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An Introduction to Manga

Manga, literally translated as 'whimsical pictures'.

Manga does not refer to a visual style.


It is simply an overall term for Japanese comics.

Manga can be a single panel cartoon


as well as a 400 page graphic novel.

Almost all manga are drawn in black & white. Colour manga
exist, but they are exceptions, for example manga versions of
anim films which use original animation artwork.
Influences on the development of manga

Edo period to Meiji era (18th-19th c.):


Kusazoshi (illustrated picture book) the earliest precursor of manga.
Ukiyo-e 'Pictures of the Floating World' a popular genre of woodcut
prints (Edo period- 17th-19th c).

Meiji period onwards:


Kashi-hon 'Rental magazine' before weekly and monthly manga
magazines, most manga were distributed through a network of rental
libraries.
Kamishibai 'Picture Drama'- oral storytelling through pictures.
American and European newspaper comic strips From 19th century
onwards.
Kibyoshi examples.
Kibyoshi by Hokusai. 1801.
Ukiyo-e by Hokusai (early 19th c). Part of an erotica series, a genre known as
Shunga.
Ukiyo-e by Kuniyoshi Utagawa. 19Th c.
Rakuten Kitazawa- 1876-1955- The first
big figure in Japanese comics.

The occidental influence-- Japan Punch, Tokyo


Puck.
Manga Publication Practice

- Manga is submitted in rough draft form to editors of a magazine. Rough draft


means only basic layout of pages of stand-alone stories, or story outline and
narrative arc and 1 sample finished chapter.

- Changes to rough draft are made on discussions with editor.

- On editor approval, manuscript is drawn and published in weekly or monthly


magazines, in cheap b&w printing quality.

- Typically, chapters are between 30-50 pages.

- Payment is by per-page rate.

-Author owns copyright of the work.

- Successful works are then republished in collected form, in volumes, with high
printing quality. Author gets royalty.
- Because of this system, popular manga authors end up being very rich.
Early rental library (kashi-hon) period manga.
Pre-war and immediate post-war.
Machiko Hasegawa
(1920-1992)

'Sazae-san', her 4-panel


strip started appearing in
1946 in newspapers.
Title page of 'Shintakarajima'
by 19 year old medical student
Osamu Tezuka, published in 1947.

This was the first manga to


be 200 pages long.

Readers and authors realized that comics


could deal with long and complex
narratives.
1959- The beginning of weekly manga magazines-
the manga boom!
'Shonen Sunday', 'Shonen Magazine'
Manga magazines for sale at a Tokyo stall. 2009.
The Tokiwa-so Group

It was a cheap apartment in


suburban Tokyo in the 1950s
which became the hub of
many famous future
mangakas. Osamu Tezuka
lived here as well, but left
soon. The practise of using
assistants was begun here as
these best-selling authors
had to devise ways to meet
punishing deadlines.
Some well-known manga authors
(50s-80s)
Fugiko Fugio
(Doraemon)
Shotaro Ishinomori

(Kamen Rider)
Tetsuya Chiba Shigeru Mizuki
(Ashita no Joe, written by Ikki Kajiwara)
Leiji Matsumoto
Go Nagai
Otomo Katshuhiro
60s-70s- The Shojo
manga revolution.

'Year 24 Group'- a group of


women
Manga authors which took its
name from their common year
of birth- Showa 24 or 1949.
Hagio Moto, Keiko
Takemiya,
Yasuko Aoike, Riyoko
Ikeda...

From 'Poe no Ichizoku'


by Hagio Moto.
Moto Hagio
Ryoko Ikeda
Rumiko Takahashi
'Gekiga'- 'Dramatic Pictures'-
a parallel development to Shojo manga.
Yoshihiro Tatsumi

Takao Takao Saito


Saito

Sanpei Shirato
90s-2000s Jiro Taniguchi
From 'Super Cruel and Terrible
Tales of Mangaka' by Nawoki Karasawa
Shintaro Kago
From 'Disappearance Diary'
Manga by Hideo Azuma in
by Hideo Azuma. -
the style he's known for-
autobiographical manga.
'Lolicon'.
1960s- development of an avant-garde
- The manga magazines 'Garo' and 'Com' focus on formal and
narrative complexity.

Garo- begun in 1964, with a


strong pedagogical purpose.
Focus on raising politcal
consciousness among youth.

COM- (1967-72). Short lived


avant-garde comics
magazine begun by Osamu
Tezuka as a competitor to
Garo.
The early installments of its pillar
serialShirato Sanpeis The
Legend of Kamuy (1964-71)with
its stories of economic and social
oppression in seventeenth-century
Japan, was intended as a kind of
fictional peoples history of
pre-modern Japan, dealing with
precisely the kind of issues
(exploitation, discrimination,
violence) that were being removed
from social studies textbooks. The
magazine also ran editorial essays
condemning injustices ranging from
the effects of corporate greed and
cost-cutting measures on school
lunch nutrition to the collusion of
Japanese government and
businesses with the Vietnam War.
There were articles instructing kids
in how to protest and how to petition
the government.

-Ryan Holmberg.
(http://comicscomicsmag.com/2010/04/ryan-ho
lmberg-on-the-early-garo.html)
Other important authors published in Garo.
Yoshiharu Tsuge
Yoshihiro Tatsumi Kazuichi Hanawa
Yasuji Tanioka.
Suehiro Maruo
Maki Sasaki
Hanako Yamada
(1970s-present) - The Doujinshi
Movement
'Doujinshi'- self-published comic or magazine.

'Comiket', short for 'Comic Market'-


a doujinshi event begun by fans in 1975

Yoshihiro Yonezawa (1953-2006)


Parody
manga critic, ideologue. One of the
influential founders of Comiket.
Doujinshi

Comitia- A doujinshi event


exclusively for original self-published Original
works.
'Comiket', the world's largest comics
event.
Held twice yearly over 3 days in
Tokyo.
About 500,000 people attend.
Publishing companies are not
allowed. More women than men
participate. The event is run by
volunteers.
'YAOI'
- a unique genre of manga.

'Yamanashi, Ochinashi, Iminashi


( No climax, no point, no meaning)
Later commercially known as

Boys Love or 'BL'

This genre, unique not only in comics, but in literature itself, are stories featuring
male-male romantic and erotic relationships but consumed and produced exclusively by
women.

It began in doujinshi circles, and grew out of shojo manga. There were some shojo
manga authors like Moto Hagio, Keiko Takemiya who did some stories featuring male
homoerotic relationships. The amateurs picked up on the trope and focussed on making
male-male relationships with characters from popular boys manga.
Reno Amagi.
A Boys Love 'doujinshi'
(self-published comic)
based on 'Lord of the Rings'
characters.
and then there is the whole world of 'echchi', or 'eromanga', that is,
pornographic comics that make up a large part of the manga world, both among
men and women...

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