GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS MISSILE?

The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send". They are
basically rockets which are meant for destructive purposes only. Rocket-powered missiles are
known as rockets if they lack post-launch guidance or missiles or guided missiles if they are able
to continue tracking a target after launch. Cruise missiles typically use some form of jet engine
for propulsion.

Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering destructive force (usually in the form
of an explosive warhead) upon a target. Aside from explosives, other possible types of
destructive missile payloads are various forms of chemical or biological agents, nuclear
warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the missile destroys the target by the force of striking
it at high speed). Sometimes missiles are used to deliver payloads designed to break
infrastructure without harming people. For example, in the Persian Gulf War cruise missiles were
used to deliver reels of carbon filament to electricity stations and switches, effectively disabling
them by forming short circuits. Missiles which spend most of their trajectory in un-powered
flight, and which don't use aerodynamics to alter their course, are known as ballistic missiles
(because their motion is largely governed by the laws of ballistics). These are in contrast to
cruise missiles, which spend most of their trajectory in powered flight.

1.2. MISSILE COMPONENTS

Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections are

carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly. The

major components of a missile are:

The guidance and control section

The target detector section
The rocket motor section.
Armament Section

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 1

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Propulsion Section

Target detection: The target detector (TD) is a narrow-beam, active-optical, proximity fuse
system.The purpose of the TD is to detect the presence of an air target within the burst range of
the missilewarhead and generate an electrical firing signal to the S&A device. They detect the
presence of atarget and determine the moment of firing. When subjected to the proper target
influence, both as tomagnitude and change rate, the device sends an electrical impulse to trigger
the firing systems.

Rocket motoring section: The rocket motor consists of components that propel and stabilize the
rocket in flight. Not all rocket motors are identical, but they do have certain common
components. These components are the motor tube, propellant, inhibitors, stabilizing rod, igniter,
and nozzle and fin assembly. The motor tube supports the other components of the rocket.
Presently, all motor tubes are aluminum. The forward end contains the head closure and threaded
portion for attachment of the warhead. The center portion of the motor tube contains the
propellant. The section is the combustion chamber and contains the igniter, propellant grain,
stabilizing rod, and associated hardware. The nozzle and fin assembly attaches to the aft end by a
lock wire in a grove inside the tube. The aft end of the motor tube is threaded internally to accept
the nozzle and fin assembly.

Armament section: The armament system contains the payload (explosives) and fusing.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 2

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Fig.1.1. components of a missile

Warhead: The warhead is an annular blast fragmentation warhead that consists of a case
assembly, two booster plates, an initiator, high explosive, and fragmentation rods. Detonation of
the booster pellets placed inside the warhead system produces high explosion, causing warhead
detonation.

Fusing: The fusing and firing system is normally located in or next to the missile's warhead
section. It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to function in
proper relation to the target. There are two general types of fuzes used in guided missiles
proximity fuzes and contact fuzes.

Propulsion Section: Guided missiles use some form of jet power for propulsion. There are two
basic types of jet propulsion power plants used in missile propulsion systemsthe atmospheric
(air breathing) jet and the thermal jet propulsion systems. The basic difference between the two
systems is that the atmospheric jet engine depends on the atmosphere to supply the oxygen
necessary to start and sustain burning of the fuel. The thermal jet engine operates independently

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 3

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

of the atmosphere by starting and sustaining combustion with its own supply of oxygen
contained within the missile.

1.3. TYPES OF MISSILES

1. Surface to Surface

V-1 & V-2 land based.

Land based strategic missile.
Sea based strategical missile.
Cruise missile.

2. Air Launched Missile

3. Surface to Air Missile

1.4. INTRODUCTION TO MISSILE GUIDANCE

Guided missile systems have evolved at a tremendous rate over the past four decades, and
recent breakthroughs in technology ensure that smart warheads will have an increasing role in
maintaining our military superiority. On ethical grounds, one prays that each warhead deployed
during a sortie will strike only its intended target and those innocent civilians will not be harmed
by a misfire. From a tactical standpoint, our military desires weaponry that is reliable and
effective, inflicting maximal damage on valid military targets and ensuring our capacity for
lighting fast strikes with pinpoint accuracy. Guided missiles systems help fulfill all of these
demands.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 4

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 2
CONCEPT OF MISSILE GUIDANCE
Missile guidance concerns the method by which the missile receives its commands to
move along a certain path to reach a target. On some missiles, these commands are generated
internally by the missile computer autopilot. On others, the commands are transmitted to the
missile by some external source.

