SEDIMENTARY ROCK

CLASSIFICATION
SEDIMENTOLOGI & STRATIGRAFI - GL-3053
 SEDIMENTOLOGI & STRATIGRAFI - GL-3053
INTRODUCTION
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS CLASSIFICATION
TEXTURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES (SILICICLASTIC ROCKS)
BOTTOM TRACTION AND SUSPENSION
(GRAVITY) MASS FLOW
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT (SILICICLASTIC ROCKS)
CARBONATE ROCKS (SYSTEM, PROCESSES AND EOD)
FACIES AND SEDIMENTARY CYCLE
 Sedimentary Rock Classification
o Sedimentary rock classification (genetic classification) :
o Detrital (siliciclastic) sediments sediment transported as solid
particles
oChemical sediments sediment that was once in solution
oBiogenic, Biochemical, and Organic sediments
oVolcaniclastic sediments

Problems (with
this
classification) :

We Do have
Carbonate
Clastic rocks
 Sedimentary Rock Classification
Sedimentary rock classification (mixed [descriptive and genetic] classification) :
Volcanic deposits
 Detrital sedimentary rocks
The chief constituents of detrital rocks (grain)
include
Quartz
Feldspars
Micas
Clay minerals
Lithic (rocks) fragments

Grain size is used to distinguish among the various

types of detrital rocks
 Basic of Detrital Sed. Rocks Classification

The phi scale is a numerical representation of the

Wentworth Scale. The Greek letter f (phi) is often
used as the unit for this scale. Using the logarithm base
two, the grain size can be denoted on the phi scale as :
f = -log2 (grain diameter in mm)

The negative is used because it is conventional to

represent grain sizes on a graph as decreasing from
left to right
gravel

mud
 Breccia & Conglomerate

Breksi & Konglomerat

 Sandstone

Batupasir
Basic of Sandstone classification
Mudrock : Siltstone & Claystone
 Mudrock : Siltstone & Claystone
The general term mudrock is applied to any detrital sediment
composed by silt and/or clay. If most of the particles (over 2/3) are
clay-sized the rock may then be called claystone and if silt is the
dominant size, a siltstone. Mixtures of more than one-third of each
component are referred to as mudstone (Folk, 1974; Blatt et al.,
1980).

The term shale is applied to any mudrock (e.g. by drilling engineers)

but it is best to use this term only for mudrocks that show a fissility, that
tends to break parallel to the bedding plane. (Note: the distinction
between shale and slate, which is a term used for fine-grained
metamorphic rocks which have cleavage planes.)
 Mudrock : Siltstone & Claystone
Silt is defined as the grain size of material that is 4 - 62 microns in
diameter.
The coarser grains of silt are just visible (naked eye or with a hand
lens). Finer silt is commonly distinguished from clay by touch, as it feels
gritty while clay feels smooth.
Clay is a textural term to define the finest grade of clastic sedimentary
particles, those :
less than 4 microns (Nichols, 2009), or
2 microns (Hopkins,1899; Burgess, 2006), or
1 microns (Atterberg,1903; Simonson,1999) in diameter.
Individual particles are not visible to the naked eye and can only be
decided with a high power optical microscope.
Clay minerals are a group of phyllosilicate minerals that are the main
constituents of clay-sized particles.
 Basic of Claystone Classification
Even all authors agreed that the definition of Claystone is size bases,
the upper size limit of clay is difficulty oppressed due to its tricky
nature.
Hopkins (1899) defined the clay/silt boundary at 1 micron, a value
which is commonly used today by colloid chemists as determining clay-
sized materials (Burgess, 2006).
According to Simonson (1999) it was Atterberg in 1903 who decided
that the upper size limit for clay should be 2 microns, a value that is
widely accepted today in Europe and currently being applied by
engineering geologists and civil engineers that have to follow to the
European Standard EN ISO 14689-1(ISO, 2003).
 Basic of Claystone Classification
Clay minerals commonly form as breakdown products of
feldspars and other silicate minerals.
They are phyllosilicates with a layered crystal structure
similar to that of micas and compositionally they are
aluminosilicates.
The crystal layers are made up of silica with aluminium
and magnesium ions, with oxygen atoms linking the sheets
Basic of Claystone Classification
 Basic of Claystone classification

