Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Week 4 - Slabs
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear including punching shear

Serviceability cracking and deflection

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop serviceability cracking & deflection

Flat Slab Design includes flexure workshop

Tying systems
Designing for Shear
Shear

There are three approaches to designing for shear:

When shear reinforcement is not required e.g. slabs
When shear reinforcement is required e.g. Beams
Punching shear requirements e.g. flat slabs

The maximum shear strength in the UK should not exceed that

of class C50/60 concrete
Shear resistance without shear
reinforcement
 Without Shear Reinforcement
Cl. 6.2.2 7.2

VRd,c = [0.12k(100 l fck)1/3 + 0.15cp] bwd (6.2.a)

with a minimum of
VRd,c = (0.035k3/2fck1/2 + 0.15 cp) bwd (6.2.b)

where:
k = 1 + (200/d) 2.0
l = Asl/bwd
Asl = area of the tensile reinforcement,
bw = smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area [mm]
cp = NEd/Ac < 0.2 fcd [MPa] Compression +ve
NEd = axial force in the cross-section due to loading or pre-stressing [in N]
Ac = area of concrete cross section [mm2]
 Shear
- Table 7.1

vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa

As Effective depth, d (mm)

(bd) % 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.76 1.71 1.67 1.63 1.58 1.52
Table derived from: vRd,c = 0.12 k (100I fck)(1/3) 0.035 k1.5 fck0.5 where k = 1 + (200/d) 2 and I = As/(bd) 0.02
Note: This table has been prepared for fck = 30. Where I exceeds 0.40% the following factors may be used:

fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
factor 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19
Shear in Slabs
Most slabs do not require shear
reinforcement

Check VEd < VRd,c

Where VRd,c is shear resistance of

members without reinforcement

vRd,c = 0.12 k (100 I fck)1/3

0.035 k1.5 fck0.5

Where VEd > VRd,c,

shear reinforcement is required
and the strut inclination method
should be used
Shear resistance with shear
reinforcement
See Week 2 Beams
Variable strut inclination method
EC2: Cl 6.2.3
Variable Strut Inclination Method
Cl. 6.2.3
b z 1 fcd Asw
VRd,max cw w VRd, s z f ywd cot
cot tan s
21.8 < < 45
Variable strut inclination method
Cl. 6.2.3
vRd,max

vRd, vRd
fck cot =2.5 cot =1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Design Flow Chart for Shear

Determine vEd where:

vEd = design shear stress [vEd = VEd/(bwz) = VEd/(bw 0.9d)]

Determine the concrete strut capacity vRd when cot = 2.5

vRd = 0.138fck(1-fck/250)

No Determine from:
Is vRd > vEd?
= 0.5 sin-1[(vEd/(0.20fck(1-fck/250))]
Yes (cot = 2.5)

Calculate area of shear reinforcement:

Asw/s = vEd bw/(fywd cot )

Check maximum spacing of shear reinforcement :

s,max = 0.75 d
For vertical shear reinforcement
Punching shear
Punching Shear
Cl. 6.4 Figure 8.3

Punching shear does not use the Variable Strut inclination method
and is similar to BS 8110 methods

The basic control perimeter is set at 2d from the loaded area

The shape of control perimeters have rounded corners

2d 2d 2d
u1 u1
u1
2d
bz

by

Where shear reinforcement is required the shear resistance is the

sum of the concrete and shear reinforcement resistances.
Punching Shear (2)

The applied shear stress should be taken as:

vEd = VEd/ui d where =1 + k(MEd/VEd)u1/W1

For structures where:

lateral stability does not

depend on frame action

adjacent spans do not differ

by more than 25%

the approximate values for

shown may be used:
Punching Shear (3)
Where the simplified arrangement is not applicable then can be
calculated

z For a rectangular internal column

with biaxial bending the following
2d simplification may be used:
c1
y = 1 + 1.8{(ey/bz)2 + (ez/by)2}0.5

where by and bz are the dimensions

of the control perimeter
c2 2d

For other situations there is plenty of guidance on determining

given in Cl 6.4.3 of the Code.
Punching Shear Reinforcement (1)
Cl. 6.4.5 Figures 12.5 & 12.6

Outer control
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
The outer control perimeter at
perimeter which shear reinforcement is not
0.75d
required, should be calculated
from:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
kd 1.5d (2d if > 2d from
column)
A 0.5d
A
The outermost perimeter of
shear reinforcement should be
placed at a distance not
greater than kd ( k = 1.5)
0.75d
Outer control within the outer control
perimeter
0.5d
kd perimeter.

