
Figure 82.
=
574. p~~=m==`~=c=
r r
f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I===
r r
= uNu O + vNvO + wNwO K=
=
575. ^=_=q=s==
r r
f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I===
uNu O + vNvO + wNw O
= K=
uN + vN + wN u O + vO + w O
O O O O O O

=
576. `~=m=
r r r r
= =
=
577. ^~=m=
(r ) (r ) = r r =
=
578. a=m=
r r r r r r r
( + ) = + =
=
r r r r
579. = M == I =~=~=E = FK=
O
=
r r
580. > M == M < < K=
O
=

124
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

r r
581. < M == < < K=
O
=
r r r r
582. =
=
r r r r r r
583. = == I =~=~~=E = M FK=
=
r
584. f= = (uN I vN I wN ) I===
r r r rO
= O = = uN + vN + wN K=
O O O

=
r r r r r r
585. = = = N =
=
r r r r r r
586. = = = M =
=
=
=
6.6 Vector Product
=
r r
587. s=m==s= =~ =
r r r
= I===
r r r
= I== M X=
O
r r r r
= ~= X=
r r r
=s= I= I= ==~=-~=K=
=

125
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

======= =
=
Figure 83.
=
r r r

r r r
588. = = u N vN wN =
uO vO wO
=
r r r v wN uN wN uN vN
589. = = N I I =

vO w O u O w O u O vO
=
r r r r
590. p = = =EcKUPF=
=
591. ^=_=q=s=EcKUPF=
r r

= r r =

=
592. k~=m=
r r r r
= ( ) ==
=
593. ^~=m=
(r ) (r ) = r r =
=
=

126
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

594. a=m=
r r r r r r r
( + ) = + =
=
r r r r r
595. = M == =~= =~=~~=E = M FK=
=
r r r r r r r
596. = = = M =
=
r r r r r r r r r
597. = I= = I= = =
=
=
=
6.7 Triple Product
=
598. p~~=q=m=
[r rr ] = r (r r ) = r (r r ) = r (r r ) =
=
599. [r rr ] = [r r r ] = [rr r ] = [rr r ] = [r rr ] = [r r r ] =
=
r r r rr r
600. ( ) = [ ] =
=
601. p~~=q=m==`~=c=
uN vN wN
r r r
( ) = u O vO w O I==
uP vP wP
==
r r r
= (uN I vN I wN ) I= = (u O I vO I w O ) I= = (uP I vP I wP ) K==
=
602. s==m~~=
r r r
s = ( ) =
=

127
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

============ =
=
Figure 84.
=
603. s==m~=
Nr r r
s = ( ) =
S
=

=
=
Figure 85.
=
r r r r r r
604. f== ( ) = M I===== I= I=~= =~=~=
r r r
=I== = + ===~~= =~= K==
=
r r r r r r
605. f== ( ) M I===== I= I=~= =~=~=
K=
=

128
 CHAPTER 6. VECTORS

606. s=q=m=
r r r r r r r r r
( ) = ( ) ( ) ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

129
 Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
=
=
=
=
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
m=~W= M I= N I= O I= M I= N I= O =
o~=W= ==
a~===W==
=
=
607. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ = O N = N O =
=

=
=
Figure 86.
=
608. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O ^`
M = N I= = I= N K=
N+ `_
=

======== =
=
Figure 87.

130
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

609. j==~=i=p=
+ O
M = N I= = N K=
O
=
=
=
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
m=~W= M I= N I= O I= M I= N I= O =
m~=~W= I =
o~=W= ==
m=~=W=~I=I=I==
a~===W==
^~W=p=
=
=
610. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ = ( O N )O + ( O N )O =
=

=
=
Figure 88.

131
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

611. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O + O
M = N I= M = N I==
N+ N+
^`
= I= N K=
`_
=

======= =
=
Figure 89.
=
=

132
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

======= =
=
Figure 90.
=
612. j==~=i=p=
+ O + O
M = N I= M = N I= = N K=
O O
=
613. `=Ef==j~F==~=q~=
+ O + P + O + P
M = N I= M = N I==
P P
== ^( N I N ) I== _( O I O ) I==~== `( P I P ) ==~===
=~= ^_` K= =
=

133
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

========= =
=
Figure 91.
=
614. f=Ef==^=_F==~=q~=
~ + O + P ~ + O + P
M = N I= M = N I==
~ ++ ~ ++
= ~ = _` I= = `^ I= = ^_ K==
=

======== =
=
Figure 92.

134
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

615. `=Ef===p=m~======================
_F==~=q~=
NO + NO N N N NO + NO N
OO + OO O N O OO + OO N
PO + PO P N P PO + PO N
M = I= M = =
N N N N N N
O O O N O O O N
P P N P P N
=

======== =
==
Figure 93.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

135
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

616. l=Ef==^F==~=q~=
N O P + NO N NO + O P N N
O P N + OO N OO + P N O N
P N O + PO N PO + N O P N
M = I= M = =
N N N N N N
O O N O O N
P P N P P N
=

====== =
=
Figure 94.
=
617. ^~==~=q~=
N N N
N N O N O N
p = ( ) O O N = ( ) =
O O P N P N
P P N
=
=
=

136
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

618. ^~==~=n~~~=
N
p = ( ) [( N O )( N + O ) + ( O P )( O + P ) + =
O
+ ( P Q )( P + Q ) + ( Q N )( Q + N )] =
=

=== =
=
Figure 95.
=
kW=f=~=SNTI=SNU=====EHF==EF==
~===~==~==~~K==
=
619. a~=_=q=m==m~=`~=
= ^_ = NO + OO ONO ( O N ) =
=

137
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 96.
=
620. `=o~~=`~==m~=`~=
= I= = K=
=

=
=
Figure 97.
=
621. `=m~=`~==o~~=`~=

= O + O I= ~ = K=

138
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

7.3 Straight Line in Plane

=
m=~W=uI=vI=I= M I= N I== M I= N I= ~N I= ~ O I===
o~=W=I=~I=I=I=I=^I=_I=`I= ^N I= ^ O I==
^W= I= =
^===W= =
r
k~=W= =
r r r
m=W= I= ~ I= =
=
=
622. d~=b~==~=p~=i=
^ + _ + ` = M =
=
623. k~=s==~=p~=i=
r
q== (^I _ ) ==~==== ^ + _ + ` = M K=
=

=
=
Figure 98.
=
624. b=b~==~=p~=i=Ep-f=cF=
= + K==

139
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

q=~===== = ~ K=
=

=
=
Figure 99.
=
625. d~==~=i==
N
= ~ = O =
O N
=

=
=
Figure 100.

140
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

626. b~==~=i=d=~=m=~==d~=
= M + ( M ) I==
====~I= m( M I M ) ==~====K=
=

=
=
Figure 101.
=
627. b~==~=i=q~=m~=q=q=m=
N N
= ==
O N O N
=
N
N N N = M K=
O O N
=

141
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 102.
=
628. f=c=

+ =N=
~
=

=
=
Figure 103.
=
=

142
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

629. k~=c=
+ = M =
=

=
=
Figure 104.
=
630. m=a=c=
N N
= I==
u v
= (uI v ) = = = = = = = ~= mN ( N I N ) = =
==K=
=

143
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 105.
=
631. s~=i=
=~=
=
632. e~=i=
==
=
633. s=b~==~=p~=i=
r r r
= ~ + I==
==
l======~I=
u==~=~~====I==
r
~ ======~===^====I=
r
==~====I=~~===I==
==~=~~I==
r
= lu ======~==u===K==
=

144
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 106.
=
634. p~=i==m~~=c=
= ~N + N
I==
= ~ O + O
==
( I ) ~==~==~=====I==
(~N I ~ O ) =~==~==~=====I==
(N I O ) =~==~==~==~~===I==
==~=~~K=
=

145
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
Figure 107.
=
635. a~=c=~=m=q=~=i=
q=~==== m(~ I ) ====
^ + _ + ` = M ===
^~ + _ + `
= K=
^ O + _O
=

=
=
Figure 108.

146
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

636. m~~=i=
q== = N + N =~= = O + O =~=~~===
N = O K=
q= = ^N + _N + `N = M = ~= ^ O + _O + ` O = M = ~=
~~==
^N _N
= K=
^ O _O
=

=
=
Figure 109.
=
637. m~=i=
q== = N + N =~= = O + O =~=~===
N
O = =I=~I= N O = N K=
N
q= = ^N + _N + `N = M = ~= ^ O + _ O + ` O = M = ~=
~==
^N^ O + _N_ O = M K=
=

147
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 110.
=
638. ^=_=q=i=
N
~ = O I==
N + N O
^N^ O + _N_ O
= K=
^NO + _NO ^ OO + _ OO
=

148
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 111.
=
639. f==q=i=
f=== ^N + _N + `N = M =~= ^ O + _ O + ` O = M =-
I====~=~=
`N_ O + ` O_N ^N` O + ^ O`N
M = I= M = K=
^N_ O ^ O_N ^N_ O ^ O_N
=
=
=
7.4 Circle
=
o~W=o=
`==W= (~ I ) =
m=~W=I=I= N I= N I==
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI==

149
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

640. b~==~=`=`=~==l=Ep~~=
cF=
O + O = oO =

====== =
=
Figure 112.
=
641. b~==~=`=`=~=^=m= (~I )
( ~ )O + ( )O = o O

Figure 113.

150
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

642. q=m=c
O + O N
NO + NO N N N
=M
OO + OO O O N
PO + PO P P N
=

=
=
Figure 114.
=
643. m~~=c
= o
I= M O K
= o
=
644. d~=c
^ O + ^ O + a + b + c = M =E^=I= aO + b O > Q ^c FK==
q=====~=~= (~ I ) I===
a b
~= I= = K=
O^ O^
q=~====

151
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

aO + b O Q ^c
o= K
O^
=
=
=
7.5 Ellipse
=
p~=~W=~=
p=~W==
cW= cN ( I M) I= cO (I M) =
a~===W=O= =
bW===
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI==
mW=i=
^~W=p=
=
=
645. b~==~=b=Ep~~=cF
O O
+ =N
~ O O

=
=
Figure 115.

152
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

646. N + O = O~ I=
== N I== O ==~==~====~==== m( I ) ===
=====K=
=

=
=
Figure 116.
=
647. ~ O = O + O
=
648. b

= <N=
~
=
649. b~==a
~ ~O
= = =

=
650. m~~=c
= ~
I= M O K
=
=
=

153
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

651. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` < M K=
=
652. d~=c==^=m~~===`~=^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= ^` > M K
=
653. `
i = Q~b( ) I==
=====b========~===
==K==
=
654. ^~=c~===`
( )
i = NKR(~ + ) ~ I==
i = O(~ O + O ) K=
=
655. p = ~ =
=
=
=
7.6 Hyperbola
=
q~=~W=~=
`~=~W==
cW= cN ( I M) I= cO (I M) =
a~===W=O= =
bW===
^W=I==
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=I==
=
=
=

154
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

656. b~==~=e~=Ep~~=cF=
O O
= N=
~ O O
=

=
=
Figure 117.
=
657. N O = O~ I=
== N I== O ==~==~====~=== m( I ) ===
=~====K=
=

155
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 118.
=
658. b~==^=

= =
~
=
659. O = ~ O + O =
=
660. b

= > N=
~
=
661. b~==a
~ ~O
= = =

=
=
=

156
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

662. m~~=b~===o=_~==~=e~=
= ~
I= M O K
=
=
663. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` > M K=
=
664. d~=c==^=m~~===`~=^
^ O + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= ^` < M K=

665. ^=c=
O
= I==
Q
==
O
= I== = K=
Q
f= = ~= I= = ~= ~= ~= = M = ~=
= M K==
=

157
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 119.
=
=
=
7.7 Parabola
=
c~=~~W==
cW=c=
sW= j( M I M ) =
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI=bI=cI=I=~I=I==
=
=
666. b~==~=m~~~=Ep~~=cF
O = O
=

158
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

=
=
Figure 120.
=
b~===

= I=
O
`~====

c I M I=
O
`~====
j(MI M) K=
=
667. d~=c
^ O + _ + ` O + a + b + c = M I==
= _ O Q ^` = M K=
=
N
668. = ~ O I= = K=
O~
b~===

159
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

= I=
O
`~====

c MI I=
O
`~====
j(MI M) K=
=

=
=
Figure 121.
=
669. d~=cI=^=m~~===-~==
^ O + a + b + c = M =E^I=b=FI==
N
= ~ O + + I= = K==
O~
b~===

= M I=
O
`~====

160
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

c M I M + I=
O
`~====
Q~ O
M = I= M = ~ OM + M + = K=
O~ Q~
=

=
=
Figure 122.
=
=
=
7.8 Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
m=~W= M I= M I= M I= N I= N I= N I==
o~=W= ==
a~===W==
^~W=p=
sW=s=
=

161
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

670. a~=_=q=m=
= ^_ = ( O N )O + ( O N )O + ( O N )O =
=

=== =
=
Figure 123.
=
671. a=~=i=p===o~= =
+ O + O + O
M = N I= M = N I= M = N I==
N+ N+ N+
=
^`
= I= N K=
`_
=

162
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

======== =
=
Figure 124.
=

=
Figure 125.