Fig.2.1. concept of missile guidance

The missile sensor or seeker, on the other hand, is a component within a missile that
generates data fed into the missile computer. This data is processed by the computer and used to
generate guidance commands. Sensor types commonly used today include infrared, radar, and
the global positioning system. Based on the relative position between the missile and the target at
any given point in flight, the computer autopilot sends commands to the control surfaces to
adjust the missiles course.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 5

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 3
TYPES OF MISSILE GUIDANCE
Many of the early guidance systems used in missiles where based on gyroscope models.
Many of these models used magnets in their gyroscope to increase the sensitivity of the
navigational array. In modern day warfare, the inertial measurements of the missile are still
controlled by a gyroscope in one form or another, but the method by which the missile
approaches the target bears a technological edge. On the battlefield of today, guided missiles are
guided to or acquire their targets by using:

Radar signal
Wires
Lasers (or)
Most recently GPS

3.1. MISSILE GUIDANCE USING RADAR SIGNAL

Many machines used in battle, such as tanks, planes, etc. and targets, such as buildings,
hangers, launch pads, etc. have a specific signature when a radar wave is reflected off of it.
Guided missiles that use radar signatures to acquire their targets are programmed with the
specific signature to home in on. Once the missile is launched, it then uses its onboard
navigational array to home in on the preprogrammed radar signature. Most radar guided missiles
are very successful in acquiring their targets; however, these missiles need a source to pump out
radar signals so that they can acquire their target. The major problem with these missiles in
todays battlefield is that the countermeasures used against these missiles work on the same
principles that these missiles operate under. The countermeasures home in on the radar signal
source and destroy the antenna array, which essential shuts down the radar source, and hence the
radar guided missiles cannot acquire their targets.

3.2. MISSILE GUIDANCE USING WIRES

Wire guided missiles do not see the target. Once the missile is launched, the missile
proceeds in a linear direction from the launch vehicle. Miles of small, fine wire are wound in the
tail section of the missile and unwind as the missile travels to the target. Along this wire, the

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 6

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

gunner sends navigational signals directing the missile to the target. If for some reason the wire
breaks, the missile will never acquire the target. Wire guided missiles carry no instrument array
that would allow them to acquire a target. One strong downside to wire guided missiles is the
fact that the vehicle from which the missile is fired must stay out in the open to guide the missile
to its target. This leaves the launch vehicle vulnerable to attack, which on the battlefield one
wants to avoid at all costs.

3.3. MISSILE GUIDANCE USING LASERS

In modern day weaponry the buzzwords are fire and forget. Under this principle many
modern day laser weapons were designed. Laser guided missiles use a laser of a certain
frequency bandwidth to acquire their target. The gunner sights the target using a laser; this is
called painting the target. When the missile is launched it uses its onboard instrumentation to
look for the heat signature created by the laser on the target. Once the missile locates the heat
signature, the target is acquired, and the missile will home in on the target even if the target is
moving. Despite the much publicized success of laser guided missiles, laser guided weapons are
no good in the rain or in weather conditions where there is sufficient cloud cover. To overcome
the shortcomings of laser guided missiles presented in unsuitable atmospheric conditions and
radar guided missiles entered GPS as a method of navigating the missile to the target. So, before
going to GPS guided missile we will have an introduction to GPS.

CHAPTER 4

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 7

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is the only system today able to show
us our exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, anywhere. GPS satellites, 24 in all,
orbit at11, 000 nautical miles above the Earth. Ground stations located worldwide continuously
monitor them. The satellites transmit signals that can be detected by anyone with a GPS receiver.
Using the receiver, you can determine your location with great precision.

4.1. GPS SEGMENTS

The Global Positioning System is comprised of three segments: satellite constellation,

ground control/monitoring network and user receiving equipment. Formal GPS Joint Program
Office (JPO) programmatic terms for these components are space, operational control and user
equipment segments, respectively.

1. The satellite constellation contains the satellites in orbit that provide the ranging signals and
data messages to the user equipment.