There are, at least, two principal techniques to distinguish and observe

clay minerals (Tucker 1988):
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
is generated from secondary electrons produced by a fine
electron beam that scans the surface of the sample. It produces
microns across image with much higher resolution than image under
an optical microscope
X-ray diffraction pattern analysis
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) operates by firing a beam of X-
rays at a powder of a mineral or disaggregated clay and
determining the angles at which the radiation is diffracted by the
crystal lattice. The pattern of intensity of diffracted X-rays at
different angles is characteristic of particular minerals and can be
used to identify the mineral(s) present.
 Basic of Claystone classification

SID DC
BIO

Q Kelompok butiran tersusun atas

kuarsa, KF, glaukonit, bioklastik
KF (foraminifera planktonik dan
bentonik, serta fragmen moluska).
DC BIO

Magnitude 175 X Mineralogi Lempung:

@276 Ft TA-44C @289,68 Ft TA-44C -kaolinit (28.0-49.5%),
-ilit dan mika (34.6-48.7%),
BIO -ilit/smektit (17.4-23.1%),
-klorit (nil-5.1%).

SID Legenda:
Dol : Dolomit
Bio : Bioklastik
I/S : mixed layer Ilit/Smektit
I/S I/S DC : Detrital clay
SID Q : Kuarsa
I/S KF : K-Feldspar
Magnitude 2 00 K X Magnitude 1 02 X X
@289,68 Ft TA-44C @338,20 Ft TA-44C

Gambar 48. SEM dan sayatan tipis pada sumur TA-44C.

Basic of Claystone classification
 Basic of Claystone classification

TA-
129B

TA-94A

TA-83A

Tabel 2. Data XRD daerah penelitian.

Mixed Layer
Ilit/Smektit
Butiran &
Lempung
 Shale

Clay + silt + other

Absorbed
Clays Water
Sodium Ion
Plate-like form
Water
Large surface area Clay
Hydration
Contain Al+3 and Si+4 Crystal
Water
Substitution by Mg+2
Negative charge results
Schematic
Attraction by water and cations
xH Outer Water
HelmholtzMolecule
Plane
 Shaly sand (with
dispersed clay)

1/R0
Archie
Sw = 100%

Fresh Salty
1/Rw
 Shale

Porosity shaly sand calculation formula to

show that we should calculate porosity
shale
 Shale

Dispersed Clay Forms

Kaolinite:
moderate perm effects
may dislodge, block throats
Chlorite:
significant perm loss
traps water
Illite:
chokes pores and throats
significantly reduce the
porosity
SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY
LOG EXAMPLE
 Carbonate Clastic
(Carbonate Breccia/Calcirudite & Calcarenite or Rudstone & Grainstone or others)
 Chemical sedimentary rocks

Consist of precipitated material that was once in

solution
Precipitation of material occurs in two ways
Inorganic processes
Organic processes (biochemical origin)
 Chemical sedimentary rocks

Inorganic processes
Chert
Made of microcrystalline quartz
Varieties include flint and jasper (banded form is called
agate)
Evaporites
Evaporation triggers deposition of chemical precipitates
Examples include rock salt and rock gypsum
 Chemical sedimentary rocks

Common chemical sedimentary rocks

Limestone
Most abundant chemical rock
Composed chiefly of the mineral calcite
Marine biochemical limestones form as coral reefs, coquina
(broken shells), and chalk (microscopic organisms)
Inorganic limestones include travertine and oolitic
limestone
Dunham classification of sedimentary carbonates, e.g. limestone
Biogenic sedimentary rocks
 coral boundstone

20 mm

coral floatstone
skeletal grainstone
 *1
*1
*2

*3
*1 *4
*2 1mm
*3 *5
*4 *2
*5 *6
*6
2cm

*3

*6

*4
2cm

*5
1mm 1mm

1mm 1mm