Section A - A
Punching Shear Reinforcement (2)
Cl. 6.4.5 Figure 8.10
Where proprietary systems are used the control perimeter at which
shear reinforcement is not required, uout or uout,ef (see Figure) should be
calculated from the following expression:
uout,ef = VEd / (vRd,c d)
uout,ef
uout > 2d

2d 1,5d

d
1,5d

d
Punching Shear Reinforcement (3)
EC 2: Cl. 6.4.5 Concise: 8.5

Where shear reinforcement is required it should be calculated in

accordance with the following expression:
vRd,cs = 0.75 vRd,c + 1.5 (d/sr) Asw fywd,ef (1/(u1d)) sin
Asw = area of shear reinforcement in each perimeter around the col.
sr = radial spacing of layers of shear reinforcement
= angle between the shear reinforcement and the plane of slab
fywd,ef = effective design strength of the punching shear reinforcement,
= 250 + 0.25 d fywd (MPa.)
d = mean effective depth of the slabs (mm)
VEd
Max. shear stress at column face, v Ed v Rd,max = 0.5 fcd
u0 d
NA - Check vEd 2 vRdc at basic control perimeter

The minimum area of a link leg:

Asw,min (1.5 sin + cos)/(sr st) (0.08 (fck))/fyk equ 9.11
Punching Shear Reinforcement (4)
Check vEd 2 vRdc at basic control perimeter

Note: UK NA says first control perimeter, but the paper* on which

this guidance is based says basic control perimeter

The minimum area of a link leg (or equivalent), Asw,min, is given by the
following expression:
Asw,min (1.5 sin + cos)/(sr st) (0,08 (fck))/fyk equ 9.11

Asw,min (0,053 sr st (fck)) /fyk

 Punching shear
Worked example

From Worked Examples to EC2: Volume 1 Example 3.4.10

Punching shear

At C2 the ultimate column

reaction is 1204.8 kN
Solution
1. Check shear at the perimeter of the column
vEd = VEd/(u0d) < vRd,max C

= 1.15 = 1,5

u0 = 4 x 400 = 1600 mm
d = (260 + 240)/2 = 250 mm
B A
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(1600 x 250) = 1,4 = 1,15
= 3.46 MPa
vRd,max = 0.5 fcd
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-fck/250) x cc fck/m
= 0.5 x 0.6(1-30/250) x 1.0 x 30 /1.5 = 5.28 MPa
vEd < vRd,max ...OK
Solution
2. Check shear at the basic control perimeter
vEd = VEd/(u1d) < vRd,c
u1 = 2(cx + cy) + 2 x 2d
= 2(400 + 400) + 2 x 2 x 250 = 4742 mm
vEd = 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(4742 x 250) =
= 1.17 MPa
vRd,c = 0.12 k(100l fck)1/3
k = 1 + (200/d)1/2
= 1 + (200/250)1/2 = 1.89
l = (lylz)1/2 = (0.0085 x 0.0048) 1/2 = 0.0064
vRd,c = 0.12 x 1.89(100 x 0.0064 x 30)1/3 = 0.61 MPa
vEd > vRd,c ...Punching shear reinforcement required

NA check vEd 2vRd,c at basic control perimeter

Solution
3. Perimeter at which punching shear no longer required
uout = VEd/(dvRd,c)
= 1.15 x 1204.8 x 1000/(250 x 0.61)
= 9085 mm
Rearrange: uout = 2(cx + cy) + 2 rout
rout = (uout - 2(cx + cy))/(2)
= (9085 1600)/(2) = 1191 mm
Position of outer perimeter of reinforcement from column face:
r = 1191 1.5 x 250 = 816 mm
Maximum radial spacing of reinforcement:
sr,max = 0.75 x 250 = 187 mm, say 175 mm
Solution
4. Area of reinforcement
Asw (vEd 0.75vRd,c)sru1/(1.5fywd,ef)
fywd,ef = (250 + 0.25d) = 312 MPa
Asw (1.17 0.75 x 0.61) x 175 x 4741/(1.5 x 312)
1263 mm2/perim.