2. The operational control segment (OCS) tracks and maintains the satellites in space. The OCS
monitors satellite health and signal integrity and maintains the orbital configuration of the
satellites. Furthermore, the OCS updates the satellite clock corrections and ephemerides as
well as numerous other parameters essential to determining user position, velocity, and time
(PVT).

3. Lastly, the user receiver equipment performs the navigation, timing or other related functions
(e.g. surveying).

4.1.1. GPS SATELLITE CONSTELLATIONS

The satellite constellation consists of the nominal 24-satellite constellation (the first was

launched in 1978 and the 24th in 1994). They transmit signals (at 1575.42 MHz) that can be
detected by receivers on the ground. The satellites are positioned in six Earth-centered orbital

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 8

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

planes with four satellites in each plane. This means that signals from six of them can be
received 100 percent of the time at any point on earth. The nominal orbital period of a GPS
satellite is one half of a sidereal day or 11 hr. 58 min. The orbits are nearly circular and equally
spaced about the equator at a 60 degree separation with an inclination relative to the equator of
nominally 55 degrees. The orbital radius is approximately 26,600 km (i.e., distance from
satellite to center of mass of the earth).
GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS
uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. A GPS signal contains three different
bits of information a pseudo-random code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudo-
random code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information.
Several different notations are used to refer to the satellites in their orbits. One particular
notation assigns a letter to each orbital plane (i.e., A, B, C, D, E, and F) with each satellite within
a plane assigned a number from 1 to 4. Thus, a satellite referenced as B3 refers to satellite
number 3 in orbital plane B. A second notation used is a NAVSTAR satellite number assigned by
the U.S. Air Force. This notation is in the form of a space vehicle number (SVN) 11 to refer to
NAVSTAR satellite 11.

4.1.2. Operational Control Segment (OCS)

The OCS has responsibility for maintaining the satellites and their proper functioning.
This includes maintaining the satellites in their proper orbital positions (called station keeping)
and monitoring satellite subsystem health and status. The OCS also monitors the satellite solar
arrays, battery power levels, and propellant levels used for maneuvers and activate spare
satellites. The overall structure of the operational ground/control segment is as follows: Remote
monitor stations constantly track and gather C/A and P(Y) code from the satellites and transmit
this data to the Master Control Station, which is located at Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado
Springs. There is also the ground uplink antenna facility, which provides the means of
commanding and controlling the satellites and uploading the navigation messages and other data.
The unmanned ground monitor stations are located in Hawaii, Kwajalein in the Pacific Ocean,
and Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, Ascension Island in the Atlantic and Colorado Springs,
Continental United States. Ground antennas are located in these areas also. These locations have
been selected to maximize satellite coverage.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 9

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Fig.2.1. Location of GPS ground stations

4.1.3. User Receiving Equipment

The user receiving equipment, typically referred to as a GPS receiver, processes the L-
band signals transmitted from the satellites to determine PVT. There has been a significant
evolution in the technology of GPS receiving sets since they were initially manufactured in the
mid-70s. Initially, they were large, bulky and heavy analog devices primarily used for military
purposes. With todays technology, a GPS receiver of comparable or more capability typically
weighs a few pounds or ounces, and occupies a small volume. The smallest of todays are those of
a wrist watch size, while the largest is a naval shipboard unit (weighing about 32 kgs). The basic
structure of a receiver is the antenna, the receiver and processor, the display and a regulated dc
power supply. These receivers can be mounted in ships, planes and cars, and provide exact
position information, regardless of weather conditions.

4.2. GPS OPERATION

The basic idea behind GPS is to use satellites in space as reference points for locations on
earth. With GPS, signals from the satellites arrive at the exact position of the user and are
triangulated. This triangulation is the key behind accurate location determining and is achieved
through several steps.
4.2.1. DETERMINING YOUR POSITION
Suppose we measure our distance from a satellite and find it to be 11,000 miles (how it is

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 10

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

measured is covered later). Knowing that we're 11,000 miles from a particular satellite narrows
down all the possible locations we could be in the whole universe to the surface of a sphere that
is centered on this satellite and has a radius of 11,000 miles. Next, say we measure our distance
to a second satellite and find out that it's 12,000 miles away. That tells us that we're not only on
the first sphere but we're also on a sphere that's 12,000 miles from the second satellite, i.e.
somewhere on the circle where these two spheres intersect. If we then make a measurement from
a third satellite and find that we're 13,000 miles from that one, which narrows our position down
even further, to the two points where the 13,000 mile sphere cuts through the circle that's the
intersection of the first two spheres.