163
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

672. j==~=i=p=
+ O + O +
M = N I= M = N I= M = N O I= = N K=
O O O
=
673. ^~==~=q~=
q=~~==~=~=== mN ( N I N I N ) I=
mO ( O I O I O ) I=~= mP ( P I P I P ) =====
O O O
N N N N N N N N N
N
p= O O N + O O N + O O N K=
O
P P N P P N P P N
=
674. s==~=q~=
q===~=~=== mN ( N I N I N ) I=
mO ( O I O I O ) I= mP ( P I P I P ) I=~= mQ ( Q I Q I Q ) =====
N N N N
N O O O N
s= I==
S P P P N
Q Q Q N
=
N Q N Q N Q
N
s = O Q O Q O Q K=
S
P Q P Q P Q
kW=t====EHF==EF==~===~==
~==K==
=

164
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

==== =
=
Figure 126.
=
=
=
7.9 Plane
=
m=~W=I=I=I= M I= M I= M I= N I= N I= N I==
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI= ^N I= ^ O I=~I=I=I= ~N I= ~ O I= I=I=I===
r r r
k~=W= I= N I= O =
a=W= I= I= =
a~====~W==
=
=
675. d~=b~==~=m~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M =
=
=

165
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

676. k~=s==~=m~=
r
q== (^I _I ` ) ==~===~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M K=
=

=== =
=
Figure 127.
=
677. m~~=`~===b~==~=m~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M =
=
f= ^ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= _ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= a = M I==~====K==
=
f= ^ = _ = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= _ = ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
f= ^ = ` = M I==~==~~===-~K=
=

166
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

678. m=a=c=
^( M ) + _( M ) + `( M ) = M I==
=== m( M I M I M ) ====~I=~==-
= (^I _I ` ) ==~===~K===
=

==== =
=
Figure 128.
=
679. f=c=

+ + = N=
~
=

167
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 129.
=
680. q=m=c=
P P P
N P N P N P = M I==
O P O P O P
==
N
N N N N
= M K=
O O O N
P P P N
=

168
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 130.
=
681. k~=c=
+ + = M I==
========~==~=======
=~=I=~= I= I= =~====
=~==~===~K==
=

169
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

====== =
=
Figure 131.
=
682. m~~=c=
= N + ~N + ~ O

= N + N + O I==
= + +
N N O

= ( I I ) =~==~==~====
==I=== m( N I N I N ) ====~I===
(~N I N I N ) =~= (~ O I O I O ) =~=~~===~K=
=

170
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 132.
=
683. a~=^=_=q=m~=
f==~=~====
^N + _N + `N + aN = M I==
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M I==
==~=~=====
r r
N O ^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O
= r r = K=
N O ^NO + _NO + `NO ^ OO + _ OO + ` OO
=

171
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

====== =
=
Figure 133.
=
684. m~~=m~=
q=~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M =~=~~===
^N _N `N
= = K=
^ O _O `O
=
685. m~=m~=
q=~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M =~=~===
^N^ O + _N_ O + `N` O = M K=
=
686. b~==~=m~=q= m( N I N I N ) =~=m~~=q=
=s= (~N I N I N ) =~= (~ O I O I O ) =EcKNPOF=

172
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

N N N
~N N N = M =
~O O O
=
687. b~==~=m~=q= mN ( N I N I N ) =~= mO ( O I O I O ) I=
~=m~~=q==s= (~ I I ) =
N N N
O N O N O N = M =
~
=

=
Figure 134.
=
688. a~=c=~=m=q=~=m~=
q=~==== mN ( N I N I N ) ===~=
^ + _ + ` + a = M ===

173
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

^ N + _ N + `N + a
= K=
^O + _O + `O
=

====== =
=
Figure 135.
=
689. f==q=m~=
f==~= ^N + _N + `N + aN = M =~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + aO = M = I= = = ~=
====
= N + ~

= N + I==
= +
N
==
N N N
= = I==
~
==

174
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

_N `N ` ^N ^ _N
~= I= = N I= = N I==
_O `O `O ^O ^O _O
aN `N a _N
N
aO `O aO _ O
N = I==
~ + + O
O O

aN ^N a `N
~ N
aO ^O aO ` O
N = I==
~ + + O
O O

aN _N a ^N
~ N
aO _O aO ^ O
N = K==
~ + + O
O O

=
=
=
7.10 Straight Line in Space
=
m=~W=I=I=I= N I= N I= N I==
a=W= I= I= =
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=aI=~I=I=I= ~N I= ~ O I=I===
r r r
a===~=W= I= N I= O =
r
k~===~=~W= =
^===W= =
=
690. m=a=c===b~==~=i==
N N N
= = I==
~
=== mN ( N I N I N ) ====I=~= (~ I I ) ==
=====K==
=

175
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 136.
=
691. q=m=c=
N N N
= = ==
O N O N O N
=

===== =
Figure 137.

176
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

692. m~~=c==
= N +

= N + I==
= +
N
=== mN ( N I N I N ) ====~=I=
I= I= =~=======
===I==~~===~=~=K==
=

===== =
=
Figure 138.
=
693. ^=_=q=p~=i=
r r
~N~ O + NO + N O
= r N rO = =
N O ~N + NO + NO ~ OO + OO + OO
O

177
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 139.
=
694. m~~=i=
q==~=~~===
r r
N O I==
==
~ N N N
= = K=
~ O O O
=
695. m~=i=
q==~=~~===
r r
N O = M I==
==
~N~ O + NO + N O = M K=
=
696. f==q=i=
N N N
q== = = =~=
~N N N

178
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

O O O
= = ====
~O O O
O N O N O N
~N N N = M K=
~O O O
=
697. m~~=i=~=m~==
N N N
q=~== = = =~==~=
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M =~=~~==
r r
= M I==
==
^~ + _ + ` = M K=
=

===== =
=
Figure 140.
=
=

179
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

698. m~=i=~=m~==
N N N
q=~== = = =~==~=
~
^ + _ + ` + a = M =~=~==
r r
I==
==
^ _ `
= = K=
~
=

==== =
=
Figure 141.
=
=
7.11 Quadric Surfaces
=
m=~===~=~W=I=I==
o~=W=^I=_I=`I=~I=I=I= N I O I P I==

180
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

699. d~=n~~=b~=
^ O + _ O + ` O + Oc + Od + Oe + Om + On + Oo + a = M
=
700. `~~==n~=p~=
=
`~= o~EF= o~EbF= = == q==p~=
N= P= Q= <M= p~= o~=b=
O= P= Q= > M= p~= f~~=b=
P= P= Q= > M = a= e==N=p=
Q= P= Q= < M = a= e==O=p=
R= P= P= = a= o~=n~=`=
S= P= P= = p~= f~~=n~=`=
T= O= Q= <M= p~= b=m~~=
U= O= Q= > M= a= e=m~~=
V= O= P= = p~= o~=b=`=
NM= O= P= = p~= f~~=b=`=
NN= O= P= = a= e=`=
NO= O= O= = a= o~=f=m~=
NP= O= O= = p~= f~~=f=m~=
NQ= N= P= = = m~~=`=
NR= N= O= = = o~=m~~=m~=
NS= N= O= = = f~~=m~~=m~=
NT= N= N= = = `=m~=
=
e==
^ e n m
^ e d
e _ c n
= e _ c I= b = I= = (b ) I==
d c ` d c ` o

m n o a

N I O I P =~=====~I==
^ e d
e _ c = M K=
d c `
=
=

181
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

701. o~=b=E`~=NF=
O O O
+ + = N=
~ O O O
=

===== =
=
Figure 142.
=
702. f~~=b=E`~=OF=
O O O
+ + = N =
~ O O O
=
703. e==N=p=E`~=PF=
O O O
+ = N=
~ O O O
=

182
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 143.
=
704. e==O=p=E`~=QF=
O O O
+ = N =
~ O O O
=

= =
=
Figure 144.

183
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

705. o~=n~=`=E`~=RF=
O O O
+ =M=
~ O O O
=

== =
=
Figure 145.
=
706. f~~=n~=`=E`~=SF=
O O O
+ + =M=
~ O O O
=
707. b=m~~=E`~=TF=
O O
+ = M=
~ O O
=

184
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

====== =
Figure 146.

708. e=m~~=E`~=UF=
O O
= M=
~ O O

==== =
Figure 147.

185
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

709. o~=b=`=E`~=VF=
O O
+ = N=
~ O O
=

===== =
=
Figure 148.
=
710. f~~=b=`=E`~=NMF=
O O
+ = N =
~ O O
=
711. e=`=E`~=NNF=
O O
= N=
~ O O
=

186
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

====== =
=
Figure 149.
=
712. o~=f=m~=E`~=NOF=
O O
=M=
~ O O
=
713. f~~=f=m~=E`~=NPF=
O O
+ = M=
~ O O
=
714. m~~=`=E`~=NQF=
O
=M=
~O
=

187
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

===== =
=
Figure 150.
=
715. o~=m~~=m~=E`~=NRF=
O
= N=
~O
=
716. f~~=m~~=m~=E`~=NSF=
O
= N =
~O
=
717. `=m~=E`~=NTF=
O = M =
=
=
=
=
=

188
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

7.12 Sphere
=
o~==~=W=o=
m=~W=I=I=I= N I= N I= N I==
`==~=W= (~ I I ) =
o~=W=^I=aI=bI=cI=j=
=
=
718. b~==~=p=`=~==l=Ep~~=
cF=
O + O + O = oO =
=

====== =
=
Figure 151.
=
719. b~==~=`=`=~=^=m= (~ I I )
( ~ )O + ( )O + ( )O = o O
720. a~=c
( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) + ( N )( O ) = M I==

189
 CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

==
mN ( N I N I N ) I= mO ( O I O I O ) =~====~=~K==
=
721. c=m=c=
O + O + O N
NO + NO + NO N N N N
OO + OO + OO O O O N = M =
PO + PO + PO P P P N
OQ + OQ + OQ Q Q Q N
=
722. d~=c
^ O + ^ O + ^ O + a + b + c + j = M =E^==FK==
q=====~=~= (~ I I ) I===
a b c
~= I= = I= = K=
O^ O^ O^
q=~====
aO + b O + c O Q ^ O j
o= K
O^
=
=

190
 Chapter 8
Differential Calculus
=
=
=
=
cW=I=I=I=I==
^=E=~~FW==
o~=W=~I=I=I==
k~~=W==
^W= =
f=W= N =
=
=
8.1 Functions and Their Graphs
=
723. b=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
724. l=c=
( ) = ( ) =
=
725. m=c=
( + q ) = ( ) =
=
726. f=c=
= ( ) ==~=I= = ( ) == = N ( ) ====
K==
=

191
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

===== =
=
Figure 152.
=
727. `=c=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I= = (( )) ==~==K=
=
728. i~=c=
= ~ + I== o I== ~ = ~ =======I=====
=-K=
=

192
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

====== =
=
Figure 153.
=
729. n~~=c==
= O I= o K=
=

====== =
=
Figure 154.
=

193
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

730. = ~ O + + I= o K=
=

=== =
=
Figure 155.
=
731. `=c==
= P I= o K=
=

194
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

= =
=
Figure 156.
=
732. = ~ P + O + + I= o K=
=

195
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

== =
=
Figure 157.
=
733. m=c==
= I= k K=
=

196
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

====== =
Figure 158.
=

=
Figure 159.
=

197
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

734. p~=o=c==
= I= [MI ) K=
=

======= =
Figure 160.
=
735. b~=c=
= ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= = OKTNUOUNUOUQSK =
=

= =
=
Figure 161.