Minimum area of a link leg:

Asw,min (0.053 sr st (fck)) /fyk = 0.053 x 175 x 350 x 30 / 500
36 mm2
Solution
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slabs

Tying systems
Serviceability
What does Eurocode 2 Cover?
EC 2: Cl. 7.2 Concise: 10.1

Stress limitation (7.2)

Stress checks in reinforced concrete members have not been
required in the UK for the past 50 years or so and there has been
no known adverse effect. Provided that the design has been carried
out properly for ultimate limit state there will be no significant
effect at serviceability in respect of longitudinal cracking PD
6687 Cl. 2.20

Control of cracking (7.3)

Control of deflections (7.4)

Crack control
Control of Cracking

In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways:

Minimum areas of reinforcement cl 7.3.2 & Equ 7.1

As,mins = KcKfct,effAct this is the same as

Equ 9.1N

Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These limits
can be met by either:

direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) crack width is Wk

deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3)

Note: slabs 200mm depth are OK if As,min is provided.
 Minimum Reinforcement Area
EC2: Cl 9.2.1.1
The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams) is given by:

0.26 fctm bt d
As ,min 0.013 bt d 9.1N
fyk
Crack Width Limits - use Table NA.4

Recommended values of wmax

Exposure class RC or unbonded PSC Prestressed
members members with
bonded tendons
Quasi-permanent load Frequent load
X0,XC1 0.3* 0.2
XC2,XC3,XC4 0.3
XD1,XD2,XS1, Decompression
XS2,XS3
* Does not affect durability, may be relaxed where appearance
is not critical (eg use 0.4 mm)
 Crack Control Without Direct
Calculation
Crack control may be achieved in two ways:
limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2
limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3

Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size
Maximum Bar Diameters
EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: Table 10.1

50
Crack Control
wk = 0.4
maximum bar diameter (mm)

40

30
wk=0.3 mm

20 wk=0.2 mm

10

0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Reinforcement stress, s(N/mm2)
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
Maximum Bar Spacings
EC 2: Cl. 7.3.3 Concise: Table 10.2

Crack Control
300
wk = 0.4
Maximum bar spacing (mm)

250

200 wk = 0.3

150

100
wk = 0.2
50

0
150 200 250 300 350 400
stress in reinforcement (MPa)
(Stress due to quasi-permanent actions)
Deflection control
Deflection Limits (7.4.1)
EC 2: Cl. 7.4.1 Concise: -

Span/250 under quasi-permanent loads to avoid impairment of

appearance and general utility

Span/500 after construction under the quasi-permanent loads to

avoid damage to adjacent parts of the structure.
Deflection Control
EC 2: Cl. 7.4 Concise: 10.5

Deflection control may be achieved by the following

methods:
Direct calculation (Eurocode 2 methods considered to
be an improvement on BS 8110) See How
toDeflection calculations

Using simplified span-to-effective depth limits from

the code (control of deflection without calculation)
Deflection calculations
Deflection: L/d check
Limiting Span-effective-depth ratios
EC 2: Cl 7.4.2 & Exp (7.16a & b) Concise: 10.5.2

l
3
2
K 11 1,5 fck 0 3,2 fck 0 1 if 0
d

l 0 1 '
K 11 1,5 f ck f ck if > 0
d ' 12 0

K factor taking account of the different structural systems

0 reference reinforcement ratio = fck 10-3
required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)

There are adjustments to these expressions in cl 7.4.2 (2) for the

steel stress, flanged sections and long spans with brittle finishes.
Basic span/effective Depth Ratios
EC 2: Table 7.4(N) use Table NA.5 Concise: Table 10.3

= =
Structural system K
1.5% 0.5%
S.S. beam or slab 1.0 14 20

End span 1.3 18 26

Interior span 1.5 20 30

Flat slab 1.2 17 24

Cantilever 0.4 6 8
Graph of Exp. (7.16)
EC 2: - Concise: Figure 15.2
 EC2 Span/Effective Depth Ratios
How to guide Figure
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0

