25/04/2017 20.6.

3Concretedamagedplasticity

20.6.3Concretedamagedplasticity

Products:Abaqus/StandardAbaqus/ExplicitAbaqus/CAE
References

Materiallibrary:overview,Section18.1.1

Inelasticbehavior,Section20.1.1

*CONCRETEDAMAGEDPLASTICITY

*CONCRETETENSIONSTIFFENING

*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONHARDENING

*CONCRETETENSIONDAMAGE

*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONDAMAGE

DefiningconcretedamagedplasticityinDefiningplasticity,Section12.9.2oftheAbaqus/CAE
User'sManual
Overview

TheconcretedamagedplasticitymodelinAbaqus:

providesageneralcapabilityformodelingconcreteandotherquasibrittlematerialsinalltypesof
structures(beams,trusses,shells,andsolids)

usesconceptsofisotropicdamagedelasticityincombinationwithisotropictensileandcompressive
plasticitytorepresenttheinelasticbehaviorofconcrete

canbeusedforplainconcrete,eventhoughitisintendedprimarilyfortheanalysisofreinforced
concretestructures

canbeusedwithrebartomodelconcretereinforcement

isdesignedforapplicationsinwhichconcreteissubjectedtomonotonic,cyclic,and/ordynamicloading
underlowconfiningpressures

consistsofthecombinationofnonassociatedmultihardeningplasticityandscalar(isotropic)damaged
elasticitytodescribetheirreversibledamagethatoccursduringthefracturingprocess

allowsusercontrolofstiffnessrecoveryeffectsduringcyclicloadreversals

canbedefinedtobesensitivetotherateofstraining

canbeusedinconjunctionwithaviscoplasticregularizationoftheconstitutiveequationsin
Abaqus/Standardtoimprovetheconvergencerateinthesofteningregime

requiresthattheelasticbehaviorofthematerialbeisotropicandlinear(seeDefiningisotropic
elasticityinLinearelasticbehavior,Section19.2.1)and

isdefinedindetailinDamagedplasticitymodelforconcreteandotherquasibrittlematerials,Section
4.5.2oftheAbaqusTheoryManual.

SeeInelasticbehavior,Section20.1.1,foradiscussionoftheconcretemodelsavailableinAbaqus.

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Mechanicalbehavior

Themodelisacontinuum,plasticitybased,damagemodelforconcrete.Itassumesthatthemaintwofailure
mechanismsaretensilecrackingandcompressivecrushingoftheconcretematerial.Theevolutionoftheyield
(orfailure)surfaceiscontrolledbytwohardeningvariables, and ,linkedtofailuremechanismsunder
tensionandcompressionloading,respectively.Wereferto and astensileandcompressiveequivalent
plasticstrains,respectively.Thefollowingsectionsdiscussthemainassumptionsaboutthemechanical
behaviorofconcrete.

Uniaxialtensionandcompressionstressbehavior

Themodelassumesthattheuniaxialtensileandcompressiveresponseofconcreteischaracterizedbydamaged
plasticity,asshowninFigure20.6.31.

Figure20.6.31Responseofconcretetouniaxialloadingintension(a)andcompression(b).

Underuniaxialtensionthestressstrainresponsefollowsalinearelasticrelationshipuntilthevalueofthe
failurestress, ,isreached.Thefailurestresscorrespondstotheonsetofmicrocrackingintheconcrete
material.Beyondthefailurestresstheformationofmicrocracksisrepresentedmacroscopicallywitha
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softeningstressstrainresponse,whichinducesstrainlocalizationintheconcretestructure.Underuniaxial
compressiontheresponseislinearuntilthevalueofinitialyield, .Intheplasticregimetheresponseis
typicallycharacterizedbystresshardeningfollowedbystrainsofteningbeyondtheultimatestress, .This
representation,althoughsomewhatsimplified,capturesthemainfeaturesoftheresponseofconcrete.

Itisassumedthattheuniaxialstressstraincurvescanbeconvertedintostressversusplasticstraincurves.
(ThisconversionisperformedautomaticallybyAbaqusfromtheuserprovidedstressversusinelasticstrain
data,asexplainedbelow.)Thus,

wherethesubscriptstandcrefertotensionandcompression,respectively and aretheequivalent

plasticstrains, and aretheequivalentplasticstrainrates, isthetemperature,and are
otherpredefinedfieldvariables.

