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ENGINEERING DRAWING AND

GRAPHICS
Lecture # 2

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INTRODUCTION
Outline Uses of Drawings
Drawing Panel / Drawing Title
Standard and Scale
Sheet Division
Line Types
Lettering

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INTRODUCTION
Uses of Drawing
To explain any Mechanisms
To convey the ideas of Engineers & designers to
the workers

To explain in detail the complex components of

the machines
To make any product for understandable
To make a job that can be put into production
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Drawing a Panel:-
Panel is the subscription corner of the
drawing, usually drawn at the right
bottom of the drawing sheet.
Border of about 1 is left from all sides
of the drawing sheet.

Name: Roll No. Angle of Projection

Scale: Dwg Name: Checked by & Grade
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 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(JIS) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189

(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c
Border Drawing space Drawing
Title block
lines Title block space
c

Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word SCALE
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to true size of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Division of Sheet
B
Top view

B Y
A Side A Front view
A
view
B
X
A= X-(L+W) B= Y-(H+W)
3 3
H= Height of object A=Horizontal Spacing
L= Length of object B=Vertical Spacing
W= Width of object
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 Lines

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Lines:-
If we say that Engineering Drawing is
the language of Engineers then lines are
the literature of this language.
Lines are the continuous association of
points.
Lines are classified:-
According to Thickness.
According to Shape.
According to Darkness.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
Outlines.
Dashed lines.
Centre lines.
Dimension lines.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
Lines drawn to represent
Outlines. visible edges and surface
Dashed lines. boundaries. These are
also called principal
Centre lines. lines.
Dimension lines.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
Interior or hidden edges
Outlines. and surfaces are shown
by dashed lines. Also
Dashed lines. called dotted lines. They
Centre lines. are of medium thickness.
They are short dashed
Dimension lines. lines of about 3-4mm with
Construction lines. 1mm distance between
them.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These lines indicate axes
Outlines. of cylindrical, conical or
Dashed lines. spherical objects and the
centers of circles. These
Centre lines. are medium thick lines
Dimension lines. consisting of long and
short dashes, long
Construction lines. dashes of 6-8mm and
Hatching lines. 1mm distance between
them.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These are continuous thin
lines terminated at the
Outlines. outer ends by pointed
Dashed lines. arrow-heads.
Centre lines.
Dimension lines.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These are thin lines
Outlines. drawn during the drawing
Dashed lines. to help in drawing
complex geometrical
Centre lines. structures.
Dimension lines.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These are thin lines
Outlines. drawn parallel to each
other at about 3mm.
Dashed lines. These lines show the
Centre lines. presence of material while
object is cut through.
Dimension lines.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These lines show the
location of the cutting
Outlines. plane. It is thin & long
Dashed lines. chain line with two small
dashes of about 3-4mm
Centre lines. and a long dash of about
Dimension lines. 6-8mm width.
Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lines used in Engineering
Drawings:--
These lines show
Outlines. imaginary boundaries of
Dashed lines. the object or to skip up
very long part of the
Centre lines. object of similar width.
Dimension lines. Long break line

Construction lines.
Hatching lines.
Short break line
Cutting plane lines.
Break lines.
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Lettering and Drafting Techniques :

Two methods of lettering are available to the

Mechanical/electronics drafter.
1. Freehand lettering.
2. Lettering accomplished with lettering guide.
All lettering on a diagram must be of high quality
and legible regardless of the final reduction size
requirement of the drawing.

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 Styles of Lettering :

The predominant lettering style for Mechanical

drawings is the single-stroke, uppercase,
commercial Gothic.
Single stroke means that the required thickness or
weight of each letter is formed using one stroke.
Uppercase indicates that all letters are
capitalized.
Gothic style is one in which all strokes of each
letter are even.
(stroke : a line made by single movement of pen or
brush in writing or painting.)
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 Style of Lettering :

Either vertical or inclined letters are

acceptable, but preferable are vertical
characters.
Only one type of lettering, either vertical or
inclined, should appear on a drawing.
Notes, either general or localized, are
placed on a drawing to align to the bottom
of the drawing.

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Vertical Letters and Numerals

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 Inclined Letters and Numerals

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 Fractions and Mixed Numbers.

Fractions and
mixed
numbers are
drawn with a
horizontal bar
as shown.

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 Spacing and Sizes :
Spacing between words should not be less
than the height of one letter.
Spacing between lines should not be less than
the height of letters.

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 Lettering Aids :

Lettering aids help to assure that lettering on

a drawing is of good quality by providing
uniformity to height and width of characters.
When using freehand lettering, it is
necessary to begin with horizontal, vertical,
and/or inclined guide lines.

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 Lettering Aids :
An example of commercially
available template for
drawing guidelines is the
Ames Lettering Guide
(shown below).

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 Lettering Aids.

Ames guide
provides
guidelines as
illustrated on
right.

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 Lettering Aids

This figure shows

the use of guide in
conjunction with a
T-square.
Guidelines should
be light enough
that they will not
reproduce when
the drawing is
copied.

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