Structural K
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

System
Simply 1.0
supported
End span 1.3
18.5
Interior Span 1.5

Flat Slab 1.2

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

Flow Chart
Determine basic l/d

Factor F1 for ribbed and waffle slabs only

F1 = 1 0.1 ((bf/bw) 1) 0.8

Factor F2 for spans supporting brittle partitions > 7m

F2 = 7/leff

Factor F3 accounts for stress in the reinforcement Increase

F3 = As,prov / As,reqd 1.5 or 310/s 1.5 (UK NA) As,prov
or fck
No
No
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 >Actual l/d?

Yes
Check complete
Factors to be applied
EC2: cl 7.4.2 & NA Concise 10.5.2

F1 - Flanged sections
where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds
3, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 0.8.
F2 Brittle partitions
For slabs (other than flat slabs), with spans exceeding 7.0 m,
which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be
multiplied by 7.0/ leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections, the
values of l/d given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by
8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see 5.3.2.2 (1)).
F3 s Steel stress under service load
May be adjusted by 310/ s 1.5 or As,prov/As,req 1.5
where s calculated using characteristic loads.
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slabs

Tying systems
Detailing - Solid slabs
Detailing Solid slabs
EC2 9.3
Rules for one-way and two-way solid slabs

Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design: Internal
supports: As,top 0,25As for Mmax in adjacent span
End supports: As,top 0,15As for Mmax in adjacent span

This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span

Reinforcement at free edges should include u bars and longitudinal

bars

2h
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slab Design

Other slabs

Tying systems
Workshop serviceability
www.eurocode2.info
 Introduction to workshop
problem

This is example 3.4

of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.
Week 4 - Workshop problems
Design information
 Worked example

For the slab strip along grid line C check deflection is

within design limits and ensure the crack widths in
the bottom of the slab are also limited.
Design strip along grid line C
Check deflection and
cracking slab along
grid line C.

Assume strip is 6 m wide

As,req = 1324 mm2 B G = 1.25
Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%
 Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios
(for simply supported condition)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0

Structural K
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

System

Simply supported 1.0

End span 1.3

20.5
Interior Span 1.5

Flat Slab 1.2

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 1324 x 100/(1000 x 260)
= 0.51%
From graph basic l/d = 20.5 x 1.2 = 24.6 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)

2. Determine Factor F1 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
F1 = 1.0 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.

3. Determine Factor F2 For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
(Assume no brittle support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
partitions) deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
F2 = 1.0 5.3.2.2 (1)).
 Deflection

4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 1324 mm2 (ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 100 c/c (2010 mm2) to control deflection
F3 = As,prov / As,req = 2010 / 1324 = 1.52 1.5

24.6 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.5 9500 / 260

36.9 36.5
Crack Control Without Direct
Calculation EC2: Cl. 7.3.3

Example Check cracking in bottom of slab.

Gk = 8.5 kN/m2 Qk = 4.0 kN/m2
2 = 0.3 (office loading) G = 1.25
As,req = 1324 mm2/m
Try H16 @ 100 As,prov = 2010 mm2/m
Cracking

Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
 Determination of Steel Stress

Ratio Gk/Qk = 8.5/4.0 = 2.13

Unmodified steel stress, su

252

Ratio Gk/Qk
Crack Widths

From graph su = 252 MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit

crack width
s = (su As,req) / ( As,prov)Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress Maximum Maximum
s = (252 x 1324)/(1.0 x 2010) (s) MPa bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= 166 MPa 160 32 300
200 25 250
For H16 @ 100 c/c OR
240 16 200
Design meets both criteria
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50

For loading For loading

or restraint only
Workshop problem

Deflection & Cracking

www.eurocode2.info
Workshop problem
Design for this span
For the edge strip
indicated check
deflection is within
design limits and
ensure the crack
widths in the bottom
are also limited.
As,req = 959 mm2/m B
d = 240 mm
G = 1.25
Deflection

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 959 x 100/(1000 x 240)
= 0.40%
 Basic Span-to-Depth Ratios
(for simply supported condition)
This graph has been
produced for K = 1.0