198
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

736. i~=c=
= ~ I= (MI ) I= ~ > M I= ~ N I=
= == ~ = I= > M K=
=

=
=
Figure 162.
=
737. e=p=c==

= I= = I= o K=
O
=

199
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

==== =
=
Figure 163.
=
738. e=`=c==
+
= I= = I= o K=
O

====== =
=
Figure 164.

200
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

739. e=q~=c==

= ~ I= = ~ = = I= o K=
+
=

====== =
=
Figure 165.
=
740. e=`~=c==
+
= I= = = = I= o I= M K=

=

201
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

====== =
=
Figure 166.
=
741. e=p~=c==
N O
= I= = = = I= o K=
+

=
Figure 167.

202
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

742. e=`~=c==
N O
= I= = = = I= o I= M K=

=

====== =
=
Figure 168.
=
743. f=e=p=c==
= ~ I= o K=
=

203
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

===== =
=
Figure 169.
=
744. f=e=`=c==
= ~ I= [NI ) K=
=

===== =
=
Figure 170.
=
745. f=e=q~=c==
= ~~ I= ( NI N) K=
=

204
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

===== =
=
Figure 171.
=
746. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= ( I N) (NI ) K==
=

205
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

===== =
=
Figure 172.
=
747. f=e=p~=c==
= ~ I= (MI N] K=
=

206
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
Figure 173.
=
748. f=e=`~=c==
= ~ I= o I= M K==

=
Figure 174.
=

207
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.2 Limits of Functions

=
cW= ( ) I= ( ) =
^W==
o~=~W=~I==
=
=
749. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
~ ~ ~
=
750. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~ ~ ~
=
751. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~ ~ ~

=
( ) ( )
752. = ~ I== ( ) M K=
~ ( ) ( ) ~
~
=
753. [ ( )] = ( ) =
~ ~

( )
=
754. ( ( )) = ( ) =
~ ~
=
755. ( ) = (~ ) I==== ( ) ===~= = ~ K=
~
=

756. = N=
M
=
~
757. =N=
M
=
N
758. = N=
M

208
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

~ N
759. = N=
M
=
(N + )
760. = N=
M
=

N
761. N + = =


=


762. N + = =


=
763. ~ = N =
M

=
=
=
8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative
=
cW=I=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
o~=~W==
^W= =
=
=
( + ) ( )
764. ( ) = = = ==
M M
=

209
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

== =
=
Figure 175.
=

765. = ~ ==

=
( + )
766. = + =

=
( )
767. = =

=
( )
768. = =

=
769. m=o=
( )
= + ==

=
=

210
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

770. n=o=


=
= O

=
771. `~=o=
= (( )) I= = ( ) I==

= K=

=
772. a~==f=c=
N
= I==


= ( ) ===== ( ) K==
=
773. o~=o=

N
= O =

=
774. i~=a~=
= ( ) I= = ( ) I==

= ( ) [ ( )] K=

=
=
8.4 Table of Derivatives
=
f=~~W==
o~=~W=`I=~I=I==
k~~=W==

211
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

775. (` ) = M =

=

776. ( ) = N =

=

777. (~ + ) = ~ =

=
778.


(~ O + + ) = ~ + =
=
779.


( ) = N =
=
780.

(

) = +N =

=
N N
781. = O =

=
782.


( ) = O N =
=
783.

( )=
N
=
N
=

784. ( ) = N =

=

785. ( ~ ) = N I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
~
=

212
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

786.


(~ ) = ~ ~ I= ~ > M I= ~ N K=
=
787.


( ) = =
=

788. ( ) = =

=

789. ( ) = =

=

790. (~ ) = NO = O =

=

791. ( ) = NO = O =

=

792. ( ) = ~ =

=

793. ( ) = =

=

794. (~ ) = N O =
N
=

795. (~ ) = N O =
N
=

796. (~~ ) = N O =
N+
=

213
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

797. (~ ) = N O =
N+
=

798. (~ ) = NO =
N
=

799. (~ ) = NO =
N
=

800. ( ) = =

=

801. ( ) = =

=

802. (~ ) = N O = O =

=

803. ( ) = N O = O =

=

804. ( ) = ~ =

=

805. ( ) = =

=

806. (~= ) = NO =
+N
=

807. (~= ) = ON =
N

214
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

808. (~~= ) = N O I= < N K=
N
=

809. (~= ) = ON I= > N K=
N
=
810.


( ) = N



+ =

=
=
=
8.5 Higher Order Derivatives
=
cW=I=I=I==
f=~~W==
k~~=W==
=
=
811. p=~=
O

= ( ) = = = O =

=
812. e-l=~=

= = ( ) = ( ( N) ) =
( )

=
813. ( + )( ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=
814. ( )( ) = ( ) ( ) =
=
815. i=c~=
( ) = + O + =

215
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

( ) = + P + P + =
( )( ) = ( ) + (N) + ( N) (O) + K + ( ) =
N O
=
816. ( )( ) = (>)>

=

=
817. ( )( ) = > =

818. ( ~ ) = ( N) ( N)>
N
( )
=

~
=
( )( ) = ( N) ( N)> =
N
819.

=
820. (~ )( ) = ~

~ =
=
821. ( )( ) =

=
=
822. (~ )( ) = ~

~ =
=
823. ( )( ) = + =
O
=
824. ( )( ) = + =
O
=
=
=

216
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.6 Applications of Derivative

=
cW=I=I==
m==~=W===
sW==
^~W==
f=~~W==
qW==
k~~=W==
=
=
825. s=~=^~=
= ( ) =====~==~==~==
~==~=~==I==
= = ( ) ===~~====I=
= = = ( ) ===~~=~~==
=K==
=
826. q~=i=
M = ( M )( M ) =
=

217
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 176.
=
827. k~=i=
N
M = ( M ) =Ec=NTSF=
( M )
=
828. f~=~=a~=cK==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI= < N I=
O < FI=
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~= M K=Ec=NTTI=
N < < O FI=
f= ( M ) ======I====~K==
=

218
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 177.
=
829. i~=~=
^==EF=~=~=~=~=~= N ==~===
===~=~= N ==~=
( N ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK==
=
^==EF=~=~=~==~= O ==~===
===~=~= O ==~=
( O ) ( ) ==~====~=EcKNTTFK=
=
830. `~=m=
^=~===EF==~= M ==~====
( M ) =====~==K=
=
831. c=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f=EF===~==E ( ) > M F===~========~=
(~I N ] ==~==EF====~==E ( ) < M F===~=====
~= = [ N I ) I= = = EF= ~= ~= = ~= ~= = ~= = N =
EcKNTTFK==

219
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

832. f=EF==~=E ( ) < M F==~====~=

(~I O ]=~=EF==~=E ( ) > M F==~====
~= [ O I ) I==EF=~=~=~==~= O K==
EcKNTTFK=
=
833. p=a~=q==i~=b~K=
f= ( N ) = M =~= ( N ) < M I==EF=~=~=~=~=
~== N K=
f= ( O ) = M =~= ( O ) > M I==EF=~=~=~==
~= O K=EcKNTTF=
=
834. `~K==
EF= = = ~= ~= ~= = M = = = = ~= = = = = = ( ) = ============
~=~= M =EcKNTTI= P < FK===
EF===~==~=~== M ===~==== ( ) =================
~=~= M K=EcKNTTI= < P FK===
=
835. p=a~=q==`~K==
f= ( M ) > M I==EF==~=~=~= M K==
f= ( M ) < M I==EF==~=~=~= M K=
f= ( ) ======I====~K=
=
836. f=m=
f== ( P ) ====~== ( ) ==~==~= = P I===
= = ( P I ( P )) = = ~= = = = = ~= =
( ) K=f= ( P ) ==~===I== ( P ) = M =
EcKNTTFK=
=
837. ie~=o=
( ) ( ) M
= == ( ) = ( ) = K==
( ) ( )

=

220
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

8.7 Differential
=
cW=I=I==
f=~~W==
a~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) =
o~=~W=`=
a~=== = ( ) W==
a~==W==
p~=~==W= =
p~=~==W= =
=
=
838. = =
=
839. ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) =
=

=
=
Figure 178.

221
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

840. p~=`~===
= ( + ) ( ) =
=
841. ( + ) = + =
=
842. ( ) = =
=
843. (` ) = ` =
=
844. ( ) = + =
=

845. = =
O
=
=
=
8.8 Multivariable Functions
=
c===~~W= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) I= ( I ) ==
^W=I=I==
p~=~==I=I=I=W= I= I= K=
=
=
846. c=l=m~~=a~=
q=~~=~=====

= =E~= = FI=

q=~~=~=====

= =E~= = FK=

=
=

222
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

847. p=l=m~~=a~=
O
= = I==
O
O
= = I==
O
O
= = I==

O
= = K==

f==~=~=I===
O O
= K==

=
848. `~=o==
f= ( I ) = (( I )) =E==~====~~=FI===

= (( I )) I= = (( I )) K==

=

f= ( ) = ( ( )I ( )) I== ( ) = + K==

=
f= = ( (I )I (I )) I===

= + I= = + K==

=
849. p~=`~=

+ =

=
=

223
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

850. i~=j~~=~=j~=
( I ) =~=~=~=~=~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K==
=
( I ) =~=~=~==~= ( M I M ) == ( I ) ( M I M ) =
=~= ( I ) ==== ( M I M ) K=
=
851. p~~=m=

= = M K=

i~=~~=~=~=~==~=~~=K=
==
852. p~=m=
^=~~==========~==~==~=
=~=~==
=
853. p=a~=q==p~~=m=

i= ( M I M ) ==~=~~==E = = M FK==

( M I M ) ( M I M )
a= K==
( M I M ) ( M I M )
=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) > M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~K=
f= a > M I= ( M I M ) < M I== ( M I M ) ===~===~=~~K=
f= a < M I= ( M I M ) ==~=~=K=
f= a = M I===~K=
=
854. q~=m~=
q=~===~=~===~= = ( I ) =
~= ( M I M I M ) ===
M = ( M I M )( M ) + ( M I M )( M ) K=
=

224
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

855. k~==p~=
q=~===~===~= = ( I ) =~=
( M I M I M ) ===
M M M
= = K=
( M I M ) ( M I M ) N
=
=
=
8.9 Differential Operators
=
r r r
r==~==~=~W= I= I= =
p~~==E~~=FW= ( I I ) I= ( N I O I KI ) =
d~==~=~~=W= ~ I= =

a~=~W= =

r
s==E=FW= c (mI nI o ) =
r r
a==~==W= c I= c =
r r
`==~==W= c I= c =
i~~~=~W= O =
=
=
856. d~==~=p~~=c=