Fig.4.1. the two possible locations

So by ranging from three satellites we can narrow our position to just two points in space. To
decide which one is our true location we could make a fourth measurement. But usually one of
the two points is a ridiculous answer (either too far from Earth or moving at an impossible
velocity) and therefore can be rejected without a measurement.

4.2.2. Measuring Your Distance

How the satellites actually measure the distance is quite different from determining your
position and essentially involves using the travel time of a radio message from the satellite to a
ground receiver. To make the measurement we assume that both the satellite and our receiver are
generating the same pseudo-random code at exactly the same time. This pseudo-random code is a
digital code unique to each satellite, designed to be complex enough to ensure that the receiver

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 11

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

doesn't accidentally sync up to some other signal. Since each satellite has its own unique Pseudo-
Random Code this complexity also guarantees that the receiver won't accidentally pick up
another satellite's signal. So all the satellites can use the same frequency without jamming each
other and it makes it more difficult for a hostile force to jam the system, as well as giving the
DOD a way to control access to the system. By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random
code appears compared to our receiver's code, we determine how long it took to reach us.
Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you obtain the distance between the receiver
and the satellite. However this calls for precise timing to determine the interval between the code
being generated at the receiver and received from space. On the satellite side, timing is almost
perfect due to their atomic clocks installed within each satellite. However as it would be
extremely uneconomical for receiver to use atomic clocks a different method must be found.
GPS solves this problem by using an extra satellite measurement for the following
reason: If our receiver's clocks were perfect, then all our satellite ranges would intersect at a
single point our position. But with imperfect clocks, a fourth measurement will not intersect
with the first three satellite ranges. So the receiver's computer will then calculate a single
correction factor that it can subtract from all its timing measurements that would cause them all
to intersect at a single point. That correction brings the receiver's clock back into sync with
universal time, ensuring (once the correction is applied to all the rest of the receivers
measurements) precise positioning.

4.2.3. Error Correction

As would be expected, a variety of different errors can occur within the system, some of
which are natural, whilst others are artificial. First of all, a basic assumption, the speed of light, is
not constant as this value changes as the satellite signals travel through the atmosphere. As a
GPS signal passes through the charged particles of the ionosphere and then through the water
vapor of the troposphere it gets slowed down, and this creates the same kind of error as bad
clocks. This problem is tackled by attempting to use modeling of the atmospheric conditions of
the day, and using dual-frequency measurement, i.e. comparing the relative speeds of two
different signals. Another problem is multipath error; this is when the signal may bounce off
various local obstructions before it gets to our receiver. Sophisticated signal rejection techniques
are used to minimize this problem.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 12

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

There are also potential problems at the satellites. Minute time differences can occur
within the onboard atomic clocks, and sometimes position (ephemeris) errors can occur. These
other errors can be magnified by a high GDOP "Geometric Dilution of Precision" This is where a
receiver picks satellites that are close together in the sky, meaning the intersecting circles that
define a position will cross at very shallow angles. That increases the grey area or error margin
around a position. If the receiver picks satellites that are widely separated the circles intersect at
almost right angles and that minimizes the error region. Obviously good receivers determine
which satellites will give the lowest GDOP.

Finally up to recently there was another, man-made source of errors. The U.S. was very
mindful of the fact that terrorists and unfriendly governments could use the accurate positioning
provided by GPS and so intentionally degraded GPSs accuracy. This policy is called Selective
Availability or SA. This involves the DOD introducing some "noise" into the satellite's clock
data which, in turn, adds noise (or inaccuracy) into position calculations. The DOD may also
have been sending slightly erroneous orbital data to the satellites which they transmit back to
receivers on the ground as part of a status message. Together these factors made SA the biggest
single source of inaccuracy in the system. Military receivers used a decryption key to remove the
SA errors and so they were considerably more accurate. However, effective May 2, 2000
selective availability has been eliminated. The recent terrorist attacks on America have not
changed this position. This is due to the fact that civilian uses of GPS have become critical
across the world, and because the United States Department of Defense now has the technology
to localize the control system to deny GPS signals to selected areas.