Structural K
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

System
26.2
Simply supported 1.0

End span 1.3

Interior Span 1.5

Flat Slab 1.2

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

Deflection
7.4.2 EN 1992-1-1

Check: basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 actual l/d

1. Determine basic l/d
The reinforcement ratio, = As,req/bd = 959 x 100/(1000 x 240) =
0.40%
From graph basic l/d = 26.2 x 1.2 = 31.4 (K = 1.2 for flat slab)

2. Determine Factor F1 For flanged sections where the ratio of the flange
breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3, the values of l/d
F1 = 1.0 given by Expression (7.16) should be multiplied by 0.8.

3. Determine Factor F2 For flat slabs, with spans exceeding 8.5 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
F2 = 1.0 deflections, the values of l/d given by Expression (7.16)
should be multiplied by 8.5 / leff (leff in metres, see
5.3.2.2 (1)).
Deflection

4. Determine Factor F3
As,req = 959 mm2 (ULS)
Assume we require H16 @ 200 c/c (1005 mm2) to control deflection
F3 = As,prov / As,req = 1005 / 959 = 1.05 1.5

31.4 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.05 5900 / 240

33.0 24.5
Cracking

Action 0 1 2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category B : office areas 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category C : congregation areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category D : shopping areas 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category E : storage areas 1.0 0.9 0.8
Category F : traffic area, 30 kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
Category G : traffic area, 30160 kN 0.7 0.5 0.3
Category H : roofs 0.7 0 0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0,2 0
 Determination of Steel Stress

Ratio Gk/Qk = 8.5/4.0 = 2.13

Unmodified steel stress, su

252

Ratio Gk/Qk
Crack Widths

From graph su = 252 MPa Maximum bar size or spacing to limit

crack width
s = (su As,req) / ( As,prov) Steel wmax = 0.3 mm
stress Maximum Maximum
s = (252 x 959) /(1.0 x 1005) (s) MPa bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm)
= 240 MPa 160 32 300
200 25 250
For H16 @ 200 c/c OR
240 16 200
Design meets both criteria
280 12 150
320 10 100
360 8 50

For loading For loading

or restraint only
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slab Design

Tying systems
Flat Slab Design

Paul Gregory
Flat Slab Design
Flat slabs - Introduction

EC2 particular rules for flat slabs

Initial sizing

Analysis methods - BMs and Shear Force

Design constraints
Punching shear
Deflection
Moment transfer from slab to column
Flat Slabs - Introduction

What are flat slabs?

Solid concrete floors of constant thickness

They have flat soffits

Flat Slabs - Introduction

Column Head
Drop Panel

Waffle Slab
Flat Slabs - Introduction
VOIDED SLABS

1. HANSON COBIAX
2. BUBBLEDECK
Flat Slabs - Introduction

Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs

Flat Slabs - Introduction
Hybrid (PC & In-situ) flat slabs
Particular rules for flat slabs
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2 sections relevant to Flat Slabs:
Section 6 Ultimate Limit States
cl 6.4 Punching (shear) & PD 6687 cl 2.16, 2.17 & 2.1.8
Section 9 Detailing of members and particular rules
Cl 9.4 Flat slabs
9.4.1 Slab at internal columns
9.4.2 Slab at edge and corner columns
9.4.3 Punching shear reinforcement
Annex I (Informative) Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls
I.1 Flat Slabs
I.1.1 General
I.1.2 Equivalent frame analysis
I.1.3 Irregular column layout

The Concrete Society, Technical Report 64 - Guide to the

Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs
Particular rules for flat slabs
Distribution of moments
EC2: Figure I.1 Concise Figure 5.11
Particular rules for flat slabs
Distribution of moments
EC2: Table I.1 Concise: Table 5.2
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.4 Concise: 12.4.1

Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour

under working conditions.

At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width =

0.25 panel width.