~ = = I I I==


~ = = I IKI K=
N O
=
857. a~=a~=

= + + I==

225
 CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

========
r
( I I ) I= O + O + O = N K==
=
858. a==~=s=c=
r r m n o
c = c = + + =

=
859. `==~=s=c=
r r r

r r
c = c = =

m n o

o n r m o r n m r
= + + =

=
860. i~~~=l~=
O O O
O = O + O + O =

=
( ) ( )
r r
861. c = c M =
=
862. (~ ) = ( ) M =
=
863. (~ ) = ( ) = O =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r
864. c = ~ c Oc = c Oc =
=
=

226
 Chapter 9
Integral Calculus
=
=
=
=
cW=I=I=I==
f=~~W=I=I= =
f=~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I==
a~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I= c( ) I==
o~=~W=`I=~I=I=I=I==
k~~=W=I=I=I==
=
=
9.1 Indefinite Integral
=
865. ( ) = c( ) + ` == c( ) = ( ) K=
=
866. ( ( ) ) = ( ) =
=
867. ( ) = ( ) =
=
868. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
=
869. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
=
N
870. (~ ) = ~ c(~ ) + ` =

227
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N
871. (~ + ) = ~ c(~ + ) + ` =
=
N
( ) ( ) = O ( ) + ` =
O
872.
=
( )
873. ( ) = ( ) + ` =
=
874. j==p=
( ) = (( ))( ) == = ( ) K=
=
875. f~==m~=
= I==
= ( ) I= ( ) =~=~=K==
=
=
=
9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions
=
876. ~ = ~ + ` =
=
O
877. = O
+`=
=
P
= +`=
O
878.
P
=
+N
= + ` I= N K=

879.
+N
=

228
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(~ + )
+N

(~ + ) = ~( + N) + ` I= N K=

880.

=

881.
= + ` =
=
N
882. ~ + = ~ ~ + + ` =
=
~ + ~ ~
883. + = + O
+ + ` =
=
N +
884. ( + ~ )( + ) = ~ + ~ + ` I= ~ K=
=

~ + = (~ + ~ ~ + ) + ` =
N
885. O

=
O N N
~ + = P O (~ + ) O~(~ + ) + ~ ~ + + ` =
O O
886.

=
N ~ +
887. (~ + ) = ~
+`=

=
N ~ +
888. (~ + ) = ~ + ~
O O


+`=

=
N ~
889. (~ + ) O
= O

~ + + +`=
~ +
=

229
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O N ~O
890. (~ + )O P
= ~ + O~ ~ + +`=
~ +
=
N N ~ +
891. (~ + ) O
= + O
~ (~ + ) ~
+`=

=
N N
892. O
=
N O +N
+`=

=
N N+
893. N O
=
O N
+`=

=
N ~+
894. ~ O
O
=
O~ ~
+`=

=
N ~
895. O
~ O
=
O~ + ~
+`=

=

896. N+ O
= ~ N + ` =
=
N
897. ~ O
+ O
= ~ N + ` =
~ ~
=
= ( O + ~ O ) + ` =
N
898. O
+~ O
O
=
N
899. ~ + O
=
~
~~
~
+ ` I= ~ > M K=


=

230
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N ~
900. ~ + O
=
O
O + + ` =

=
N O
901. (~ + O ) O~ ~ + O + ` =
=

=
N ~ +
902. ~ O

O O
=
O~ ~
+`=

=
N O~ + O Q~
903. O = + ` I=
~ + + O Q~ O~ + + O Q~
O Q~ > M K=
=
O O~ +
904. ~ + +
O
=
Q~ O
~~
Q~ O
+ ` I=

O Q~ < M K=
=
=
=
9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions
=
O
905. =
~ + ~
~ + + ` =

=
O
(~ + ) O + ` =
P
906. ~ + =
P~
=
O(~ O)
907. ~ +
=
P~ O
~ + + ` =

231
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O(P~ O)
(~ + ) O + ` =
P
908. ~ + = O
NR~
=
N ~ + ~
909. ( + ) ~ +
=
~

~ + + ~
+ ` I==

~ > M K=
=
N ~ +
910. ( + ) ~ +
=
~
~~
~
+ ` I==

~ < M K=
=
~ + N
911. = (~ + )( + ) =
+
~
~ ( + ) + (~ + ) + ` I= ~ > M K=
~
=
~ + N
912. = (~ + )( + ) =
+
~ ~ ( + )
~~ + ` I=E ~ < M I= > M FK==
~ (~ + )
=
O(U~ O NO~ + NRO O )
913. ~ + =
O
(~ + )P + ` =
NMRP
=
O O(U~ O Q~ + PO O )
914. ~ +
=
NRP
~ + + ` =

=
N ~ + ~
915. ~ +
=
~

~ + + ~
+ ` I= ~ > M K=

232
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O ~ +
916. ~ +
=
~
~~
~
+ ` I= ~ < M K=

=
~ +
917. = (~ )( + ) + (~ + )~ +`=
+ ~+
=
~+
918. = (~ + )( ) (~ + )~ +`=
~+
=
N+
919. N
= N O + ~ + ` =

=
~
920. ( ~ )( ~ ) = O ~ ~
+` =

=
O
921. ~ + O =
Q
~ + O + =

O Q~ O
+ ~ +`=
U P O + Q~
=
O~ + + O ~ (~ O + + ) + ` I==
N
922. ~ O + +
=
~
~ > M K=
=
N O~ + O
923. ~ + +
O
=
~
~
Q~
Q~ + ` I= ~ < M K=

=
O O ~O
924. O + ~ O =
O
+ ~ + + O + ~ O + ` =
O
=

233
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

925. O + ~ O =
P
( + ~ ) + ` =
N O O PO

=
926.
O
O + ~ O =

U
(O O + ~ O ) O + ~ O =

~Q
+ O + ~ O + ` =
U
=
O + ~O O + ~O
927. O
=

+ + O + ~ O + ` =
=

928. +~ O O
= + O + ~ O + ` =

=
O + ~O
929.
= O + ~ O + ~
~ + O + ~O
+`=

=

930. +~ O O
= O + ~O + ` =

=
O O O ~O
931. O + ~O
=
O
+ ~ + O + ~ O + ` =
O
=
N
932. =
O + ~O ~ ~ + O + ~O
+`=

=
O O ~O
933. O ~ O =
O
~ + O ~ O + ` =
O
=
934. O ~ O =
P
( ~ ) + ` =
N O O PO

234
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O ~O ~
935.
= O ~ O + ~ ~ + ` =

=
O ~O O ~O
936. O
=

+ + O ~ O + ` =
=

937. ~ O O
= + O ~ O + ` =

=

938. ~ O O
= O ~O + ` =

=
O O O ~O
939. ~
O O
=
O
~ + + O ~ O + ` =
O
=
N ~
940. ~O
= ~ + ` =
~ O
=
N ~
941. ( + ~ ) O ~O
=
~ +~
+`=

=
N +~
942. ( ~ ) ~ O O
=
~ ~
+`=

=
O ~O
943. O
O ~O
=
~O
+`=

=

944. ( O
~O ) O
P
=
~O O ~O
+`=

235
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

( ~ O ) O = (O O R~ O ) O ~ O + =
O
P
945.
U
P~ Q
+ + O ~ O + ` =
U
=
O ~O
946. ~ O O =
O
~ O + ~ + ` =
O ~
=
947. ~ =
O O

P
(
N O
~ O ) O + ` =
P

948. ~ =
O O O
U
(O O ~ O ) ~ O O + ~ + ` =
~Q
U

~
=
~O O
949.
= ~ O O + ~
~ + ~O O
+`=

=
~O O ~O O
950. O
=

~ + ` =
~
=

951. N O
= ~ + ` =

=

952. ~O O
=
~
+`=

=

953. ~ O O
= ~O O + ` =

=
O O ~O
954. ~O O
=
O
~ O + ~ + ` =
O ~

236
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N ~
955. ( + ~ ) ~O O
=
O ~+
+`=

=
N ~+
956. ( ~ ) ~O O
=
O ~
+`=

=
N + ~ O
957. ( + ) ~O O
=
O ~ O
~
~ ( + )
+ ` I= > ~ K=

=
N +
958. ( + ) ~ O O
=
~
O O

~
O O
~ O O + ~ O +
+ `I =

< ~ K=
=
~O O
959. O
~O O
=
~O
+`=

(~ O ) O = (R~ O O ) ~ O O +
P O P~ Q
960. O
~ + ` =
U U ~
=

961. (~ O
O
)
P
O
=
~O ~O O
+`=

=
=
=
9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
=
962. = + ` =
=
963. = + ` =

237
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N
= O + ` =
O
964.
O Q
=
N
= + O + ` =
O
965.
O Q
=
N N P
= P + ` = P + ` =
P
966.
P NO Q
=
N N P
= P + ` = P + + ` =
P
967.
P NO Q
=

968. = = ~ O + ` =
=

969. = = ~ O + Q + ` =
=

970. O

= O = + ` =
=

971. O

= O = ~ + ` =
=
N
972. P

= P = O
+ ~ + ` =
O O O
=
N
973. P

= P = O
+ ~ + + ` =
O O O Q
=
N
974. = Q O + ` =

238
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N
= P + ` =
O
975.
P
=
N
= P + ` =
O
976.
P
=
N
O = Q + ` =
O
977.
U PO
=
978. ~ = + ` =
=
N
979. O

=

+ ` = + ` =
=
O
980. = ~ O + Q + ` =
=
~ = ~ + ` =
O
981.
=
982. = + ` =
=
N
983.
O

=

+ ` = + ` =
=
O
984. = ~ + + ` =
O
=
985. O = + ` =
=

986. = ~ + ` =

239
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N
987. O

=

+ ~ + + ` =
O Q
=
N
988. O

=

+ ~ + ` =
O
=

989. O
O
= ~ + ` =
=
( + ) ( )
990. = O( + ) +
O( )
+ ` I=

O O K=
=
( + ) ( )
991. = O( + )
O( )
+ ` I=

O O K=
=
( + ) ( )
992. = O( + ) +
O( )
+ ` I=

O O K=
=
993. ~ = + ` =
=
994. = + ` =
=
+N
= +`=

995.
+N
=
+N
996. =

+`=
+N
=

240
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

997. ~ = ~ + N O + ` =
=
998. ~ = ~ N O + ` =
=

~~ = ~~ O ( + N) + ` =
N O
999.
=
1000. ~ = ~ + ( O + N) + ` =
N
O
=
=
=
9.5 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
=
1001. = + ` =
=
1002. = + ` =
=
1003. ~ = + ` =
=
1004. = + ` =
=
1005. O = ~ + ` =
=
1006. O = + ` =
=
1007. ~ = + ` =
=

241
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1008. = + ` =
=
=
=
9.6 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
=
1009. = + ` =
=
~
1010. ~ =
+`=
~
=
~
1011. ~ = +`=
~
=
~
1012. ~ = O (~ N) + ` =
~
=
1013. = + ` =
=

1014. = + ` =
=
N
1015. = +N O
+`=
+ N ( + N)
=
~ ~
1016. ~ = +`=
~ O + O
=

242
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

~ + ~
1017. ~ = +`=
~ O + O
=
=
=
9.7 Reduction Formulas
=
N
1018. = N =

=

1019. =
( N) N N N
+ I= N K=

=
N N
1020. = N O =

=
O
1021.

=
( N) N O
N
I= N K=

=
N N
1022. = N + O =

=
O
1023.