AsshowninFigure20.6.31,whentheconcretespecimenisunloadedfromanypointonthestrainsoftening
branchofthestressstraincurves,theunloadingresponseisweakened:theelasticstiffnessofthematerial
appearstobedamaged(ordegraded).Thedegradationoftheelasticstiffnessischaracterizedbytwodamage
variables, and ,whichareassumedtobefunctionsoftheplasticstrains,temperature,andfieldvariables:

Thedamagevariablescantakevaluesfromzero,representingtheundamagedmaterial,toone,which
representstotallossofstrength.

If istheinitial(undamaged)elasticstiffnessofthematerial,thestressstrainrelationsunderuniaxial
tensionandcompressionloadingare,respectively:

Wedefinetheeffectivetensileandcompressivecohesionstressesas

Theeffectivecohesionstressesdeterminethesizeoftheyield(orfailure)surface.
Uniaxialcyclicbehavior

Underuniaxialcyclicloadingconditionsthedegradationmechanismsarequitecomplex,involvingthe
openingandclosingofpreviouslyformedmicrocracks,aswellastheirinteraction.Experimentally,itis
observedthatthereissomerecoveryoftheelasticstiffnessastheloadchangessignduringauniaxialcyclic
test.Thestiffnessrecoveryeffect,alsoknownastheunilateraleffect,isanimportantaspectoftheconcrete
behaviorundercyclicloading.Theeffectisusuallymorepronouncedastheloadchangesfromtensionto
compression,causingtensilecrackstoclose,whichresultsintherecoveryofthecompressivestiffness.

Theconcretedamagedplasticitymodelassumesthatthereductionoftheelasticmodulusisgivenintermsofa
scalardegradationvariabledas

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where istheinitial(undamaged)modulusofthematerial.

Thisexpressionholdsbothinthetensile( )andthecompressive( )sidesofthecycle.The

stiffnessdegradationvariable,d,isafunctionofthestressstateandtheuniaxialdamagevariables, and .
FortheuniaxialcyclicconditionsAbaqusassumesthat

where and arefunctionsofthestressstatethatareintroducedtomodelstiffnessrecoveryeffects

associatedwithstressreversals.Theyaredefinedaccordingto

where

Theweightfactors and ,whichareassumedtobematerialproperties,controltherecoveryofthetensile

andcompressivestiffnessuponloadreversal.Toillustratethis,considertheexampleinFigure20.6.32,where
theloadchangesfromtensiontocompression.

Figure20.6.32Illustrationoftheeffectofthecompressionstiffnessrecoveryparameter .

Assumethattherewasnopreviouscompressivedamage(crushing)inthematerialthatis, and
.Then

Intension( ), therefore, asexpected.

Incompression( ), ,and .If ,then therefore,thematerial

fullyrecoversthecompressivestiffness(whichinthiscaseistheinitialundamagedstiffness, ).
If,ontheotherhand, ,then andthereisnostiffnessrecovery.Intermediatevaluesof
resultinpartialrecoveryofthestiffness.
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Multiaxialbehavior

Thestressstrainrelationsforthegeneralthreedimensionalmultiaxialconditionaregivenbythescalar
damageelasticityequation:

where istheinitial(undamaged)elasticitymatrix.

Thepreviousexpressionforthescalarstiffnessdegradationvariable,d,isgeneralizedtothemultiaxialstress
casebyreplacingtheunitstepfunction withamultiaxialstressweightfactor, ,definedas

where aretheprincipalstresscomponents.TheMacauleybracket isdefinedby

.

SeeDamagedplasticitymodelforconcreteandotherquasibrittlematerials,Section4.5.2oftheAbaqus
TheoryManual,forfurtherdetailsoftheconstitutivemodel.