At least two bottom bars should pass through internal

columns in each orthogonal directions.
Particular rules for flat slabs
EC2: Figure 9.9 Concise Figure 5.12

Design reinforcement at edge and corner reinforcement

should be placed within the be
cz cz
A
A
cy
cy
y
y

z
be = cz + y
be = z + y/2
A

The maximum moment that can be transferred from the

slab to the column should be limited to 0.17bed2fck
Initial sizing

Imposed Load, Qk (kN/m2) 2.5 5 7.5 10

3 methods: Multiple Span 28 26 25 23

1. Simple span to depth table

2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements

Initial sizing
3 methods:
1. Simple span to depth table

2. Use Economic Concrete Frame Elements

3. Use Concept.xls
Initial sizing
Initial sizing

Equivalent frame method 8m

Analysis Methods

Elastic Plane Frame Equivalent Frame Method, Annex I

Tabular Method - Equivalent Frame Method, Annex I
Grillage
Yield Line
Plastic method of design

Finite Element Analysis

Elastic method
Analysis Methods
Elastic Plane Frame Equivalent Frame Method, Annex I
Apply in both directions X and Y
Method of Analysis for Bending Moments & SFs
Equivalent Frame - the Beams are the Slab width
Kslab = use full panel width for vertical loads.
Kslab = use 40% panel width for horizontal loads. Annex
I.1.2.(1)
Analysis Methods
Load cases
NA can use single load case provided:
Variable load 1.25 x Permanent load
Variable load 5.0 kN/m2
Condition of using single load case is that Support BMs should be
reduced by 20% except at cantilever supports
Analysis Methods

TR 64 Figure 14
Reduction in maximum hogging moment
at columns
Analysis Methods Equi Frame
Distribution of Design Bending Moments, Annex I
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 60 - 80% 40 - 20%
Positive 50 - 70% 50 - 30%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
 Analysis Methods Equi Frame
Distribution of Design Bending Moments - Example
Table I.1 Column Strip Middle Strip
Negative 75% 25%
At = Reinforcement area to resist full negative moment. Cl 9.4.1
= 1600 mm2
Column strip = 1200 mm2 Middle strip = 400 mm2

100 mm2/m

200 mm2/m

400 mm2/m

200 mm2/m

100 mm2/m
Equivalent frame method
Equivalent frame method
Analysis Methods
Equivalent frame method - Elastic Plane Frame

Computer software normally used to assess bending moments and

shear forces
Design for full load in both directions
RC spreadsheet TCC33.xls will carry out the analysis and design
Analysis Methods
Tabular Method
Simplest method
Use coefficients from Concise Tables 15.2 and 15.5 to determine
bending moments and shear forces

Design for full load in both directions

Frame lateral stability must not be dependent on slab-col connections
There must be at least three approx equal spans.
Method uses single load case. Note: No column BM given in table.
Analysis Methods
Yield Line Method

Equilibrium and work methods.

work method

External energy expended by

the displacement of loads

=
Internal energy dissipated by
the yield lines rotating
Analysis Methods

Yield Line Method

Suitable for:

irregular layouts

Slabs supported on 2 or 3
edges only

Detailed guidance and numerous

worked examples contained in:

Practical Yield Line Design

Deflection design to simplified rules

Analysis Methods
Finite Element Method
Suitable for:
irregular layouts
slabs with service openings
post tensioned design
(specialist software)

Common pitfalls:
Use long term E-values (typically 1/3 to 1/2 short term value)
Use cracked section properties (typically 1/2 gross
properties) by adjusting E-value to suit
Therefore appropriate E-values are usually 4 to 8 kN/mm2
Analysis Methods
Finite Element Method
Design moment is the integral of the section through the contour
plot or the bay width

Integral for
bay width

Peak
moment
Finite Element - Design moments
 Distribution of top reinforcement
Assume a total area of steel, At = 8000 mm2

Distribution 75% Column strip & 25% Middle strip

600 6000 mm2 2000 mm2
Bending moment (kNm/m)

500
Centre column strip:
4000 mm2 or 2000 mm2/m
400
Outer column strip:
0.75 x 8000 4000
300 = 2000 mm2 or 1000 mm2/m
Middle strip:
200
0.25 x 8000 = 2000 mm2
or 500 mm2/m
100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distance (m)
Design Constraints

Punching Shear - EC2: cl 6.4 and cl 9.4.3

Traditional links

Shear Rails
Design Constraints
Deflection:
Wherever possible use the span/effective depth ratios, cl 7.4.2 (2)