= +
( N) N O
N
I= N K=

=
+N N
1024. =

=
+
N
+
+ O =
=
N +N
1025. = =
+

243
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N

+ O =
=
N
1026. ~ = ~ N + ~ O I= N K=
N
=
N
1027. = N + O I= N K=
N
=
O ~ O
1028. = + O I= N K=
N N
=
N N
1029. = N + O =

=
O
1030. = + I= N K=

( N) N O
N

=
N N
1031. = N + O =

=
O
1032. = + I= N K=
( N) N O
N

=
+N N
1033. = =
+
N
+
+ O =
=
N +N
1034. = =
+

244
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

N
+
+ O =
=
N
1035. ~ = ~ N ~ O I= N K=
N
=
N
1036. = N O I= N K=
N
=
O ~ O
1037. = + O I= N K=
N N
=
O O
1038. = + O I= N K=
N N
=
+N
1039. =
+N
N =
+N
=
N
1040. =
( N) N N
+ I= N K=

=
1041. = N =
=
1042. = N =
=
1043. = N =
=
1044. = + N =
=
1045. = N =

245
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

+N N +N
1046. N =
+ N N O
N =
+N
=
+N N +N
1047. N =
+ N N O
N + =
+N
=
+N N +N
1048. ~ N =
+ N N+ O
~ N =
+N
=

1049. = =
~ + ~ ~ ~ +
=
O~
1050. = =
(~ + + ) ( N)( Q~ )(~ O + + )N
O O

O(O P)~

( N)( Q~ ) (~ + + )N
O O
I= N K=

=
O P
1051. ( +~
O
)
O
=
O( N)~ O ( O + ~ )
O N
+
O( N)~ O ( O
+ ~O )
N
I

N K=
=

1052. ( O
~ )
O
=
O( N)~ O ( O ~ O )
N
=

O P
O
I= N K=
O( N)~ ( O ~ O )N
=
=
=
=
=

246
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

9.8 Definite Integral

=

a=~==~=W= ( ) I= ( ) I==
~ ~

o~=W= ( ) ==
=N
p~=~W= ==
^~W= c( ) I= d( ) ==
i==~W=~I=I=I==
=
=

1053. ( ) = ( )
I==

~ ~ M =N

== = N I== N K==
=

=
=
Figure 179.
=

247
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1054. N = ~ =
~

=

1055. ( ) = ( ) =
~ ~

=

1056. [ ( ) + ( )] = ( ) + ( ) =
~ ~ ~

=

1057. [ ( ) ( )] = ( ) ( ) =
~ ~ ~

=
~
1058. ( ) = M =
~

=
~
1059. ( ) = ( ) =
~

=

1060. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) == ~ < < K=
~ ~

=

1061. ( ) M == ( ) M == [~ I ] K=
~

=

1062. ( ) M == ( ) M == [~ I ] K=
~

=
=
=
=

248
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1063. c~~=q==`~=

( ) = c( ) = c() c(~ ) == c( ) = ( ) K=

~
~

=
1064. j==p==
f= = ( ) I===

( ) = (( ))( ) I==
~

=
= N (~ ) I= = N () K=
=
1065. f~==m~=

= ( ) ~ =

~ ~

=
1066. q~~=o=
~
N

~ ( ) = ( M ) + ( ) + O ( ) =
O =N
=

249
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 180.
=
1067. p=o==
~

~ ( ) = P [ ( M ) + Q ( N ) + O ( O ) + Q ( P ) + =
+ O ( Q ) + K + Q ( N ) + ( )] I==
==
~
= ~ + I= = MI NI OI KI K==

=

250
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 181.
=
1068. ^~=r=~=`=

p = ( ) = c() c(~ ) I==
~

= c( ) = ( ) K=
=

251
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 182.
=
1069. ^~=_=q=`=

p = [ ( ) ( )] = c() d() c(~ ) + d(~ ) I==
~

= c( ) = ( ) I= d( ) = ( ) K=
=

252
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 183.
=
=
=
9.9 Improper Integral
=

1070. q==~== ( ) ==~=~==~=
~

==
~====I=
( ) ==~===========
=======~= [~ I ] K=
=
1071. f= ( ) ==~==== [~ I ) I===

( ) = ( ) K=
~

~

253
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 184.
=
1072. f= ( ) ==~==== ( I ] I===

( ) = ( ) K=


=

=
=
Figure 185.

254
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

k=W=q==~==NMTNI=NMTO=~==
====~=~=X===~=~=
K=
=

1073. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) =

=
=
Figure 186.
=
f===~==I====~====

= ~= I= = = ~= ( ) = = ~=====

X====K=
=
1074. `~=q=
i== ( ) =~== ( ) ===========
~= [~ I ) K= p= ~= M ( ) ( ) = = ~= = =
[~I ) K=

255
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

f= ( ) ==I== ( ) ==~=
~ ~

=====I=

f= ( ) ==I== ( ) ==~=K=
~ ~

=
1075. ^=`=
=

f= ( ) ==I===~ ( ) ==~-
~ ~
=K===
=
1076. a=f~=
i= ( ) ==~=======~==
[~I ) ====~= = K=q==

( ) =
~
M + ( ) =
~

=
=
Figure 187.

256
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1077. i= ( ) ==~====~=~======
=~== [~ I ] ============ (~ I ) K=q=

( ) = ( ) + ( ) K=
~
M +
~
M +
+

=
=
Figure 188.
=
=
=
9.10 Double Integral
=
c===~~W= ( I ) I= (I ) I==
a=~W= ( I ) I= ( I ) I==
o o

( )

o~=W= I =
=N =N

p~=~W= I= =
o==~W=oI=p==
m~=~W= I= =

257
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

^~W=^=
p~=~~W=p=
s==~=W=s=
j~==~=~~W==
aW= ( I ) =
c=W= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= fM =
`~==~=~W=n=
`~=W= ( I ) =
`~====~W= I= =
^~==~=W= =
=
1078. a==a=f~=
q==~==~=~= [~I ] [I ] ===
===

( I )

( I )^ =
[~ I ][ I ]
~ M
I==
~ M =N =N

( )
= I ======~=
( )
( N I ) N I I=~= = N I= = N K=
=

=== =
Figure 189.

258
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

q==~==~=~==o===
( I )^ = ( I )^ I==
o [~ I ][ I ]
=~= [~I ] [I ] =~=oI==
( I ) = ( I ) == ( I ) ===o=~= ( I ) = M =K=
=

=
=
Figure 190.
=
1079. [ ( I ) + ( I )]^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^ =
o o o

=
1080. [ ( I ) ( I )]^ = ( I )^ ( I )^ =
o o o

=
1081. ( I )^ = ( I )^ I==
o o

===~=~K=
=
1082. f= ( I ) ( I ) ==oI== ( I )^ ( I )^ K=
o o

=
1083. f= ( I ) M ==o=~= p o I==

259
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

= ( I )^ ( I )^ K=
p o

=
=
Figure 191.
=
1084. f= ( I ) M ==o=~=o=~=p=~=-~=
I== ( I )^ = ( I )^ + ( I )^ K==
o p o p

e= o p =======o=~=pK=
=

=
=
Figure 192.
=
=

260
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1085. f~=f~=~=c=q=
( )

( I )^ = ( ) ( I ) ==
o ~

=~====fI==
o = {( I ) ~ I ( ) ( )} K=
=

=
=
Figure 193.
=
( )

( I )^ = ( I ) ==
o ( )

=~====ffI=
o = {( I ) ( ) ( )I } K=
=

261
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 194.
=
1086. a=f~==o~~=o=
=
f=o===~~== [~I ] [I ] I===




o ( I ) = ~
( I )
= ( I ) K==

~
=
f==~=~===~= ( I ) =~==-
=~= ( )( ) ==~==

o ( I ) = o ( )( ) =
( )
( ) K==

~
=
1087. `~==s~~=
( I )
( I ) = [ (I )I (I )] (I ) I==
o p

( I )
= = M = = ~~= = = ~-
(I )

~= ( I ) (I ) I=~=p===~==o==

262
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

~==== = (I ) I= = (I ) ===-
==oK==
=
1088. m~=`~=
= I= = K==
=

=
=
Figure 195.
=
1089. a=f~==m~=`~=
=
q=a~===m~=`~===
( I )
= = K==
(I )
=
i===o===~=W=
M () () I= I== O K==
q==
( )

( I ) = ( I ) K=
o ( )

263
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 196.
=
f===o===~=~====
M ~ I= I== O I===
==

( I ) = ( I ) K==
o ~

=
=
Figure 197.
=
=

264
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1090. ^~==~=o=
( )
^ = =E=~==f=FK=
~ ( )

=
=
Figure 198.
=
( )
^ = =E=~==ff=FK=
( )

=
=
Figure 199.
=
=

265
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1091. s==~=p=
s = ( I )^ K==
o
=

=
=
Figure 200.
=
f=o==~==f==== = ~ I= = I= = ( ) I=
= ( ) I===
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K==
o ~ ( )

=
f=o==~==ff==== = I= = I= = ( ) I=
= ( ) I==
( )
s = ( I )^ = ( I ) K==
o ( )

266
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

f== ( I ) ( I ) ====~====oI=========
= = = N = ( I ) = ~= O = ( I ) = = o= =
==
s = [ ( I ) ( I )]^ K==
o
=
1092. ^~=~=s==m~=`~=
f=p==~====-~=== = I= = I=
= () I= = () I==
==
( )

^ = ^ = I==
p ( )

s = (I ) K==
p
=

=
=
Figure 201.
=
1093. p~=^~=
O

O

p = N + + =
o
=

267
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1094. j~==~=i~~=
= ( I )^ I==
o

====~~====~====o=~======~=
~==EIF== ( I ) K===
=
1095. j=
q====~~=~===-~=====-
~=
j = ( I )^ K==
o

=
q====~~=~==-~==
j = ( I )^ K=
o

=
q===~=~==-~==
f = O( I )^ K==
o

=
q===~=~==-~==
f = O( I )^ K==
o

=
q=~===~==
fM = ( O + O )( I )^ K==
o

=
1096. `==j~=

j
N ( I )^
= = ( I )^ = o
I==
o ( I )^
o

268
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

j N ( I )^
= = ( I )^ = o
K==
o ( I )^
o
=
1097. `~==~=m~=
n = ( I )^ I==
o
=~=~====~==o=~==
~==~=~==EIF== ( I ) K===
=
1098. ^~==~=c=
N
= ( I )^ I==
po
= p = ^ K==
o
=
=
=
9.11 Triple Integral
=
c===~~W= ( I I ) I= ( I I ) I==
q=~W= ( I I )s I= ( I I )s I==
d d

( )

o~=W= I I =
=N =N =N

p~=~W= I= I= =
i==~W=~I=I=I=I=I==
o==~W=dI=qI=p==
`~=~W= I= I==
p~=~W= I= I= =
s==~=W=s=

269
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

j~==~=W===
aW= ( I I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= fM =
=
=
1099. a==q=f~=
q==~==~=~~= [~I ] [I ] [I ] =
=====

( I I )

( I I )s = I
~ M
[~ I ][ I ][ I ] ~ M =N =N =N
~ M

( )
= I I ======~~=
( )
( N I ) N I ( N I ) I=~= = N I=
= N I= = N K=
=
1100. [ ( I I ) + ( I I )]s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s
d d d
=
1101. [ ( I I ) ( I I )]s = ( I I )s ( I I )s
d d d
=
1102. ( I I )s = ( I I )s I==
d d
===~=~K=
=
1103. f== ( I I ) M =~=d=~=q=~=~=~=
I===
( I I )s = ( I I )s + ( I I )s K==
dq d q
e= d q =======d=~=qK=
=