Reinforcement

InAbaqusreinforcementinconcretestructuresistypicallyprovidedbymeansofrebars,whichareone
dimensionalrodsthatcanbedefinedsinglyorembeddedinorientedsurfaces.Rebarsaretypicallyusedwith
metalplasticitymodelstodescribethebehavioroftherebarmaterialandaresuperposedonameshofstandard
elementtypesusedtomodeltheconcrete.

Withthismodelingapproach,theconcretebehaviorisconsideredindependentlyoftherebar.Effects
associatedwiththerebar/concreteinterface,suchasbondslipanddowelaction,aremodeledapproximatelyby
introducingsometensionstiffeningintotheconcretemodelingtosimulateloadtransferacrosscracks
throughtherebar.Detailsregardingtensionstiffeningareprovidedbelow.

Definingtherebarcanbetediousincomplexproblems,butitisimportantthatthisbedoneaccuratelysinceit
maycauseananalysistofailduetolackofreinforcementinkeyregionsofamodel.SeeDefiningrebarasan
elementproperty,Section2.2.4,formoreinformationregardingrebars.

Definingtensionstiffening

Thepostfailurebehaviorfordirectstrainingismodeledwithtensionstiffening,whichallowsyoutodefinethe
strainsofteningbehaviorforcrackedconcrete.Thisbehavioralsoallowsfortheeffectsofthereinforcement
interactionwithconcretetobesimulatedinasimplemanner.Tensionstiffeningisrequiredintheconcrete
damagedplasticitymodel.Youcanspecifytensionstiffeningbymeansofapostfailurestressstrainrelationor
byapplyingafractureenergycrackingcriterion.

Postfailurestressstrainrelation

Inreinforcedconcretethespecificationofpostfailurebehaviorgenerallymeansgivingthepostfailurestressas
afunctionofcrackingstrain, .Thecrackingstrainisdefinedasthetotalstrainminustheelasticstrain
correspondingtotheundamagedmaterialthatis, ,where ,asillustratedin
Figure20.6.33.Toavoidpotentialnumericalproblems,Abaqusenforcesalowerlimitonthepostfailure
stressequaltoonehundredoftheinitialfailurestress: .

Figure20.6.33Illustrationofthedefinitionofthecrackingstrain usedforthedefinitionoftension
stiffeningdata.

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Tensionstiffeningdataaregivenintermsofthecrackingstrain, .Whenunloadingdataareavailable,the
dataareprovidedtoAbaqusintermsoftensiledamagecurves, ,asdiscussedbelow.Abaqus
automaticallyconvertsthecrackingstrainvaluestoplasticstrainvaluesusingtherelationship

Abaquswillissueanerrormessageifthecalculatedplasticstrainvaluesarenegativeand/ordecreasingwith
increasingcrackingstrain,whichtypicallyindicatesthatthetensiledamagecurvesareincorrect.Inthe
absenceoftensiledamage .

Incaseswithlittleornoreinforcement,thespecificationofapostfailurestressstrainrelationintroducesmesh
sensitivityintheresults,inthesensethatthefiniteelementpredictionsdonotconvergetoauniquesolutionas
themeshisrefinedbecausemeshrefinementleadstonarrowercrackbands.Thisproblemtypicallyoccursif
crackingfailureoccursonlyatlocalizedregionsinthestructureandmeshrefinementdoesnotresultinthe
formationofadditionalcracks.Ifcrackingfailureisdistributedevenly(eitherduetotheeffectofrebarordue
tothepresenceofstabilizingelasticmaterial,asinthecaseofplatebending),meshsensitivityislessofa
concern.

Inpracticalcalculationsforreinforcedconcrete,themeshisusuallysuchthateachelementcontainsrebars.
Theinteractionbetweentherebarsandtheconcretetendstoreducethemeshsensitivity,providedthata
reasonableamountoftensionstiffeningisintroducedintheconcretemodeltosimulatethisinteraction.This
requiresanestimateofthetensionstiffeningeffect,whichdependsonsuchfactorsasthedensityof
reinforcement,thequalityofthebondbetweentherebarandtheconcrete,therelativesizeoftheconcrete
aggregatecomparedtotherebardiameter,andthemesh.Areasonablestartingpointforrelativelyheavily
reinforcedconcretemodeledwithafairlydetailedmeshistoassumethatthestrainsofteningafterfailure
reducesthestresslinearlytozeroatatotalstrainofabout10timesthestrainatfailure.Thestrainatfailurein
standardconcretesistypically104,whichsuggeststhattensionstiffeningthatreducesthestresstozeroata
totalstrainofabout103isreasonable.Thisparametershouldbecalibratedtoaparticularcase.