CHAPTER 5

DIFFERENTIAL GPS
DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 13
GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Using a modified form of GPS called Differential GPS (originally initiated by the U.S.
Coast Guard to counter the accuracy degradation caused by Selective Availability) can
significantly reduce the above errors. Even with SA eliminated, DGPS continues to be a key tool
for highly precise navigation on land and sea. DGPS can yield measurements accurate to a
couple of meters in moving applications and even better in stationary situations. Differential GPS
involves the cooperation of two receivers, one that's stationary and another that's roving around
making position measurements.

As each GPS receivers use timing signals from at least four satellites to establish a
position then each of those timing signals is going to have some error or delay depending on
what sort of problems have occurred it on its journey down to Earth. Since each of the timing
signals that go into a position calculation has some error, that calculation is going to be a
compounding of those errors.
However if two receivers are fairly close to each other, say within a few hundred
kilometers, the signals that reach both of them will have travelled through virtually the same
slice of atmosphere, and so will have virtually the same errors.
This means that you could use have one receiver to measure the timing errors and then
provide correction information to the other receivers that are roving around. This allows virtually
all errors to be eliminated from the system.
The reference station operates by receiving the same GPS signals as the roving receiver
but instead of working like a normal GPS receiver it uses its known position to calculate timing,
rather than using timing signals to calculate position. Essentially determining what the travel
time of the GPS signals should be, and compares it with what they actually are. The difference is
an "error correction" factor. The receiver then transmits this error information to the roving
receiver so it can use it to correct its measurements.
Since the reference receiver has no way of knowing which of the many available
satellites a roving receiver might be using to calculate its position, the reference receiver quickly
runs through all the visible satellites and computes each of their errors. Then it encodes this
information into a standard format and transmits it to the roving receivers. The roving receivers
can then apply the corrections for particular satellites they are using. The United States Coast

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 14

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

Guard and other international agencies are establishing reference stations all over the place,
especially around busy harbors and waterways.
There are also different kinds of DGPS, for use when users dont need precise positioning
Immediately. This is termed Post Processing DGPS, and is used when the roving receiver just
needs to record all of its measured positions and the exact time it made each measurement. Then
later, this data can be merged with corrections recorded at a reference receiver for a final clean-
up of the data, meaning you dont need the radio link required in real-time systems. Another
form of DGPS, called Inverted DGPS, which is used to save money when operating a large fleet
of users. With an inverted DGPS system the users would be equipped with standard GPS
receivers and a transmitter and would transmit their standard GPS positions back to the tracking
station (the main office). Then at the tracking station the corrections would be applied to the
received positions.

5.1. WORKING OF DGPS

1.) Technique called differential correction can yield accuracies within 1 -5 meters, or even
better, with advanced equipment.

2.) Differential correction requires a second GPS receiver, a base station, collecting data at a
stationary position on a precisely known point (typically it is a surveyed benchmark)

3.) Because physical location of base station is known, a correction factor can be computed by
comparing known location with GPS location determined by using satellites.

4.) Differential correction process takes this correction factor and applies it to GPS data collected
by the GPS receiver in the field. -- Differential correction eliminates most of errors.

CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Inertial navigation relies on devices onboard the missile that senses its motion and

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 15

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

acceleration in different directions. These devices are called gyroscopes and accelerometers.

Fig.6.1. Mechanical, fiber optic, and ring laser gyroscopes

The purpose of a gyroscope is to measure angular rotation, and a number of different

methods to do so have been devised. A classic mechanical gyroscope senses the stability of a
mass rotating on gimbals. More recent ring laser gyros and fiber optic gyros are based on the
interference between laser beams. Current advances in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems
(MEMS) offer th potential to develop gyroscopes that are very small and inexpensive. While
gyroscopes measure angular motion, accelerometers measure linear motion. The accelerations
from these devices are translated into electrical signals for processing by the missile computer
autopilot. When a gyroscope and an accelerometer are combined into a single device along with
a control mechanism, it is called an inertial measurement unit (IMU) or inertial navigation
system (INS).

Fig.6.1. inertial navigation concept

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 16

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

The INS uses these two devices to sense motion relative to a point of origin. Inertial navigation
works by telling the missile where it is at the time of launch and how it should move in terms of
both distance and rotation over the course of its flight. The missile computer uses signals from
the INS to measure these motions and insure that the missile travels along its proper programmed
path. Inertial navigation systems are widely used on all kinds of aerospace vehicles including
weapons, military aircraft, commercial airliners, and spacecraft. Many missiles use inertial
methods for midcourse guidance, including AMRAAM, Storm Shadow, Meteor, and Tomahawk.