270
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1104. b~~==q=f~==o~=f~=
f===d====== ( I I ) ==~=
= ( I ) oI N ( I ) O ( I ) I===
O ( I )
= ( I I ) = ( I I ) I==
d o N ( I )
=o====d===-~K=
=
f===d====== ( I I ) ==~=
~ I N ( ) O ( )I N ( I ) O ( I ) I===
O ( ) O ( I )
( I I ) = ( I I ) ==
~

d N ( ) N ( I )
=
1105. q=f~==m~~=
f=d==~=~~= [~ I ] [I ] [I ] I==



( I I ) =
( I I ) K==

d
~
=
f===~=~====~== ( I I ) ==~==
=~= ( ) ( ) ( ) ==~==

( I I ) =
( )
( ) ( ) K==

d ~
=
1106. `~==s~~=
( I I ) = =
d

( I I )
= [ (I I )I (I I )I (I I )] I =
p
(I I )

271
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

( I I )
== = M ======~~===
(I I )


= ~~= ( I I ) (I I ) I= ~= p= = = -
~= = d= = ~= = = = = (I I ) I=
= (I I ) =
= (I I ) =====dK=
= =
1107. q=f~==`~=`~=
q=~===~=~===
( I I )
= = K==
(I I )
=
i===d===~=W=
( I ) oI N ( I ) O ( I ) I=
=o====d===-~K=q==
( I I ) = ( I I ) =
d p
O ( I )

= (
( I )
I I ) K=
o ( I ) N
e=p===~==d==~=~K=
=
1108. q=f~==p~=`~=
q=a~===p~=`~===
( I I )
= = O ==
(I I )
=
( I I ) = =
d

272
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

========= = ( I I ) O I==
p

===p===~==d==~=-
~K=q=~== ==~====M=== O I====~== =
~==M== K==
=

======= =
=
Figure 202.
=
1109. s==~=p=
s = =
d
=
1110. s==`~=`~=
s = =
p ( I I )

=
1111. s==p~=`~=
s = O =
p ( I I )

273
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1112. j~==~=p=
= ( I I )s I==
d
= = = = ~= = d= ~= = = ~============
~== ( I I ) == ( I I ) K===
=
1113. `==j~==~=p=
j j j
= I= = I= = I==

==
j = ( I I ) s I==
d

j = ( I I ) s I==
d

j = ( I I ) s =
d
~========~====~=~= = M I=
= M I= = M I=I== ( I I ) ====K==
=
1114. j==f~=~====-~=E= = M FI=-~==
E = M FI=~=-~=E = M F=
f = O( I I ) s I==
d

f = O( I I ) s I==
d

f = O( I I ) s K==
d
=
1115. j==f~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I==
d

f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s I==
d

274
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

f = f + f = ( O + O )( I I ) s K==
d
=
1116. m~=j==f~=
fM = f + f + f = ( O + O + O )( I I ) s =
d
=
=
9.12 Line Integral
=
p~~=W= c( I I ) I= c( I ) I= ( ) =
p~~=~W= ( I I ) =
`W=`I= `N I= ` O =
i==~W=~I=I= I= =
m~~W=I==
m~=~W= I= =
r
s=W= c (mI nI o ) =
r
m=W= ( ) =
r r r r
r=W= I= I= I= =
^~==W=p=
i==~=W=i=
j~==~=W==
aW= ( I I ) I= ( I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f =
s==~=W=s=
tW=t=
r
j~=W= _ =
`W=f=
b=W= =
j~=W= =

275
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1117. i=f~==~=p~~=c=
r r
i=~==`======= = ( ) I=
M p I=~=~=~~==c======`K==
q==
p
r
c( ( )) = c( I I ) = c I==
M ` `
====~==~K==
=
1118. c = c + c =
`N ` O `N `O

=
=
Figure 203.
=
r r
1119. f====`==~~== = ( ) I=
I===

c( I I ) = c( ( )I ( )I ( )) ( ( )) + (( )) + (( )) K=
O O O

`
=
1120. f=`==~=====-~====~=
= ( ) I= ~ I===

c( I ) = c( I ( )) N + ( ( )) K==
O

` ~
=
1121. i=f~==p~~=c==m~=`~=

276
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O

` c( I ) = c( I ) + I==
O

===`=====~== EF K=
=
1122. i=f~==s=c=
r r
i=~==`======= = ( ) I=
M p K=q==
r
r
= = ( I I ) ==

======~====K==
=

=
=
Figure 204.
=
r
i= ~= = = c (mI nI o ) = = = = = = `K=
r
q===~===== c =~===
`===
p

m + n + o = (m + n + o ) K=
` M
=
=

277
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1123. m==i=f~==s=c=
( ) ( )
r r r r
c
`
= I==
c
`

=-`========~K=
=
(
r r
) r r
( ) (
r r r r
) (
c = c = c + c I== )
` `N ` O `N `O

=`======= `N =~= ` O K==

=
r
1124. f===`==~~== ( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I=
I===
m + n + o = =
`


= m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( ))


=
1125. f=`====-~=~====~= = ( ) I=
==


` m + n = ~ m( I ( )) + n( I ( )) K==
=
1126. d=q=
n m
o = ` m + n I==
r r r
= c = m( I ) + n( I ) = = ~= = = -
m n
======~~==~= I= ==~=

= ~= oI= = = = = ~= I= =
==`K==
=
=

278
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1127. ^~==~=o=o=_===`=`=
N
p = = =
o
O`
=
1128. m~=f==i=f~=
r r r r
q= = ~= = ~= = = c = m + n + o = =
~===~=I==~===mI=nI=~=o=~=
= = ~= ~= aI= ~= = = = = ~~=
== = ( I I ) ==E~==~~==~F====a===~=
r
c = ~ I== = m I= = n I= = o K==

q==
rr r
c( ) = m + n + o = (_) (^ ) K==
` `
=
1129. q==~=`~=c=
r
^====== c = ~ ==~=~=~=
r r r r
K=q==~==~=== c = m + n + o =
=~===~====
r r r

r r
c = = M K==

m n o
=
f===~==~==-~==~==
m + n = (_) (^ ) I==
`
======~====~=
~=======
m n
= K==

=

279
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1130. i==~=`=
r O O O

( ) = + + I=

i = =

`

=`=~=~=======-
r
== ( ) I= K=
=
f===`==-~I==
r O O

i = = ( ) = + K==

`

=
f===`===~==~== = ( ) ===-
~= (~ ) I===
O

i= N + K==
~
=
1131. i==~=`==m~=`~=
O

i = + O I==


===`=====~= = () I=
==~=~K===
=
1132. j~==~=t=
= ( I I ) I==
`

= ( I I ) ===~======K=
=
f=`==~==~~====
r
( ) = ( )I ( )I ( ) I======~==~======
=~=

280
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

O O O

= ( ( )I ( )I ( )) + + K==

=
f=`==~===-~I===~======
==
= ( I ) I=
`

=
O O

= ( ( )I ( )) + =E=~~=FK=

=
1133. `==j~==~=t=
j j j
= I= = I= = I=

==
j = ( I I ) I==
`

j = ( I I ) I==
`

j = ( I I ) K=
`

=
1134. j==f~=
q===~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
~====~=
f = ( O + O )( I I ) I==
`

f = ( O + O )( I I ) I==
`

f = ( O + O )( I I ) K==
`

281
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1135. ^~==~=o=_==~=`=`=
N
p = = = K==
` `
O`
=

=
=
Figure 205.
=
f====`====~~==
r
( ) = ( )I ( ) I===~~=~==~~===-
~=

N
p = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) K==


O
=
1136. s==~=p=c==o~=~=`=`=
~==-~=

s = O = O = O + O ==
` `
O`
=

282
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

=
=
Figure 206.
=
1137. t=
r
t===~== c ==~===~=~==
`======~=
r r
t = c I=
`
r r
= c ======~===I= ==
==~=K==

=
=
Figure 207.

283
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

f=====~=~==`===-~I==
r r
t = c = m + n I==
` `

=
f= ~= ~= `= = = = ~= ~~= = E= = ~=
FI==~==~~===


t = m( ( )I ( )I ( )) + n( ( )I ( )I ( )) + o( ( )I ( )I ( )) I


==== == K==
=
r
f= ~= = = c = = ~= ~= ( I I ) = = ~= ~~=
~= = = I= = = = = ~= = =
=^==_=~=====~=
t = (_ ) (^ ) K==
=
1138. ^=i~=
r r
= Mf K==
_
`
r
q==~==~=~== _ =~=~==~=
`= = ~= = = ~= = f= = = = ~~=
===~K==
=

=
Figure 208.

284
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1139. c~~~=i~=
r r
= b = =
`

=
q= = = EF= = = ~= ~= =
=`==~===~===~==~== =
~===K===
=

=
=
Figure 209.
=
=
=
9.13 Surface Integral
=
p~~=W= ( I I ) I= ( I ) =
r r
m=W= (I ) I= ( I I ) =
r r r
r=W= I= I= =
p~W=p=
r
s=W= c (mI nI o ) =
r r
a==~==W= c = c =

285
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

r r
`==~==W= c = c ==
r
s===~=~W= p =
r
k~==~W= =
p~=~~W=^=
j~==~=~W==
aW= ( I I ) =
`~====~W= I= I= =
c=W= j I= j I= j =
j==~W= f I= f I= f I= f I= f I= f =
s==~=W=s=
r
cW= c =
d~~~=~W=d=
rr
c=W= ( ) =
c=W= =
r
mW= ( ) =
j~=I==W= =
p~=~W=n=
`~=W= ( I ) =
r
j~====W= b =
=
=
1140. p~=f~==~=p~~=c=
i=~=~=p=======
r r r r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==
= (I ) = ~= = = ~= a(I ) = = = -
~K=
q==~==~====~==~~=== ( I I ) ==
=~=p===~==
r r

p ( I I )p = ( ( I )I ( I )I ( I )) I==
a( I )

r r

==~~=~= =~= =~====

286
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

r r r r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==

r r r r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) =

r r

~= ====K==

=
1141. f====~==p========~= = ( I ) ==
( I ) ====~==~======~= a( I ) I=
==
O

O

( I I )p = ( ) ( I I ( I ))
p a I
N + + K==

=
r
1142. p~=f~===s=c= c ===p~=p=
f=p===~I===
r r r r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
p p
r r r

====== = c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K==
a( I )
=
f=p===~I===
r r r r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
p p
r r r

====== = c( (I )I (I )I (I )) K==
a( I )
=
r r
p = p ====~========~K==a=
~= = = = ~~= = = = = = = = ~~= = K=
r r

q=~~=~= =~== =~====

287
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

r r r r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==

r r r r

= (I ) + (I ) + (I ) K==

=
1143. f====~==p=======~= = ( I ) I==
( I ) ====~==~=======~= a( I ) I=
==
f= p= = = ~I= KK= = -= = = =
~===I====
r r r r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p =
p p

r r r r
====== = c ( I I ) + I==
a( I )
=
f=p===~I=KK==-====
~===~I====
r r r r
===== c( I I ) p = c( I I ) p
p p

r r r r
====== = c( I I ) + K==
a( I )
=
(c )p = m + n + o =
r r
1144.
p p

= (m + n + o )p I==
p

= m( I I ) I= n( I I ) I= o( I I ) =~====
r
== = c K==
I= I= ==~== ~= ====
r
~== =~==-~I=-~I=~=-~I=-
K=
=

288
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1145. f==~=p====~~=====
r
( (I )I (I )I (I )) I======~=~=~==
=~==

m n o
( )
r r
p c p = m + n + o =
p

a( I )

I


= (I ) = ~= = = ~= a(I ) = = = -
~K=
=
1146. a=q=
( )
r r r
p
c p = d
c s I==

==
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I ) ===
==~==========mI==nI==~==o==~==
=~~=~I==
r m n o
c = + + ==

r r
======== c I==~==== c K==q===
=~==~==~=~==~==~==
~K==
=
1147. a=q==`~=c=
m n o
p m + n + o =
d