Thechoiceoftensionstiffeningparametersisimportantsince,generally,moretensionstiffeningmakesit
easiertoobtainnumericalsolutions.Toolittletensionstiffeningwillcausethelocalcrackingfailureinthe
concretetointroducetemporarilyunstablebehaviorintheoverallresponseofthemodel.Fewpracticaldesigns
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exhibitsuchbehavior,sothatthepresenceofthistypeofresponseintheanalysismodelusuallyindicatesthat
thetensionstiffeningisunreasonablylow.

InputFileUsage:*CONCRETETENSIONSTIFFENING,TYPE=STRAIN(default)

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:TensileBehavior:Type:Strain

Fractureenergycrackingcriterion

Whenthereisnoreinforcementinsignificantregionsofthemodel,thetensionstiffeningapproachdescribed
abovewillintroduceunreasonablemeshsensitivityintotheresults.However,itisgenerallyacceptedthat
Hillerborg's(1976)fractureenergyproposalisadequatetoallaytheconcernformanypracticalpurposes.
Hillerborgdefinestheenergyrequiredtoopenaunitareaofcrack, ,asamaterialparameter,usingbrittle
fractureconcepts.Withthisapproachtheconcrete'sbrittlebehaviorischaracterizedbyastressdisplacement
responseratherthanastressstrainresponse.Undertensionaconcretespecimenwillcrackacrosssome
section.Afterithasbeenpulledapartsufficientlyformostofthestresstoberemoved(sothattheundamaged
elasticstrainissmall),itslengthwillbedeterminedprimarilybytheopeningatthecrack.Theopeningdoes
notdependonthespecimen'slength.

Thisfractureenergycrackingmodelcanbeinvokedbyspecifyingthepostfailurestressasatabularfunctionof
crackingdisplacement,asshowninFigure20.6.34.

Figure20.6.34Postfailurestressdisplacementcurve.

Alternatively,thefractureenergy, ,canbespecifieddirectlyasamaterialpropertyinthiscase,definethe
failurestress, ,asatabularfunctionoftheassociatedfractureenergy.Thismodelassumesalinearlossof
strengthaftercracking,asshowninFigure20.6.35.

Figure20.6.35Postfailurestressfractureenergycurve.

Thecrackingdisplacementatwhichcompletelossofstrengthtakesplaceis,therefore, .
Typicalvaluesof rangefrom40N/m(0.22lb/in)foratypicalconstructionconcrete(withacompressive

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strengthofapproximately20MPa,2850lb/in2)to120N/m(0.67lb/in)forahighstrengthconcrete(witha
compressivestrengthofapproximately40MPa,5700lb/in2).

Iftensiledamage, ,isspecified,Abaqusautomaticallyconvertsthecrackingdisplacementvaluestoplastic
displacementvaluesusingtherelationship

wherethespecimenlength, ,isassumedtobeoneunitlength,

Implementation

Theimplementationofthisstressdisplacementconceptinafiniteelementmodelrequiresthedefinitionofa
characteristiclengthassociatedwithanintegrationpoint.Thecharacteristiccracklengthisbasedonthe
elementgeometryandformulation:itisatypicallengthofalineacrossanelementforafirstorderelementit
ishalfofthesametypicallengthforasecondorderelement.Forbeamsandtrussesitisacharacteristiclength
alongtheelementaxis.Formembranesandshellsitisacharacteristiclengthinthereferencesurface.For
axisymmetricelementsitisacharacteristiclengthintherzplaneonly.Forcohesiveelementsitisequaltothe
constitutivethickness.Thisdefinitionofthecharacteristiccracklengthisusedbecausethedirectioninwhich
crackingoccursisnotknowninadvance.Therefore,elementswithlargeaspectratioswillhaveratherdifferent
behaviordependingonthedirectioninwhichtheycrack:somemeshsensitivityremainsbecauseofthiseffect,
andelementsthathaveaspectratiosclosetoonearerecommended.