CHAPTER 7

ROLE OF SATELLITE IN MISSILE GUIDANCE

7.1. SATELLITE GUIDED WEAPONS

The problem of poor visibility does not affect satellite-guided weapons such as JDAM
(Joint Direct Attack Munitions), which uses satellite navigation systems, specifically the GPS
system. This offers improved accuracy compared to laser systems, and can operate in all weather
conditions, without any need for ground support. Because it is possible to jam GPS, the bomb

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 17

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

reverts to inertial navigation in the event of losing the GPS signal. Inertial navigation is
significantly less accurate; JDAM achieves a CEP of 13 m under GPS guidance, but typically
only30 m under inertial guidance. Further, the inertial guidance CEP increases as the dropping
altitude increases, while the GPS CEP does not. The precision of these weapons is dependent
both on the precision of the measurement system used for location determination and the
precision in setting the coordinates of the target. The latter critically depends on intelligence
information, not all of which is accurate. However, if the targeting information is accurate,
satellite-guided weapons are significantly more likely to achieve a successful strike in any
given weather conditions than any other type of precision guided munitions.

7.2. MISSILE GUIDANCE USING GPS

The central idea behind the design of DGPS/GPS/inertial guided weapons is that of using
a 3-axis gyro/accelerometer package as an inertial reference for the weapon's autopilot, and
correcting the accumulated drift error in the inertial package by using GPS PPS/P-code. Such
weapons are designated as "accurate" munitions as they will offer CEPs (Circular Error
Probable) of the order of the accuracy of GPS P -code signals, typically about 40ft.

Fig.7.1. Global Positioning System used in ranging navigation guidance

The next incremental step is then to update the weapon before launch with a DGPS
derived position estimate, which will allow it to correct its GPS error as it flies to the target, such
weapons are designated "precise" and will offer accuracies greater than laser or TV guided

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 18

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

weapons, potentially CEPs of several feet. For an aircraft to support such munitions it will
require a DGPS receiver, a GPS receiver and interfaces on its multiple ejector racks or pylons to
download target and launch point coordinates to the weapons. The development of purely
GPS/inertial guided munitions will produce substantial changes in how air warfare is conducted.
Unlike a laser-guided weapon, a GPS/inertial weapon does not require that the launch aircraft
remain in the vicinity of the target to illuminate it for guidance - GPS/inertial weapons are true
fire-and-forget weapons, which once released, are wholly autonomous, and all weather capable
with no degradation in accuracy. Existing precision weapons require an unobscured line of sight
between the weapon and the target for the optical guidance to work.

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS OF GPS
GPS is the most powerful navigation system used in a miracle of military, commercial,
civil, and scientific application. GPS has already been incorporated into naval ships, submarines,
and military aircraft.

1.) Navigation System Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR) GPS is now available at any time, in
any weather, and at any place on or above the earth. NAVSTAR also provides precise time within
a millionth of a second to synchronize the atomic clocks used in various military applications.

2.) GPS is even used in locating the present position of living and non-living things; this is the
concept which is used in famous GOOGLE EARTH.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 19

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS
The proliferation of GPS and INS guidance is a double-edged sword. On the one hand,
this technology promise a revolution in air warfare not seen since the laser guided bomb, with
single bombers being capable of doing the task of multiple aircraft packages. In summary, GPS-
INS guided weapons are not affected by harsh weather conditions or restricted by a wire, nor do
they leave the gunner vulnerable for attack. GPS guided weapons, with their technological
advances over previous, are the superior weapon of choice in modern day warfare.

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 20

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

REFERENCES
1. GPS Theory and Practice. B. Hofmann - Wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger, and J. Collins. Springer-
Verlag Wien. New York. 1997. Pg. [1-17, 76]

2. Technological Strategy Of Using GPS: An Analysis- Dr.S.S.Riaz Ahamed /International

Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.1(1), 2009, 8-16

3. http://www.pediain.com/

4. E.D. Kaplan, Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications.

5. http://www.aero.org/news/current/gpsorbit.html.

6. http://www.wikisedia.com

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 21

GPS GUIDED MISSILE FOR ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

DEPT,.ECE,SKIT,BANGALURU 2016-2017 Page 22