+

+

K==

=
1148. p=q=
( )
r r r r
`
c =
p
c p I==

289
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

==
r
c( I I ) = m( I I )I n( I I )I o( I I ) ===
==~=========mI==nI==~=o==~=
=~~=~I==
r r r

r o n r m o r n m r
c= = + +

m n o
r r
==== c I=~== c K==
q=== =~=~===~==~==
~==K==
=
1149. p=q==`~=c=
m + n + o =
`

o n m o n m
= + +
p

==
1150. p~=^~=
^ = p =
p

=
1151. f==~=p==~~=====
r r r r
(I ) = (I ) + (I ) + (I ) I==
==~=~~===
r r

^ = I==
a( I )

r
== a(I ) ======~=====~= (I ) ==
K==
=

290
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

1152. f=p======= ( I ) I======-

~=~~===
O

O

^ = N + + I==
a( I )
= a( I ) ======~=p===-
~K==
=
1153. j~==~=p~=
= ( I I )p I==
p

= ( I I ) = = = ~= = = ~~= = E= -
FK=
=
1154. `==j~==~=p=
j j j
= I= = I= = I==

==
j = ( I I )p I==
p

j = ( I I )p I==
p

j = ( I I )p =
p

~========~====~=~= = M I=
= M I= = M I==K== ( I I ) ====K=
=
1155. j==f~=~==-~=E= = M FI==-~==
E = M FI=~=-~=E = M F=
f = O( I I )p I==
p

f = O( I I )p I==
p

291
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

f = O( I I )p K=
p

=
1156. j==f~=~==-~I=-~I=~=-~=
f = ( O + O )( I I )p I==
p

f = ( O + O )( I I )p I==
p

f = ( O + O )( I I )p K==
p

=
1157. s==~=p=_==~=`=p~=
N
P
s= + + ==
p

=
1158. d~~~=c=
r r

c = d ( I I ) P p I=
p

===~=~=~=~== M I M I M ===~I==
r
= M I M I M I==
( I I ) ====I==
~=d==~~~=~K=
=
1159. m=c=
r r r
c = ( )p I==
p
r
==== ( ) ==~======~==p=====
r
=== K=
=
1160. c=c=E~==~=pF=
r r r
= ( ) p I==
p

292
 CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

r r
= ( ) ====K=
==
1161. j~=c=E~==~=pF=
r r r
= ( ) p I==
p
r r
= c = ====I= ====K=
=
1162. p~=`~=
n = ( I )p I==
p

= ( I ) ===~=~=K=
=
1163. d~=i~=
q====~==~==~=
==~=n====~=
r r n
= b p = I==
p
M
==
====I==
r
b ===~=====I=
c
M = UIUR NM NO =====~K==

=
=

293
 Chapter 10
Differential Equations
=
=
=
=
c===~~W=I=I=I=I=I=I=dI=eI=I===
^=E=~~FW=I==
c===~~W= ( I ) I= j( I ) I= k( I ) =

c==~W= I= I= & I= I==

Of
p==~W= I= && I= O I==

O
m~~=~W= I= O I==

k~~=W==
m~~=W= N I= =
o~=W=I=I=`I= `N I= ` O I=I=I= I= =
o===~~=~W= N I= O =
qW==
q~W=qI=p=
m~=W= m( ) ==
j~==~=W==
p==~=W==
a~===~==W==
^===~W=^=
cW= =
a~=W= =
m~=~===~W= =
^~=~W= =
m=W=i=

294
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

^~==~W==
`W=f=
o~W=o=
f~W=i=
`~~~W=`=
=
=
10.1 First Order Ordinary Differential
Equations
=
1164. i~=b~=

+ ( ) = ( ) K==

=
q=~====

=
( )( ) + ` I==
( )
==
( )
( ) = ( ) K=
=
1165. p~~=b~=

= ( I ) = ( )( ) =

=
q=~=====

( ) = ( ) + ` I==
=
e( ) = d( ) + ` K=
=
=
=

295
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1166. e=b~=

q= ~= ~= = ( I ) = = I= =

== ( I ) ==I=~===
( I ) = ( I ) K==
=

q== = =E= = F=~===~~=

~=

+ = (NI ) K==

=
1167. _=b~=

+ ( ) = ( ) K==

=
q== = N =~===~=~==

+ (N )( ) = (N )( ) K==

=
1168. o~=b~=

= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) O =

=
f=~=~~== N ==I===~=-
=~==~======
N
= I==~=====~=~==
N

= [( ) + O N( )] ( ) K==

=
=
=

296
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1169. b~=~=k~=b~=
q=~==
j( I ) + k( I ) = M ==
=~=~===
j k
= I==

~=~=K=
=
q=~====
j( I ) + k( I ) = ` K==
=
1170. o~~=a~=

= I==

= ( ) ===~==~~==~==I==
==~==~K==
=
q====
( ) = M I== M = (M) ===~=~K=
=
1171. k=i~==`=
q
= (q p ) I==

= q( ) ===~==~==~==I=p===
~= = = = I= = = ~= -
=~K==
=
q===
q( ) = p + (qM p) I==
= qM = q(M) = = = ~= ~= = = = ~=
= = M K==
=
=

297
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1172. m~=a~=Ei=jF=
m m
= m N I==
j
= m( ) ==~=~==I===~==~I=
j==~=====~K==
=
q====~=~===
jmM
m( ) = I== mM = m(M) ===~=-
mM + (j mM )
~=~== = M K===
=
=
=
10.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential
Equations
=
1173. e=i~=b~==`~=`==
+ + = M K==
q=~~=~===
O + + = M K==
=
f= N = ~= O = ~= = ~= = = = ~~=
~I===~====
= `N N + ` O O I===
`N =~= ` O =~=~=~K==
==

f= N = O = I===~====
O


= (`N + ` O ) O K==
=
f= N =~= O =~==W=

298
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

N = + I= O = I===
Q O
= I= = I==
O O
==~====
= (`N + ` O ) K==
=
1174. f=i~=b~==`~=======================
`==
+ + = ( ) K==
=
q=~======
= + I===
===~=~~=======~=
~= ===~====~~=-
=~=E====NNTPFK=
=
f====~====
( ) = (mN ( ) + mN ( ) ) I==
===~~== =====
= (oN ( ) + o O ( ) ) I==
= = ~= oN ( ) = ~= o O ( ) = ~= = = =
======K==
f= + ===~====~~=~I==

== = M I=
f= + ==~==I== = N I=

f= + ==~==I== = O K==

=
1175. a~=b~===j=
= ( I ) K==
p= = K=q===~=~=====
= ( I ) I==
==~===~=~K=

299
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1176. a~=b~===j=
= ( I ) K==
p= = K=p==

= = = I==

=~=

= ( I ) I==

==~===~=~K==
=
1177. c=r~=s~=
q===~=j~==~=p=====~-
==
&& + = M I==
==
===~===I=
======I=
==~===~==K=
=
q=~====
= ^ (M ) I==
==
^===~===~I=
O
M ===~~=I==== q = I=
M
==~=~===~K=
q==~=~===~=K==
=
1178. c=a~=s~=
&& + & + = M I===
===~=K==
q=~=P=~===~=W=
=

300
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

`~=NK O > Q =E~F=

( ) = ^ N + _ O I==
==
O Q + O Q
N = I= O = K==
O O
=
`~=OK= O = Q E~=~F=
( ) = (^ + _ ) I==
==

= K=
O
=
`~=PK= O < Q =E~F==


( ) = ^ ( ) I===

O

= Q O K==
=
1179. p=m=
O
+ = M I=
O i
= = = = ~~= ~I= i= = = =
I====~~==~K=
=
q=~===~=~= ===
i
( ) = ~ I==== q = O K==
i
=
1180. oi`=`=
Of f N
i O + o + f = s( ) = b M ( ) I=
`

301
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

=f=====~=oi`===~=~=~=
= s( ) = b M ( ) K===
=
q=~====
f( ) = `N N + ` O O + ^ ( ) I=
==
Qi
o oO
NI O = ` I==
Oi
b M
^= I==
O
O N
i + o
O O

`
i N
= ~~ I==
o o`
`N I= ` O =~=~===~=K=
=
=
=
10.3. Some Partial Differential Equations
=
1181. q=i~~=b~=
O O
+ = M=
O O
~==~=== ( I ) ====~==-
~= = = = = -~K= m~~= ~= ~-
====~=~=K==
=
1182. q=e~=b~=
O O
+ = =
O O

302
 CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

~= = = ~= = ( I ) = = = -
~==~==~====~=~~===
K=q=~====~=~=~~K==
=
1183. q=t~=b~=
O O O
+ = =
O O O
~===~= ( I ) ==~=~=
~= = ~= K= q= ~= = = = ~=
~=K==
=
=

303
 Chapter 11
Series
=
=
=
=
11.1 Arithmetic Series
=
f~=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
a===W==
k=====W==
p=====W= p =
=
=
1184. ~ = ~ N + = ~ O + O = K = ~N + ( N) =
=
1185. ~N + ~ = ~ O + ~ N = K = ~ + ~ +N =
=
~ +~
1186. ~ = N +N =
O
=
~ +~ O~ + ( N)
1187. p = N = N =
O O
=
=
=
=
=

304
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

11.2 Geometric Series

=
f~=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
`=~W==
k=====W==
p=====W= p =
p==W=p=
=
=
1188. ~ = ~ N = ~N N =
=
1189. ~N ~ = ~ O ~ N = K = ~ ~ +N =
=
1190. ~ = ~ N ~ +N =
=
~ ~N ~N ( N)
1191. p = = =
N N
=
~
1192. p = p = N =
N
c= < N I===p==~= K=
=
=
=
11.3 Some Finite Series
=
k=====W==
=
=

305
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

( + N)
1193. N + O + P + K + = =
O
=
1194. O + Q + S + K + O = ( + N) =
=
1195. N + P + R + K + (O N) = O =
=
(O + N)
1196. + ( + N) + ( + O) + K + ( + N) = =
O
=
( + N)(O + N)
1197. NO + OO + PO + K + O = =
S
=
( + N)
O

1198. NP + OP + PP + K + P = =
O
=
(Q O N)
1199. N + P + R + K + (O N) =
O O O O
=
P
=
1200. NP + PP + RP + K + (O N) = O (O O N) =
P

=
N N N N
1201. N + + + + K + + K = O =
O Q U O
=
N N N N
1202. + + +K+ +K = N=
N O O P P Q ( + N)
=
N N N N
1203. N + + + + K + +K = =
N> O> P> ( N)>
=
=
=

306
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

11.4 Infinite Series

=
pW= {~ }=
c=W= ~N =
k=W= ~ =
=
=
1204. f=p=

~
=N
= ~N + ~ O + K + ~ + K =

=
1205. k=m~~=p=

p = ~ = ~N + ~ O + K + ~ =
=N
=
1206. `==f=p=

~
=N
= i I== p = i =

=
1207. k=q=q=

f=== ~ =I== ~ = M K==

=N
f= ~ M I=====K=

=
=
=
11.5 Properties of Convergent Series
=

`=pW= ~ = ^ I= = _ =
=N =N
o~=W==

307
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

1208. (~ + ) = ~ + = ^ + _ =
=N =N =N
=

1209. ~
=N
= ~ = ^ K==
=N
=
=
=
11.6 Convergence Tests
=
1210. q=`~=q=

i= ~ =~= ====~= M < ~ ==~=K==
=N =N

f= === ~ =~=K==
=N =N

f= ~ === =~=K=
=N =N
=
1211. q=i=`~=q=

i= ~ =~= ====~= ~ =~= =~=-
=N =N
==~=K==

~
f= M < < = = ~ = ~= ~= = =

=N =N

===K=

~
f= = M == ==~= ~ ==

=N =N

~=K=

308
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

~
f= = == ==~= ~ ==

=N =N

~=K=
=
1212. -=

N
-=
=== > N =~===
=N
M < N K=
=
1213. q=f~=q=
i= ( ) = = ~= = = = I= I= ~=
~==~= N K=q===