InputFileUsage:Usethefollowingoptiontospecifythepostfailurestressasatabularfunctionof
displacement:
*CONCRETETENSIONSTIFFENING,TYPE=DISPLACEMENT

Usethefollowingoptiontospecifythepostfailurestressasatabularfunctionofthe
fractureenergy:

*CONCRETETENSIONSTIFFENING,TYPE=GFI

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:TensileBehavior:Type:DisplacementorGFI

Definingcompressivebehavior

Youcandefinethestressstrainbehaviorofplainconcreteinuniaxialcompressionoutsidetheelasticrange.
Compressivestressdataareprovidedasatabularfunctionofinelastic(orcrushing)strain, ,and,ifdesired,
strainrate,temperature,andfieldvariables.Positive(absolute)valuesshouldbegivenforthecompressive
stressandstrain.Thestressstraincurvecanbedefinedbeyondtheultimatestress,intothestrainsoftening
regime.

Hardeningdataaregivenintermsofaninelasticstrain, ,insteadofplasticstrain, .Thecompressive

inelasticstrainisdefinedasthetotalstrainminustheelasticstraincorrespondingtotheundamagedmaterial,
,where ,asillustratedinFigure20.6.36.

Figure20.6.36Definitionofthecompressiveinelastic(orcrushing)strain usedforthedefinitionof
compressionhardeningdata.

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UnloadingdataareprovidedtoAbaqusintermsofcompressivedamagecurves, ,asdiscussedbelow.
Abaqusautomaticallyconvertstheinelasticstrainvaluestoplasticstrainvaluesusingtherelationship

Abaquswillissueanerrormessageifthecalculatedplasticstrainvaluesarenegativeand/ordecreasingwith
increasinginelasticstrain,whichtypicallyindicatesthatthecompressivedamagecurvesareincorrect.Inthe
absenceofcompressivedamage .

InputFileUsage:*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONHARDENING

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:CompressiveBehavior

Definingdamageandstiffnessrecovery

Damage, and/or ,canbespecifiedintabularform.(Ifdamageisnotspecified,themodelbehavesasa

plasticitymodelconsequently, and .)

InAbaqusthedamagevariablesaretreatedasnondecreasingmaterialpointquantities.Atanyincrement
duringtheanalysis,thenewvalueofeachdamagevariableisobtainedasthemaximumbetweenthevalueat
theendofthepreviousincrementandthevaluecorrespondingtothecurrentstate(interpolatedfromtheuser
specifiedtabulardata)thatis,

Thechoiceofthedamagepropertiesisimportantsince,generally,excessivedamagemayhaveacriticaleffect
ontherateofconvergence.Itisrecommendedtoavoidusingvaluesofthedamagevariablesabove0.99,
whichcorrespondstoa99%reductionofthestiffness.

Tensiledamage

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Youcandefinetheuniaxialtensiondamagevariable, ,asatabularfunctionofeithercrackingstrainor
crackingdisplacement.

InputFileUsage:Usethefollowingoptiontospecifytensiledamageasafunctionofcrackingstrain:
*CONCRETETENSIONDAMAGE,TYPE=STRAIN(default)

Usethefollowingoptiontospecifytensiledamageasafunctionofcracking
displacement:

*CONCRETETENSIONDAMAGE,TYPE=DISPLACEMENT

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:TensileBehavior:Suboptions TensionDamage:Type:Strainor
Displacement

Compressivedamage

Youcandefinetheuniaxialcompressiondamagevariable, ,asatabularfunctionofinelastic(crushing)
strain.

InputFileUsage:*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONDAMAGE

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:CompressiveBehavior:Suboptions CompressionDamage

Stiffnessrecovery

Asdiscussedabove,stiffnessrecoveryisanimportantaspectofthemechanicalresponseofconcreteunder
cyclicloading.Abaqusallowsdirectuserspecificationofthestiffnessrecoveryfactors and .