Span is based on the longer span and the K factor is 1.2

Reduction factor for brittle finishes for spans greater than 8.5m
Design Constraints
Moment Transfer from slab to column:
Edge and corner columns have limited capacity to transfer moments
from slab redistribution may be necessary (Annex I.1.2 (5), EC2 cl
9.4.2 & TR 64)

Mt max = 0.17 be d2 fck

Effective
width, be.
Flat slab Workshop
Cover and Flexure
 Introduction to workshop
problem

This is example 3.4

of Worked examples
to Eurocode 2:
Volume 1.
Design strip along grid line C
Determine the cover and
reinforcement slab
along grid line C.

Assume strip is 6 m wide

 Flat slab
Workshop cover

Worked example
Determine Cover
 Flat slab
Workshop Flexure
Sagging reinforcement Worked example
Hogging reinforcement Workshop problem
Design strip
From analysis
From analysis

(Using Concise table 15.5)

ive
t
rna
Alte

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.069)0.5]/2 = 243 mm

Workshop problem
Now determine the reinforcement for the hogging
moments

Hint: You will need to work out reinforcement for both

column and middle strips and then work out how it is
distributed.
Solution

(Using Concise table 15.5)

e
ti v
na
er
Alt

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.109)0.5]/2 = 232 mm

Solution

0.047
(Using Concise table 15.5 )
e
ti v
na
er
Alt

z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)0.5]/2 = 260[1 + (1 3.529 x 0.069)0.5]/2

= 243 mm < 0.95d < 247 mm
Reinforcement distribution
Total area of reinforcement:
As,tot = 2213 x 3 + 887 x 3 = 9300 mm2
50% As,tot = 9300/2 = 4650 mm2
This is spread over a width of 1.5m
As,req = 4650/1.5 = 3100 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 100 CTRS (3140 mm2/m)
Remaining column strip:
As,req = (2213 x 3 4650)/1.5 = 1326 mm2/m
Use H20 @ 200 CTRS (1570 mm2/m)
Middle strip: As,req = 887 mm2/m
Use H16 @ 200 CTRS (1010mm2/m)
Outline Week 4

We will look at the following topics:

Designing for shear

Serviceability

Detailing Solid slabs

Workshop - serviceability

Flat Slab Design

Tying systems
Tying systems
 Tying systems (1) ALL concrete structures

Peripheral ties (9.10.2.2) & NA:

Ftie,per = (20 + 4n0)li 60kN where n0 is the number of storeys

Internal ties (including transverse ties) (9.10.2.3) & NA :

Ftie,int = ((gk + qk) / 7.5 )(lr/5)Ft Ft kN/m
Where (gk + qk) is the sum of the average permanent and variable floor loads (kN/m2), lr is the
greater of the distances (m) between the centres of the columns, frames or walls supporting any two
adjacent floor spans in the direction of the tie under consideration and Ft = (20 + 4n0) 60kN.

Maximum spacing of internal ties = 1.5 lr

Horizontal ties to columns or walls (9.10.2.4) & NA :

Ftie,fac = Ftie,col (2 Ft (ls /2.5)Ft) and 3% of NEd
NEd = the total design ultimate vertical load carried by the column or wall at that level. Tying
of external walls is only required if the peripheral tie is not located within the wall. Ftie,fac in
kN per metre run of wall, Ftie,col in kN per column and ls is the floor to ceiling height in m.
Tying systems (2)
ALL concrete structures

Internal Ties: EC2 specifies a

20kN/m requirement which is
significantly less than BS8110.

UK NA requirements similar to BS 8110

 Tying systems (3)

Vertical ties (9.10.2.5):

In panel buildings of 5 storeys or more, ties should be provided in
columns and/or walls to limit damage of collapse of a floor.
Normally continuous vertical ties should be provided from the lowest
to the highest level.
Where a column or wall is supported at the bottom by a beam or slab
accidental loss of this element should be considered.

Continuity and anchorage ties (9.10.3):

Ties in two horizontal directions shall be effectively continuous and
anchored at the perimeter of the structure.
Ties may be provided wholly in the insitu concrete topping or at
connections of precast members.
Week 4

END