() = (N) + (O) + (P) + K + () + K =

=N

== ( ) I=~===
N

( ) =~= K=
N
=
1214. q=o~=q=

i= ~ ==~====K=
=N

~ +N
f= < N == ~ =K=
~
=N

~ +N
f= > N == ~ ==K=
~
=N

~
f= +N = N = = ~ = ~= = = = ~=
~
=N

= ~= = = X= = = = = =
K==
=

309
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

1215. q=o=q=

i= ~ ==~====K=
=N

f= ~ < N == ~ ==K=

=N

f= ~ > N == ~ ==K=

=N

f= ~ = N == ~ =~===I==

=N
==~==~===K=
=
=
=
11.7 Alternating Series
=
1216. q=^~=p=q=Ei=qF=
=
i= {~ }==~======~=
~ +N < ~ ==~=K=
~ = M K==


q= = ~~= = ( N) ~
=N

= ~= ( N)
=N
N
~ =

=K====
=
1217. ^=`=

^= = ~
=N
= = ~= = = = =

~ =N
==K==

310
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

f=== ~ =~=====-
=N
K=
=
1218. `~=`=

^= = ~
=N
= ~= = = = = =

====~=K=
=
=
=
11.8 Power Series
=
o~=W=I= M =

m=W= ~ I= ~ ( M ) =

=M =M
t=W==
o~==`W=o=
=
1219. m=p===

~
=M
= ~ M + ~N + ~ O O + K + ~ + K =

=
1220. m=p== ( M ) =

~ ( )
=M
M

= ~ M + ~ N ( M ) + ~ O ( M ) + K + ~ ( M ) + K
O

=
1221. f~==`===
q====~=======

( ) = ~ ( M ) ====~====~==

=M
K=

311
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

1222. o~==`=
f==~===== ( M oI M + o ) =====
o M I==o==~===~==K==f===
~=
N ~
o = == o = K==
~ ~
+N

=
=
=
11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power
Series
=
`=W= ( ) =

m=W= ~ =
=M
t=W==
o~==`W=o=
=
=
1223. a~==m=p=

i= ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K == < o K==
=M

qI= = = < o I= ( ) = = I= = ~= ( ) =
=~=

( ) = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K =


= ~N + O~ O + P~ P O + K = ~ N K=
=N
=
=
=

312
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

1224. f~==m=p=

i= ( ) = ~ = ~ M + ~ N + ~ O O + K == < o K==
=M

qI=== < o I===~= ( ) =~==

( ) = ~ + ~ + ~ + K =
O
M N O

O P
+N
= ~ M + ~N + ~O + K = ~ + ` K=
O P =M +N
=
=
=
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
=
t=W==
a~=W= ( ) =
o~=W= o =
=
=
1225. q~=p=

( ) = ( ) (~ )
( ~ ) = (~ ) + (~ )( ~ ) + (~ )( ~ )O + K
=M > O>
( ) (~ )( ~ )

== + + o K==
>
=
1226. q=o~=^=HN=q=====
( +N) ( )( ~ )
+N
o = I=== ~ < < K=
( + N)>
=
1227. j~~=p=

313
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

(M) O ( ) (M )
( ) = ( ) (M ) = (M) + (M) + +K+ + o
=M > O> >
=
=
=
=
11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some
Functions
=
t=W==
o~=W==
=
=
O P
1228. = N + + + +K+ + K=
O> P> >
=
~ ( ~ ) ( ~ ) ( ~ ) + K =
O P
1229. ~ = N + + + +K+
N> O> P> >
=
O P Q
1230. (N + ) = + + K +
( N) +N

K I= N < N K=
O P Q +N
=
N+ P R T
1231. = O + + + + K I= < N K=
N P R T
=
N N N P N N R
1232. = O + + K I= > M K=
+ N P + N R + N
=
O Q S
1233. = N + + K +
( N) O K =
O> Q> S> (O )>
=

314
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

P R T
1234. = + + K +
( N) O+N K =

P> R> T> (O + N)>

=
P O R NT T SO V
1235. ~ = + + + + + K I= < K=
P NR PNR OUPR O
=
N P O R O T
1236. = + + + + K I= < K=
P QR VQR QTOR
=
P N P R N P RK (O N) O +N
1237. ~ = + + +K+ + K I=
OP O Q R O Q SK (O )(O + N)
< N K=
=
P N P R N P RK (O N) O +N
1238. ~ = + + +K+ + KI
O OP OQ R O Q SK (O )(O + N)
< N K=
=
1239. ~~ =
P R T
+ +K+
( N) O+N K I= N K=

P R T O + N
=
O Q S O
1240. = N + + + +K+ + K=
O> Q> S> (O )>
=
P R T O +N
1241. = + + + +K+ + K=
P> R> T> (O + N)>
=
=
=
=
=

315
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

11.12 Binomial Series

=
t=W=I==
o~=W==
`~W= ` =
=
=
1242. (N + ) = N + `N + ` O O + K + ` + K + =

=
( N)K[ ( N)]
1243. ` = I= < N K=
>
=
N
1244. = N + O P + K I= < N K=
N+
=
N
1245. = N + + O + P + K I= < N K=
N
=
O N P P N P R Q
1246. N + = N + + + K I= N K=
O OQ OQ S OQ SU
=
N O O N O R P N O R U Q
1247. P N + = N + + + K I= N K=
P PS PSV P S V NO
=
=
=
11.13 Fourier Series
=
f~=W= ( ) =
c=W= ~ M I= ~ I= =
t=W===

316
 CHAPTER 11. SERIES

~
1248. ( ) = M + (~ + ) =
O =N
=

N
1249. ~ = ( ) ==

=

N
( ) ==

1250. =

=
=

317
 Chapter 12
Probability
=
=
=
=
12.1 Permutations and Combinations
=
m~W= m =
`~W= ` =
t=W=I==
=
=
1251. c~~=
> = N O PK( O)( N) =
M> = N =
=
1252. m = > =
=
>
1253. m = =
( )>
=
1254. _~=`=
>

` = = =
> ( )>
=
1255. ` = ` =
=
1256. ` + ` +N = +N ` +N =
=

318
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

1257. ` M + `N + ` O + K + ` = O =
=
1258. m~~=q~=
=
o=M= = = = = = = N= = = = = = =
o=N= = = = = = N= = N= = = = = =
o=O= = = = = N= = O= = N= = = = =
o=P= = = = N= = P= = P= = N= = = =
o=Q= = = N= = Q= = S= = Q= = N= = =
o=R= = N= = R= = NM= = NM= = R= = N= =
o=S= N= = S= = NR= = OM= = NR= = S= = N=
=
=
=
12.2 Probability Formulas
=
bW=^I=_=
m~W=m=
o~=~~W=uI=vI=w=
s~==~=~~W=I=I==
b=~==uW= =
^==~=W= ==
p~~=~W= =
s~~W= O =
a=W= ( ) I= ( ) =
=
=
1259. m~==~=b=

m(^ ) = I==

==
=======I==
===~====K=
=

319
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

1260. o~==m~=s~=
M m(^ ) N =
=
1261. `~=b=
m( ^ ) = N =
=
1262. f=b=
m( ^ ) = M =
=
1263. `=
m(^ ) = N m(^ ) =
=
1264. f=b=
m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) I==
m(_ L ^ ) = m(_ ) =
=
1265. ^=o==f=b=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) =
=
1266. j~=o==f=b=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ ) =
=
1267. d~=^=o=
m(^ _ ) = m(^ ) + m(_ ) m(^ _ ) I==
==
^ _ ======^=~=_I==
^ _ ======^=~=_K=
=
1268. `~=m~=
m(^ _ )
m( ^ L _ ) = =
m(_ )
=
1269. m(^ _ ) = m(_ ) m(^ L _ ) = m(^ ) m(_ L ^ ) =

320
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

1270. i~==q~=m~=

m(^ ) = m(_ )m(^ L _ ) I==
=N
= _ ==~===~==K==
=
1271. _~=q=
m(^ L _ ) m(_ )
m(_ L ^ ) = =
m(^ )
=
1272. _~=c~=
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
m(_ L ^ ) = I==
m(_ ) m(^ L _ )
=N
==
_ ==~===~===EFI=
^ ===~=I==
m(_ ) =~===~I=
m(_ L ^ ) =~===~K=
=
1273. i~==i~=k=
p
m M =~= I==

p
m < N =~= I==

==
p =====~=~~I=
======K=
=
1274. `=f~=
s(u )
m( u ) O I==

= s(u ) ===~~==uK=

321
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

1275. k~=a=c=
( ) O
N
( ) =
O
O I==
O
===~=~~=K=
=
1276. p~~=k~=a=c=
O
N O
( ) = =
O
^~=~= = M I=~= = N K=
=

===== =
=
Figure 210.
=
1277. p~~=w=s~=
u
w= =

=
1278. `~=k~=a=c=
( ) O
N
c( ) = OO
I==
O

322
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

==
==~=~~=I==
==~=~~==~K=
=

1279. m( < u < ) = c c I=

=
u==~==~=~~I=
c==~=~==I==
m( < u < ) ==~=~K=
=

1280. m( u < ) = Oc I==

==
u==~==~=~~I=
c==~=~==K=
=
1281. `~=a=c=

c( ) = m(u < ) = ( ) I==

===~=~~==~K=
=
1282. _=q~=m=
= = I= O = I==
==
==~===I==
===~====~=I=
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1283. _~=a=c=======

(I I ) = I==

323
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

= I= O = I=
( ) = ( + ) I==

==
=====~==I=
===~==I=
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1284. d=a=
m(q = ) = N I==
N
= I= O = O I==

==
q========I=
====I=
===~=~=~====I==
===~==~I= = N K=
=
1285. m=a=

m(u = ) I= = I==
>
= I= = I==
O

==
===~==I=
======K=
=
1286. a=c==

m(~ u ) = ( ) ==
~
=
1287. `=r=a=
N ~+
= I= = I==
~ O

324
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

=====K=
=
1288. b~=a=c=
( ) = I= = I= O = O =
===I= ===~=~K=
=
1289. b~=a=c=
c( ) = N I==
===I= ===~=~K=
=
1290. b=s~==a=o~=s~~=

= b(u ) = I==
=N
= ==~=~~=I= ===~K=
=
1291. b=s~==`=o~=s~~=

= b(u ) = ( ) ==

=
1292. m==b~=
b(u + v ) = b(u ) + b(v ) I==
b(u v ) = b(u ) b(v ) I=
b(u ) = b(u ) I==
b(uv ) = b(u ) b(v ) I==
===~=~K=
=
1293. b(u O ) = s(u ) + O I==
==
= b(u ) ====~I===
s(u ) ===~~K=
=
=
=

325
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

1294. j~=f~=
b(u )
m(u > ) I==

====~K=
=
1295. s~~==a=o~=s~~=
[ ]

O = s(u ) = b (u ) = ( ) I==
O O

=N
==
==~=~~=I=
===~K=
=
1296. s~~==`=o~=s~~=
[ ] ( ) ( ) ==

= s(u ) = b (u ) =
O O O

=
1297. m==s~~=
s(u + v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I==
s(u v ) = s(u ) + s(v ) I=
s(u + ) = s(u ) I=
s(u ) = O s(u ) I=
===~=~K=
=
1298. p~~=a~=
[
a(u ) = s(u ) = b (u ) =
O
]
=
1299. `~~=
(uI v ) = b[(u (u ))(v (v ))] = b(uv ) (u )(v ) I==
==
u ==~=~~I==
s(u ) ===~~==uI==
====~==u==vK=

326
 CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY

=
1300. `~=
(uI v )
(uI v ) = I==
s(u )s(v )
==
s(u ) ===~~==uI==
s(v ) ===~~==vK=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

327