Theexperimentalobservationinmostquasibrittlematerials,includingconcrete,isthatthecompressive
stiffnessisrecovereduponcrackclosureastheloadchangesfromtensiontocompression.Ontheotherhand,
thetensilestiffnessisnotrecoveredastheloadchangesfromcompressiontotensiononcecrushingmicro
crackshavedeveloped.Thisbehavior,whichcorrespondsto and ,isthedefaultusedby
Abaqus.Figure20.6.37illustratesauniaxialloadcycleassumingthedefaultbehavior.

Figure20.6.37Uniaxialloadcycle(tensioncompressiontension)assumingdefaultvaluesforthestiffness
recoveryfactors: and .

InputFileUsage:Usethefollowingoptiontospecifythecompressionstiffnessrecoveryfactor, :

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*CONCRETETENSIONDAMAGE,COMPRESSIONRECOVERY=

Usethefollowingoptiontospecifythetensionstiffnessrecoveryfactor, :

*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONDAMAGE,TENSIONRECOVERY=

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:TensileBehavior:Suboptions TensionDamage:Compression
recovery: CompressiveBehavior:Suboptions CompressionDamage:
Tensionrecovery:

Ratedependence

Theratesensitivebehaviorofquasibrittlematerialsismainlyconnectedtotheretardationeffectsthathigh
strainrateshaveonthegrowthofmicrocracks.Theeffectisusuallymorepronouncedundertensileloading.
Asthestrainrateincreases,thestressstraincurvesexhibitdecreasingnonlinearityaswellasanincreaseinthe
peakstrength.Youcanspecifytensionstiffeningasatabularfunctionofcrackingstrain(ordisplacement)rate,
andyoucanspecifycompressionhardeningdataasatabularfunctionofinelasticstrainrate.

InputFileUsage:Usethefollowingoptions:
*CONCRETETENSIONSTIFFENING
*CONCRETECOMPRESSIONHARDENING

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:TensileBehavior:UsestrainratedependentdataCompressive
Behavior:Usestrainratedependentdata

Concreteplasticity

Youcandefineflowpotential,yieldsurface,andinAbaqus/Standardviscosityparametersfortheconcrete
damagedplasticitymaterialmodel.

InputFileUsage:*CONCRETEDAMAGEDPLASTICITY

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Propertymodule:materialeditor:Mechanical Plasticity ConcreteDamaged
Plasticity:Plasticity

Effectivestressinvariants

Theeffectivestressisdefinedas

Theplasticflowpotentialfunctionandtheyieldsurfacemakeuseoftwostressinvariantsoftheeffective
stresstensor,namelythehydrostaticpressurestress,

andtheMisesequivalenteffectivestress,

where istheeffectivestressdeviator,definedas

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Plasticflow

Theconcretedamagedplasticitymodelassumesnonassociatedpotentialplasticflow.TheflowpotentialG
usedforthismodelistheDruckerPragerhyperbolicfunction:

where

isthedilationanglemeasuredinthepqplaneathighconfiningpressure

istheuniaxialtensilestressatfailure,takenfromtheuserspecifiedtensionstiffeningdataand

isaparameter,referredtoastheeccentricity,thatdefinestherateatwhichthefunctionapproaches
theasymptote(theflowpotentialtendstoastraightlineastheeccentricitytendstozero).

Thisflowpotential,whichiscontinuousandsmooth,ensuresthattheflowdirectionisalwaysuniquely
defined.ThefunctionapproachesthelinearDruckerPragerflowpotentialasymptoticallyathighconfining
pressurestressandintersectsthehydrostaticpressureaxisat90.SeeModelsforgranularorpolymer
behavior,Section4.4.2oftheAbaqusTheoryManual,forfurtherdiscussionofthispotential.

Thedefaultflowpotentialeccentricityis ,whichimpliesthatthematerialhasalmostthesamedilation
angleoverawiderangeofconfiningpressurestressvalues.Increasingthevalueof providesmorecurvature
totheflowpotential,implyingthatthedilationangleincreasesmorerapidlyastheconfiningpressure
decreases.Valuesof thataresignificantlylessthanthedefaultvaluemayleadtoconvergenceproblemsifthe
materialissubjectedtolowconfiningpressuresbecauseoftheverytightcurvatureoftheflowpotential
locallywhereitintersectsthepaxis.
Yieldfunction

ThemodelmakesuseoftheyieldfunctionofLublineret.al.(1989),withthemodificationsproposedbyLee
andFenves(1998)toaccountfordifferentevolutionofstrengthundertensionandcompression.Theevolution
oftheyieldsurfaceiscontrolledbythehardeningvariables, and .Intermsofeffectivestresses,theyield
functiontakestheform

with

Here,

isthemaximumprincipaleffectivestress
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istheratioofinitialequibiaxialcompressiveyieldstresstoinitialuniaxialcompressiveyieldstress
(thedefaultvalueis )

istheratioofthesecondstressinvariantonthetensilemeridian, ,tothatonthecompressive
meridian, ,atinitialyieldforanygivenvalueofthepressureinvariantpsuchthatthe
maximumprincipalstressisnegative, (seeFigure20.6.38)itmustsatisfythecondition
(thedefaultvalueis )

istheeffectivetensilecohesionstressand

istheeffectivecompressivecohesionstress.

Figure20.6.38Yieldsurfacesinthedeviatoricplane,correspondingtodifferentvaluesof .

TypicalyieldsurfacesareshowninFigure20.6.38onthedeviatoricplaneandinFigure20.6.39forplane
stressconditions.

Figure20.6.39Yieldsurfaceinplanestress.

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Nonassociatedflow

Becauseplasticflowisnonassociated,theuseofconcretedamagedplasticityresultsinanonsymmetric
materialstiffnessmatrix.Therefore,toobtainanacceptablerateofconvergenceinAbaqus/Standard,the
unsymmetricmatrixstorageandsolutionschemeshouldbeused.Abaqus/Standardwillautomaticallyactivate
theunsymmetricsolutionschemeifconcretedamagedplasticityisusedintheanalysis.Ifdesired,youcanturn
offtheunsymmetricsolutionschemeforaparticularstep(seeProcedures:overview,Section6.1.1).

Viscoplasticregularization

Materialmodelsexhibitingsofteningbehaviorandstiffnessdegradationoftenleadtosevereconvergence
difficultiesinimplicitanalysisprograms,suchasAbaqus/Standard.Acommontechniquetoovercomesome
oftheseconvergencedifficultiesistheuseofaviscoplasticregularizationoftheconstitutiveequations,which
causestheconsistenttangentstiffnessofthesofteningmaterialtobecomepositiveforsufficientlysmalltime
increments.

TheconcretedamagedplasticitymodelcanberegularizedinAbaqus/Standardusingviscoplasticityby
permittingstressestobeoutsideoftheyieldsurface.WeuseageneralizationoftheDuvautLions
regularization,accordingtowhichtheviscoplasticstrainratetensor, ,isdefinedas

Here istheviscosityparameterrepresentingtherelaxationtimeoftheviscoplasticsystem,and isthe

plasticstrainevaluatedintheinviscidbackbonemodel.

Similarly,aviscousstiffnessdegradationvariable, ,fortheviscoplasticsystemisdefinedas

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wheredisthedegradationvariableevaluatedintheinviscidbackbonemodel.Thestressstrainrelationofthe
viscoplasticmodelisgivenas

Usingtheviscoplasticregularizationwithasmallvaluefortheviscosityparameter(smallcomparedtothe
characteristictimeincrement)usuallyhelpsimprovetherateofconvergenceofthemodelinthesoftening
regime,withoutcompromisingresults.Thebasicideaisthatthesolutionoftheviscoplasticsystemrelaxesto
thatoftheinviscidcaseas ,wheretrepresentstime.Youcanspecifythevalueoftheviscosity
parameteraspartoftheconcretedamagedplasticitymaterialbehaviordefinition.Iftheviscosityparameteris
differentfromzero,outputresultsoftheplasticstrainandstiffnessdegradationrefertotheviscoplasticvalues,
and .InAbaqus/Standardthedefaultvalueoftheviscosityparameteriszero,sothatnoviscoplastic
regularizationisperformed.

Materialdamping

Theconcretedamagedplasticitymodelcanbeusedincombinationwithmaterialdamping(seeMaterial
damping,Section23.1.1).Ifstiffnessproportionaldampingisspecified,Abaquscalculatesthedampingstress
basedontheundamagedelasticstiffness.Thismayintroducelargeartificialdampingforcesonelements
undergoingseveredamageathighstrainrates.

Visualizationofcrackdirections

Unlikeconcretemodelsbasedonthesmearedcrackapproach,theconcretedamagedplasticitymodeldoesnot
havethenotionofcracksdevelopingatthematerialintegrationpoint.However,itispossibletointroducethe
conceptofaneffectivecrackdirectionwiththepurposeofobtainingagraphicalvisualizationofthecracking
patternsintheconcretestructure.Differentcriteriacanbeadoptedwithintheframeworkofscalardamage
plasticityforthedefinitionofthedirectionofcracking.FollowingLublineret.al.(1989),wecanassumethat
crackinginitiatesatpointswherethetensileequivalentplasticstrainisgreaterthanzero, ,andthe
maximumprincipalplasticstrainispositive.Thedirectionofthevectornormaltothecrackplaneisassumed
tobeparalleltothedirectionofthemaximumprincipalplasticstrain.Thisdirectioncanbeviewedinthe
VisualizationmoduleofAbaqus/CAE.

Abaqus/CAEUsage:Visualizationmodule:Result FieldOutput:PE,Max.PrincipalPlot Symbols

Elements

Abaqusoffersavarietyofelementsforusewiththeconcretedamagedplasticitymodel:truss,shell,plane
stress,planestrain,generalizedplanestrain,axisymmetric,andthreedimensionalelements.Mostbeam
elementscanbeusedhowever,beamelementsinspacethatincludeshearstresscausedbytorsionanddonot
includehoopstress(suchasB31,B31H,B32,B32H,B33,andB33H)cannotbeused.Thinwalled,open
sectionbeamelementsandPIPEelementscanbeusedwiththeconcretedamagedplasticitymodelin
Abaqus/Standard.

Forgeneralshellanalysismorethanthedefaultnumberoffiveintegrationpointsthroughthethicknessofthe
shellshouldbeusedninethicknessintegrationpointsarecommonlyusedtomodelprogressivefailureofthe
concretethroughthethicknesswithacceptableaccuracy.

Output

InadditiontothestandardoutputidentifiersavailableinAbaqus(Abaqus/Standardoutputvariable
identifiers,Section4.2.1,andAbaqus/Explicitoutputvariableidentifiers,Section4.2.2),thefollowing
variablesrelatespecificallytomaterialpointsintheconcretedamagedplasticitymodel:

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DAMAGEC Compressivedamagevariable, .
DAMAGET Tensiledamagevariable, .
PEEQ Compressiveequivalentplasticstrain, .
PEEQT Tensileequivalentplasticstrain, .
SDEG Stiffnessdegradationvariable,d.
DMENER Energydissipatedperunitvolumebydamage.
ELDMD Totalenergydissipatedintheelementbydamage.
ALLDMD Energydissipatedinthewhole(orpartial)modelbydamage.Thecontributionfrom
ALLDMDisincludedinthetotalstrainenergyALLIE.
EDMDDEN Energydissipatedperunitvolumeintheelementbydamage.
SENER Therecoverablepartoftheenergyperunitvolume.
ELSE Therecoverablepartoftheenergyintheelement.
ALLSE Therecoverablepartoftheenergyinthewhole(partial)model.
ESEDEN Therecoverablepartoftheenergyperunitvolumeintheelement.

Additionalreferences

Hillerborg,A.,M.Modeer,andP.E.Petersson,AnalysisofCrackFormationandCrackGrowthin
ConcretebyMeansofFractureMechanicsandFiniteElements,CementandConcreteResearch,vol.6,
pp.773782,1976.

Lee,J.,andG.L.Fenves,PlasticDamageModelforCyclicLoadingofConcreteStructures,Journal
ofEngineeringMechanics,vol.124,no.8,pp.892900,1998.

Lubliner,J.,J.Oliver,S.Oller,andE.Oate,APlasticDamageModelforConcrete,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,vol.25,pp.299329,1989.

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